BOO KS FO R B IB LE ST U DE NT S .
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0 in an d on n FI D AY B. A. Tu tor C te ts . B GEOB GE . y G N L , ,
in ib cal Li ra ur n le lle e . li te t e a d Exe esis , Heading y Co g mall crown S 8vo, 28 . 6d . Third ou san d. The Theolo i cal Stud ent A Han d ook of Ele m en tar g . b y - Th o o . i h on e l W t Li st of Qu e stions for f Examinati . B J éBINSON ird REGORY . Small crown 8vo 2s. 6d. Th G ,
ousan d .
T Gos el o J oh wi th i ti al Not he p f n . xpositi on , Cr c
B T. F LOOR YE R B v 2 y . , . A. Small crown s o, s. T P ra is o I d of he es f s) a el . An In trodu ction to the Stu y th e salm W V M mall rown s. B . T. DA l SO N . A. D. D. S c P y , ,
8vo, Second Th ou sa n d. From M a la chi M a l h Histor o f to tthew . Ou t in es of t e y Ju dea from 440 4 B f WADDY Moss to . o. B ro essor R y P . , Didsbur Colle e Man h y g , c este r . 28 . 6d.
I ntrod t . B . T . L u c ion to the Study 0 H ebrew y J .
MAGGS B . A. rizeman i n He row an d New Testament , , P
reek London U n iversit . G , y
IN P RE PARAT ION.
The Wisdom Litera tu re of the Old Testa ment. By W . DAV l S N M T. O , . A" D. D. r The P ophetical Wri ti ngs of the Old Testame nt. By FI AY rofessor EORGE . D B . A . P G G N L ,
S Gos els. B MAR US D. BUELL D. D. The ynoptic p y C , rofessor of New Testa men t Exe esis in Boston U n iversit P g y ,
ri i S k f h ir Ori in The W t ng s of t. J ohn . A S e tch o t e g
and Contents. B rofessor EORGE . FI D AY B . A. y P G G N L ,
A n I n trodu cti on to the Study of New Testa men t Gr eek. ’ M U TO M Fe w o in olle e Cam B J . H O . A. llo f K s C y . L N, , g g , d bri ge .
B W L WATKI SO . Th E istle to the H ebrews. . e p y . N N
M i i str o he Lord J su . B T. G SELB The n y f t e s y . Y,
Au th or of Th e Imperfect Ange l . t In the A postoli c Age : The Chu rche s an d their Doc ri n e . M B ROBERT A. WATSO . A. D. D. y N, ,
LONDON : CHARLES H . KELLY 2 CAST E RD. , , L , A N INT RO DU CT IO N
T O T HE
S T U DY O F H E BR EW :
C N ININ GRAM AI A R E XE R I S O TA G , C SE
AND RE ADING LE S S ONS .
A. T . L MAGGS B . J. . , ,
PRIZEMA IN HE BREW A ND NE W T ES T A M E T GREEK N N , LONDON UNIVE RSITY.
l a s he s E CHARLE S H E LLY 2 CAST LE ST . CITY RD . . C . K , , , ,
N PAT ERNO TER ROW E . C. A D 66, S , A ui rr s wi th stron coi s t q ver full of ste el a ow , a cable g l , a trumpe of brass emshi n thro th a i r with two r thre sha r notes su ch H g u gh e o e p , is ebrew. A la ngua ge ofthi s ki nd i s not ad apted to the expressi on ofphilosophic thou ght or sci en ti c resu lt or dou bt The letters o i ts book a re n o to n h fi . f t be ma y, bu t t ey a re to be letters r The la n e i s not destined to sa m qi e. gua g y u ch , bu t wha t i t does i s bea ten out upon a n a n vi l. It i s to pou r floods of a nger a nd u tter cries or l of rage aga i nst the a bu ses at the w ld , cal i ng the fou r wi nds of hea ven to the o u h o t n ctua assa u lt f the ci ta dels of evi l. Like the j bi lee orn f he sa ry, i t wi ll be pu t to n o profa ne u se ; bu t it will sou n d the notes of the holy wa r a a r a t assemblies i t w l ha ve c g i nst i nju stice, a nd the call of the g e ; i l a cen ts of l com a o he n om rejoici ng, and accents of terror , i t wi l be e the cl rion f t e enia — a n the tr um et o u d me ERNEsT RENA . d p fj g nt. N PRE FACE .
IN the preparation ofthis Man u al I have sou ght n ot on ly to produ ce a ook tha t ma be of u se to He rew classes bu t have consta n tl ke t b y b , y p in min d the n eeds Of priva te studen ts who have n ot the advan tage Of a li vin an d resen t tu tor I have en dea voured to a void the o osite g p . pp errors of u n du e min u ten ess and of e tre me m ea ren ess an d thu s with x g , , ou t ewilderin the e in n er to ive him an ade u a te kn owled e of b g b g , g q g e l H ew mmar th pecu iariti es of ebr gra . In most insta n ces Hebrew words have been carefully translite rated
1 1 . is will serve as i o a ccordin g to the Table u pon p. Th a gu de t the ronu n ciati on an d also ive assuran ce to the studen t tha t he has p , g reco n he chara cters an d the s lla i ca ti on of the wo ds This g i sed t y b r . tran sliteration has n ot been carried ou t in the of Hebrew gram ma ti ca l te rms which have the s ellin u su a ll fou n d as Malke Shem , p g y , q, e ce t tha t o h has een re resen ted b an d the si has een x p Q p b p y g, b u sed in the na mes of verbal modi fica ti on s as a remin der o the presen ce of Ayin in the origin al paradigm verb As a rule the assa es u oted have een taken from the Pen tateu ch p g b , an d b referen ce from t e first cha ter of Gen esis or the stor of y p p , y
Jose h cha s. x vii . xxi . xl etc Wherever cha ter an d verse p , p xx x x . . p onl are u oted as x xvii . 1 the re feren ce is to Gen esis. q , x , 1 13 to h m ethods ofstu d The Elem en ts should first be thorou hl t e y . g y mastered an d the e ercises carefu ll worked ou t. It is ro a le tha t , x y p b b som e oin ts will seem o scu re at first bu t the se will ecome lain u n p b , b p furth ain tan ce with the lan u a e On a first re in er n oti ce ] acqu g g . g of h xi an d xiv m a be omi d or if ea d t e ook cha s viii . tte r , p . . . y , , , should be su bse u entl ca reful] revised when ver mu ch tha t a ea red y , y pp 2 o scure will be ou n d clea r. he stu den t shou ld u on the com letion b , p p ofthe El em en ts work throu h the Rea din Lesson s so far as the ear , g g b on the ron un cia ti on of the words or e em lif the Elem en ts li n th , x p y ( g of v s D e h s lla ication etc He m a also as a uide to the ow a s . , g , y b , ) y , g ron u n cia tion and wa offamilian sin him self with He rew form s p , b y g b , co ra colu m n of aradi m mmit to memo the translite ted P g A. Havin on e t rou h the Pron oun an d Article the Re ular Ver g g g , g b
1 u d of He rew The writer may refer to two papers on How to begin th e St y b , ’ n 893 as treatin pu blished i n The P reacher s Maga zi ne for Februa ry a d March 1 , g
. Le xi ns more full y u n methods of stu dy and also con taimng hints as to co , ra rs an T x G mma e ts . 5 26 is inserted for refere nce from time to time. v vi PRE FA CE .
re u ires to be ma stered. This is the lon est m emor te r ta sk and it q g i , 1 — ca nn ot be too well done . Cha s. vii . xix. wi th the e ercises should p x , x , b caref di e an d ers a ll stu d u nd tood C . d x e u h s . an xi . y . p xx shou ld be carefull read bu t mu st be revised an d a c u ired later y , . The ao-called Irre u lar er s mu st n ow e dea lt with g V b . This ta sk is differen t from that pre sen ted by the Irregu la r V erbs of the Greek la n a e The stu den t m a be sa id to con stru ct deviation s in f gu g . orm for himself accordi n to ru es which are ased u on the n a tu re of the , g b p
conson an ts s lla les etc. The cha te rs u on the Irre ul ar Ver s , y b , p p g b mu st be taken as a ver al comm en t u on an d a com a n ion to the b p , p , Pa radi ms The Paradi ms are so rin te d tha t the will lie o g . g p y pen efore the stu den t as he reads the sect10n s which ex lain them The b p . y should be consta n tly re ferred to for every variation from the n orma l forms as these are descri ed in the rul es while ever diver en ce should b , y g ' i n o h r es wh ve laws f h de t o turn call atte n ti n to t e ul ich the o t e via i ns. This con formity to la w in the Irregul ar erbs will be brou ght ou t by the con stru ction of aradi ms of the ver s iven in the e ercises The P g b g x . remainin g parts of the gramm ar will presen t n o serious difficul While review n the whole ook an d es eciall those arts eft for i g b , p y p revisi on an d m ster the studen t is n ow re ared to e in work on a y, p p b — some rt of the Old Testam en t workin g diligen tly a t tg0 te xt with the he ofGramm ar an d Le i con an d a n a l sin the forms a ccordin p x , y g g to the ex m h a ercises e dru d er of a ples s own in the Re di n g Ex . Th g y the stu dy of the Elemen ts an d Acciden ce will soon be forgotten in the delight of readin g the an cien t Scriptu res in the very lan guage used ‘ the ro hets an d the s lmis s in the words which ou r Lord Him p p a t , u se when in the s n a o u e at Naza reth He stood u for to read y g g p . A thou san d deli cate distin cti on s an d deeper m ea n in gs are laid the Hebrew stu den t which mu st be lost even i n the very best mm r M litt e oo i n d d t rve a I nt co en ta . l k s in te e o se as n rod y y b uction . I trust ma ny of those who u se it may fin d it a steppin g-ston e to further stu d y. In con clu sion must ackn owled e with sin cere st rati tu de the in , I g g e r M ton o valu a e hel ha e received from the R v. D oul f Cam rid e bl p I v . b g a nd Professor Fin dla of Hea din le who have with reat kin dn ess an d y g y, g ca re rea d the roof-sheets an d ha ve fu rnished me with m an m ost p , y l ied i e t va u able su ggest mns which are embod n th tex .
