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Insect Species Described from Alfred Russel Wallace's Sarawak Collections

Insect Species Described from Alfred Russel Wallace's Sarawak Collections

Malayan Nature Journal 2006, 57(4), 433 - 462

Insect described from 's Sarawak collections

ANDREW POLASZEKl* and EARL OF CRANBROOK2

Abstract

In just over a year spent in Sarawak (1854-1856) Wallace collected over 25,000 specimens; by his estimate, these represented over 5,000 species. About two-fifths of these were , and over 200 of these were formally described in the 1850's and 60's, largely by 1.S. Baly and F.P. Pascoe. Nearly 400 species of from Wallace's Sarawak collections, including over 100 new genera, were described by Francis Walker. Fredrick Smith described 150 Hymenoptera from these collections, and taking into account Diptera and from the same collections, this brings the total number of insect species described to well in excess of 1,000.

INTRODUCTION Alfred Russel Wallace has a reputation as an extremely prolific collector of plants and from many parts of the world, notably the Amazon Basin and . His relatively brief period collecting in a geographically limited area of Sarawak on the island ofBomeo dramatically illustrates his abilities as a co llector and field taxonomist, able to recognise differences between species across a huge range of diverse insect orders.

Wallace in Sarawak Alfred Russel Wallace arrived in Sarawak on 1st November 1854 and left on January 25th 1856 (Wallace, 1869). In a little more than a year, and in a rather limited geographical area of southwestern Sarawak (fig. 1), with the aid of Charles Allen and various local assistants, Wallace collected and shipped back to London more than 25,000 insect specimens. By his own estimate these belonged to about 5,000 species, 2,000 of which were beetles, 1,500 moths and 1,500 other insect orders (Wallace, 1856a).

1 Dept. of Entomology, The Museum, London SW7 SBD, & Department of Biological , Imperial College of , Technology & Medicine, Ascot, Berks SLS 7PY, UK 2 Glemham House, Great Glemham, Saxmundham IP17 UP, UK. * Corresponding Author

433 Figures 1. Map of showing Wallace's route (dotted lines). 2. Macronota marmorata Wallace (Coleoptera: ): actual specimen collected by Wallace (Natural History Museum, London). 3. brookiana (Wallace) (: Papilionidae). Photo by Sutiono Sarali.

434 Wallace spent the first four months collecting along a frequented reach of the Sarawak River, from Santubong to Bau and Bidi. Despite obtaining "320 different kinds of beetles" during this period, he considered his results to be "comparatively poor and insignificant" (Wallace, 1869). He then moved to the site of the projected coal works near Simunjan on the Sadong River (1100 46'E, 1023'N) where the following nine month period was by far the most productive phase of his collecting in Borneo. He stated " ... I obtained altogether in Borneo about 2,000 distinct kinds [of Coleoptera], of which all but about a hundred were collected at this place, and on scarcely more than a square mile of ground" (Wallace, 1869). Add to this the 3,000 other insect species (Wallace's 1856a estimate), of which a large proportion presumably also came from the same area, and we have at Simunjan a type locality for several thousand insect species. During his last few weeks in Sarawak, in December 1855 and January 1856, Wallace made two visits to Rajah James Brooke's bungalow 'Peninjau', set in forest on the ridge-top ofSerambu hill (1100 13'E, 102S'N). Here, once again, his collector's were rewarded by a rich catch ofnight- flying moths. On good nights, "they would pour in, in a continual stream, keeping me hard at work catching and pinning until midnight. They came literally by thousands", providing a total collection of 1,386 moths (Wallace, 1869). We can suspect that Wallace was as discriminating in his field selection of specimens as he was with other , and that his collection from Peninjau was therefore varied and biased towards specimens that he recognised as new to him. Although confirmation is not possible, it is likely that this one site provided a high proportion of his total collection of Lepidoptera.

The insects described from Wallace's Sarawak material Perhaps unusually in the history of insect , a very large proportion of Wallace's insect species collected during his Malay Archipelago period were formally described as new to science within a couple of decades of his voyages. The dispersal and ultimate fate of these specimens has a complex history, unravelled to a considerable extent by Baker (2001). It is unrealistic, therefore, to hope to track down every one of the insect species described from Wallace's Sarawak material. However, a review of the better-known monographs and papers published within the two decades following Wallace's travels has provided a list of more than 1,000 species described from Sarawak (below). Wallace himself originally intended to work on a much larger proportion of the material he collected than was eventually the case (Wallace, 1905). It is evident from his notebooks of this period (1855-1859) that among the groups he planned to work on were Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. In the end he described comparatively few species from his Sarawak material, but these did include some striking cetoniine scarab beetles. He mentions specifically Macronota marmorata: "A single specimen ofthis fine species was taken on foliage in the swampy forests ofthe Sadong River" (see fig. 2) (Wallace, 1868). . Among the , Wallace famously described the spectacular Ornithoptera brookiana (Papilionidae, now Trogonoptera) named in honour of Rajah (Sir) James

435 Brooke (fig. 3) "whose benevolent government of the country in which it was discovered every true Englishman must admire" (Wallace, 1856b). Wallace described three other butterflies from Sarawak, only one of which remains valid (at species­ level) today.

