Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2018; 6(5): 217-222
E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Evaluation of insecticides against Sapota midrib JEZS 2018; 6(5): 217-222 © 2018 JEZS folder, Banisia myrsusalis elearalis Walker in the Received: 06-07-2018 Accepted: 07-08-2018 hill zone of Karnataka
Suchithrakumari MH Department of Entomology,
College of Horticulture, Suchithrakumari MH, Yalleshkumar HS, Hanumantharaya L, Sachin US Mudigere, Chikkamagaluru Dist. and Srinivas MP University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India Abstract A study to evaluate different chemicals for management of sapota midrib folder, Banisia myrsusalis Yalleshkumar HS elearalis Walker was conducted at College of Horticulture, Mudigere. Eight treatments consisting of Department of Entomology, dichlorvos 76 EC @ 1ml, profenofos 50 EC @ 2ml, thiodicarb 75 WP @ 1g, quinalphos 25 EC @ 2ml, College of Horticulture, azadirachtin 10000 ppm @ 1ml, chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2ml, flubendiamide 48 SC @ 0.2ml per litre of Mudigere, Chikkamagaluru Dist. water and untreated control were imposed on the sapota trees. The results indicated that that University of Agricultural and flubendiamide 48 SC @ 0.2 ml/l was highly effective and superior over all other treatments in reducing Horticultural Sciences, the damage by sapota midrib leaf folder as depicted by the larval population (0.47 No./plant), percent leaf Shivamogga, Karnataka, India drying (6.56%) and the cost-benefit ratio (1:3.57). However, in the control treatment, the leaf folder
population and percent leaf drying due to its damage was highest with 6.20 No./plant and 30.45 percent, Hanumantharaya L Department of Entomology, respectively. College of Horticulture, Mudigere, Chikkamagaluru Dist. Keywords: Sapota midrib folder, management, efficacy, flubendiamide, thiodicarb, profenophos University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, 1. Introduction Shivamogga, Karnataka, India Sapota midrib folder, Banisia myrsusalis elearalis Walker, belonging to the family Thyrididae
Sachin US of the order Lepidoptera has attained the major pest status in recent times under the hill zone [11] Department of Entomology, of Karnataka and it was recorded in this region for the first time during 2013 . The host College of Horticulture, plant of this species in India is sapodilla (Manilkara zapota), a Sapotaceae. Sapota being an Bagalkot, University of evergreen tropical fruit crop exhibits a unique behaviour by producing flowers and fruits Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, throughout the year in warm and humid climate. Sapota in India is grown in an area of 107.2 Karnataka, India thousand hectares with a production of 1284.6 thousand metric tonnes while in Karnataka it Srinivas MP covers an area of 29.99 thousand hectares with a production of 350.33 thousand metric tonnes. Department of Entomology, Karnataka ranks the first place among different states of India regarding area coverage and College of Horticulture, production [2]. Mudigere, Chikkamagaluru Dist. Leaf folder on sapota was reported to be occurring in North America, Brazil, Australia, University of Agricultural and [14] Horticultural Sciences, southern Asia (India, Sri Lanka) and Africa (Madagascar, South Africa) . Apart from this [15] Shivamogga, Karnataka, India species, sapodilla is attacked by a plethora of insects which damage leaves, fruit and seeds [12]. This species is considered economically important in India and Brazil [4, 7, 10]. Banisia myrsusalis is reported to primarily feed on flower buds and young sapodilla fruits in the US and Brazil [3, 4]. However, in India and Malaysia, B. myrsusalis is described primarily as a leaf [5-7, 10] feeder of young sapodilla leaves ). This species is known to occur during January to April and October to December and the period of peak incidence would be noticed during November to December [13]. The larva folds the terminal leaves singly in the form of a pea pod or groups of two or three leaves and feeds on the chlorophyll within the leaf fold. Such infested leaves on the terminal shoot dry up and appear as if burnt which is visible from a [15] distance . As this pest appeared for the first time, there is a lack of awareness among the sapota growers in this region. Further, as it turned out to be a major pest causing reduction in Correspondence the yield in the region, an experiment was conducted to find an effective insecticide to manage Suchithrakumari MH the pest. Assistant Professor, Department of Entomology, College of Horticulture, Mudigere, 2. Materials and Methods Chikkamagaluru district, The experiment was conducted at College of Horticulture, Mudigere, Chikkamagaluru in the Karnataka, India hill zone of Karnataka during the year 2014 and 2016. The experiment could not be conducted ~ 217 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies during 2015 as the infestation was less than 10 percent. 