J M. . T. L.
a n 1 1 894. J y. 3 ,
1 It ma simplify the learning ofth e Paradigms if the studen t will mark wi th an
m. l . 2 m m s asteri sk rms a s al f. sin 8 m. 8 f. 2 . I in t e typi cal fo ; Q p g . , , , f. g.
8 m f. l . 8 f This will show that ma n forms are re ea with litt e or no : , p . y p an “gn v a o . TA L F T B E O CON ENTS.
OHAP . PAGE
I. THE HEBREW LA A E ITS A FI ITIES NGU G , F N AND HISTOR Y,
M S ELE ENT . A THE LPHABET, THE O V WELS, S EVA H , DA ES G H, TH E S LLABLE Y , TH E TO E N , TH E A E TS CC N ,
MAQQE P H AND METHE G , ON CHANGE S OF VOW ELS AND THE FORMA TIO OF NEW S LLABLES N Y , TH E PA SE U , N THE PE LIARITIES or ERTAI CON . O OU C N S O ANTS N , XIII THE DISTI TIO BETWEEN AMETS AND . NC N Q
QAMETS CHATU PH, ERI AND KET IB Q H H ,
ACCIDENCE.
THE PRO O S N UN , HE ARTIOLE T , V RB THE E , THE RE LAR OR STRONVERB IN AL . GU G Q , THE DERIvE D CONJU GATIONS or THE ST RONG
VERB , TH E VERB WIT SU IXE S H FF , viii CONTE NTS AND AB BRE VIA TIONS.
LE GT E E AND S ORTENE FORMS N H N D H D ,
GuT rU RAL VERBS , E V RBS PE NU N, E V RBS PE Y OD, VERBS DOUBLE A I Y N, V ERBS A I VAv AND A I YOD Y N Y N , V ERBS LAME ALEP AND LAME HE D H D , THE HE BREW NOU N, DEOLENSION or MASOU LINE NOUNS DEOLENSION or FE MI INE NOUNs N , THE MEB NU ALB, THE A VE RBS D , THE PREPOSITIO S N , THE CO J N TIO S N U C N ,
N ES YNTA OT S X.
S NTAx or N U S E O Y O T . N , S TAX OF VE RBS YN , REA I LESSO S D NG N ,
KEY TO ExEROISEs,
INDEx,
PARADI MS G .
ABB E IAT ONS R V I .
— — ' abs. a solu te Hi h. Hi h il . b . p — h i h ' l a i Hit . t a e act ct ve . p p . — ' or m comm on Ho h . Ko h al 0. co . . p p . — - cons . con struct bu t m or m asc. masculin e . ' — Nr b -N1 h al a a cu tive . V v con s. V v conse . p p — — D Da esh art . or artc. artici le . . g . p p p p — — f or fem femin in e bu t ass. assive . . . ; p p — — after Da e h orte. ers. erson . f. g s f p p — f' f im f. im erfect t. er ect. p p . ' — pl i el im v im erative. . —. p in fim tive . — f the n e t followi n se cti on . . x g if— two or more secti ons n e t . x llowin fo g. HA TE C P R I .
RE LA I THE HEB W NG UA GE , TS AFFINI TIES AND H T R Y IS O .
1 HEBREW is on of a fa mil f l n . e y o a gu age s kn own a s e mitic or he mitic from the fa ct that S S , ” in h l f ti n in x t e ta e o n a o s Genesis . the n ation s b , , spe aki ng the se ton gu e s have their de sce n t traced h to t e atriarch hem . These e o les for the most p S p p , art ha d the ir seats i n the sou th-west r orn e r of p , e n c Asi Bu an offsho of his f l m h a . t ot t ami y see s to ave e mi rated i n to A ssin ia while the hoenician s g by , P i n thei r tradin g e xpedition s bore the la n gu age alon g the n orthern coast of Africa ( at Carthage lastin throu h the first fou r hristian cen tu ries g g C ), a ro l i h ir u an lon i n d p ba b y n to t e E rope co es. The se lan gu age s m ay be divide d i n to fou r rou s There is 1 an Ea stern rou or ran ch g p . ( ) g p b , the n ewly de ciphere d Ba bylon ia n of the cu n ei form in scri tion s 2 The Northern or Aram aic p . ( ) n ch on tain a lar r n u m r of m m e rs bra c s ge be e b . It embraces the Sa ma ri ta n dial ect ; the dialect of Ede ssa in which were u lished seve ral im or , p b p tan t v rsion s of cri tu re an d an exten sive Chris e S p , I W TH E HE B RE LANGUA GE , tian li teratu re the S ri a c an d a Jewish varie t , y ; y of the sam e whi ch is fou n d i n the dial ect o the , f l Th W te rn m m Ba by on ia n Ta lmu d. e es e be r of this bran ch is fou n d in varym g form s an d degre es of u rit in the so called Cha ldee i n which la n p y , gu age we have in the Old Testam en t two words i 4 n v r e in er x 1 1 in n xxx o e e s . . Ge . . an d 7 , J , m n i r i n in Ezra i 1 ore e xte s t o s v. o i ve o t v . 8 p 8 , n ii 2—2 D i v 1 a an . 1 . 4 vi 2 a d . i 6 n d 1 to . 8 n h , ; t e di a lect o the Ta r u m or tran slation s of the Old f g s, Testam en t for Aram a ic - spe aki n g Jews ; an d in he di a lect o the P a lesti n ia n Ta lmud 3 Th t f . ( ) e Sou th Se mitic grou p had for its chief m e mbe rs the A ra bi c on e of the la st of this famil to a ear , y pp in lite rar form a n d li vin still thou h n ot in y , g , g its classical pu rity ; an d the E thi opia which i s re r n d o da b de e n e rate dial p ese te t y y g ects. 4 The Middle rou con tain ed the H ebrew of ( ) g p , whose history more m u st be said shortly ; the P hwn icia n which as the ton u e of that re at , g g tradin g n ati on mu st have had a comm ercial valu e a n d extension in con trast with its scan ty literary in h di ov d M rema s ; an d t e re cen tly sc ere oa bite. 2 These lan s ossess certain comm n . gu age p o characteristics am on which m a be n amed , g y the con stitu tion of roots from thre e con son a n ts ; a ten se system of two forms only ; an d in the n ou n
’ the u se of only two gen ders ; the u se of su ffixed FF I TI S AN HIS T R [ TS A IN E D O Y. fragmen ts of the pron ou n to express the obj ect afte r the verb an d the posse ssive pronou n ; the virtu al absen ce of compou n d n ou n s an d verbs ; the expression of shades of thou ght by in tern al cha n ge s ; a n d the simpli city of the syn ta ctical syste m of cc-ordin ation ra ther than su bordin ation of m m rs It is widel acce ted that the e be . y p variou s scripts of the Se mi ti c tongu es arose from on e aren t form which was ro a l a m odifica p , p b b y tion by the Phoenician s of the cu rsive form of E ian wri i n whi h wa s ori in ll i ri al t t c a cto . gyp g, g y p Even in the presen t form of som e of the He bre w characters the ictorial ori in of the character as p g , con tain ed in the n am e m a still be reco n ise d , y g , i m d hin o h o h l e. . n V a v La e t ers can on be g , , S , Q p ; y trac d i n m r an i n t an d l s m odified f rms In e o e c e es o . these lan u a es with the exce tion of the cu n ei g g , p form an d ZEthi o ic the writin ru n s from ri ht to p , g g left an d it can hardl be dou ted that in these cases , y b - n the exception is du e to n on Semitic in flu e ce . Th H re w hara t r u sed in he s n a o u 3. e eb c c e t y g g e rolls a n d in ou r pri n ted edition s i s n ot that The employe d by the Old Testa men t writers. y u sed a m ore ri mi tive form similar to that of p , the Sam aritan alphabe t ; it is fou n d in u se u pon the coin s of the Macca ee s a n d even u on those b , p issu ed du rin the in su rre cti on of Bar-Cochba g ,
A. D 1 hou h in lat r case alm o t . . 35 ; t g the te s THE HE B RE W LANGUA GE . certain l a n d in the other erha s to some exte n t y, p p , the were u se d to revi ve b m ean s of these old y , y h n a ion l Th A rian token s t e t a sen timen t. e ss , y or squ are character which is in u se to-day was probably in trodu ced i n the thi rd or fou rth ce n tu ry e fore hrist an d afte r ein for a while u sed b C ; , b g simu ltan eou sl with the older a ttain ed to en eral y , g f he hris ian e r u se be ore t C t a . The Bi lical He r w litera tu r ma be 4. b b e e y divide d in to two rea t eriods The earlier or g p . golden age stre tches virtu ally over a millen n iu m o Ez i l i d from Moses t ek e . Within so vast a per o we might ha ve expecte d to fin d a far greate r l i i gramm atica d ss milarity than actu ally exists. ari etie s of st le can of cou rse be dete cted V y , , r Bu h he a mong so man y write s. t t e pen of t editor-scri e see ms to have e x u n e d n ot e n tirel b p g , y, bu t for the m ost art archaisms in rammar an d p , g rm Th n or si lver em ra ces di alecti c fo s. e se co d age b the period from the re tu rn from exile to the close h ca n on The m s d in this time of t e . books co po e show a decided Ara mai c colou ri n b which ln g, y , deed som e of the late r com osition s of the olden , p g re ti n ed Withi n oth of these eriods age we g . b p we ma detect a oetic st le marked b rh thmi c y p y , y y aralleli sm an d b the resen ce of u n u su al words p y p , of words in u n u su al me an in s a n d of u n usu al g ,
gramm atical form s an d syn tactical relation s. HA TE C P R II.