Recognising Wallace's specimens Many of Wallace's insect specimens from the Malay Archipelago collections were labelled either by Wallace himself, or by his assistant Charles Allen, with a small, round handwritten label. This single label generally bore a three-letter abbreviation ofthe locality, which in the case of the Borneo collections was almost always "SAR" (see Baker, 1996, p. 190), often with Wallace's own collection number. Unfortunately, labels were variously either removed or replaced over the years, by dealers in specimens, collectors and taxonomists, but much of Wallace's material has retained these original labels, and is still readily identifiable.

Coleoptera I.S. Baly was the foremost expert on what was known at the time as the "Phytophaga", approximating to the superfamily Chrysomeloidea as understood today. He published a great many descriptive papers, and an attempted synthesis of the Southeast Asian species in his 300-page monographic "Phytophaga Malayana" (Baly, 1865). His contemporary coleopterist F.P. Pascoe also worked on the phytophagous beetles, particularly Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles) and Curculionidae (weevils). Pascoe published an even more extensive monograph, "Longicornia Malayana" (Pascoe, 1864-1869) treating about 1200 species, of which around 280 species were collected by Wallace from Sarawak, and of these, 250 were new to science. Between them, J.S. Baly (1859, 1862a, 1862b, 1864a, 1864b, 1865) and F.P. Pascoe (l857a, 1857b, 1858, 1862a, 1869, 1874) described more than 300 species from Wallace's Sarawak material, belonging to the leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) and weevils (Curculionidae). Other coleopteran groups, in particular the jewel beetles (Buprestidae) and click beetles (Elateridae) apparently reached several European continental entomologists, including E. Fleutiaux and R. Oberthuer (Hom & Kahle, 1936). Wallace (1856a) estimated that he collected almost 800 new species in these groups. How many more of these were formally described we have not researched, but a figure of about a thousand new species of beetles from Sarawak seems reasonable.

Lepidoptera

Most of Wallace's Sarawak Lepidoptera were described by the notorious Francis Walker (Walker 1862-1863). Walker has been described as "having done an amount of injury to entomology almost inconceivable in its immensity" (Anonymous, 1874). However, broader views of Walker 's life and work (e.g. Doncaster, 1961; Graham,

436 1976) reveal many P?sitive aspects, and it seems unlikely that he was as mercenary as has often been depIcted. Doncaster (1961) credits Walker with accurate observation of ap.hids, including .the correct ~ss~ciation of the various morphs that occur during the hfe-cycle. By hIS own admIsSIOn Walker was unable to bring this degree of acc~rate obs~rvati?n to hi~ copious studies of Diptera and Microhymenoptera, but persIsted agaInst hIS better Judgement for reasons of vanity and enjoyment (Graham, 197~). F~om W~llace's Sarawak material Walker described nearly 400 Lepidoptera speCIes, IncludIng more than 100 new genera. Based on Walker's reputation one might expect many of these to have since fallen into synonymy, but according to Dr lD. Holloway, the foremost expert on Lepidoptera of Borneo, most of Walker's Sarawak taxa have stood the test of rigorous taxonomic investigation.

Hymenoptera, Diptera and remaining orders Fredrick Smith, another British Museum entomologist, described 150 Hymenoptera species collected by Wallace from Sarawak (Smith, 1857-58; 1873). The taxonomic history ofthe from this collection has been treated in detail by Baker (1993), and the identities of all ofthe approximately 50 species among this number have been established by Bolton (1995). Francis Walker was again responsible for describing the remaining bulk of Wallace 's Sarawak insects, dealing with about 100 species of Diptera (Walker 1856) and 140 "Homoptera" (Walker 1857).

CONCLUSION It is evident that the total number of insect species known to have been described from Wallace's Sarawak material is well in excess of 1,000 and assuredly much greater. This achievement reflects his skill and persistence as a collector and also his acumen as a field naturalist and expert in his subject, readily able to recognise taxa new to him (and hence often also unknown to science). His experience and self­ confidence enabled him to concentrate on the acquisition of new, rare or unusual specimens, knowing that these would be of greater interest to his clients. It has not been possible, in this exercise, to check the current validity of most of the specific names. However, considering this number of 1,000 species as a subsample of his material from the entire archipelago, and considering the limited area in which Wallace and his assistants were collecting, it is apparent that their comparatively brief sojourn in Sarawak accounted for a significant contribution to the advancement of contemporary scientific knowledge of the fauna of the island of Borneo and of the Malay Archipelago more largely. As the location of the major proportion of the collection, the small area at Simunjan between Bukit Sadong and the river is highlighted as the probable type locality of a significant number of these taxa, most notably the Coleoptera. A second place of importance, as the likely type locality of a high proportion ofthe Lepidopter~ (at least, the nocturnal moths) is the site of James Brooke's "cottage" on BU~lt Serambu, lately relocated. How many of these forest insects can now be found In

437 these two places? At an early stage in the development of the State, it is fortunate that Sarawak was host to a naturalist whose experience and background guided him to the unique opportunity to collect and preserve, for science, so many examples of the rich local biodiveristy that would otherwise have been lost.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are grateful to the fonowing for advice and access to information andlor specimens collected by Wallace: Mr Philip Ackery, Dr George Beccaloni, Dr Jeremy Holloway, and Mrs Sharon Shute of the Entomology Department, The Natural History Museum (NHM), London; Mrs Gina Douglas and staff of the Linnean Society of London, and the late Dr Donald Baker of Ewell, Surrey.

