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Autographa Gamma 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log 4 Introduction to the Reference 6 Soybean Background 11 Arthropods 14 Primary Pests of Soybean (Full Pest Datasheet) 14 Adoretus sinicus ............................................................................................................. 14 Autographa gamma ....................................................................................................... 26 Chrysodeixis chalcites ................................................................................................... 36 Cydia fabivora ................................................................................................................. 49 Diabrotica speciosa ........................................................................................................ 55 Helicoverpa armigera..................................................................................................... 65 Leguminivora glycinivorella .......................................................................................... 80 Mamestra brassicae....................................................................................................... 85 Spodoptera littoralis ....................................................................................................... 94 Spodoptera litura .......................................................................................................... 106 Secondary Pests of Soybean (Truncated Pest Datasheet) 118 Adoxophyes orana ....................................................................................................... 118 Eutetranychus orientalis .............................................................................................. 122 Requested by CAPS Community (Full Pest Datasheet) 127 Crocidosema aporema ................................................................................................ 127 Mollusks 133 Primary Pests of Soybean (Full Pest Datasheet) 133 None at this time........................................................................................................... 133 Secondary Pests of Soybean (Truncated Pest Datasheet) 133 Cernuella virgata .......................................................................................................... 133 Lissachatina fulica ........................................................................................................ 136 Nematodes 141 Primary Pests of Soybean (Full Pest Datasheet) 141 Rotylenchulus macrodoratus ...................................................................................... 141 Secondary Pests of Soybean (Truncated Pest Datasheet) 145 None at this time........................................................................................................... 145 Plant Pathogens 145 2 Table of Contents Primary Pests of Soybean (Full Pest Datasheet) 145 Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) ......................................................................... 145 Indonesian Soybean dwarf virus (ISDV) .................................................................. 153 Requested by CAPS Community (Full Pest Datasheet) 155 Phakopsora pachyrhizi ................................................................................................ 155 Weeds/Parasitic Plants 167 Primary Pests of Soybean (Full Pest Datasheet) 167 None at this time........................................................................................................... 167 Secondary Pests of Soybean (Truncated Pest Datasheet) 167 Alectra vogelii 167 Appendix A: Diagnostic Resource Contacts 173 Appendix B: Glossary 175 Appendix C: FY10 & 11 CAPS Prioritized Pest List and Commodity Matrix 189 Appendix D: FY12 CAPS Prioritized Pest List and Commodity Matrix 193 Appendix E: USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map 196 Appendix F: 2008 Exotic Pest Detection Survey Order Form 198 Appendix G: Plastic Bucket Trap Protocol 200 3 Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log Kimberly Schwartzburg Authors Risk Analyst Pest Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Melinda Sullivan, Ph.D. 1730 Varsity Drive Plant Pathologist Raleigh, NC 27606 National Weed Management Laboratory 2301 Research Blvd., Suite 108 CAPS Commenters Fort Collins, CO 80526 Nancy S.H. Richwine- Pennsylvania Department Daniel Flores, Ph.D. of Agriculture Entomologist Pest Detection Diagnostics and Management Erin N Stiers- Pest Survey Specialist - KS, OK, Laboratory CO Moore Air Base, Bldg. S-6414 Edinburg, TX 78541-9398 Joel W. Bard- Sate Plant Health Director - Arkansas Elma Salinas Biologist Christopher M. F. Pierce- Extension Pest Detection Diagnostics and Management Entomologist, Indiana Cooperative Agricultural Laboratory Pest Survey (CAPS) State Survey Coordinator Moore Air Base, Bldg. S-6414 Edinburg, TX 78541-9398 Joel Floyd- Planning and Preparedness, Team Leader, Emergency and Domestic Programs Bacilio Salas, Ph.D. Plant Pathologist Craig Webb- Domestic Identifier –USDA-APHIS Pest Detection Diagnostics and Management – Manhatten, Kansas Laboratory Moore Air Base, Bldg. S-6414 Clinton Campbell – State Operations Support Edinburg, TX 78541-9398 Officer - Washington Craig Ramsey, Ph.D. Roger Magarey – Senior Researcher- North Agronomist Carolina State University National Weed Management Laboratory 2301 Research Blvd., Suite 108 Gibbs Smith – Pest Survey Specialist – NC, SC. Fort Collins, CO 80526 Draft Log CPHST Reviewers March 2006: Submitted for CPHST Review Laura Duffie National Program Staff Scientist July 2006: Submitted to CAPS Restricted site for CPHST Director’s Office Comments 1730 Varsity Drive Raleigh, NC 27606 April 2007: Submitted to CAPS Restricted site Lisa Jackson July 2007: Submitted to CAPS Restricted site Biological Science Technician CPHST Director’s Office October 2008: Revised; submitted to CAPS 1730 Varsity Drive Restricted site Raleigh, NC 27606 September 2009: Updated risk maps added. July 2010: Added Appendix M information, Added updated Diabrotica speciosa datasheet, Added new isk maps 4 Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log Draft Log cont. August 2010: Updated hyperlinks September 2012 – Updated datasheets. April 2013: Updated Chrysodeixis chalcites and Lissachatina fulica datasheets, updated the host range and distribution sections for many pests. Planococcus minor was removed, because this pest has been deregulated. August 2016: Removed outdated maps. 5 Introduction to the Reference Introduction to the Reference History of Commodity-Based Survey The Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) community is made up of a large and varied group of individuals from federal, state, and university organizations who utilize federal and other funding sources to survey for and diagnose exotic and invasive plant pests if possible. By finding pests early, eradication efforts will likely be less expensive and more efficient. For more information on the CAPS and other Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) pest detection programs see: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pest_detection/index.shtml. Traditionally, states have been given a list of pests. Each year, states use this list and choose a number of pests to incorporate in their own specialized surveys. There is certainly value in surveying for plant health threats in terms of discreet pests. However, this approach may not always be the most efficient means of survey. For example, a single pest may occur on a myriad of different hosts, making a comprehensive survey too time consuming and expensive. An alternative method has been suggested. Grouping important pests under the umbrella of a single commodity could be a more efficient way to look for certain pests. The rationale for choosing a commodity survey in certain instances includes the following: • Survey area will be smaller and targeted. • Resources can be better utilized with fewer trips to the field. • Commodities are easy to prioritize in terms of economic and regional (geographic) importance. The Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST) has been charged to develop a commodity-based survey strategy in support of the CAPS program. There are two types of end products being developed for each commodity. Each product serves a valuable yet unique purpose. The result is a set of paired documents developed for each commodity. A description of these documents is provided below: Commodity-based Survey Reference (CSR): This document is composed of a series of pest data sheets, mini-pest risk assessments (PRAs), or early detection PRAs. The data sheets are highly graphic and illustrate the biology, survey, and identification of particular pests in appropriate detail for CAPS surveyors. The pests in this document are numerous. The pests were chosen primarily from the CAPS Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) prioritized pest list (Appendices C and D) and the Select Agent list (http://www.selectagents.gov/ or http://www.aphis.usda.gov/programs/ag_selectagent/). Additional pests may be added if they are cited in the literature as being a primary pest of the given commodity and are exotic to the United States, or if specifically requested by the CAPS National Committee. States are not required to survey for all of the pests in this document, but may choose those that are particularly relevant to include in their survey. In general, this document should serve as a desk reference for survey 6 Introduction to the Reference specialists as they plan their cooperative agreements. It may also be useful for obtaining high quality scientific information
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