THE A LP H ABE T.
' T H r w al h n -t o 5 . HE eb e p abet co tain s twen ty w letters all f hi h a r n n n t th vowel , o w c e co so a s ; e sou n ds being for the most part represen te d by an in depe n den t system of m arks (see The forms the a roxima te sou n ds the n ames the , pp , ,
meani n s of the n ames . the n u meri cal valu es of g , the le tters to ethe r with the si n s b which in , g g y thi s Grammar Hebre w words will be tran sli ter te r w ti u lar a d a e iven elo . Note s u on ar c , g b p p le tter will f in s be ou nd 7 . He rew is written from ri ht o left b g t . It i s impossible to give m ore tha n approxim a tion s to the sou n ds of a n lan u a e es eciall of y g g , p y on s m e o re ote from ou r family of speech. Fu rthe r n ote s on the gu ttu rals a n d othe r con son a n ts will be fou n d i n cha ter xii an d will be p , i n trodu ced from ti me to tim e as occasion arise s.
To ain familiarit th the con son n the stu den t is g y wi a ts, advi sed to copy ou t from his Hebrew Te xt the con son an ts of seve ra l verse s omitti n the vowel oi n ts an d to su l , g p , pp y these with n am e n d im u n d If the characters a approx ate so . be a rran ed i n colu mn s the na me can be laced on on e g , p , the sou n d on he her id t ot s e . 5
C H A P TE R I II .
THE V0 WELS .
fu ll vowels five h 8 . HEBREW con tain s te n , s ort a n d five lon an d fou r extremel shorten ed or g, y
volatili zed sou n ds deri ve d from fu ll vowels . The latter are the heva s an d are sometim es S , - l n he foll bu t i n correctl called half vowe s. O t ow y , in a e are the si n s n am es an d valu e s of the g p g g , , vowels ; the horizon tal lin e represen ting the con son an t to which the vowel elon s a n d in di ca tin b g , g h h h vow l i la t e position i n whic t e e s p ced. Of these hole m is writte n a ove its con son a n t C b , Shu re i n h o om a n in V q t e b som of its acc p y g av. The other si n s are laced elow the ir con son a n g p b ts. hole m i s often writte n withou t its V av a n d C , Chir - adol withou i d cca siona ll h e qg t ts Yo . O y t e lon i t is re resen te d b the si n for ibbu ts a n d g p y g Q , n h for Chir - A mor s ri lo g i by t at e qqa ton . e e ou s difficu lty i s that lon g a an d short 0 a re represen ted h m si n Th ru le s for distin u i shin by t e sa e g . e g g them will be given later on ; for the presen t the stu de n t may rest in the assu ran ce that the prac 1 0
1 2 TH E V0WE LS . tical in conven ien ce is le ss tha n mi ht be su osed g pp , a n d that n o dou bt will be left i n an y Exercise . 1 0 The vowels are pron ou n ced after the con " on a n s o whi h h r a h d a bi bo. s t t c t e a e ttac e . i n y ; g 3. , The only exception is with the gu ttu rals n n When ever on e of these stan ds a t the e n d of a word a fter an lon vowel exce t a me ts a y g p Q , Pa thach is laced u n der the u ttu ral bu t is ro p g , p d n u n c d e fore i xxxix 2 mats-li - ch o e t a . . 7 b ; y , [T533 , ‘ rflfich i ri F i s t. This is called u rt ve m q , p P athach. The on ly vowel which comm e nces a word is a se e ar i P t cles. If Cholem immediately precedin g or followi n g the le tter 12?be written withou t V av the vowel
oi nt will coin cide in the former ca se with the p , diacritic oin t of hin in the latter of Si n thu s p S , , ; n xlv - Ge . . 1 0 i; Go shén bu t Deu t. i v . 42 , m , , ti n St some ha . i ll? , g Whe n It?has a poin t on ea ch side ifi it is read as if it has a vowe l e n ea th it or if it is fin al b , , “ h r wi i re a d sh thu s is bo- em ot e se it s e ; cilia, s , flu
i sh dh s o .
Famili arity with the vowels shou ld be obtain ed by wri tin down the con son an ts an d then su l in the m g , pp y g with the su ccessive vowels e ither u tterin g or addin g the
’
ron u n ciation : bd be etc. p 3 , 3, , 7 HA C PTER IV.
1 1 EVERY H bre w con son an t u nl it i . e ess s § , the fin al con son an t of a word or u iescen t a , q , g. ‘ fl ‘lfiN which illu strates oth exce tion s will g ( b p ), h i h r a vow l or h va i 2 ave e t e e e a . . t S , g , mg?) The si n of heva is two dots g S , thu s There are two prin cipal ki n ds of heva which are to be distin u ished as u n de r S , g
2 T E E I L MOVABLE HEVA . 1 . H R S OCA OR I . V S This is the fain t in di sti n ct sou n d ari sin com , g mou ly from the loss of a previou sly existin g vowel in conse qu en ce of a slu rred pron u n ciation du e to in tern al cha n e Fre u en tl this is de s ri e g s. q y c b d as th ola ti lizi of h e 1 6 e v n f l l i . t e u l vowe s . g ; y , ‘ ’ ham-m o-roth where the heva a rise s fl fi INQD , S
’ from the amets of TlN ma or which in the Q p , lu ral is shorten r It p ed o volatilized to Sheva . may be compared to the obscure sou n d which is fou n d with varyin g distin ctn ess in the pron u n cia ’ ” ’ ” tion of da k in i n r in in c it is n ot r n t est . S e g, g 1 3 SH E VA I 4 . to be reckon ed as formi n a s lla le it will be g y b , repre se n te d in tra nscription by a poin t between h lin hu s b letters an d a ove t e e t . b , 3
T ns n w h h NO E . The co ona t it S eva is regarded as the first con son an t of the syllable formed by
n s n n d l “ the followin co o a t an fu l vowel i . 1 1 g , 19
ut i s on e s lla le . p , y b
Sheva i s vocal ( 1 ) When it occu rs at the begi nni ng of a i - word i. 1 br a sha h ; , h aim ; .
2 When it occu rs after an oth r heva or ( ) e S , , to u t the ru le otherwise a t the e in n i n p , b g g of a syllable in the middle of a word ;
' a . xliii . 4 71 1531 on i shbra an d let g , 331 , ” u s bu y corn . 3 h middl e ofa word after lon vowel ( ) In t e a g , i e n a ton ha . v ii ifthis has ot e a ccent (c p ); ”g ‘ i xxxvii 2 to-l dhoth en e ration s . , n n ph , g
-kh lit r ver. 4 i 93 d the we e a le . , 3y , y b “- '’ Bu t n ot so ver. 6 7 chdldmti , Ii1 3 It , I T T ” have dream ed whe re the heva is n ot , S voca l thou h foll owin a lon vowe l , g g g , becau se this has the ton e in dicate d by
the accen t.
4 ft r a letter with Da esh fort i e ith e . w ( ) A e g , . the oin t which is the si n of a dou led p , g b E V 1 SH A . 5
1 1 4 ’ t ‘ ha wi th l. i th on son an t a . x c ; g , ante , ” the e sin ce thi s is e u ivalen t to 11 , q 33313 ’ ‘hha When a le tter occu rs three times i n t .
su ccessivel it m a be written twice on l y y y, an d the Dagesh forte which is du e m ay be T h fir n n an . hu omitted from t e st co so t s,
i e hold for hi n n n i hi n n . vi. , b I ,
-l la i SO fre u en tl hd ra se e . q y , p y
TH E S ILENT HEVA. . ER I 1 3 II. S S The sa me sign i s also u se d to express the In this a e it a absen ce of any vowel. c s cts as a s lla le divider b which n ame it is som e y b , y ” ll 6 i 6 mdbhd l di vi times ca ed . i din , ”y , , g.
Thi s heva can on l occu rat the en d of s lla S y y bles . — Hen ce She va is silen t ( a ) when it i s fou nd efore another Sheva in the middl e of a word b , a xliii 4 h w he vas i n su ch s n . t i f . e t o case e o g , S b g di verse kin ds ; (b) u su a lly when it occurs in the middl e of a word after a short vowel (se e
’ ”
x ii . 1 4 a . xxv bhr n H r che o e on . il en t g , i nt) , b S p . heva is n ot u su all written at the en d of a word S y , except (a ) with fin al (probably for ortho ' graphi cal rea son s) as z' ki n g (b) when a i 1 xx x. word e n ds with two vowelless conson a n ts, 0,
1 This cha pter shou ld be re vised after the n ext has been re d It i s i m wo rammatical a . possible n ot to use on e or t g r te ms before they are fu lly e xpla in ed. 1 6 SH E VA .
od dsh n d he ater d Bu t if he a w e . t mpg) yy g, fin al c n i 4 ar n d o sonan t is as . od a N, , bfifi yy , ” h sa w h i mitte e eva s o d. , S A thi h va is at ime s m e t wi th § 1 4. III. rd S e t “ ” MEDIAL R WAVERING SBEVA. , O
A r u i i n i c n d it i s voca l s far as on n c at o s o cerne . p , i 2 u t n o ca se of We shall m eet it aga n i n 3 v. ; b s in h this Sheva will be given t e presen t Exercises.