REFERENCES

Anonymous, 1874. Obituary. Francis Walker. Entomologists Monthly Magazine. 11: 140-141. Baker, D.B. 1993. The type material of the nominal species of exotic bees described by Frederick Smith (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Unpublished D. Phil thesis. Oxford University. Baker, D.B. 1996. Pfeiffer, Wallace, Allen and Smith: the discovery of the Hymenoptera of the Malay Archipelago. Archives of Natural History 23: 153-200. Baker, D.B. 2001. Alfred Russel Wallace's record of his consignments to Samuel Stevens, 1854- 1861. Zoologische Mededelingen. Leiden 75: 251-341. Baly, J.S. 1859 IX. Descriptions of new species of phytophagous insects. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, New Series 5:146-161. Baly, J.8. 1862a Descriptions of new genera and species of Eumolpidae. Journal ofEntomology 1: 23-36. Baly, J.S. 1862b Descriptions of new genera and species ofPhytophagaJournal of Entomology 1: 193-206 Baly, J.S. 1864a Descriptions of new genera and species ofPhytophaga. Privately Published 1-16 Baly, J.8. 1864b Descriptions of new genera and species of un characterised Phytophaga Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Third Series: 223-243 Baly, J.S. 1865 1. Phytophaga Malayana; a revision of the phytophagous beetles of the Malay Archipelago, with descriptions of the new species collected by Mr A.R. Wallace. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Third Series 4: 1-300. Bolton, B. 1995 A new general catalogue of the of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England. 504 pp. Doncaster, J.P. 1961 Francis Walker S aphids. British Museum (Natural History), London, England. 165 pp. Graham, M.W.R. de V. 1976 "Ambulator": Francis Walker, English Entomologist (1809-1874). Entomologists Gazette 30:7-20. Hom, W. & Kahle, I. 1935-1937. Ueber entomologische Sammlungen (Bin Beitrag zur Geschichte der Entomo-Museologie). Entomologische Beihefte aus -Dahlem 1-535. Pascoe, F.P. 1857a IV Descriptions of new genera and species of Asiatic longicom Coleoptera. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. New Series 4: 42-50 (Jan 1857) Pascoe, F.P. 1857b IX On new genera and species of longicom Coleoptera. Part II. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. New Series 4: 89-112 (Apr 1857) Pascoe, F.P. 1858 XVII On new genera and species oflongicom Coleoptera. Part III. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. New Series 4: 236-266 (Apr 1858) Pascoe, F.P. 1862a Notices of new or little-known genera and species of Coleoptera. Journal of Entomology 1: 36-64 Pascoe, F.P. 1869 (1864-1869) Longicornia Malayana; or, a descriptive catalogue of the species of the three longicorn families Lamiidae, Cerambycidae and Prionidae, collected by Mr A.R. Wallace in the Malay Archipelago. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. Third Series 3:1-712 (in several parts, dated separately).

438 Pascoe, F.P. 1874 Contributions towards a knowledge of the Curcu1ionidae - Part IV. Journal of the Linnean Society, 12: 1-99. Smith, F. 1857-1858 Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo; Mount Ophir, Malacca; and at Singapore, by A.R. Wallace. Journal ofthe Proceedings ofthe Linnean Society (Zoology) 2: 42-130. Smith, F. 1873 A catalogue of the Aculeate Hymenoptera and Ichneumonidae of India and the Eastern Archipelago with introductory remarks by A.R. Wallace. Journal ofthe Proceedings of the Linnean Society (Zoology) 11: 285-415. Walker F. 1856 Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo, by Mr A.R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Proceedings ofthe Linnean Society (Zoology) 1: 105-136. Walker F. 1857 Catalogue of the Homopterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo, by Mr A.R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. Journal ofthe Proceedings ofthe Linnean Society (Zoology) 1: 141-175. Walker F. 1862-1863 Catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at Sarawak, in Borneo, by Mr A.R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society (Zoology) 6: 82-145; 171-198; 7: 49-84; 160-180; 181-198. Wallace, A.R. 1856a Observations on the zoology of Borneo The Zoologist 14:5113-5117. Wallace, A.R. 1856b Description of a new species of Ornithoptera. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, New Series 3: 104-105. Wallace, A.R. 1868 A catalogue of the Cetoniidae of the Malayan Archipelago, with descriptions of the new species. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Third Series 4: 519-601. Wallace, A.R. 1869 The Malay Archipelago; the land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature. Macmillan & Co, London & New York, 1-653 (1886 edition). Wallace, A.R. 1905 My life: a record of events and opinions. Chapman & Hall, London, 1-459.

439 Table 1. Species of insects described from Alfred Russel Wallace's Sarawak material

Order Family Species Author

Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Lema variolosa Baly monstrosa Baly ferox BaJy Crioceris ornata Baly binotata Baly eximia BaJy Aspidolopha imperiaiis Baly Aulexis nigricollis BaJy wallacei BaJy varians BaJy Piomera brachialis Baly Metaxis sellata BaJy Demotina grisea BaJy Apolepis aspera BaJy Co laspo ides regularis BaJy modesta BaJy biplagiata BaJy robusta BaJy fuscoaenea Baly viridimarginata Baly insignis BaJy caerulipes BaJy tuberculata BaJy violacea BaJy Scelodonta granulosa Baly Rhyparida laticollis BaJy tunifrons Baly wallacei Baly pinguis Baly sulcata BaJy fulva BaJy Nodostoma trivittatum Baly apicale Baly proximum Baly longipes Baly wallacei Baly laterale Baly humerale Baly laeve Baly bohemani Baly placidum Baly piceomaculatum Baly cylindricum Baly armatum Baly piceum Baly

