ENTO 322 1nd Edition Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 2 - 11

Lecture 2: Introduction to Entomology (September 3)

1.What is entomology? The study of Hexapoda

2.What is the meaning of insecure? Insectum is based on insecare meaning to cut, referring to the segmented bodies of insects

3.What does Hexapoda mean? Six footed creatures

4.What group is the most dominant group of animals? Insects make up about 80% of all animals

5.What are some roles of insects? Balance of nature, pinnacles of evolution, valuable to humans, and are a good fossil record

6.What makes insects successful?  Skeleton – exoskeleton  Size  Flight  Metamorphosis  Reproduction – fast generation time

7.What is science? Organized unbiased approach to determining “truth”

8.Who are the five individuals that influenced the scientific method? Ibn al-Hytham (Alhazen), Galileo, Kepler, Aristotle, and Socrates

9.What are the steps of the scientific method?  State a question  Gather information  Form hypothesis  Test hypothesis  Analyze data  Interpret findings  Publish and teach results  Retest

10. What is the difference between a hypothesis, theory, and law?  Hypothesis – educated guess based on observations, cannot be proven only disproven  Theory – summations of several hypothesis that have been tested repeatedly and can be accepted or rejected given new evidence  Law – body of observations and evidence, with no exceptions noted

Lecture 3: Classification of Insects & Other Arthropods (September 5)

1. What is the definition of taxonomy? Taxonomy is the science of naming, classifying, and identifying organisms

2.What is a binomial system and who is responsible for it? Carl Linnaeus created the binomial system, which is a two part naming system: Genus and species

3.What is the taxonomic arrangement? Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

4.What three categories make up the Domains? Eubacteria – unicellular, cell membrane, simple DNA Archaebacteria – complex DNA, single cell, cell membrane Eukaryota – insects, all of the above plus a nucleus and are multicellular

5.What are the four categories of the Kingdoms? Animalia – insects, multicellular with cell membrane, defined single nucleus Plantae – multicellular with cell walls (cellulose), autotrophs with chlorophyll Fungi – defined multiple nuclei (coenocytic), heterotrophs Protista – single cells, some disease agents

6.What are the characteristics of arthropods? Segmented bodies (Metamerism), jointed appendages, exoskeleton, bilaterally symmetrical, dorsal heart, ventral nerve cord, and sexual/asexual reproduction

7.What makes up the Subphylum? Chelicerata – spiders, ticks, mites Crustacea – isopods, shrimp Atelocerata – insects, millipedes, centipedes 8. Review of classes: Class Legs (pair) Antennae (pair) Other Uniqueness Hexapoda 3 1 Wings (1-2 insects pairs) Arachnida 4 0 0 cephalothorax Malacostraca 5+ 2 0 Gills, cephalothorax Chilopoda 1 per 1 0 Non-toxic segment Diplopoda 2 per 1 0 Poison claw segment

9.What are dichotomous keys? Dichotomous keys are tools based on couplets through which decisions are made to identify the specimen

Lecture 4: Putting Order into the Insect World (September 8)

1. How are insects grouped? Relative time on earth, types of metamorphosis, and relationships between groups

2. What are the characteristics of simple metamorphosis? 3 stages: eggs, nymphs, adult gradual = lives on the surface of the ground incomplete = aquatic insects 3. What are the characteristics of complete metamorphosis? 4 stages: eggs, larvae, pupa, adult Holometabolous

4. What does the term adult refer to? The term adult refers to a reproductively mature organism that is capable of producing eggs or sperm

Lecture 5: Insect Museums/Collections (September 10)

1. What are reference insect collections? Large insect collection that is used worldwide as a reference 2. What is a voucher specimen? Usually deposited by students. Voucher specimens are what students use to write scientific papers on and these exact voucher specimens can be viewed in the museum

3. What are the two type specimens? Para-type – insects that were collected in the same time frame in the same place Holo-type – the exact insects that were collected, both male and female, that a entomologist used to write the description for a new species

4. Museums can be describes as? A library of information

5. What does a label consist of? Location: country, state, county, city Date: day (number), month (roman numeral), year (complete) Collectors name

Lecture 6: Entomologist’s Paraphernalia (September 12)

1. What were the ten special equipment used to capture insects discussed in lecture? Nets, beating sheets, light traps, suction traps, killing jars, spreaders/dryers, envelopes, aspirators, Berlese funnels, and drags

2. What are the ways to preserve insects? Pins, points, alcohol (70%), mounts, and freezing them to avoid scavengers

3. What is required for useful collections? First label – location, date, collectors name Second label – subphylum, class, order or suborder

4. Which act now requires special permits and regulation for insect purchase and transport for species that are endangered or ? Endangered Species Act (USA 1973)

Lecture 7: Insect Structure & Function Morphology (September 15)

1. What are the three segments of the thorax? Prothorax, Mesothorax, and Metathorax 2. Where are the digestive and reproduction systems located? The abdomen