3.2 Percent drying of Leaves due to midrib folder Larvae During both the years, the design adopted was a randomized There existed a significant difference among the treatments complete block design. Eight treatments consisting of concerning the efficacy of insecticides against leaf folder dichlorvos 76EC @ 1ml, profenofos 50EC @ 2ml, thiodicarb damage in terms of percent leaf drying. In all the treatments 75WP @ 1g, quinalphos 25EC @ 2ml, azadirachtin 10000 except for control the percent leaf drying decreased after ppm @ 1ml, chlorpyriphos 20EC @ 2ml, flubendiamide spraying insecticides at three, five and seven DAS while it 48SC @ 0.2ml per litre of water and untreated control were increased at 10 DAS during 2014 (Table 3). The lowest imposed on the sapota trees. Each tree served as one treatment damage was noticed in flubendiamide 48 SC @ 0.2ml/l and was replicated thrice. The observations on the number of (6.60%) followed by thiodicarb 75WP @ 1g/l (8.99%), larvae inside the leaf folds were taken on all the four profenophos 50EC @ 2ml/l (10.92%) and dichlorvos 76EC directions of the plant (North, South, East and west) in the @1ml/l (13.36%). The next treatments that gave better middle of the plant canopy and the mean was worked out. reduction of leaf folder damage in terms of percent leaf drying These observations were recorded before imposing the included quinalphos 25EC @ 2ml/l (18.45%), chlorpyriphos treatment and at three, five, seven and ten days after spraying 20EC @ 2ml/l (22.76%) and azadirachtin 10000 ppm @ 1ml/l from each of the treatments. Similarly, observation on percent (27.06%). However, highest damage due to leaf folder was drying of leaves due to leaf folder infestation was also noticed in untreated control with 40.03 percent drying of recorded by observing the number of leaves dried to the total sapota leaves. number of leaves in a branch at the directions of North, south, Similarly, during 2016 except for control the percent leaf east and west in the middle of the plant canopy and the mean drying decreased after spraying insecticides at three, five and were worked out. These observations were recorded before seven DAS while it increased at 10 DAS (Table 4). Further, imposing treatment and at three, five, seven and ten days after flubendiamide 48 SC (6.51%) was the most effective spraying. The yield of sapota fruits obtained in each plant was treatment and the least effective treatment was untreated weighed, noted and the yield per hectare was worked out. control (29.96%). The next treatments that gave better control of leaf folder damage in terms of percent leaf drying included 3. Results thiodicarb 75WP @ 1g/l (8.00%), profenophos 50EC @ 2ml/l The two-year data (2014 and 2016) indicated that the (9.10%) and dichlorvos 76EC @1ml/l (12.60%) quniolphos treatments significantly differed for the number of sapota leaf 25EC @ 2ml/l (15.51%), chlorpyriphos 20EC @2ml/l folder larvae, percent drying of leaves due to leaf folder (20.38%) and azadirachtin 10000 ppm @ 1ml/l (23.06%) infestation and yield of sapota. (Table 4).
3.1 Number of Leaf folder Larvae 3.3 Pooled Data All the treatments except control significantly decreased the The pooled data (2014 and 2016) on leaf folder population number of leaf folder larvae per plant from three days after and percent leaf drying due to its infestation also showed that spray (DAS) till seven days after spraying insecticides, but at flubendiamide 48 SC @ 0.2ml/l (0.47 No./plant and 6.56%, ten days after spraying insecticides, the incidence increased in respectively) was significantly superior over all the treatments all the treatments during 2014 (Table 1). Further, it was in reducing the damage due to sapota leaf folder followed by observed that among the treatments evaluated, flubendiamide thiodicarb 75 WP @ 1 g/l (0.69 No./plant and 8.49%), 48SC @ 0.2ml/l (0.39 No./ plant) was highly