DOCSLIB.ORG

A Revision of the Japanese Lymantriidae (Ii)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Revision of the Japanese Lymantriidae (Ii) Jap. J. M. Sc. & Biol., 10, 187-219, 1957 A REVISION OF THE JAPANESE LYMANTRIIDAE (II) HIROSHI INOUE1) Eiko-Gakuen, Funakoshi, Yokosuka2) (Received: April 13th, 1957) Genus Lymantria Hubner Lymantria Hubner, 1819, p. 160; Hampson, 1892, p. 459; Strand, 1911, p. 126; id., 1915, p. 320; Pierce & Beirne, 1941, p. 43. Liparis Ochsenheimer, 1810, p. 186 (nec Scopoli, 1777). Porthetria Hubner, 1819, p. 160. Enome Walker, 1855b, p. 883. •¬ genitalia : uncus hooked; valva fused, variable in shape, almost always produced into an arm; aedoeagus simple; j uxta a moderately broad plate ; cornutus wanting. From the structure of male genitalia the Japanese representatives may be divided into the following groups: Group 1: dis par subspp., xylina subspp. Uncus narrow, long, valva with costal half extended as an arm, its inner surface without ampulla. Group 2: lucescens, monacha. Uncus broad, short, valva with costa ex- tended as an arm, inner surface with ampulla. Group 3: minomonis. Uncus as in group 2, valva with costal arm broad and short, inner surface with complicated ampulla. Group 4 : f umida. Uncus as in the preceding, valva fused, apex produced into an arm, ampulla a large plate. Group 5: bantaizana. Uncus as in the preceding group, valva with a long arm from apex, ampulla large, triangular. Group 6: mat hura aurora. Uncus as in the preceding group, valva forked, tegumen with dorso-lateral margin strongly extended as a •gpseudo-valva•h. 26. L. dispar (Linne) (Maimai-ga, Shiroshita-maimai) Phalaena Bombyx dispar L., 1758, p. 501. Lymantria dispar Staudinger, 1901, p. 117; Strand, 1911, p. 127; Goldschmidt, 1940, p. 59; Pierce & Beirne, 1941, p. 43, pl. 13, f. 1; Forbes, 1948, p. 240. Distribution: Japan, Kuriles, Korea, Ryukyus, China, Amur, Siberia, Europe; N. America (introduced). Food Plant : polyphagous on various trees. Quite unstable in colour, pattern and size, and at present it is impossible 1)井 上 寛,2)横 須 賀 市 船 越 栄 光 学 園 187 188INOUEVol. 10 for me to show satisfactorily a complete subdivision of the Japanese specimens of this species into geographical races. Therefore, here I will cite Goldschmidt's opinion (1940, pp. 59-61), and following him I will recognize three races, with two more races from the southern part of Japan. subsp. hokkaidoensis Goldschmidt Lymantria dispar hokkaidoensis Goldschmidt 1940, p. 59. Lymantria dispar nesiobia Bryk, 1942, p. 25. Lymantria dispar hokkaida ( ! ) Snoue, 1958c, p. 398. Smaller, males more light coloured than in japonica. It is possibly be found in North Honshu a's an aberration, and nesiobia Bryk from the Kuriles is in all probability identical with this race. Although Butler gave •gTokei•h (= Tokyo) as the type-locality of his umbrosa, it is very probably an error, and if umbrosa Butler was named for a Hokkaido specimen, the racial name hokkaidoensis should be substituted with umbrosa. Distribution: Hokkaido, ? Northern Honshu, Kuriles. Period of Appearance : July to August. subsp. japonica (Motschulsky ) Liparis dispar var. japonica Motschulsky, 1860, p. 31. Liparis dispar (part.) de l'Orza, 1869, p. 41. P'orthetria hadina Butler, 1881a, p. 11. Lymantria dispar (part.) Pryer, 1884, p. 50; Leech, 1889, p. 630; id., 1899, p. 130; Matsumura, 1905, p. 43; Sasaki, 1905, p. 128, f. 34b; Swinhoe, 1903, p. 482; Matsumura, 1933, p. 135; Kawada, 1950, p. 729, f. 2051. Lymantira japonica Swinhoe, 1903, p. 483. Porthetria dispar (part.) Nagano, 1907, p. 137, 191, 223, pl. 5. Lymantria dispar japonica Strand, 1911, p. 217, pl. 20d; Hirayama, 1933, pl. 29, f. 1, 2; Bryk, 1934, p. 150; Inoue, 1956c, p. 398. Lymantria dispar var. japonica Matsumura, 1917, p. 696, p1. 