1 5 COMPOUND SHEv . § . IV. A When u sed in con n exion with the gu ttu rals an d i n certain ca ses with n on - u ttu ral Nn n y , g co on an he volatilized or slu rre d vowel n s ts, t ha s a stronger an d m ore di stin ct sou n d than sim le vocal h va In the se ca ses there i s adde d p S e . to the sign for simple Sheva tha t of on e of the h r v w ls P th h ol or am -chatu h s o t o e a ac e ets . , , S g , Q p In this way there ari se three extremely short vowel sou n ds kn own a s the Com ou nd Sheva s or , p Cha te h here f r h d i i na t l phs. We ave t o e t e a d t o l ab e f sou n d m th - l o s, so etimes calle d e half vowe s
Cha teph-pathach Cha teph-segol Cha teph-qam ets SHE VA . 1 7
A com ou n d heva which is alwa s voca l is p S , y , fou n d i n the followin g ca se s ( 1 ) Whe n e ver a vocal She va wou ld sta n d u n der a u ttu ral i u n r l . e de e ver u ttu ra whi . ch g , y g withou t a f l vow l i n i u l e e s a s lla le e. . . 1 b g y b ; g , - ’ 1 el hi m God v r 1 15 1 o e . 7 s 13 1 , , wa hi w ch. ( 2) Chateph-patha ch an d Chateph-qamets are m tim s f u n d u n der n n - u a l With so e e o o gu tt r s. Chateph -patha ch this often happe n s whe n the same letter occu rs twi ce in imme diate su cce s si n Cha te h - ame ts Ofte n m arks a n ori in al o . p q g 0 n hat has e e n slu rr d Eithe r m a be sou d t b e . y compe n sation for an omitte d redu plication o 1 9 (Dagesh f rte ) .
It mu st be ca re fu lly re me mbe red that Sheva was pro
’ ’ l sou n ded as an extremel shortened éor t an d m u st n t bab y y , o d h 7 be ren de re by s ort 1 .
E ER E X CIS I .
State whether the Shevas Of the followin g words are vocal or silen t an d gi ve the rea son for you r de cision
1 1 11511 1 2 51191 3 11 1 31 4 11 1 1a 6 1 111 31 6 121 115 7 11 11 1 1 a
1 1 1111 1 0 1 1 51 1 1 1 “ 9 1 111 3 11111111 1 2 11421 HA TE C P R V.
1 6 A POINT in the osom of a le tter Ma i . b ( pp g e xce ted for which se e 7 is called Da esh p , ) g , i e n This on e si n is m ade rv oi t. to se e . . p g two pu rpose s : it m arks the harde n in g of the DK PhaTh con on an t six Be Ga e s s, an d also the
u l n of onson an ts e n rall In the f rm r do b i g c g e y. o e case it is kn own a s Da esh len e in the latter g , Da esh or te This dou le u se of on e si n i a a s g f . b g s defe ct of the Massoretic s stem bu t it will in y ; , i r n t li tl difficu lt ra ct ce ese t e . p , p y 1 DAGESH LENE CAN OOOUR ONLY 1N THE § 7 . I . BE GADKEPHA TH LETTERS a n d marks tha t the , y a re to be pron ou n ce d with their origin al u n n Th ru le i th i as ira te d sou d. e s a t the have th s p , y sou n d at the begin n in g of a sylla ble which is n ot preceded by a closely con n ected vowel sou n d ; e whe n the s lla le follows the i n te rru t d i . e . y b p h The followin are th ri n ci al bre at . g e p p applica tion s The Da e sh i s le n e . g At the e i nnin of sent n s 1 1 1 e ce . ( ) b g g ; , 1 b°re-shi th 11 11511 1 31 . 1 8
2 0 D A GE SH .
con on a n ts x v 1 6 wh re s a s xxi . e 1 ) ; , 3133
‘ o n dthdn n il 13 311 91 l ’ i 3 2 From a ssimi a tion as xxxvi . 5 1 ( ) ; , 1 ; m h dl fr m mi ol i k , o nk .
3 From i n tern al chan e m arkin a ra m ( ) g , g g
' m a tical i nte n sive form ' a ddesh ( ) ; 125m? y q , ‘ m a rkin g Pi el ( sec 4 For the sake of e u hon EUPHONIC ( ) p y, Da esh ivi n a cle are r or firme r sou n d to the g , g g Of hi t cia l ca s hou l be syllables. t s wo spe se s d n otice d
' i Da esh orte c n u imtm wh r a m n . o n ct e e o o ( ) g f j , s lla le or a word with the ton e on its first y b , s lla le i s closel ou n d b Ma e h 41 y b , y b y qqp ) or by the accen ts to a foregoi ng word e n din g in
'
" Ti or n xliii . 1 5 1 0 3 57: mi shn eh ; , 1 9 1 31 Da esh or te di rimens when in orde r to g f , , make a he va after a short vowel m ore au di le S b , the con son an t u n de r which it sta n ds is sharpen e d ' i xli 1 " - dou l n x i e. b . 7 ? y b g , gm qt . If an of the six s ir s has a sh § 1 9. y a p a te Dage forte this serve s also a s Da esh len e an d n ote s , g , n of h as i i n the abse ce t e p rat o . In some in stan ces Da e sh forte is n ot written g , bu t i s implied in the grammatical treatmen t of the form ; it is the n call ed Dagesh forte impli ta S l ci m. ee Gu ttu ra s, 5 3. D A GE SH . 2 1
Dage sh forte is omitte d i n addition
1 U su all i n the fin al le tter of a word e ve n ( ) y , if b e t molo it shou ld be dou led sin ce y y gy b , a dou ble d con son a n t ca nn ot be pron ou n ced
a s su ch a t the e n d of a word. ( 2) Very frequ en tly in certa in con son a n ts with v The con son an ts m ost fre u en tl She a . q y a ffecte d a re Yod an d Me m ; this omission ve ry rarely take s place with the aspirate s ; “ 1 1 fed- 'h a n i w xxxvii 1 i 5 i d t as . 0 . , 7 1 1 y , ,
' ” fl BD fi cd- s d - er an d he sai d for j y p p , , " 1 1230 1 .
20 In the case of the si x as i rat d or § . p e Be Ga DKe PhaTh con sona n ts Da e sh len e an d , g v l i h h If h n n n She a e xp a n eac ot e r . t e co so a t pre ce de d b heva has n o Da e sh it does n ot e in y S g , b g a sylla ble (for if it did by 1 7 (4) it wou ld then ire Da e sh a n d the re ce din h va i s vo re u e cal. q g ), p g S If the con son an t is Da eshe d it e in s a s lla le g b g y b , h r cedin he va I s sil n t Th xxx i a n d t e e e . u s vi . 2 p g S ,
" 19 7 1 Z i l a the Da esh in m a rkin a n e w 2 p , g g ll l h w h va to b il n t Bu xxxv ii 2 s a e s o t . 5 s e e s e . y b S , 11 7 r a - é-sh bhu the a se n ce of Da e sh roves 11 21 y y , b g p
heva vocal which mi ht also be in ferre d from S , g i l ts followin g the on g vowe l Tsere . h z n roke ove a A ori o tal st a a con son n t a . b , g 2 2 DA GE SH .
vii . 23, is at tim es u sed to ca ll a tte n tion to the a sen ce of dou lin or harden in arti b b g g, p cu l h r i i h ha v n x ec Thi lar y w e e t m g t e bee e p te d. s si n is called a he a n d i s the o osite of Da esh g R p , pp g an i The dition s rea tl va r a o i d of Mapp q. e g y y s t ts i i or om si n n sert on is o .
E ERC SE X I II .
Sta te whe the r the Dage sh i n the follo win g words forte or len e an d n ame the la w by whi ch you decide : 1 11 1 1 2 11 mm 3 011 11 4 {teen
xxx u : 5 ‘ v . 13911713 6 1 3173; 7 D DEH 1 8 11 373 1 . HA C PTER VI.
TH E S YL L A B L E .