440 Order Family Genus Species Author

bipustulatum Baly cupripenne Baly cupreatum Baly aureocupreum Baly col/are Baly nitidum Baly scabrosa Baly tibiaZe Baly costatum Baly Nodina gigas Baly julvipes Baly separata Baly Dermorhytis apicalis Baly Aulada julviceps Baly jemorata Baly bipustulata Baly Colasposoma propinquum Baly Scelodonta nitidula Baly Platycorynus tuberculatus Baly aeneus Baly Callis ina jasdata Baly Palpoxena laeta Baly Theopea elegantula Baly Cerambycidae Chydaeopsis jragilis Pascoe Ostedes pauperata Pascoe Eoporis elegans Pascoe Acalolepta pusio Pascoe Exocentrus lachrymosus Pascoe Xaenapta latimana Pascoe Ph/yarus basalis Pascoe Gyaritus hamatus Pascoe cinnamomeus Pascoe julvopictus Pascoe Axinyllium varium Pascoe Ebaeides monstrosa Pascoe viduata Pascoe ruju/a Pascoe palliata Pascoe Dyemus puncticol/is Pascoe Aelara arrogans Pascoe Abryna rubeta Pascoe Moechotypa marmorea Pascoe Daxata camelus Pascoe Dystasia circulata Pascoe Mispi/a venosa Pascoe Anancylus griseatus Pascoe socius Pascoe

441 Order Family Genus Species Author

Planodes leporinus Pascoe turbatus Pascoe Ere is anthriboides Pascoe Cacia inculta Pascoe confusa Pascoe picticornis Pascoe compta Pascoe Elelea concinna Pascoe Jpocregyes newmanni Pascoe Mnemea phalerata Pascoe Coptops lecideosa Pascoe undulata Pascoe Samia albidorsalis Pascoe revoluta Pascoe diversa Pascoe Agelasta callizona Pascoe wallacei Pascoe polynesus Pascoe newmanni Pascoe sobrina Pascoe amica Pascoe Syrrhopeus agelastoides Pascoe Sorbia tarsalis Pascoe Golsinda corallina Pascoe Palimna tessellata Pascoe Goniages infausta Pascoe Synelasma bufo Pascoe stellio Pascoe anolius Pascoe scincus Pascoe Zosmotes plumula Pascoe Moron distigma Pascoe Epilysta mucida Pascoe Etaxalus iliacus Pascoe Phesates ferrugatus Pascoe Zorilispe fulvisparsa Pascoe Atimura bacillina Pascoe punctissima Pascoe Praonetha detersa Pascoe secuta Pascoe quadraticollis Pascoe punctigera Pascoe scopulijera Pascoe propinqua Pascoe iliaca Pascoe fractilinea Pascoe ferrugata Pascoe

442 Order Family Genus Species Author

annulitarsis Pascoe Ropica piperata Pascoe angusticollis Pascoe vinacera Pascoe illiterata Pascoe Sybra fervida Pascoe umbratica Pascoe cretifera Pascoe palliata Pascoe odiosa Pascoe Bybe parmenoides Pascoe Trachystola granulosa Pascoe Achthophora dactylon Pascoe Peribasis pubicollis Pascoe Triammatus saundersii Pascoe chevrolati Pascoe Otarionomus blattoides Pascoe Etymestia helena Pascoe Cereopsius exoletus Pascoe Xoes egeria Pascoe Psaumis turbidus Pascoe Pharsalia supposita Pascoe saperdoides Pascoe vinosa Pascoe Euthyastus binotatus Pascoe Iphiothe criopsioides Pascoe Batocera octomaculata Pascoe thomsonii Pascoe Sarothrocera lowii Pascoe Leprodera equestris Pascoe verrucosa Pascoe epicedioides Pascoe Epepeotes vestigialis Pascoe meridianus Pascoe Nephelotus licheneus Pascoe Orsidis oppositus Pascoe dispar Pascoe sobrius Pascoe cariosus Pascoe Gnoma longitarsis Pascoe Olenecamptus optatus Pascoe Cylindrepomus peregrinus Pascoe comis pascoe Phelipara marmorata Pascoe Apophrena filifera Pascoe Tetraglenes fusiformis Pascoe Amymoma pulchella Pascoe

443 Order Family Genus Species Author

Entelopes wallacei Pascoe ioptera Pascoe amoena Pascoe Serixia modesta Pascoe aurulenta Pascoe lychnura Pascoe prolata Pascoe Xyaste invida Pascoe torrida Pascoe fumosa Pascoe Astathes unicolor Pascoe flaviventris Pascoe Tropimetopa simulator Pascoe Ochrocesis evan ida Pascoe Chreonoma tabida Pascoe Glenea adelia Pascoe areca Pascoe blandina Pascoe collaris Pascoe manto Pascoe fatalis Pascoe calypso Pascoe aspasia Pascoe melia Pascoe extensa Pascoe sejuncta Pascoe camelina Pascoe juboea Pascoe analytica Pascoe eclectica Pascoe concinnata Pascoe despecta Pascoe iresine Pascoe medea Pascoe vesta Pascoe Chlorisanis viridis Pascoe Scytasis nitida Pascoe punctigera Pascoe oxyura Pascoe Ossonis clytomima Pascoe Oberea rubetra Pascoe Oberea prolixa Pascoe insoluta Pascoe Oberea neptis Pascoe consentanea Pascoe compta Pascoe anguina Pascoe

