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EU Project Number 613678 EU project number 613678 Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 7 - REPORT on Oranges and Mandarins – Fruit pathway and Alert List Partners involved: EPPO (Grousset F, Petter F, Suffert M) and JKI (Steffen K, Wilstermann A, Schrader G). This document should be cited as ‘Grousset F, Wistermann A, Steffen K, Petter F, Schrader G, Suffert M (2016) DROPSA Deliverable 1.3 Report for Oranges and Mandarins – Fruit pathway and Alert List’. An Excel file containing supporting information is available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/112o3f5b0c014 DROPSA is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (grant agreement no. 613678). www.dropsaproject.eu [email protected] DROPSA DELIVERABLE REPORT on ORANGES AND MANDARINS – Fruit pathway and Alert List 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Background on oranges and mandarins ..................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Data on production and trade of orange and mandarin fruit ........................................................................ 5 1.3 Characteristics of the pathway ‘orange and mandarin fruit’ ........................................................................ 7 2. Methods as used for Citrus ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Step 1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Step 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Step 3 .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 3. Results and their discussion ................................................................................................................. 10 3.1 Considerations on pests listed at Step 1 and Step 2, and selected for the Alert List ................................ 10 3.1.1 Step 1 List ........................................................................................................................................ 10 3.1.2 Step 2 List ........................................................................................................................................ 10 3.1.3 Alert List ........................................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.4 Possible gaps in data and pests missing from the lists .................................................................... 11 3.2 Other findings of interest during the preparation of Alert Lists .................................................................. 12 3.2.1 Pest already regulated in the EU ...................................................................................................... 12 3.2.2 Pests recommended for regulation by EPPO ................................................................................... 12 3.2.3 Pests present in the EU, or present only indoors in the EU.............................................................. 12 3.2.4 Pests proposed in answer to the EPPO questionnaire on pests of concern for Citrus ..................... 14 3.2.5 Pests of moderate impact but without mobile life stages .................................................................. 15 3.2.6 Fruit-piercing Noctuidae for which only adults are associated with Citrus fruit ................................. 16 3.2.7 Other pathways for Citrus pests ....................................................................................................... 16 3.2.8 Pests for which there was insufficient information ............................................................................ 18 3.2.9 Contaminants ................................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.10 Were major pests identified? ............................................................................................................ 20 4. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 20 5. References (All URLs were accessed in September 2016) ................................................................. 21 ANNEX 1. Oranges: detailed data on trade (Source: Eurostat) ........................................................................ 22 ANNEX 2. Mandarins :detailed data on trade (Source: Eurostat) ................................................................... 24 ANNEX 3. Pests proposed in answer to the EPPO questionnaire on pests of concern for Citrus (2016-04)26 ANNEX 4. Categories of pests retained on the Alert List ................................................................................. 32 ANNEX 5. List of pests remaining for consideration for the Alert List at Step 2............................................ 33 ANNEX 6. Organisms excluded from further consideration at Step 1 and Step 2 ......................................... 37 ANNEX 7. Oranges and mandarins Alert List .................................................................................................... 50 1 1. Introduction Oranges and mandarins were selected to establish an Alert List of pests that may present a risk to cultivated species or varieties in the EU (see Analysis of fruit production and imports in the EU to select species for pathway studies1 – thereafter Selection of fruit). It was also decided that other Citrus species would be kept in mind, to take account of the general importance of Citrus in the EU and the fact that pests often affect several Citrus species. Orange and mandarin are the Citrus species that are the most imported in the EU, and represent a large cropping area (>420.000 ha together). This section is not an exhaustive study of the pathway ‘orange and mandarin fruit’, but is intended to outline the different Citrus species concerned by trade and present in the EU, the countries from which oranges and mandarins are imported into the EU, and some characteristics of the pathway, for the purpose of better targeting searches and the screening of pests. 1.1 Background on oranges and mandarins This section focuses on issues that are important to the present study. Citrus originate from Asia and have been naturalized in many parts of the world. There are also native species in various regions (e.g. Australia – Hele, 2006). Citrus are not new crops in Europe or other areas, although the cropping of some species or hybrids has started more recently than others. Citrus were introduced into Europe for cropping purposes already in the late 8th century (sour orange) and, in the Americas, first to the Caribbean in the late 15th century, later to continental Americas. In the 16th century, sweet oranges reached Europe. In the 17th century, oranges, lemons and pomelos reached South Africa, and at the end of the 18th century, oranges reached Australia. Mandarins were the latest introduction both in Europe and the Americas, at the end of the 19th century (Webber, 1967). The majority of Citrus fruit mature during the local winter. In Europe, the main Citrus season is in November to March, and for some varieties as early as October and as late as May. Citrus in tropical climates may have several harvests a year, but this does not seem to be the case for oranges and mandarins (rather limes, pomelos and grapefruits). The taxonomy of Citrus is complex, and there are many species and hybrids worldwide. Citrus spp. hybridize readily naturally and new hybrids are produced in breeding programmes. Literature searches intended to target all Citrus cultivars, with more attention to species of oranges and mandarins. However, which species and hybrids are regarded as ‘oranges’ or ‘mandarins’ is not always clear. It is also not clear under which trade category the different species or hybrids are allocated in production and trade data (see section 1.2). Mabberley (1997) divides Citrus in three major groups under a Linnean scheme: C. medica (includes lemons), C. reticulata (includes mandarins, clementines and similar) and C. maxima (includes species and hybrids belonging to oranges, grapefruits and limes). The common names ‘oranges’ and ‘mandarins’ apply to a wide variety of species and hybrids, as detailed below. In some cases, common names may point to different categories for the same species or variety (e.g. Citrus × aurantium 'Sanbokan' is called Sanbokan sour orange/sweet lemon/grapefruit). Most information below is extracted from the review in the website by Koskinen (2015). Oranges relevant for this study There are two main categories of oranges: - sweet oranges (species, varieties and hybrids of C. sinensis2 (synonyms are sometimes used in the literature, such as Citrus aurantium var. sinensis or Aurantium sinense) are eaten fresh or used in juice or various preparations. Sweet oranges that are imported fresh
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