effective in profenophos 50EC @ 2ml/l (0.83 No./plant and 10.01%), reducing the sapota leaf folder population which was followed dichlorvos 76EC @1ml/l (0.97 No./plant and 12.98%), by thiodicarb 75WP @ 1g/l (0.62 No./plant), profenophos quinolphos 25 EC @ 2ml/l (1.16 No./plant and 16.98%), 50EC @ 2ml/l (0.78 No./plant) and dichlorvos 76EC @ 1ml/l chlorpyriphos 20EC @ 2ml/l (1.29 No./plant and 21.57%) (0.91 No./plant). The next better treatment in reducing the and azadirachtin 10000 ppm @ 1ml/l (2.10 No./plant and sapota leaf folder larval population was quinalphos 25EC 25.06%). Thus, the efficacy of the insecticides against sapota @2ml/l (1.21 No./plant) followed by chlorpyriphos 20EC @ leaf folder is in the order of flubendiamide 48 SC > thiodicarb 2ml/l (1.39 No./plant). The least effective insecticide was 75WP > profenophos 50EC > dichlorvos 76EC > quinolphos azadirachtin 10000 ppm @ 1ml/l (2.57 No./plant) and the 25EC > chlorpyriphos 20EC > azadirachtin 10000ppm. highest number of larvae was recorded in control (6.53 However, in control the leaf folder population and percent No./plant). leaf drying due to its damage was highest with 6.20 No./plant During 2016, a similar trend was noticed with significant and 30.45 percent, respectively (Table 5). decrease in the leaf folder larval population from three days of spraying till seven days of spraying but increased in its 3.4 Yield and Cost Economics of Sapota Protection population after 10 days of spraying insecticides among all The highest yield was obtained in flubendiamide 48 SC @ 0.2 the treatments except for control where the larval population ml/l treatment (7.14 t/ha.) which was followed by thiodicarb increased during all the days of observation (Table 2). Among 75 WP @ 1g/l (6.06 t/ha.), profenophos 50 EC @ 2ml/l (5.66 the treatments, flubendiamide 48 SC was the most effective t/ha.), dichlorvos 76 EC @ 1ml/l (5.46 t/ha.), quinalphos 25 treatment (0.55 No./plant) in reducing the number of leaf EC @ 2ml/l (5.39 t/ha.), chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2ml/l (5.10 folder larvae which was followed by thiodicarb 75WP (0.76 t/ha.) and azadirachtin 10000 ppm @ 1ml/l (4.84 t/ha.) while No./plant) and profenophos 50EC (0.88 No./plant). The next the lowest yield was obtained in control (3.90 t/ha.) (Table 6). better treatments included dichlorvos 76EC, quinalphos The cost economics of plant protection indicated that although 25EC, chlorpyriphos 20EC and azadirachtin 10000 ppm the cost of protection (Rs. 2070/ha.) was highest in (1.04, 1.11, 1.20 and 1.64 larvae/plant) while the highest flubendiamide 48 SC treatment as the yield was higher, the damage due to leaf folder was noticed in untreated control gross returns, net returns and cost-benefit ratio was also (5.88 No./plant) (Table 2). highest (Rs. 2,14,195/ha., Rs. 1,54,250/ha. and 1:3.57, respectively). This was followed by thiodicarb 75 WP,
~ 218 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies profenofos 50 EC, dichlorvos 76 EC, quinalphos 25 EC, 2.49, respectively) while in the untreated control although the chlorpyriphos 20 EC and azadirachtin 10000 ppm with cost of protection was nil, due to lowest yield the cost-benefit respect to cost-benefit ratio (3.09, 2.91, 2.81, 2.75, 2.60 and ratio was 2.02 which turned out to be the lowest (Table 6).
Table 1: Efficacy of insecticides against sapota midrib folder larvae during 2014.
Mean number of larvae per plant Tr. No. Treatment Dosage / litre BS 3 DAS 5 DAS 7 DAS 10 DAS Mean 1.12 0.83 0.70 1.00 0.91 1 Dichlorvos 76EC 1.0 ml 3.25 (1.56) (1.41) (1.34) (1.50) (1.45) 0.92 0.72 0.65 0.83 0.78 2 Profenofos 50EC 2.0 ml 4.08 (1.46) (1.35) (1.30) (1.41) (1.38) 0.75 0.62 0.53 0.58 0.62 3 Thiodicarb 75WP 1.0 g 3.42 (1.37) (1.29) (1.23) (1.26) (1.29) 1.58 1.12 0.98 1.17 1.21 4 Quinolphos 25EC 2.0 ml 4.42 (1.75) (1.56) (1.49) (1.58) (1.59) 2.75 2.35 2.25 2.92 2.57 5 Azadirachtin 10000ppm 1.0 ml 3.42 (2.16) (2.03) (2.00) (2.21) (2.10) 1.92 1.25 1.05 1.33 1.39 6 Chlorpyriphos 20EC 2.0 ml 4.25 (1.88) (1.62) (1.52) (1.65) (1.67) 0.50 0.33 0.23 0.50 0.39 7 Flubendiamide 480SC 0.2 ml 3.25 (1.20) (1.07) (0.97) (1.21) (1.11) 5.80 6.50 6.80 7.00 6.53 8 Untreated control - 5.33 (2.91) (3.05) (3.11) (3.15) (3.05) SEM 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.04 NS CD@5% 0.13 0.05 0.08 0.01 0.12 Values in parenthesis are √x+0.5 transformed
Table 2: Efficacy of insecticides against sapota midrib folder larvae during 2016.