21 THE la ws of he s lla le are Of fu n da . t y b m n l i m t n i w The e ta por a ce h Hebre . y mu st there f r c fu ll m t d o e be are y as ere . Every Hebrew syllable begin s with a con ’ - sonant thu s i . 26 01 11 a dham e in s n ot a s , , 3 , b g , we shou ld sa i n En lish with the vowel a bu t y g , , wi h n l h Th l t the con son a t A ep . e on y exception is the prefix 1 22 on 5 . A cons ant with Sheva i s not cou nted as formin s lla le bu t is reckon e d as art g a y b , p Of the sylla ble form ed by it an d the n ext con son f l v l Fu r iv Pa h h 1 a n t wi th a u l owe . t e t ac 0) l le also doe s n ot cou n t a s a syl a b . 23 YLLABLEs MAY BE DIVIDED INTO FIVE . S
KINDS AS UNDER :
1 hi h n a vowel . n w c e d in . Ope , 11 d ndin in one consonant . Closed, an e g ; ’ i 1 hit- a-rets the first two thu s . WNTT , Y , h s lla les are o en the third closed or s u t. y b p , 23 THE S YLLAB LE .
h ened a s e cial case Of whe re a S arp , p syllable en ds with the sam e con son an t as in h n xt i whe r the r is a e s t e e . e. e e b g , n n n wi h D f r i n the middle of co so a t t . o te
a word 1 hem -inci - ’lm the ; . 7 , y , t ” wa ers. l i iv . C ose d n in n n n nt d, an e d g two co so a s ;
xx 1 9 ua t- h i. i l ta s . , Pl ?! q ° - v . Half O en or loosel closed s lla les i n p y y b , which wha t might be regarde d a s the closi ng con son a n t Of on e sylla ble appea rs to sta n d a s the ope n in g con son an t Of the The se sa m e s lla le m n ext. y b s ay a lso be de scri e d i n re la tion to the ir he va a s b , S , s lla les in which a heva which m i ht be y b S , g re ckon e d a s the sile n t Sheva which closes the first s lla le a ears in other re s ects y b , pp p as the voca l Sheva which begi n s the This is h m dial he va r f re d secon d. t e e S e e r 2 to i n 1 4 ; se e a lso 5 . 2 THE NATU RE OF TH E SYLLABLE WI L § 4. L WEL TO BE FOUND IN IT DECIDE THE VO . l i . O en s lla es have natu rall lon p y b , y, g vow l u t m e s, b ay have short vowels if the s lla l h t y b e as he ton e or Metheg . The ton e an d Me the g will be e xpla i n e d in cha r v n d i x ir d he te s . a n . whe re re u e t p ; q , ton e will be marke d thu s ove r the ton e YLLAB L 2 TH E S E . 5 - l l Thu i 2 1 - - s l a e . s . 1. 13 cd bho hu 1111 1 y b . . 1 ; ,
ith on e i n th n 71 i . 7 w t e se co d s lla le 127 1 , y b , 3
i l d s ll les have natu rall short i . C ose a y b , y, vowels bu t with th ton th , e e ey too may “ - - tak e lon vowels i 2 1 1 c cho shekh g ; , 11251 1 ;
“ i - bu t i . 9 w th on m m l t e et ri ace . , , , g , p ii ll l i . Sy ab es which are closed with two con sonants natu rally tak e short vowels ; bu t sin e th r lw s toned ma , c ey a e a ay , y t k lon l a e g vowe s. 2 iv Th 5 . . e m ost difficu lt case is that of the ha lf
O e n or loosel closed s lla le thou h the p y y b , g difficu lty an d u n ce rtain ty con n ecte d with it will be mastered by stu dy of an d rea d i in h l Thi s lla le to n t e an u a e . s g g g y b , describe it i n an other way (se e 23 is an Open on e which con ta in s a short vowe l b h h i h u t has n o ton e . At t e first sig t it m g t be re arde d a s close d an d the he va a fte r g , S the vowe l be call si n In the case Of ed le t. m ost Of the con son an ts there is n othing to show h hi i n o h Bu t with the t a t t s s t t e case .
ix B a D P Th i rtai n s eG Ke ha con son an ts, n ce
in stan ces the Da esh len e whi ch shou ld be g , fou n d in a conson an t followin g a closed s lla le is wa n tin showin tha t the re m u st y b , g, g 2 6 THE S YLLAB LE .
have ee n a sli ht vocali c u tte ra n ce a n d n ot b g , a silen t heva or to hrase it diffe ren tl S ; , p y, tha t the con son an t with the Sheva did n ot close the first s lla le bu t o en e d the y b , p
secon d. Thu s xxxvii . 6 1 7 we ha ve a , , 1 m]:
half-O e n s lla le a n d the ron u n ciation p y b , p " is shi -m a with the sli htest vowel sou n d , g a fte r the m su ch a s ca n hardl be en tirel , y y a voided ; bu t there is n othin g i n the word to show tha t the h va i n ot ile n Bu S e s s t. t in Ex d v 1 th r is r cis l h o . . 8 e e p e e y t e same ' ramm atical forma tion t-bh'dhu g , ,
“ serve ye bu t sin ce the 1 i s a spira ted a n d la cks the Da esh len e we see tha t g , the re ce din s lla le is n ot close d bu t p g y b , half-o n Wi h h six a s ira te d on pe . t t e p c sona n ts the presen ce Of this kin d of syl lable is i mm e dia tely recogn ised i n other cases its pre se n ce or a bse n ce is decide d from a n lo a gy . 26 The followin a re the chief in sta n ce s Of . g these half-ope n sylla bles ; i n re vision they shou ld be care fu lly stu die d In words com ou n de d a s with the in se a r p , ‘ p In f n n e rall is l r o i ion . d en a e s co s. a b e p p s t ( . 7 g y
ll i hrou h the closed. ) Whe n n ew sy able s ar se t g — in loss of a vowel as a m v. al 15 b , ( ) I p Q 11 ; ( )
2 8 TH E S YLLAB LE . the word Ton e d s lla les mi ht lose the ton e . y b g , a n d b the loss of thei r final con son an t closed , y ,
‘ s lla les mi ht ecom e o en In the former case y b g b p . , syllable s con ta in in g vowe ls which they woul d not n a tu ra ll have bu t which the o tai n in y , y b n of th on e 24 i mu s ak con se u e ce e t see . t t e q ( , r n w ls i the latte r b 24 i clo d diffe e t vo e . se ; n , y , s lla le s ecomi n o en n ew an d a ro riate y b b g p , pp p u st b s u ht Th ru l s for th vowels m e o g . e e ese chan e s re su ltin from the law of the s lla le g , g y b , w l b i v n in cha x bu t th i n erveni n il e e . . e t g p , g h hou ld b r viou sl stu die c apte rs s e p e y d.
E ER SE X CI III .
Ha vi n lea rn ed the law of the s lla le that as a ru le g y b , , , s rt v we ls are in closed an d lon in O e n s lla les an d ho o g p y b , that Sheva i s sile n t or voca l a s it close s or o e n s a s lla le p y b , the stu de n t i s n ow in a positi on to cla ssify the Shevas of the followi n g words i n to silen t an d voca l 2 ? i . : 1 3 Gen . now s ap! i371 : - 4 11 5a 5 off van 6 1273533
x u : ’ 8 ’ xx v . 7 lNW“ hafl 9 l 10 fi nish 1 1 nggg 1 2 mam TER CHAP VII .
8 IN He re w the ton e or stress was as it 2 . b , A n still is ve r stron l m arke d. tte tion m u st , y g y — the refore be given to i t (a ) to e n su re accu ra te pron u n cia tion ; (b) to u nderstan d the laws of syllabication a n d vocaliza tion ; a n d (c) to dis tin u ish certain forms which a re s e lt alike bu t g p , pron ou n ce d with a differe n t stress ; thu s 71135 é ' m -thci is she die d ”1 7 mé-thzi is a dead , 5; , ” wom an mort a u .
2 Th in ci a l stre ss lie s eithe r on the 9. I . e pr p
' la st sylla ble ( u ltim a te ) or on the last bu t on e
( pe n u ltima te ) ; m ore fre qu e n tly on the u ltim ate . I n ve r an on h bu w In the first t e st ds t e last t t o. ‘ i l M h n d ca se the word s cal ed ilra ; in t e seco , Mil’ l e .
h follo in ru l shou ld care 3 . T e w e s be 0. II g fu lly m astere d ( 1 ) THE TONE IS ON THE LAST SYLLABLE 1 ll l i s lose . Usu all wh re the la st s a e c d y e y b , 29 THE T 30 ONE . I and a lon vowel recedes i . 1 6 71 g p ; , 3
-dh l rea d d t. g , g
1 1 In all ver al forms withou t a flix r . . e o b s,
where the a ffi es and . are fou nd x an H) . ‘ iii In ver s takin the vowel afl orm i . b g at ves
n ot ” exce t i n Hi h TL ( It p p . ; 72 of the re u la r ver an d m ost con ( 5 ) g b, ju gation s of verbs Ayin V a v a n d Ayi n Ayi n i v In o t . n u ns Se ola es e ce t ee ( g x p ed, s 31 hi h infl 5 w c are not ected, bu t a lso in m an y in flected forms ; see ara i m P d g s. 31 2 Th t n d n c f h f ll . ( ) e e e y o t e tone to a u pon the la st syllable m akes it of great importa n ce to observe the CASES IN WHICH IT FALLS UPON THE LAST BUT 01111
i I ll ol t n u n 1 3 f m . n a S a o o r . eg e s 7) o e
" than on e s lla le 55 mtg-léklt y b , 1 , ” ki n sin ce these were ori i n a ll m on o g, g y s lla les an d still have the a ccen t u on y b , p i i on lla the or g n al t e sy ble . 1 1 In ll du ls and words en in lik m . a a d g e the ;
5 md- i m wa ter 0 6 y , .
1 ' ' i n P e l an d Po lel with their assives 72. Not o , p , T NE 1 TH E O . 3
iii n all ver al forms endi n in “ . I b g n n 13
h x d l n 3 i ii n) ; a n d i n t ose e cepte 0 .