444 Order Family Genus Species Author

ophidiana Pascoe limbata Pascoe praedita Pascoe tenuata Pascoe acicularis Pascoe Noserius tibialis Pascoe ovatipennis Pascoe Tetraommatus callidioides Pascoe testaceus Pascoe Hyphus apicalis Pascoe Xystrocera alcyonea Pascoe Neocerambyx alexis Pascoe Cyriopalus wallacei Pascoe Hoplocerambyx morosus Pascoe Elyndus amictus Pascoe Imbrius micaceus Pascoe Calpazia vermicularis Pascoe Dialeges pauper Pascoe tenuicornis Pascoe Zatrephus pannosus Pascoe Zegriades magister Pascoe Xoanodera inscita Pascoe Ceresium jurtivum Pascoe Examnes frontalis Pascoe Salpinia diluta Pascoe Obrium annulicorne Pascoe Capnolymma stygia Pascoe Ocalemia vigilans Pascoe Ephies dilaticornis Pascoe Epania paulla Pascoe Euchlanis collaris Pascoe Merionoeda scitella Pascoe calcarata Pascoe subulata Pascoe brachyptera Pascoe Pyrestes eximius Pascoe Euryarthrum bijasciatum Pascoe Mesophaea lachrymosa Pascoe Chloridolum scytalicum Pascoe radiatum Pascoe thomsoni Pascoe viridipenne Pascoe Clytan th us torquilla Pascoe seclusus Pascoe Xylotrechus brevicornis Pascoe pedestris Pascoe lyratus Pascoe

445 Order Family Genus Species Author

decoratus Pascoe scenicus Pascoe Perissus fluctuosus Pascoe aemulus Pascoe Demonax mustela Pascoe martes Pascoe detortus Pascoe viverra Pascoe algebraieus Pascoe aleellus Pascoe tipularius Pascoe damalis Pascoe muliio Pascoe polyzonus Pascoe Acroeyrta clytoides Pascoe Halme cleriformis Pascoe Eodalis lepidus Pascoe Polyphida ely to ides Pascoe Noemia flavieornis Pascoe stevensii Pascoe Nerieonia trifasciata Pascoe Psa/anta chalybeata Pascoe Melegena pubipennis Pascoe Rhaphipodus wallaeii Pascoe

Lepidoptera Aegeriidae Aegeria ehalybea Walker Sannina rufifinis Walker Mel/ittia faseiata Walker Sannina pulehripennis Walker Bonia unicolor Walker Tyrictaca apicalis Walker Sphingidae Daphnusa orbifera Walker Agaristidae Eusemia bijugata Walker hesperioides Walker Aegoeera postiea Walker Phaegorista cataeoloides Walker Lithosiidae Nyetemera abraxoides Walker Eusehema glaucescens Walker resumpta Walker transducta Walker recessa Walker Cyclosia noetipennis Walker pieridoides Walker pieroides Walker tenebrosa Walker dissimulata Walker ficta Walker

446 Order Family Genus Species Author

Chalcosia coliadoides Walker jragilis Walker Arycanda hestinoides Walker Pidorus sordidus Walker Didina thecloides Walker Milleria bifasciata Walker Soritia bipartita Walker Hypsa privata Walker Caranusca rubrifera Walker Hypoprepia cruciata Walker rubrigutta Walker euprepioides Walker divisa Walker perpusi/la Walker Lithosia magnifica Walker in/acta Walker leucanioides Walker nigricans Walker aspersa Walker apicalis Walker rotundipennis Walker nodicornis Walker jasciculosa Walker simplex Walker reversa Walker muricolor Walker juliginosa Walker nebulosa Walker hypoprepoides Walker syntomoides Walker xylinoides Walker tortricoides Walker disca/is Walker Blavia caliginosa Walker Mantala lineoides Walker Teulisna plagiata Walker ch i/o ides Walker Tegulata tum ida Walker Corcura torla Walker Lyclene trifascia Walker bizonoides Walker diffusa Walker imposita Walker sequens Walker cuneifera Walker cuneigera Walker distributa Walker

447 Order Family Genus Species Author

vagilinea Walker turbida Walker erassa Walker strigieosta Walker tineioides Walker bipunetata Walker vagigutta Walker atrigutta Walker Chundana lugubris Walker Ligidia decissima Walker Pisara opalina Walker aeontioides Walker Etanna basalis Walker erastioides Walker florida Walker Bizone determinata Walker pudens Walker ineonclusa Walker eonclusa Walker eostifimbria Walker Chamaita triehopteroides Walker erassieornis Walker Arctiidae Syntomis tetragonaria Walker egenaria Walker produeens Walker deeorata Walker derivata Walker transitiva Walker intermissa Walker seperabilis Walker divisura Walker expandens Walker longipennis Walker detraeta Walker albiplaga Walker flaviplaga Walker basifera Walker Phauda tensipennis Walker Numenes eontrahens Walker Scarpona ennomoides Walker Cerasana aneeps Walker Saliocleta nonagrioides Walker Mirohriga pulchripicta Walker Lymantriidae Orgyia nigrocrocea Walker nebulosa Walker osseata Walker dimidiata Walker