Mean number of larvae per plant Tr. No. Treatment Dosage / litre BS 3 DAS 5 DAS 7 DAS 10 DAS Mean 1.15 0.90 0.88 1.22 1.04 1 Dichlorvos 76EC 1.0 ml 3.00 (1.57) (1.45) (1.44) (1.60) (1.52) 1.09 0.67 0.65 1.11 0.88 2 Profenofos 50EC 2.0 ml 4.02 (1.54) (1.31) (1.31) (1.55) (1.43) 0.91 0.58 0.55 1.01 0.76 3 Thiodicarb 75WP 1.0 g 3.67 (1.45) (1.26) (1.24) (1.50) (1.36) 1.20 0.98 0.91 1.33 1.11 4 Quinolphos 25EC 2.0 ml 4.20 (1.60) (1.49) (1.45) (1.65) (1.55) 1.84 1.47 1.40 1.83 1.64 5 Azadirachtin 10000 ppm 1.0 ml 4.50 (1.86) (1.71) (1.68) (1.83) (1.77) 1.26 1.00 0.96 1.58 1.20 6 Chlorpyriphos 20EC 2.0 ml 4.80 (1.62) (1.50) (1.48) (1.76) (1.59) 0.68 0.50 0.42 0.59 0.55 7 Flubendiamide 480SC 0.2 ml 5.00 (1.32) (1.20) (1.15) (1.27) (1.24) 5.17 5.83 6.02 6.51 5.88 8 Untreated control - 4.67 (2.77) (2.91) (2.95) (3.05) (2.92) SEM 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.03 NS CD@5% 0.12 0.15 0.11 0.20 0.10 Values in parenthesis are √x+0.5 transformed
Table 3: Efficacy of insecticides against sapota midrib folder damage to leaves (percent leaf drying) during 2014.
Mean percent drying of leaves Tr. No. Treatment Dosage / litre BS 3 DAS 5 DAS 7 DAS Mean 16.00 13.10 10.99 13.36 1 Dichlorvos 76EC 1.0 ml 29.83 (23.57) (21.18) (19.33) (21.36) 12.50 11.00 9.27 10.92 2 Profenofos 50EC 2.0 ml 30.03 (20.56) (19.37) (17.72) (19.22) 11.25 9.09 6.63 8.99 3 Thiodicarb 75WP 1.0 g 28.17 (19.61) (17.51) (14.88) (17.33) 20.96 18.11 16.27 18.45 4 Quinolphos 25EC 2.0 ml 28.19 (27.23) (25.16) (23.76) (25.38) 28.03 27.13 26.02 27.06 5 Azadirachtin 10000ppm 1.0 ml 28.90 (31.95) (31.39) (30.66) (31.33) 25.30 22.53 20.44 22.76 6 Chlorpyriphos 20EC 2.0 ml 29.70 (30.20) (28.33) (26.87) (28.47) 7.17 6.93 5.71 6.60 7 Flubendiamide 480SC 0.2 ml 28.00 (15.36) (15.27) (13.77) (14.80) 36.27 40.74 43.07 40.03 8 Untreated control 29.67 (37.03) (39.64) (41.01) (39.23) SEM 0.27 0.42 0.44 0.81 NS CD@5% 0.82 1.28 1.35 2.45 Values in parenthesis are angular transformed ~ 219 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
Table 4: Efficacy of insecticides against sapota midrib folder damage to leaves (percent leaf drying) during 2016.