42, f. 3 ; Kato , 1934. pl. 15, f. 1, 2. Liparis japonica Swinhoe, 1923, p. 426. Lymantria dispar f. japonica Matsumura, 1931 , p. 714, no. 486 (•¬.) ; id., 1933, p. 135. Liparis dispar (part.) Kawada, 1932, p. 1167, f. 2304. Liparis dispar japonica Esaki, Honi & Yasumatsu , 1938, p. 201, pl. 94, f. 363 (1, 2). The largest of all the races found in Japan, colour of the wings variable , in male varies from brown to nearly black, while in female the grey ground colour is almost constant. According to Machida's crossing experiments (1924) , •g1. The lighter coloration of the Hokkaido is maintained through many generations breeding in the main island of Japan. But a little deeper strain can be observed by selection. 2. The intensity of the Bound color and the markings of the moths inherit independently. 3. F1 between the Hokkaido or the lightest form hokkaidoensis j and the Japonica or the deepest form represents the intermediate or a little deeper intensity than the median...... " He analyses the colour of the male moths of japonica collected in Tokyo into three forms : Black form: ground colour and markings of the wings considerably dark or almost black. Brown form: ground colour of the wings considerably brown; the markings also brown but discal, crescent shaped spots and some parts of 1957JAPANESE LYMANTRIIDAE, II189 the zigzag transverse lines and marginal spots black. Blackish brown or inter- mediate form : ground colour of the wings seems to be blackish brown ; the markings especially dark and the discal crescent shaped spots and some parts of the zigzag transverse lines black. Distribution: Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. Period of Appearance : July to August. Food Plant : injurious to various fruit and forest trees, such as Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Salix, Quercus, Castanea, Diospyros, etc. ab. (?) umbrosa (Butler) Porthetria umbrosa Butler, 1881a, p. 10. Lymantria dispar umbrosa Strand, 1911, p. 127. Lymantria dispar f. umbrosa Matsumura, 1933, p. 135. Lymantria f umida umbrosa Bryk, 1934, p. 151. Lymantria dispar japonica ab. (?) umbrosa Inoue, 1956c, p. 398. As mentioned in the previous page, this is possibly the valid name for the Hokkaido specimens, or else it is an aberration of japonica, characterized by paler and smaller wings. subsp. obscura Goldschmidt Lymantria dispar obscura Goldschmidt, 1940, p. 60; Inoue, 1956b, p. 398. According to the orignial description, this race is large sized, male brown or chocolate, female dark-brownish grey. Distribution: The western and eastern shores of Lake Biwa, Gifu and Nagoya Regions. subsp. tsushimensis Inoue Lymantria dispar tsushimensis Inoue, 1956b, p. 141; id., 1956c, p. 398. Smaller than in subsp. japonica, marginal area of both wings as dark as the darkest specimens of japonica, but basal and central areas paler, approaching to the following race. Distribution: Tsushima. Period of Appearance : August. subsp. postaiba Inoue Porthetria dispar (part.) Ma.rumo, 1923, p. 147, pl. 3, f. 3 (•¬). Lymantria dispar albescens Honi & Umeno, 1930, p. 18, pl. 1, f. 3 (s); Honi & Nomura, 1935, p. 132; Nomura, 1938a, p. 428, id., 1939a, p. 605; E,saki & Ishihara, 1951, p. 374 (nec Matsumura). Lymantria dispar postalba Inoue, 1956b, p. 141; id., 1956c, p. 398. Distinguished from japonica as well as from other races by white hindwing, costal area being f uscous brown, f orewing with basal and central areas much paler than. costal and distal areas, markings distinct. Much smaller than subsp. alb escens Matsumura (1927, p. 25) from Ishigaki Island and Okinawa in the Ryukyus, the length of forewing 23-28 mm in male, while in albescens it is well over 34 mm, forewing and costal area of hindwing darker.•¬, ground colour creamy yellow, with faint trace of lines and markings. 190INOUEVol. 10 Distribution: Shikoku (Okinoshima), Kyushu (Miyazaki and Kagoshima Prefectures), Tanegashima, Yakushima. Period of Appearance : July and August. Food Plant: Livistona sub globosa. 