448 Order Family Genus Species Author

varia Walker Artaxa signiplaga Walker metaleuca Walker ruptata Walker Lacida costiplaga Walker strigifimbria Walker Melia cuneifera Walker Amsacta lithosioides Walker Redoa micacea Walker transiens Walker marginalis Walker perfecta Walker Euproctis jusipennis Walker xanthomela Walker munda Walker divisa Walker guttistriga Walker Cassidia obtusa Walker Dasychira apicalis Walker signifera Walker longipennis Walker Ernolatia signata Walker Lymantria marginalis Walker Notodontidae Alimala limacodoides Walker Caschara punctifera Walker Exaereta smaragdiplena Walker Jchthyura dorsalis Walker Dediama basivacua Walker Janassa cerigoides Walker Eleale plusiaides Walker Sacada decora Walker Agabra trilineata Walker Sarbena lignifera Walker Amatissa inarnata Walker Gaugame/a atrifrans Walker Anigraea rub ida Walker Thelde patula Walker Allata argentifera Walker albonotata Walker Phusiana albifrons Walker Armiana lativitta Walker Chatracharta tortricoides Walker Stauropus indeterminatus Walker Walker Felia intermixta Walker Miresa orthasioides Walker Nyssia cupreiplaga rudis Walker

449 Order Family Genus Species Author

cruda Walker rubicunda Walker rubriplaga Walker vetusta Walker biguttata Walker Paras a humeralis Walker Narosa velutina Walker Naprepa attacoides Walker albieoWs Walker albiceps Walker Susica basalis Walker congrua Walker Bethura minax Walker Altha nivea Walker Darna plana Walker Arrhapa frontalis Walker Birthama obliqua Walker Drepanidae Drepana quadripunctata Walker micacea Walker Megasoma basimacula Walker Gunda ochracea Walker Zeuzera roricyanea Walker Degia imparafa Walker deficiens Walker Diphthera jucunda Walker Aeronycta rubiginosa Walker Leueania hamifera Walker roseilinea Walker simillima Walker abbreviata Walker Nonagria seticornis Walker Bessara quadratipenn is Walker Didigua purpureoscripta Walker Zigera orbifera Walker Beana polychroma Walker Urbona sublineata Walker Savara eontraria Walker Dipterygia vagivatta Walker Prodenia reclusa Walker Mamestra prodita Walker albisparsa Walker Agrotis inconclusa Walker infixa Walker Barbesola defixa Walker Chora repandens Walker curvifera Walker Dianthoecia scriptiplena Walker

450 Order Family Genus Species Author

Obana pulehrilinea Walker Hadena duplieilinea Walker Ancara punctiplaga Walker Data thalpophiloides Walker Barasa acronyctoides Walker Caedesa agropoides Walker Seria cyathicornis Walker Nebrissa bimacula Walker Xylina calida Walker perversa Walker Batracharta ob/iqua Walker Ariola continua Walker includens Walker deflexa Walker Digba uninotala Walker Aeontia marginalis Walker leucophaea Walker roseonivea Walker inordinata Walker xanthophila Walker indecisa Walker sordida Walker cuprina Walker Dyrzela para/lela Walker Garella rotundipennia Walker Bantana albida Walker Corticata scoparioides Walker Ariolica linealata Walker signata Walker Eulepa niveigutta Walker Dapha exhibens Walker Flammona quadrifasciata Walker Dimirica nubifera Walker Penza puncticeps Walker Choluata eburneifera Walker Autaba versicolor Walker Erastria securifera Walker Micra derogata Walker Gariga argenti/inea Walker Chorsia maculosa Walker Automala semidolosa Walker Cholimma leucanioides Walker subpunctata Walker Walker Beria recusata Walker Manoba implens Walker Carmara subcervina Walker Enea signieosta

451 Order Family Genus Species Author

Cal/opistria ventralis Walker Chodda sordidula Walker Pencil/aria quadrinotata Walker Eutelia approximata Walker dulcilinea Walker dimidiata Walker obliquata Walker opposita Walker subocellata Walker consentanea Walker instrueta Walker Varnia miniata Walker Plusia Jerripunctum Walker stipata Walker pal/ida Walker duplicilinea Walker inaperta Walker inornata Walker niveiplaga Walker detegens Walker invicta Walker albosignata Walker Canaea semitessellata Walker Osca guttulosa Walker Deva infundens Walker Arippara indicator Walker Nertobriga reversa Walker Nolasena dulcissima Walker Cosmophila scitipennis Walker Juscifrons Walker inconc/usa Walker Banisia Jenestrifera Walker tetragonata Walker Rusicada lignigera Walker basiscripta Walker Toxocampa decernens Walker obliterans Walker nigripalpts Walker Sarthida signifera Walker Oroba surrigens Walker Dorsippa notabilis Walker Lacibisa bifaria Walker Carteia nebulilinea Walker Homoptera intractabilis Walker btarmioides Walker Artigisa nigrosignata Walker Veta homopteroides Walker

452 Order Family Genus Species Author

Gadirtha chalybea Walker diffundens Walker polygrapha Walker ferromixta Walker quadrinotata Walker metaphaea Walker semifervens Walker discigera Walker Phumana canescens Walker Chuduca pyraloides Walker Ciasa pustulifera Walker Corsa absorbens Walker Curgia nonagrica Walker Cropia onerata Walker Asinduma exscipta Walker Carissa cossoides Walker Maxilua frontalis Walker Thacona costivitta Walker Badausa hypenoides Walker Asta quadrUinea Walker Anophia limitaris Walker angulifera Walker suffundens Walker Idicara olivacea Walker Remusia hirtissima Walker Steiria ferrifera Walker rep/eta Walker humeralis Walker albistriga Walker aequilinea Walker Spersara glaucopoides Walker Minica semialba Walker nigrilinea Walker Maceda discalis Walker Phyllodes semilinea Walker Potamophora ferrifracta Walker Hypopyra apicalis Walker Cuticula bimarginata Walker Lagoptera pallescens Walker Cerbia subolivacea Walker Ophisma rubida Walker velata Walker Achaea atrivittata Walker semipa/lida Walker purpureilinea Walker pulchrivena Walker Walker Crithote horridipes

