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Medical Entomology in Brief

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Medical Entomology in Brief Dr. Alfatih Saifudinn Aljafari Assistant professor of Parasitology College of Medicine- Al Jouf University Aim and objectives • Aim: – To bring attention to medical entomology as important biomedical science • Objective: – By the end of this presentation, audience could be able to: • Understand the scope of Medical Entomology • Know medically important arthropods • Understand the basic of pathogen transmission dynamic • Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) In this presentation • Introduction • Classification of arthropods • Examples of medical and public health important species • Insect Ethology • Dynamic of disease transmission • Other application of entomology Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Definition • Entomology: – The branch of zoology concerned with the study of insects. • Medical Entomology: – Branch of Biomedical sciences concerned with “ArthrobodsIn the past the term "insect" was more vague, and historically the definition of entomology included the study of terrestrial animals in other arthropod groups or other phyla, such, as arachnids, myriapods, earthworms, land snails, and slugs. This wider meaning may still be encountered in informal use. • At some 1.3 million described species, insects account for more than two-thirds of all known organisms, date back some 400 million years, and have many kinds of interactions with humans and other forms of life on earth Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Arthropods and Human • Transmission of infectious agents • Allergy • Injury • Inflammation • Agricultural damage • Termites • Honey • Silk Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Phylum Arthropods • Hard exoskeleton, segmented bodies, jointed appendages • Nearly one million species identified so far, mostly insects • The exoskeleton, or cuticle, is composed of chitin. • Acute senses include simple and compound eyes, brains, and many ganglia. • Arthropods use pheromones to communicate. • They have open circulatory systems, complete digestive system, and efficient means of wastes excretion by Malpighian tubes. • Arthropods reproduce sexually, but some exhibit parthenogenesis. Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) 300 million years old fossil with Insect perfectly preserved in amber full body impression Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Science for every insect • Coleopterology - beetles • Dipterology - flies • Odonatology - dragonflies and damselflies • Hemipterology - true bugs • Isopterology - termites • Lepidopterology - moths and butterflies • Melittology (or Apiology) - bees • Myrmecology - ants • Orthopterology - grasshoppers, crickets, etc. • Trichopterology - caddis flies • Vespology - Social wasps Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Phylum: Arthropoda Sub-Phylum: Chelicerata Sub-Phylum: Mandibulata (Antennata) Class: Arachnida/Octapoda; e.g., Spider, Mites and Ticks Class: Insecta/Hexapoda Class: Myriapoda Class: Crustacea; two pairs of antennae. e.g. Crayfish, Crabs, lobsters, shrimps Sub-class: Apterygota (4 Orders) Sub-class: Chilopoda; e.g. Centipedes Sub-class: Pterygota (27 Orders) Sub-class: Diplopoda; e.g. Millipedes Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Class Arachnida • A typical adult arachnid has two distinct body regions: Cephalothorax and abdomen. – Ticks and mites have only one body segment. • Cephalothorax, bears 4 pairs of legs; a pair of chelicerae that are; a pair of pedipalps and simple eyes. • They have no antennae and no wings. • large abdomen with no external gills or locomotor organs. – Excretion by Malpighian tubules. – Respiration by book lungs and trachea. • Spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions. Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Examples Arachinds of medically important for Human Hottentotta tamulus Poisonous (neurotoxin) Sarcoptes scabiei -Lays its eggs in dermal layer -Severe itching - Causing (Sarcoptic mange) OR Scabies Black widow (Latrodectus mactans) Poisonous Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Ornithodoros Dermacentor Ixodes species Bacterial Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferi Ixodes species Relapsing fever Borrelia hermsii Ornithodoros species Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia rickettsii Dermacentor variabilis Viral Tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV) Ixodes species Protozoan Babesiosis Babesia microti Ixodes species Toxin Tick paralysis Toxins Dermacentor andersoni Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Class Crustacea • Most crustaceans are aquatic and use gills for gas exchange. • 2 pairs of antennae for sensing. • Mandibles for crushing food that move side to side. • Eyes are located on movable stalks. • Many have five pairs of walking legs used for seizing prey and cleaning other appendages. • First pair is often modified into strong claws. Water flea (cyclops) Transmission of Guinea warm (Dracunculus medinensis) Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Class Insecta • A typical adult insect has three distinct body regions: head, thorax and abdomen. • head, which bears one pair of compound eyes, one pair of unbranched antennae and paired mouthparts. • the thorax, which is composed of three segments each bears a pair of legs, in many groups the second and third segments each bear a pair of wings. • the abdomen, segments and having mating organ. – Excretion by Malpighian tubules; – respiration by pipe-like tracheae, exoskeleton or by gill; – digestion by tubular digestive tract; – blood circulation by open circulatory system; – reproduction by paired reproductive organs. – Muscular system, nervous systems also present. Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Subclasses of Insecta • Apterygota – Wingless – One pair or more than one pair of appendages present in front of genital opening – Mandible is attached into a specific position of head capsule – Moulting continuous after sexual maturity. • Pterygota – Winged or secondarily wingless insects – No appendage present in front of genital opening – Mandible is attached into two specific position of head capsule – Sexually matured adults do not moult. Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) There are more than 31 different orders of insects in the class Hexapoda, sixteen of which are considered of economic importance to agriculturists. Among them (according to Holly Quran) English (common) Scientific Order عربي Ant Hymenoptera النمل Bee Hymenoptera النحل Butterfly Lepidoptera الفراش Grasshoppers Orthoptera الجراد Fly Diptera الذباب Mosquito Diptera البعوض Louse (lice) Phthiraptera القمل termite Isoptera دابة اﻷرض spider Arachnida العنكبوت Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Diptera Phthiraptera Sand fly Head Louse: Transmission of Leishmania -Transmission of Typhus Tsetse fly (Glossina) Treansmission of African Trypanosomiasis Siphonaptera Rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) Blackfly Transmission of Yersinia pestis Transmission of Onchocerca volvulus Cause of Pleaque The cause of (river blindness) Deer fly (Crysops) Hemiptera Transmission of Loa loa Tritomine bug (kissing bug) Transmission of American trypanosomiasis Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) • Japanese encephalitis • Lymphatic filariasis • Malaria • West Nile fever • Lymphatic filariasis • Chikungunya • Dengue fever • Lymphatic filariasis • Rift Valley fever • Yellow fever • Zika Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Ethology • Circadian rhythm • Feeding preference • Host preference • Ambience and humidity • CO2 vs O: Female mosquitoes have nerve cells called cpA neurons that have a receptor to detect carbon dioxide. Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Vector-borne diseases • Vector-borne diseases are human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by arthropods and snails. • The major vector-borne diseases, together, account for around 17% of all infectious diseases • Every year there are more than 700 000 deaths from diseases Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Arboviruses •Arthropod-borne viruses are viruses that can be transmitted to man by arthropod vectors. The WHO definition is as follows •“Viruses maintained in nature principally, or to an important extent, through biological transmission between susceptible vertebrate hosts by haematophagus arthropods or through transovarian and possibly venereal transmission in arthropods.” Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Dynamic of pathogen transmission • Feeding habits: – Most of insect biological vectors are Heamtophagous • Periodicity – Nocturnal – Diurnal – Sub periodic • Host preferences: – Zoophilic – Anthopophilic – Zoonotic • Type of transmission: – Biological – Mechanical – Vertical and transstadial Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Feeding habits: Most of insect biological vectors are Heamtophagous Periodicity Nocturnal Diurnal Sub periodic Host preferences: Zoophilic Anthopophilic
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