27. .L. xylina Swinhoe (Maeguro-maimai, Nobunaga-maimai) Distribution: Japan, Formosa. In Japan there found the following two subspecies: Fig. 26. Lymantria dispar japonica (Motschulsky). 27. Lymantria xylina nobunaga Nagano. 28. Lymantria monacha (L.). 29. Lymantria minomonis Matsumura. 30. Lymantria f umida f umida Butler. 31. Lymantria bantaizana Matsumura. subsp. xylina Swinhoe Lymantria xylina Swinhoe, 1903, p. 490; Strand, 1915, p. 324, pl. 40 f ; Matsumura, 1933, p. 140; Kato, 1934, pl. 17, f. 4; Nomura, 1937, p. 21; id., 1938a, p. 428; Bryk, 1934, p. 166; Inoue, 1956c, p. 400. Porthetria nobunaga Marumo, 1923, p. 148 (nec Nagano). Liparis xylina Swinhoe, 1923, p. 430. Lymantria nigricosta Matsumura (1921, p. 897, pl. 56, f. 9) from Formosa is a 6 -form, with strongly inf uscated costal area of hindwing. Nomura (1937) recorded this species from Miyakonojo, Miyazaki Pref., S. Kyushu (20 July 1933, 2 6 6, 1 ), but I cannot say whether his specimens belong to the nominate race or to the following race. Distribution: Kyushu (Miyazaki Pref.), Yakushima, Amami-oshima, For- mosa. Period of Appearance : June to July (Yakushima). 1957JAPANESE LYMANTRIIDAE, II191 subsp. nobunaga Nagano Lymantria sp. (?) Nagano, 1909, p. 402. pl. 20 (•¬,•Š ). Lymantria nobunaga Nagano, 1912, p. 262, pl. 14, f. 1 & 2; Matsumura, 1933, p. 138; Bryk, 1934, p. 165. Inoue, 1955b, p. 22. Lymantria nobunagae ( ! ) Matsumura, 1921, p. 882, pl. 56, f. 6. Lymantria nobunagai ( ! ) Matsumura, 1931, p. 715, no. 493. Lymantria xylina nobunaga Inoue, 1956c, p. 400. Excepting much darker grey ground colour against xylina's white, nobunaga cannot be separated from xylina. Therefore, I consider it the northern race of xylina. Since Nagano collected a series of caterpillers on Mt. Kinka, Gifu Pref., no specimens have been secured from the same locality nor from any other place in Honshu, but I have recently obtained 4 a collected by Mr. Akira Suzuki at Mt. Kiyozumi, Chiba Pref., on 29 July 1956, and on 25-27 July 1957. This discovery proves that this insect is widely distributed in the southwestern part of Japan. From Shikoku it was found at Kajigamori, Kð¯chi Pref. (Inoue, 1955b). Distribution: Honshu, Shikoku. Period of Appearance : June to July. Food Plant: Cleyera ochnacea, Mallotus japonicus. 28. L. lucescens (Butler) (Ooyama-maimai, Ooyama-dokuga, Takamuku-maimai, A omori-maimai ) Porthetria lucescens Butler, 1881a, p.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fung Yuen SSSI & Butterfly Reserve Moth Survey 2009
    Fung Yuen SSSI & Butterfly Reserve Moth Survey 2009 Fauna Conservation Department Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden 29 June 2010 Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden Publication Series: No 6 Fung Yuen SSSI & Butterfly Reserve moth survey 2009 Fung Yuen SSSI & Butterfly Reserve Moth Survey 2009 Executive Summary The objective of this survey was to generate a moth species list for the Butterfly Reserve and Site of Special Scientific Interest [SSSI] at Fung Yuen, Tai Po, Hong Kong. The survey came about following a request from Tai Po Environmental Association. Recording, using ultraviolet light sources and live traps in four sub-sites, took place on the evenings of 24 April and 16 October 2009. In total, 825 moths representing 352 species were recorded. Of the species recorded, 3 meet IUCN Red List criteria for threatened species in one of the three main categories “Critically Endangered” (one species), “Endangered” (one species) and “Vulnerable” (one species” and a further 13 species meet “Near Threatened” criteria. Twelve of the species recorded are currently only known from Hong Kong, all are within one of the four IUCN threatened or near threatened categories listed. Seven species are recorded from Hong Kong for the first time. The moth assemblages recorded are typical of human disturbed forest, feng shui woods and orchards, with a relatively low Geometridae component, and includes a small number of species normally associated with agriculture and open habitats that were found in the SSSI site. Comparisons showed that each sub-site had a substantially different assemblage of species, thus the site as a whole should retain the mosaic of micro-habitats in order to maintain the high moth species richness observed.