Mean percent drying of leaves Tr. No. Treatment Dosage / litre BS 3 DAS 5 DAS 7 DAS Mean 15.13 12.33 10.33 12.60 1 Dichlorvos 76EC 1.0 ml 24.83 (22.88) (20.53) (18.71) (20.71) 10.33 9.07 7.90 9.10 2 Profenofos 50EC 2.0 ml 25.03 (18.71) (17.51) (16.27) (17.50) 9.53 7.96 6.49 8.00 3 Thiodicarb 75WP 1.0 g 23.17 (17.98) (16.36) (14.73) (16.36) 18.09 15.09 13.35 15.51 4 Quinolphos 25EC 2.0 ml 23.22 (25.15) (22.84) (21.41) (23.14) 24.47 23.02 21.70 23.06 5 Azadirachtin 10000ppm 1.0 ml 25.20 (29.64) (28.66) (27.76) (28.69) 22.33 20.34 18.48 20.38 6 Chlorpyriphos 20EC 2.0 ml 24.70 (28.20) (26.78) (25.42) (26.80) 7.68 6.82 5.04 6.51 7 Flubendiamide 480SC 0.2 ml 23.00 (16.07) (15.10) (12.96) (14.71) 27.27 29.48 33.13 29.96 8 Untreated control - 25.47 (31.46) (32.46) (35.12) (33.01) SEM 0.33 0.28 0.26 0.73 NS CD@5% 0.99 0.84 0.78 2.21 Values in parenthesis are angular transformed
Table 5: Efficacy of insecticides against sapota midrib folder (Pooled data of 2014 and 2016)
Tr. Dosage / Number of larvae per Percent drying of Yield Treatment No. litre plant leaves (t/ha) 0.97 12.98 1 Dichlorvos 76EC 1.0 ml 5.46 d (1.48) d (21.03) d 0.83 10.01 2 Profenofos 50EC 2.0 ml 5.66 c (1.40) c (18.36) c 0.69 8.49 3 Thiodicarb 75WP 1.0 g 6.06 b (1.32) b (16.84) b 1.16 16.98 4 Quinolphos 25EC 2.0 ml 5.39 d (1.57) e (24.26) e Azadirachtin 10000 2.10 25.06 5 1.0 ml 4.84 f ppm (1.93) g (30.01) g 1.29 21.57 6 Chlorpyriphos 20EC 2.0 ml 5.10 e (1.63) f (27.63) f 0.47 6.56 7 Flubendiamide 480SC 0.2 ml 7.14 a (1.17) a (14.75) a 6.20 30.45 8 Untreated control - 3.90 g (2.99) h (30.88) h SEM 0.01 0.20 0.04 CD@5% 0.03 0.59 0.12 Values in parenthesis are √x+0.5 transformed
Table 6: Cost economics of plant protection against sapota midrib leaf folder (pooled data of 2014 and 2016)
Cost of Total cost of Gross Net Dosage Yield CB Tr. No. Treatment protection production returns Returns / litre (t/ha.) ratio (Rs./ha.) (Rs./ha.) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) 1 Dichlorvos 76 EC 1.0 ml 5.46 482.00 58357.00 16 3905.00 105548.00 2.81 2 Profenofos 50 EC 2.0 ml 5.66 514.00 58389.00 169750.00 111361.00 2.91 3 Thiodicarb 75 WP 1.0 g 6.06 995.00 58870.00 181945.00 123075.00 3.09 4 Quinolphos 25 EC 2.0 ml 5.39 892.00 58767.00 161755.00 102988.00 2.75 5 Azadirachhtin 10000 ppm 1.0 ml 4.84 465.00 58340.00 145250.00 86910.00 2.49 6 Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 2.0 ml 5.10 900.00 58775.00 153070.00 94295.00 2.60 7 Flubendiamide 480 SC 0.2 ml 7.14 2070.00 59945.00 214195.00 154250.00 3.57 8 Untreated control 3.90 0.00 57875.00 117050.00 59175.00 2.02
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Plate 1: Sapota midrib leaf folder larvae (A) and its damage symptoms (B)
4. Discussion 7. References Much of the management aspects have been concentrated on 1. Anonymous. AESA based IPM package for sapota. the leaf webber and bud borer and no information is available Department of Agriculture and Co-operation, India. 2014, on the management of midrib leaf folder although it is 44p. reported to be a significant pest. However, the only 2. Anonymous. Horticultural statistics at a glance-2017. thiamethoxam provided a substantial reduction in the number Department of Agriculture and Co-operative farmers of flowers damaged per cluster by microlepidopteran pests welfare, India. 2017, 514p. two weeks after spray application among the treatments in 3. Balerdi C, Crane J. The sapodilla (Manilkara zapota van Florida [9]. In India, carbaryl (0.1%) and NSKE (5%) was Royen). EDIS Publ. University of Florida Coop. Ext. reported to check the bud damage by leaf webber, Serv. May 2002. 2000; Nephopteryx eugraphella in Tamil Nadu [8]. Further, the
Horticultural Ecosystems. 2014; 20(1):86-88 13. Sathish R, Jemlanaik D, Veerendra AC, Murali R. Pest complex and their succession on sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill.) Forsberg] under hill zone of Karnataka. Environmetal Ecology. 2015; 32(2): 616-620 14. Shubhalaxmi V, Kendrick RC, Vaidya A, Kalagi N, Bhagwat A. Inventory of moth fauna (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) of the northern Western Ghats, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society. 2011; 108(3):183-205. 15. Shukla A. Insect pests of sapota and their management. Rashtriya Krishi. 2011; 6(1):51-52. 16. Vijayaraghavendra R, Basavanagoud K. Evaluation of insecticides against sapota fruit borer, Phycita erythrolophia Hampson. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2017; 5(5):1358-1361.
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