With the u mxes _ n d th iv . s a: 1n , a o ers
m arked i n the Ta ble s. v In rt in ca se with the P u s . ce a s a e
with v ons u tiv of th m f and Va C ec e e i p t .
2 h r occu rs a t times a SHIFTING . T e OF 3 III. e HE T NE T O . i of a ddi tion m . In consequ ence s to the ste the ton e m ay move e n dwards on e or two Se e fu rther i n the in fl xio f pla ce s. e n O v n u n erbs a d n o s. 1 In ord whi h t n in P 1 . w s c d u cha s a a se ( p. x h t n i Oft n thrown a w r i . ) t e o e s e b ck a ds u h pon t e pe n u lt. th im ft m t The Vav Consce . of e p . ay hrow the tone from the u ltimate to the pe n
v of he ft. 1 5 ultim ate ; the V a Con s. t p 7) f i h u l ima rom the pen u lt m ate to t e t te . i v . When two a ccented syllables would come tog ether ; when a word ton e d on the u ltimate i s followed by a m on o s lla le or a diss lla le ton ed on the y b , y b n u lt T void thi colli ion Of a cce n ts pe . O a s s the ton e of the form er is shifte d ba ckwa rds ;
“ ' ' 1 im hi for r lzi ld i r a d . . 5 71 7 5 fi , 1 j g m, q y 11 é HE T 32 T ONE .
3 Th in flu e n ce Of the ton e u on ron u n cia 3 . e p p ti on i twof ld s o . ( 1 ) Its prese n ce ma y le ngthen a short vowe l i h i l This m a b n to t e corre spon d ng on g on e . y e the vowe l of the s lla le e n erall a close d on e y b , g y , which e ars the tone or of the s lla le which b , y b precede s it. ( 2) The shiftin g or dimin u tion of the ton e m ay n l l l w a u on vowe s a. we s hi h ar c se to e i . vo c e g , lon n ot b n a tu re bu t throu h the resen ce or g, y , g p roximit of the ton e or throu h the o en p y , g p characte r Of the s lla le to be shorten ed see y b , ( h c ap.
N r — nl ess in di ed to the con trar the ton e is in o m U cat y, , m n la s lla le The followin te rms are ost ca ses o the st . , y b g s d n te the shiftin s of the ton e E n dwa rds toward u e to o g . , the and Of the word to a syllable on the left Of the reviou s ton e s lla le Backwa rds toward the be i nn in p y b ). , g g e word i a to a s lla le on the ri ht of the reviou s Ofth ( . . y b g p ton s l le e y lab ). HA TE C P R VIII .
H E T E A CC NTS .
H rul iv n in cha 11 wil 34 T E es e . v . l ho . g p s w the position Of the ton ed or acce n te d sylla ble i n m o words A fur her u ide will be fou n d st . t g in th a cen ts which accom an the oin te d te x e c p y p t. The He bre w a ccen tu al system is Of grea t com le xit bu t of its sim ler ou tlin e s some k n ow p y, p l d h u l u i e ge s o d be acq re d.
35 . The first e n d Of the a ccen ts was to direct the can tillation of the Scriptu res in the syn a o u e The a ccen tu al s stem has e en de scri ed g g . y b b “ a s sim l the s n a o al delive r the tradition al py y g g y, , livin u tteran ce of the rea der seized an d hoto g , p ra hed an d han ded down to u s a s a re cious g p , p ” mon u me n t of an cien t u l it orator or an p p y, ” n f in ce he oratory ot or the e ar bu t the eye . S t kn owledge of the m u sical valu e Of these sign s is lost this ur ose of the s stem can on l in terest , p p y y so far as it reprodu ces to the ima gin a tion som e thin g Of the m odul ation s an d pau ses Of the a n cien t Bu ose Of this rea din servi ce . t sin ce the pu rp g 3 E NTS 34 THE A CC . was to brin g ou t the fu ll m e an in g of the Sacred Te xt it was n ecessar tha t su e ct to e xce tion s , y , bj p du e to e m ha sis an d othe r cau ses the mu sica l p , l an d the logical division of a ve rse shou d agre e . An d as thi s m u sical pa u se a ccompan ie d the ton ed s lla le the si n s with a fe w e xce tion s a re y b , g , p , n placed the reu po . There a re in the He brew Bible two system s of accen tu ation — a oetica l so called con fin e d p , , to the three ooks of Job salms an d Prover s b , P , b ;
an d a r ose em lo ed in the rem ai ni n ooks. p , p y g b We shall dea l first with the la tter s stem y . 3 The n r divi in to t o cl se § 6. acce ts a e ded w as s
’ di n n cttves whi ch se arate words a n d clau se s p , p ; a n d con n m tflves which in dicate the close con j , n xion of word e s. The vari ety Of the latter sign s on ly served to m u i l ria i n The dis u n ctive cam expre ss s ca va t o . j s e ar o r m rk u n u i n h n e er t ou a s of p ct at o . B u t t e an alo m u st n ot be re ssed sin ce the in ter gy p , pu n ction al valu e of the accen ts i s n ot fixe d an d solu te bu t ri l d relativ Thu A hn a va a e an e . s t h b , b ac re resen ts a t on e tim e the fu ll au se of a e riod p p p , as u n der i 5 at an other a au se too . ; , p
‘‘ feeble to a dmit even a comma a s u n der D igtljtl
- - a- t h sh m m h v R. V has d t e hea en i 1 . y , . 7 The di s u n ctive s or m asters have ee n j , , b
TH E CCE NTS 36 A .
arts was divided if of su fficien t len th b p ) , g , y a min or dichotom An d the arts thu s formed y. p were su bj ected to the sam e process as long as the con dition n am ed of there ein a su flicien t n u m , b g ” be r of words in the clau se wa s fu lfilled Wickes . , [ ] 38 TABLE or ROSE ACCENTS . P
Disjnnctives.
EMPE RS . RO I .
" ll d 1 . Sillu w a lwa s fo owe q, e ! y h u l o e n d of the verse by Sop Pas q( . . )
" hn h 2 . At ac “ , El !
Ki N s G . II .
1 l se e footn ote . 3. Se o ta g ,
" Shalsheleth " Q rare . , !
4 Little Z a e h . qp , 1 7
Gre at Z a e h qp , 7 hi ‘ 5 . Reb a, T T
“ 1 The three poin ts Of Segolta have a mean ing Of their own in i nten ded to in dicate that Se olta was relativel , be g g y a r au sal accen t than Za e wit wo oin ts a gre te p qph h its t p , as Z aqeph in its tu rn was grea ter than Rebhia with on ly ”— on e oin Wic es . 16 . p t. k , p TH E A C E NTS C .
D . UKES III .
Ti hcha p ,
Z ar a q , 7 7
Pa shta ,
’ Yethibh for a shta in cer , {pp P tain de fin ed
9. Tebhir ,
OUNr' s IV. C .
Geresh,
Dou le Geresh b ,
Faz e r,
“ Grea t Fazer " lg som e time s calle d , ! ’ arn e har cow horn s rare a s . Q P ,
‘ " " Grea t Teli sha , Q ?
Le armeh H j con sisted of Mu g , a n ach an d Pase a m a rk Of di vis on , I q, i which wa s n ot techn ically con sidered a n h l h l th 36 a ccen See al so S a s é e . . t. , p
Oonju nctives.
“ 1 Mu na h ? . c , a ! 4 7 7
2 Mehu akh or Mah akh . pp , ( p ). E 38 TH A C CE NTS .
M rkha 3. O ,
Dou ble Merkha
Dar a g , $1 7
r d Azla o a ma . , ( Q ) 7 7
Little Telisha ,
Gal al g ,
r N M l are . 9 ote a a 3 . y , ,
ashta ma be distin u ished from Az la a n d P y g , hi b fr M akh b iti n Ye t h om ehu os o . pp , y p 3 Bri fl the a ccen ts were la d in h 9. e ce t e y, p followin ma n n e r comm en cin alwa s from the g , g y d f h v la u h e n d en o t e e rse or c se . Eac verse ed with Sillu a c om a n ied b o h Pasu The q c p y S p q. m ain dichotom was ma rked b Athn ach thou h y y , g with short ve rse s Z a qe ph or Tiphcha might ’ A h l i d vid d be u se d. t n ach s c au se m ght be i e b Se olta which wa s alwa s rece ded b y g , y p y Z r The a a . a ccen t n e xt in owe r to Se olta q p g , Z a e h or in som e ca se s a shta divided the qp , P , cla u se of Sill u an d Ath c The n e xt division q n a h. was m ade comm on l b Re bhia occasion all b y y , y y ashta The cla u se of Sillu a n d Athn a ch was P . q u u ll h s a y fu rn ished with the a ccen t Tiphc a . ’ Re bhia s clau se i s divided b Geresh with y , ’ Legarm e h for su bdivision s at tim es ; Tiphcha s TS THE A CCE N . 39 b Te bhir those Of ashta Tebhir an d Z a r a y ; P , , q
b Ge r h T li ha n d Pa zer . es G . e s a y , The conj u n ctives serve thu s : Mu n ach to Athn ach Se olta Z a e h Rebhia Z ar a an d , g , qp , , q , Fazer Me rkha to Sillu Ti hcha ashta ; q, p , P ;
Mehu ppakh to Pa shta : these a re the prin cipal. Nola — When two differen t accen ts are u pon k h th s m l r ma r s t e ton e . e a e word, the atte
sa ia h xx i x 2 con ta in s all the dl u m tiw I x . y accen ts omi ttin the su stitu tes and is here , g b , iven s an exam l of an a l sis g a p e y .