    [Show full text]
  • What Changed the Demography of an Introduced Population of An
    Journal of Animal What changed the demography of an introduced Ecology 0887\ 56\ 568Ð577 population of an herbivorous lady beetle< TAKAYUKI OHGUSHI and HIROICHI SAWADA$ Laboratory of Entomology\ Faculty of Agriculture\ Kyoto University\ Kyoto 595\ Japan Summary 0[ The population dynamics of an introduced population of Epilachna niponica "Lewis# "Coleoptera] Coccinellidae# was investigated for a 6!year period following its introduction to a site outside of its natural range[ A population from Asiu Exper! imental Forest was introduced to Kyoto University Botanical Garden\ 09 km south of its natural distribution[ 1[ Arthropod predation was much lower in the introduced than in the source popu! lation[ As a result of the lower predation in the Botanical Garden\ larvae reached densities _ve times higher than in the Asiu Forest and host plants were frequently defoliated[ Food shortage caused larval deaths from starvation and increased dis! persal[ 2[ The density of the introduced population was much more variable than that of the source population[ The variation in population density in both the introduced and source populations is limited by density!dependent reduction in fecundity and female survival[ However\ variation in the introduced population|s density was increased due to host plant defoliation that resulted in overcompensating density!dependent mortality[ In years with high larval density plants were defoliated and this increased adult mortality during the prehibernation period[ Besides\ the density!dependent regulatory mechanisms that
    [Show full text]
  • Faunal Make-Up of Moths in Tomakomai Experiment Forest, Hokkaido University
    Title Faunal make-up of moths in Tomakomai Experiment Forest, Hokkaido University Author(s) YOSHIDA, Kunikichi Citation 北海道大學農學部 演習林研究報告, 38(2), 181-217 Issue Date 1981-09 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/21056 Type bulletin (article) File Information 38(2)_P181-217.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Faunal make-up of moths in Tomakomai Experiment Forest, Hokkaido University* By Kunikichi YOSHIDA** tf IE m tf** A light trap survey was carried out to obtain some ecological information on the moths of Tomakomai Experiment Forest, Hokkaido University, at four different vegetational stands from early May to late October in 1978. In a previous paper (YOSHIDA 1980), seasonal fluctuations of the moth community and the predominant species were compared among the four· stands. As a second report the present paper deals with soml charactelistics on the faunal make-up. Before going further, the author wishes to express his sincere thanks to Mr. Masanori J. TODA and Professor Sh6ichi F. SAKAGAMI, the Institute of Low Tem­ perature Science, Hokkaido University, for their partinent guidance throughout the present study and critical reading of the manuscript. Cordial thanks are also due to Dr. Kenkichi ISHIGAKI, Tomakomai Experiment Forest, Hokkaido University, who provided me with facilities for the present study, Dr. Hiroshi INOUE, Otsuma Women University and Mr. Satoshi HASHIMOTO, University of Osaka Prefecture, for their kind advice and identification of Geometridae. Method The sampling method, general features of the area surveyed and the flora of sampling sites are referred to the descriptions given previously (YOSHIDA loco cit.).