453 Order Family Genus Species Author

Remigia intraeta Walker zeta Walker bendioides Walker Amphigonia costistriga Walker Thermesia metagona Walker discontenta Walker noctinix Walker poaphiloides Walker crassiuscula Walker ruficeps Walker nigripalpis Walker plagifera Walker sparsa Walker Capnodes intraetala Walker anomioides Walker Selenis aequalis Walker vacillans Walker inaequalis Walker Ginaea pectoralis Walker Daona mansueta Walker Vescisa commoda Walker Ausinza aequa Walker Astygisa larentiata Walker metaspila Walker Murgisa orgyoides Walker Detounda spurcata Walker Bagistana rudis Walker Dumatha herbida Walker Badiza ereboides Walker

Diptera Sciaridae Sciara latieornis Walker solita Walker Cecidomyiidae Cecidomyia deferenda Walker Bibionidae Plecia subvarians Walker Tipulidae Limnobia impressa Walker rubrescens Walker pyrrhochroma Walker argentocincta Walker Pterocosmus lunigerus Walker infixus Walker optabilis Walker combinatus Walker dilutus Walker Tipula vilis Walker Stratiomyiidae Clitellaria notabilis Walker Cyclogaster detracta Walker infera Walker

454 Order Family Genus Species Author

Cu/cua simulans Walker Evaza bipars Walker Sargus latifascius Walker Tabanidae Tabanus nexus Walker lumifer Walker optatus Walker simplicissimus Walker Chrysops fixissimus Walker Haematopota atomaria Walker Asilidae Dasypogon incomptus Walker Diseocephala dorsalis Walker Laphria unifaseia Walker rudis Walker produeta Walker lepida Walker completa Walker in civilis Walker partita Walker interrupta Walker cingulifera Walker deteeta Walker Trupanea inserens Walker Asi/us flagrans Walker contortus Walker Leptogaster tricolor Walker inutiUs Walker Walker "Leptidae" Chrysopi/a maeulipennis Walker Bombyliidae Theraeva praeeedens Anthrax semiscita Walker satellitia Walker Walker Dolichopodidae Psi/opus allectans alliciens Walker illiciens Walker delectans Walker prolectans Walker coUucens Walker derelictus Walker Dolichopus electus Walker alligatus Walker coUectus Walker Diaphorus delegatus Walker Merodon varieolor Walker Syrphidae Walker Milesia zamiel Baryterocera inclusa Walker Walker Citibaena aurata Walker Syrphus divertens cyathifer Walker

455 Order Family Genus Species Author

Muscidae Eurygaster subferrifera Walker Dexia munda Walker extendens Walker Cynomyia fortis Walker Sarcophaga indicata Walker !dia bivittata Walker Musca exempta Walker Aricia inaperta Walker Anthomyia illocata Walker Caenosia insurgens Walker Helomyza fuscicostata Walker aequata Walker limbata Walker provicta Walker invicta Walker Gauzania devecta Walker Lauxaniidae Lamprogaster basilutea Walker divisa Walker punctata Walker guttata Walker Sop h ira concinna Walker Rioxa confinis Walker Dacus determinatus Walker figuratus Walker Noeeta latiuscula Walker Trypeta rudis Walker Urophora fasciata Walker Diopsis discrepans Walker Calobata strenua Walker Cardiacephala longicollis Walker Gymnopa gutticosta Walker infusa Walker

Hymenoptera Apidae Halictus ceratinus Smith vagans Smith Megachile amputata Smith tuberculata Smith architecta Smith luctuosa Smith Ceratina j7avopicta Smith Xylocopa insularis Smith Anthophora insularis Smith Apis andreniformis Smith testacea Smith Trigona ventralis Smith apicalis Smith canifrons Smith

456 Order Family Genus Species Author

Formicidae Formica Jestina Smith mistura Smith pilosa Smith rUficeps Smith badia Smith irritans Smith Jervens Smith irritabilis Smith sedula Smith exasperata Smith tenuipes Smith pallida Smith irritans Smith Polyrhachis constructor Smith ruficornis Smith nitidus Smith villipes Smith pandarus Smith cuspidatus Smith equinus Smith vindex Smith Ponera versicolor Smith apicalis Smith iridescens Smith rugosa Smith intricata Smith vidua Smith diminuta Smith pompiloides Smith laeviceps Smith Typhlopone laevigata Smith Myrmica longipes Smith Heptacondylus arachnoides Smith subcarinatus Smith carinatus Smith Cerapachys antennatus Smith oculatus Smith Crematogaster brunneus Smith cephalotes Smith obscurus Smith inflatus Smith difformis Smith Smith Atta penetrans cingulata Smith Physatta dromedarius Smith Smith Typhlatta laeviceps Smith Echinopla pallipes