- - - l i 1 i m s riiwb; mn ms 13m g) 1.139m Ba y}; at :
Le ga rmeh Ge re sh - - - mm ai é n m aw n 11 1 1 a n s m , , m 3 agg
Tebhir Z a qeph Pa shta B ehkin - - fl i 5 1 1 1 14 3 11 1 3 5 n e wman wn ps ; 353, 2 ; , pa
Telisha Rebhia Ti hcha G . p ‘ ’ - N; wtfisi i n?! r ug s 11 5133117121 sign;
Billa q Tiphcha Tebhir 1 - - white n 1. 1 e 01 7 ,1 333
40 The oe tic di s u n ctives in clu de the follow . p j in g m embers of the prose system ( see 38) Sillu Athn ach Shalshele th here called Great q, , ( Rebhia Ti hcha here made re osi ti ve an d , p ( p p , 40 THE A CCE NTS .
ca lled In itial Ti hcha or Dechi Z ar a or p , ) , q ( Tsin n Or an d Pazer The followin are ecu li ar ), . g p — ‘ to the poetic system Cleveydred ( or Merkha Meh u akh i e Mehu akh fu rn ished with pp , . . pp 5 Me rkha the form er si n sometim es stan d ), W2 4, g IT ? in on a rece din word or even etwe en two g p g , b 1 words e bia Mu rash " 1 - Azla Le a rm eh ; R b g , 31 ; g , 1
an d Meh . Pa u akh Le arm e h i . e. se receded b pp g , qp y A zla or Mehu akh H 2 ? an d pp , } The poetic conju n ctives in clu de the followin g m e ers of the rose s ste m see — Mu na ch mb p y ( , Mehu akh M rkha Azla l e ra ch e Gal a or Y . pp , , , g ( ) Pecu lia r to this system are Upper Mu n ach ( or ' “ Illu Lit le Sh l h h withou H t a s elet . t y), i ! S Pase Tsin n Ori th the sam e fi u re a s Tsin n Or q), , g , bu t on a s lla le which recedes the ton e a n d y b p , Ta rcha 1 , 1 3 1 . £1 7 Sillu qa lwa ys en ds the verse ; the greatest dis ‘ u n ctive is Oleve ore d the n ext Athn ac h the j y , , ‘ n e xt e bia Ole ve r d in R b . yo e m arks the ma dichotom an d Athn ach divides h l e e y, t e c a u s b twe en it an d Sillu P i r the q( s. . Bu t whe e reater dis u n ctive is wa n tin Athn ach marks g j g, th m ain dichot m P i e o y ( s. . HA TE C P R IX.
M AQQE P H AND ME THEG.
4 M iz 1 . A EPH i e bi nder is a sm all hor on ta l QQ ( . . ) stroke e tween two words a n d si n ifie s that the b , g y a re i n r espect of pron u nc ia ti on a nd a ccen tt to
‘ ’ ' be tr ‘ h-b a ted a on e x ii 2 t n . e s xxv . e é ; , JHDN By m ean s of this cou plin g of words the con cu r ren ce of acce n ted s lla le s which was ver dis y b , y ta ste fu l to the He rew ea r wa s avoided see b , ( 32 ,
42 METHE i a bridle is a sma ll r en dicu . G . e ( . ) p p la r stroke written to the left of the vowel si n an d g , en e ath the word Its u se wa s to oin t ou t the b . p secon dar acce n t of a word tha t en tle r e levation y , g of voice re qu ired by rhythm be fore the prin cipal a ccen t a n d to com el the e xact a n d un sl u rred , p r n i i n f v w l I l n s p o un c a t o o o e s. t comm on y sta d i In the se on d s lla l f e the tone . c y b e be or , if O en 1 7 4 rarel when closed p ( 35 7 y , 3 T IT in which ca se Me theg is gen erally tra n sferred to the "3 -’ - - n ext o en s lla le x. 1 8 7? ltd dr vd dhi . p y b ; , t 41 A 4 2 M QQE P H AND M E THE G.
i i h lon l al i . W t a g vowe preceding voc when this is followed b a toned Sheva , y i 3 s lla le . 2 ”1 ? hd y b ; , 5 1 By this sign a di stin ction i s ma de be twe en w rds which in th r a r written a like o o er es e cts e . , p , Hives ”has my ’ ’ ’ ‘ " bkh-ld d -kh la i —r a , , p , m a will e e t ; she a te ; they will fea r ; the y s e .
ii h n i . Before com ou n d Sheva e ce t w e p , x p the Sheva stan ds u nder a con sonant with D.
a ’ “ 2 l make . forte i . 6 H n d se e t u s ; , iya , h lla les iv . Wit long vowels in closed sy b
" -t efore Ma e h iv. 25 57 1 5 sham i . b qqp ; , 3 i h form h as d v . W t s of ” ? ha d e w an 2 g/ , , fi l ehd d he li ve d in which the first u ttu ra l l] y , , g h " i e' il n h v i 29 h . a s s e t e a . S ; , WT! y y
case s i i s em lo ed to vi . In certain othe r t p y ive distin ctn e s to short or ton eless vowels or g s , to e n su re the sou n din g Of vocal She va ' ‘ dd - x u 32 E i 1 1 t lz she xxv . . . . NW 311 1 5 g , H) , 5 1 11 i r - ' - ' Nu 1 sl ack e a skal l ehii m . xiv . 9 n . p ; , gp Som etim es a n a cce n t stan ds in the place of “ M n-m - dhi m an d on e ethe i . 1 4 a i fl ; g ; , fig ps r n Metheg may ha ve another as its secon da y acce t.
44 ON CHANGE S OF VO WE LS .
In the same chapter it wa s sta ted tha t if a vowel which did n ot n a tu ra lly belong to a sylla ble was fou n d in i d d o he on e t it n ee e the su rt of t t . , pp B u t cha s vu d i x have h wn h t f r variou s . an . s o t a o p . reason s— eu hon ic forma tive a n d s n ta ctic— the p , , y ton e ma be shifted a n d so s lla les ma be ton ed y , y b y or de rived f he n From he wo la p O t to e . t se t ws in combin ation it will resu lt tha t the vowels Of words i n a Hebre w sen ten ce u n dergo importan t m di fi ti o ca on .
The vowels which in 9 were cla ssified accord in to len th a s a ui de to ron u n ciation m u st g g , g p , n ow b l ifi ha n b n ea ble e c a ss ed a s c gea le or u ncha g . Vowe ls a re n ot on ly short or lon g ; bu t also u n cha n gea bly short or lon g (which do n ot permit of lengthe n in g or shorten in g i n con se qu en ce of a n y chan e of ton e or of s lla ication or on l ton e g y b ) , y lon 33 n ote while the hevas are e ven desi g , ) ; S g n e d as n - horte n e d vowel a t to e s s. U 45 . neha ble v wel . I ngea o s a re the followin g
1 owels lon b n atu re ( ) V g y , (Ne ) , 7 v fl _) 1 11 the forms in brackets
ein rarel fou n d Of this class bu t iven for b g y , g m le en co p t ess. In the I an d U classe s the presen ce of the con son an ts V av a n d Yod called seri ti o lena , p p , u su ally den otes a n u n changea ble vowel ; thou gh H GE S OF VO WE ON C AN LS . 45
r h ra hi c licen e h a re omi ed at times b o t o c t e tt . , y g p , y In the A class s is ver rarel u sed an d the [ t y y , n atu re of the vowel mu st be gathered from the laws of the la n gu age ; bu t u n chan gea ble a is com v r r pa rati ely a e . 2 hort vowe ls in shar en ed s lla les 23 ( ) S p y b , or h e ui valen of Da h forte im licit t e q t ca se ges p u m . (3) Short vowels in shu t syllable s immediately
h r l l Thu i 4 d a n ot e s l a s . followe b e . y y b , ra - dbh-del ill u stra tes oth 2 a n d 3 the first g g , b ; sylla ble the secon d (4) Where a lon g vowel is le n gthen ed a s com en sa tion for omitted Da esh which ca n on l p g , y occu r with u tturals an d esh se e 5 3 1 g R ( , ( ) THE CHANGEABLE vowa are as follows II . , with the cha n ges to which the y are su bje ct
Class of III. Sho Vola liz owel rt n hen ed . ti ed V . Le gt . CH A GE 46 ON N S OF VO WE LS .