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae) to Traps Baited with (+)-Xylinalure in Jiangxi Province, China1
    Life: The Excitement of Biology 1 (2) 95 Attraction of male Lymantria schaeferi Schintlmeister (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae) to traps baited with (+)-xylinalure in Jiangxi Province, China1 Paul W. Schaefer2, Ming Jiang3, Regine Gries4, Gerhard Gries4, and Jinquan Wu5 Abstract: Our objective was to investigate potential sex attractants for Lymantria schaeferi Schintlmeister (Lexpidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae). In a field trapping experiment deployed in the Wuyi Mountains near Xipaihe, Jiangxi Province, China, traps were baited with synthetic sex pheromone of congeners L. dispar [(+)-disparlure], L. xylina [(+)-xylinalure] or L. monacha [a blend of (+)-disparlure, (+)-monachalure and 2-methyl-Z7-octadecene]. Traps baited with (+)- xylinalure captured 24 males of L. schaeferi, whereas traps baited with (+)-disparlure captured two males of L. dispar asiatica. These findings support molecular evidence that L. schaeferi is more closely related to L. xylina, which uses (+)-xylinalure for sexual communication, than it is to L. dispar asiatica, which uses (+)-disparlure for sexual communication. These findings also support the conclusion that L. schaeferi and L. dispar asiatica are sympatric in the Wuyi Mountains. Key Words: Sex pheromone, small sticky traps, Wuyi Mountains, forest habitat, Lymantria xylina, Lymantria dispar asiatica, disparlure Little is known about the life history and behavior of Lymantria schaeferi Schintlmeister. This is due, in part, to its recent recognition as a new species (Schintlmeister, 2004) and earlier confusion of a moth population in China with a moth population in India identified as Lymantria incerta Walker (Chao, 1994; Zhao 2003). Erroneous reports (deWaard et al. 2010) that L. xylina Swinhoe in China was described as L. schaeferi by Schintlmeister (2004) have added to this confusion.
    [Show full text]
  • 3Rd ISIP 2003 (Epoxyalkenyl Pheromone:Biosynthesis)
    The 3rd International Symposium on Insect Pheromones Sweden, 2003 May Session III Biosynthesis of Epoxyalkenyl Sex Pheromones: Biosynthetic Pathway, Substrate Specificity, and Endocrine Control Tetsu ANDO Tokyo University of Agric. & Tech. Graduate School of BASE I. Biosynthetic Pathways for Lepidopteran Pheromones Tipe I （Acetate of unsaturated fatty alcohol） Anadevidia peponis Acetyl CoA ∆11-desaturation 16:Acyl Z11-16:Acyl Z9-14:Acyl reduction 12 7 1 O β-oxidation acetylation O Z7-12:Acyl Z7-12:OAc Type II （Epoxide of unsaturated hydrocabon） A. s. cretacea Z9,Z12,Z15-18:Acyl decarboxylation epoxidation Z11,Z14,Z17-20:Acyl Z3,Z6,Z9-19:H epo3,Z6,Z9-19:H 1 O 69 19 3 II. In Vivo Experiments with Geometrid Moth ① Ascotis selenaria cretacea Japanese giant looper GC-MS analysis of the Pheromone Gland Extract from the Females Treated Proposed biosynthetic pathway 18 