457 Order Family Genus Species Author

Cataulaccus insularis Smith horridus Smith reticulatus Smith Meranoplus castaneus Smith cordatus Smith Mutillidae Mutilla deidama Smith urania Smith suspiciosa Smith gracilltma Smith jamiliaris Smith calliope Smith proserpina Smith pandora Smith sibylla Smith cassiope Smith dardanus Smith unimaculata Smith Scoliidae Scolia cincta Smith opalina Smith speciosa Smith Tiphiidae Tiphia jumipennis Smith stigma Smith flavipennis Smith Myzine tricolor Smith Pompilidae Pompilus vagabundus Smith pulverosus Smith Priocnemis verticalis Smith Agenia blanda Smith atalanta Smith aegina Smith daphne Smith lavern a Smith melampus Smith Macromeris' argentifrons Smith Mygnimia princeps Smith iridipennis Smith Sphecidae Ampulex insularis Smith Trirogma prismatica Smith Sphex diabolicus Smith Pelopoeus jervens Smith Tachytes aurifex Smith Larrada sycorax Smith polita Smith tisiphone Smith Larra prismatica Smith Pisonoides obliteratus Smith Trypoxylon petiolalum Smith

458 Order Family Genus Species Author

coloratum Smith Crabro Jamiliaris Smith rugosus Smith Mellinus crabroniformis Smith Cerceris sepulcralis Smith Gayella pulchella Smith Eumenes inconspicua Smith singularis Smith Rhynchium obscurum Smith Odynerus manifestus Smith septemfasciatus Smith maculipennis Smith multipictus Smith latipennis Smith Ischnogaster nigrifrons Smith Polybia stigma Smith luctuosa Smith decorata Smith Icaria lugubris Smith modesta Smith Vespa annulata Smith Tenthredinidae Tremex insularis Smith Cynipidae Cynips ins ignis Smith Ichneumonidae Ichneumon penetrans Smith Ichneumon comissator Smith Cryptus croceipes Smith elegans Smith lepidus Smith Rhyssa mirabilis Smith maculipennis Smith Megischus insularis Smith Ophion iridipennis Smith Xylonomus Julgidipennis Smith quadriceps Smith Braconidae Bracon suspiciosus Smith insignis Smith cephalotes Smith perplexus Smith inquietus Smith rugifrons Smith fioralis Smith laboriosus Smith imperialis Smith Pteromalidae Epistenia malachita Smith Chrysididae Chrysis decem Walker Cicadidae Dundubia Hemiptera duarum Walker

459 Order Family Genus Species Author

Huechys facialis Walker Fulgoridae Hotinus intrieatus Walker Hotinus eultellatus Walker Aphaena saturata Walker verisamor Walker un ifo rm is Walker Dictyophoridae Dietyophora speicarina Walker Leusaba marginalis Walker Isporisa apicalis Walker Epora subtilis Walker Daradax aeris Walker Cixiidae Cixius ferreus Walker diffinis Walker guttifer Walker aequus Walker perplexus Walker inclinatus Walker simplex Walker vilis Walker modieus Walker nexus Walker despeetus Walker deduetus Walker munitus Walker trahens Walker pallens Walker finitus Walker dilectus Walker dotatus Walker insuetus Walker Bidis pietula Walker punetifrons Walker eontigua Walker Ostama juncta Walker Erana operosa Walker Rhotala delineata Walker Issidae Issus praecedens Walker compositus Walker retractus Walker furtivus Walker patulus Walker iners Walker gravis Walker arctatus Walker sobrinus Walker ovalis Walker literosus Walker

460 Order Family Genus Species Author

lineatus Walker Hiracia ignava Walker Hemisphaerius niger Walker typicus Walker torpidus Walker Eurybrachys conserta Walker vetusta Walker intercepta Walker surrecta Walker Flattidae Flatoides veterator Walker posterns Walker limitaris Walker stupidus Walker Ricania osmyloides Walker subacta Walker Renna canescens Walker clarescens Walker praestans Walker Serida latens Walker fervens Walker Paricana dilatipennis Walker Nicerta submentiens Walker flammula Walker fervens Walker Eucarpia univitta Walker Rhotana latipennis Walker Pochazia convergens Walker Nephesa grata Walker guttularis Walker volens Walker lutea Walker deducta Walker tripars Walker Poeciloptera rorida Walker deplana Walker Ficarasa paUida Walker Eupilis hebes Walker Membracidae Centrotus subsimilis Walker limbatus Walker latimargo Walker densus Walker varipes Walker cicadiformis Walker consocius Walker Micreune metuenda Walker Walker Cercopidae Cercopis semipardalis delineata Walker

461 Order Family Genus Species Author

semirosea Walker undulifera Walker subdolens Walker Ptyelus inefJectus Walker Amarusa picea Walker Perinoia exclamans Walker signifera Walker expressa Walker Tettigonia elongata Walker lineolata Walker angularis Walker invadens Walker lepidipennis Walker eburnea Walker scitipennis Walker signifera Walker polita Walker glabra Walker inclinans Walker difficilis Walker Ledra tuberculifrons Walker dilatifrons Walker tenuifrons Walker longifrons Walker conicifrons Walker planifrons Walker arcuatifrons Walker ranifrons Walker obtusifrons Walker truncatifrons Walker Epiclines obliqua Walker lsaca bipars Walker Acocephalus discigulta Walker Coelidia dirigens Walker pardalis Walker albisigna Walker cupraria Walker Bythoscopus testaceus Walker metallicus Walker lateralis Walker cephalotes Walker biarcuartus Walker laetisigna Walker nigrilinea Walker ignicans Walker

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