1215 9 1 with D3-Z3,Z6,Z9-19:H CO-SR B A D3-Z3,Z6,Z9-19:H Acetyl-CoA 20 17 14 11 1 CO-SR 13 6 9 - CO2 19 Z3,Z6,Z9-19:H O epoxidation A) epo3,Z6,Z9-19:H (endogenous) epo3,Z6,Z9-19:H B) D3-epo3,Z6,Z9-19:H (exogenous) II. In Vivo Experiments with Geometrid Moth ② (A) Specificity of epoxidation in A. s. cretacea Z3,Z6,Z9-19:H Z6,Z9-19:H Z3,Z6,Z9-17:H Z4-19:H no change Z3,Z6,Z9-22:H 3,4-epoxides E3-19:H Z3,Z6-19:H Z2-19:H Z3-19H, Z3-17:H Epoxydase Attacked only (Z)-3-double bond without the substrate specificity on the carbon length and unsaturation degree Strict formation of hydrocarbons Species-specific pheromones (B) Other steps Identification of Z11,Z14,Z17-20:Acid unsuccessful Incorporation of D4-Z11,Z14,Z17-20:Acid Reductase? Z9,Z12,Z15-18:Acyl Z3,Z6,Z9-18:H epo3,Z6,Z9-18:H ? Decarboxylase? Epoxydase Z11,Z14,Z17-20:Acyl Z3,Z6,Z9-19:H epo3,Z6,Z9-19:H III.
    [Show full text]
  • In Coonoor Forest Area from Nilgiri District Tamil Nadu, India
    International Journal of Scientific Research in ___________________________ Research Paper . Biological Sciences Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.52-61, June (2020) E-ISSN: 2347-7520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v7i3.5261 Preliminary study of moth (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Coonoor forest area from Nilgiri District Tamil Nadu, India N. Moinudheen1*, Kuppusamy Sivasankaran2 1Defense Service Staff College Wellington, Coonoor, Nilgiri District, Tamil Nadu-643231 2Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai-600 034 Corresponding Author: [email protected], Tel.: +91-6380487062 Available online at: www.isroset.org Received: 27/Apr/2020, Accepted: 06/June/ 2020, Online: 30/June/2020 Abstract: This present study was conducted at Coonoor Forestdale area during the year 2018-2019. Through this study, a total of 212 species was observed from the study area which represented 212 species from 29 families. Most of the moth species were abundance in July to August. Moths are the most vulnerable organism, with slight environmental changes. Erebidae, Crambidae and Geometridae are the most abundant families throughout the year. The Coonoor Forestdale area was showed a number of new records and seems to supporting an interesting the monotypic moth species have been recorded. This preliminary study is useful for the periodic study of moths. Keywords: Moth, Environment, Nilgiri, Coonoor I. INTRODUCTION higher altitude [9]. Thenocturnal birds, reptiles, small mammals and rodents are important predator of moths. The Western Ghats is having a rich flora, fauna wealthy The moths are consider as a biological indicator of and one of the important biodiversity hotspot area. The environmental quality[12]. In this presentstudy moths were Western Ghats southern part is called NBR (Nilgiri collected and documented from different families at Biosphere Reserve) in the three states of Tamil Nadu, Coonoor forest area in the Nilgiri District.
    [Show full text]
  • Implicating an Introduced Generalist Parasitoid in the Invasive Browntail Moth’S Enigmatic Demise
    Ecology, 87(10), 2006, pp. 2664–2672 Ó 2006 by the Ecological Society of America IMPLICATING AN INTRODUCED GENERALIST PARASITOID IN THE INVASIVE BROWNTAIL MOTH’S ENIGMATIC DEMISE 1,3 2 1 JOSEPH S. ELKINTON, DYLAN PARRY, AND GEORGE H. BOETTNER 1Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Science and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 USA 2College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York 13210 USA Abstract. Recent attention has focused on the harmful effects of introduced biological control agents on nontarget species. The parasitoid Compsilura concinnata is a notable example of such biological control gone wrong. Introduced in 1906 primarily for control of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, this tachinid fly now attacks more than 180 species of native Lepidoptera in North America. While it did not prevent outbreaks or spread of gypsy moth, we present reanalyzed historical data and experimental findings suggesting that parasitism by C. concinnata is the cause of the enigmatic near-extirpation of another of North America’s most successful invaders, the browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea). From a range of ;160 000 km2 a century ago, browntail moth (BTM) populations currently exist only in two spatially restricted coastal enclaves, where they have persisted for decades. We experimentally established BTM populations within this area and found that they were largely free of mortality caused by C. concinnata. Experimental populations of BTM at inland sites outside of the currently occupied coastal enclaves were decimated by C. concinnata, a result consistent with our reanalysis of historical data on C.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Survey of Soluble Saxitoxin-Binding Activity in Pursuit of the Function and Molecular Evolution of Saxiphilin, a Relative of Transferrin
    Phylogenetic survey of soluble saxitoxin-binding activity in pursuit of the function and molecular evolution of saxiphilin, a relative of transferrin " # LYNDON E. LLEWELLYN , PETER M. BELL # $ EDWARD G. MOCZYDLOWSKI *, " Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, ToWnsille MC, Queensland 4810, Australia # * Department of Pharmacolog, Yale Uniersit School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, NeW Haen, CT 06520–8066, USA (EdwardjMoczydlowski!Yale.edu) $ Department of Cellular and Molecular Phsiolog, Yale Uniersit School of Medicine, NeW Haen, CT 06520, USA SUMMARY Saxiphilin is a soluble protein of unknown function which binds the neurotoxin, saxitoxin (STX), with high affinity. Molecular characterization of saxiphilin from the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, has previously shown that it is a member of the transferrin family. In this study we surveyed various animal species to investigate the phylogenetic distribution of saxiphilin, as detected by the presence of $ soluble [ H]STX binding activity in plasma, haemolymph or tissue extracts. We found that saxiphilin activity is readily detectable in a wide variety of arthropods, fish, amphibians, and reptiles. The $ pharmacological characteristics of [ H]STX binding activity in phylogenetically diverse species indicates that a protein homologous to bullfrog saxiphilin is likely to be constitutively expressed in many ectothermic animals. The results suggest that the saxiphilin gene is evolutionarily as old as an ancestral $ gene encoding bilobed transferrin, an Fe +-binding and transport protein which has been identified in several arthropods and all the vertebrates which have been studied. site on Na+ channels has been localized to residues 1. INTRODUCTION within a conserved sequence motif in four homologous The neurotoxin, saxitoxin (STX), and a large array of domains of the α-subunit, which forms part of the ion- STX derivatives are produced by certain species of selective pore (Terlau et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of Eastern and Australian Lepidoptera Heterocera in The
    XCATALOGUE OF EASTERN AND AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA /N THE COLLECTION OF THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY MUSEUM COLONEL C. SWINHOE F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S. PART I SPHINGES AND BOMB WITH EIGHT PLAJOES 0;cfor5 AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1892 PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRKSS EY HORACE HART, PRINT .!< TO THE UNIVERSITY PREFACE At the request of Professor Westwood, and under the orders and sanction of the Delegates of the Press, this work is being produced as a students' handbook to all the Eastern Moths in the Oxford University Museum, including chiefly the Walkerian types of the moths collected by Wal- lace in the Malay Archipelago, which for many years have been lost sight of and forgotten for want of a catalogue of reference. The Oxford University Museum collection of moths is very largely a collection of the types of Hope, Saunders, Walker, and Moore, many of the type specimens being unique and of great scientific value. All Walker's types mentioned in his Catalogue of Hetero- cerous Lepidoptera in the British Museum as ' in coll. Saun- ders ' should be in the Oxford Museum, as also the types of all the species therein mentioned by him as described in Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 3rd sen vol. i. The types of all the species mentioned in Walker's cata- logue which have a given locality preceding the lettered localties showing that they are in the British Museum should also be in the Oxford Museum. In so far as this work has proceeded this has been proved to be the case by the correct- vi PREFACE.
    [Show full text]
  • Baculovirus Enhancins and Their Role in Viral Pathogenicity
    9 Baculovirus Enhancins and Their Role in Viral Pathogenicity James M. Slavicek USDA Forest Service USA 1. Introduction Baculoviruses are a large group of viruses pathogenic to arthropods, primarily insects from the order Lepidoptera and also insects in the orders Hymenoptera and Diptera (Moscardi 1999; Herniou & Jehle, 2007). Baculoviruses have been used to control insect pests on agricultural crops and forests around the world (Moscardi, 1999; Szewczk et al., 2006, 2009; Erlandson 2008). Efforts have been ongoing for the last two decades to develop strains of baculoviruses with greater potency or other attributes to decrease the cost of their use through a lower cost of production or application. Early efforts focused on the insertion of foreign genes into the genomes of baculoviruses that would increase viral killing speed for use to control agricultural insect pests (Black et al., 1997; Bonning & Hammock, 1996). More recently, research efforts have focused on viral genes that are involved in the initial and early processes of infection and host factors that impede successful infection (Rohrmann, 2011). The enhancins are proteins produced by some baculoviruses that are involved in one of the earliest events of host infection. This article provides a review of baculovirus enhancins and their role in the earliest phases of viral infection. 2. Lepidopteran specific baculoviruses The Baculoviridae are divided into four genera: the Alphabaculovirus (lepidopteran-specific nucleopolyhedroviruses, NPV), Betabaculovirus (lepidopteran specific Granuloviruses, GV), Gammabaculovirus (hymenopteran-specific NPV), and Deltabaculovirus (dipteran-specific NPV) (Jehle et al., 2006). Baculoviruses are arthropod-specific viruses with rod-shaped nucleocapsids ranging in size from 30-60 nm x 250-300 nm.
    [Show full text]
  • REPORT on APPLES – Fruit Pathway and Alert List
    EU project number 613678 Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 5 - REPORT on APPLES – Fruit pathway and Alert List Partners involved: EPPO (Grousset F, Petter F, Suffert M) and JKI (Steffen K, Wilstermann A, Schrader G). This document should be cited as ‘Wistermann A, Steffen K, Grousset F, Petter F, Schrader G, Suffert M (2016) DROPSA Deliverable 1.3 Report for Apples – Fruit pathway and Alert List’. An Excel file containing supporting information is available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/107o25ccc1b2c DROPSA is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (grant agreement no. 613678). www.dropsaproject.eu [email protected] DROPSA DELIVERABLE REPORT on Apples – Fruit pathway and Alert List 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background on apple .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Data on production and trade of apple fruit ................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Pathway ‘apple fruit’ .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • EU Project Number 613678
    EU project number 613678 Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 7 - REPORT on Oranges and Mandarins – Fruit pathway and Alert List Partners involved: EPPO (Grousset F, Petter F, Suffert M) and JKI (Steffen K, Wilstermann A, Schrader G). This document should be cited as ‘Grousset F, Wistermann A, Steffen K, Petter F, Schrader G, Suffert M (2016) DROPSA Deliverable 1.3 Report for Oranges and Mandarins – Fruit pathway and Alert List’. An Excel file containing supporting information is available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/112o3f5b0c014 DROPSA is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (grant agreement no. 613678). www.dropsaproject.eu [email protected] DROPSA DELIVERABLE REPORT on ORANGES AND MANDARINS – Fruit pathway and Alert List 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Background on oranges and mandarins ..................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Data on production and trade of orange and mandarin fruit ........................................................................ 5 1.3 Characteristics of the pathway ‘orange and mandarin fruit’ .......................................................................
    [Show full text]