Th haracter of e ol i li r I is a e c S g s pecu a . t m odi fica tion of the A sou n d a s well as of the
E n d At time s it se rve s a l n hen in sou . s a e gt g of Pa thach bu t also like Pa tha ch has a me ts ; , , Q “ ” H - a s a len then ed form . en ce de rekh wa g WWW , y, ecome s i n a close d s lla le wi th a shorten ed b , y b vowe l ‘ darki with Pathach i n au se it is , BWW , ; p
‘ le n then e d to da r ’kh wi h m W e t a e ts. g WW , Q LAWS or VOWEL CH NGE A . 4 6. HORT . VO LS e th WE B L N i . os ECOME O G . e § I S , of c lu m o n . ecome those of colu m n I b II . 1 When a closed s lla le i s o ened a s b ( ) y b p , y takin g its fin al con son an t to form a n ew sylla ble ;
‘ thu s dtdl ecom es tdl mal g , b 15 o ; m?g ,
- - ka th ecomes 111 3 1 mdl ka tlw. , b 5; ( 2) Where lengtheni ng i s n ecessitate d by h n f c r i w k cons n n t e prese ce O e ta n ea o a ts, l R h 5 3 as the u ttu r a s éS e tc . se e g , ; , ( 3) Through the influ en ce Of the Pau se ; xi see chap. . NE-LO G VOWELS BE ME SHORT i e N C . . TO O . ass II , p I to c l I o . . from cO . II. ( 1 ) When a ton ed shu t syllable loses the ” tone a s b Ma e h as W adh han d be , y qqp ; : g , ,
‘ ' fi - 1 com es pfi ddh ose h xxxi x. 6 : or b q l: y y p , y
1 So in the criti cal te xt Of Baer in the m ore u su al te xt a n accen t re lace s the Ma e h a din to 6 d ccor 2 en . p qqp , g , ON CH ANGE S OF V0 WE LS . 47
’ additions so a n em mother ecomes ; , , b mats ’ im -m 'khd , xxxvn . 1 0. ( 2) Where the tone moves backwards ; a s d ud— ’ bh -r 'kh f “ 'bhd 2 e or rleleh. i . 2 ag , WW?) y , W y (3) When an open syllable with ton e -long omes throu h addition s shu t an d vowel bec , g , 7 a s xxxvii 23 bu t ton eless ; . , {1511 3
113 1 [cot ton -to with e in the secon d s lla le 93; , y b wh n l n n l e c osed a d to e ess.
THERE MAY BE EVEN EXTREME SHORTENING III . , d - v l . a n t so that short owels ( co . I ) on e lon g l m a ec m ola tilized to th h v co . o e v e e a ( . II ) y b S s f l d . o co s. an III . IV ( 1 ) This may occu r throu gh a dimi nu ti on of tone as in the constru ct sta te see Nou n a s , ( ) ; ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ W l sd i r bu t in con st. W i s i r xxxvii . 31 . yy ; y p , ( 2) It may be cau se d by additi ons to the en h or resu lti n in rearran emen t of d of t e w d, g g s lla le an d hif in f t n In th y b s s t g o the o e . e in flexion of n ou n s this effect is u su ally produ ced i n the secon d sylla ble before the ton e ; i n that of ver in th lla le immedia tel be or e the ton s e s e . b , y b y f
’ ’ - Thu s i . 1 6 WWW: ma 6r bu t l. ”Whi m o roth , , p p ; 1 “ 1 in ver s 75 d-khol he is a le bu t l 1 7 3" b , : y , b , p -k l ya h a .
3 If h t n m ves two laces en dw r ( ) t e o e o p a ds, 8 N ANGE S OF W 4 O CH VO E LS . then both vowels Of a word may be affected the first short n ed the secon d ola ili z d Th e , v t e . u s ‘ WZWwill ecome D J then D W. b WW, mg An im t ca which h la t xam l . or a n t se t e s e e IV p , p ill u strate s i he THINNING of th a i M n s t e to . a , y othe r cases will be m e t with a s for DW , DJnW DD x (i . in it is im o si l to ron u n c two 47 . V . S ce p s b e p o e he va s in immedi ate su ccession there ari ses S , from their oc urr n c a n w s ll le which c e e e y ab , is en erall half o en a n d in which the first g y p , heva is re laced b a fu ll vowel usu all i S p y , y ; 1 xxxvn . 1 2 m ) ecomes 11 1 7 1 1 11 m a n , m b 1 35 y h i d im l ca ses as in 46 . t e i s u e u lt ate , § , III y to a thinn ed a sou n d thou h the vowels m a be , g y re arded a s volatilized to he va s an d a n i arisin g S , g from th ir n e ther e occu rre ce tog . 48 f n h hev s b . I a conso ant wit S a stand e f r m d h va it re eives i n stead of o e a co pou n S e , c , a sim le heva the short vowel l in in the p S , y g compoun d ; thu s WtfiN 3 becomes WlfiND .e Where a compoun d She va i s followed by a sim le vocal he va the com ou n d heva asses p S , p S p i n to the short vowel that lie s in the compou n d She va ; a n d this short vowel sta n ds in a loosely ' Closed s lla le thu s xxxviii 28 d d-bh 'ra y b ; , . , y , for mg: See 5 ( 2) HAPTER C XI.
H P U E T E A S .
THE h av str 49. e y ess laid u pon the last acce n ted s lla le Of a verse an d sometim of a y b , es section Of a verse is n a m ed the au se an d the , P ; “ ” vowel Of su ch a s lla le i s said to be in a u e y b p s . The pau se u su ally occ u rs with the two great distin ctive a cce n ts of the rose ooks Sillu an d p b , q Athn ach an d the thre e reat distin ctives Of the , g oe tica l ooks Sillu Me rkha -Mehu akh an d p b , q, pp , n a h More ra rel it i s fou n d with the other Ath c . y di tin ctives a n d for the sake Of em hasis i n s ; , p din even with con u n ctives The e ffects of rea . g, j the a u se are— a The m odif in Of vowels b p ( ) y g , ( ) the shifti n ackward Of the ton e It ofte n g b . a e n s that these two resu lts coin ci h pp de . MODIFICATION OF VOWEL WITHOUT 5 0. I.
CHANGE OF TONE. ( 1 ) A short vowel is lengthened to its corre n t n lon see 45 i 2 M - i m s ondi o e ; . 13 , p g g , , i y ” water for md i m ver 1 4 ha l , D”; y ; . , 4 0 THE P A S 5 U E .
j l ld ld n i ht for H j g . The followin ca ses y , g , i g g are cau ed b the i n flu e n c f ori in al f rm s y e O g o s.
’ ’ ‘ N erets ecome s N ci réts i n ause an d also YW , b YW , p ( afte h r i le i 1 h i i l f rm r t e a t c . t e or n a o , , g ’ havin een WN arf ts an d the ori in al (1 ein g b Y , g b g . reprodu ced in the le n gthe n e d Qame ts ; so {259 }
- xxx v 21 i n f l n . M d fi tio s O a n a hesh sou . o ca p , , diffe ren t character which m a be m et with are y , T im i n to Pa h to sere some t es t ach, sometimes in m h Q a ets ; Segol in to Pa t a ch ; Cholem in to Qam e ts. NG F THE 5 1 . HIFTI O TONE . II S . ( 1 ) Thi s may occu r wi thou t any lengthening ’ of vowels these bein alrea d lon “JE d hi , g y g ; N , " in au se ou t of au se h . I, p ; p , SN (2) There may be a leng theni ng of short
vowels T I from H thou . ; WN EN, (3) The most in terestin g case is where the drawing back (m ovem e n t backwards) of the tone leads to the restoration of vowels which ha d been volatilized to vocal Sheva ; these re store d vowels if re viou sl short m a be , p y , y
E xli chd e h . m le n t e ned n . i . 34 un i ) tis g g , zp; , y shall trade a au sal form from s the , p mgpm; . he va ein chan ed in to the ori in al Pathach S b g g g , I iii 25 m SO sa . . a n d n l n th n e to a ets. the e g e d Q , “ ” 4 " i o la the shall fall au se form for 7 5 y zy o , y , p
TE CHAP R XII.
ON TH E P EOULIA RI TIES OF CER TAIN NS NANTS CO O .
5 2 THE re cedin ru les ha ve for the most . p g , art re arde d the con son a n ts as havin a re u lar p , g g g n n ta l alu The r ar h w a n d fu ll con so a v e . e e , o ever, pe cu li arities belonging to som e Of the con son an ts in m i d whi ch ca u se certa od fica tion s, an these mu st
w be n otice d n o .
THE G TTURALS . . U 5 3. I ( 1 ) The g uttu rals do not admit of dou bli ng i e Da esh forte a n d with few e xce tion s this ( . . g ), p i ru Of esh Whe n the ra mm atical form s t e R . g re qu ires Dag esh forte 1 8 there is a compen sa ti ve lengtheni ng Of the vowel before the r l 45 l l T i i t u ttu a co . . to co . h s s alm os g , I al wa s the ca se with Ale h an d esh a n d u su all y p R , y ‘ ” a ’ with A in i . 7 hard i for 7 har y ; , 3! a q , 3 a
‘ a ’ - - - - im M hd Ti m for hdh hé r . ra i vii . 1 9 WWW g ; , D in ce however the i nflu e n ce Of the u ttu rals Is S , , g erman en t vowels made lon com ensation p , g by p are u nchangeable ; se e 45 PE C ULIARI TIE S OF CE R TA IN CO S ONA TS N N . 5 3
In othe r case s sometim es with A in u su all , y , y with He an d almost alwa s with heth there i s , y C , Oi r d l D m a tu a l bi n i e. f i li ou . . itu m a . c n d g, p
- - the vowel rema in s short i . 4 bd chO shékh ; , , k ” the dar ne ss. 2) Gu tturals are most easily pronou nced with vowels of the A l ss which a re re vail c a , p in l u ed If l n a word a n w s . a u ttu ra e d d ou ld g y g , be rece ded b an other lon vowel tha n am e ts p y y g Q , a Fu rtive Pathach s 1 i i n r n ( ee 0) s se ted. He ce every word e n ding with a gu ttu ral has e ithe r m t Pathach or Qa e s.
3 In res ect Of heva the u ttu rals have the ( ) p S , g followin g peculi arities (a ) For simple vocal Sheva they have always a compou nd (Chateph) This is m ostl Chate h - athach bu t fre u en tl wi th y p p , q y, i l Ale h ha t h- ol ni tia C e se . p , p g ( b) Where with strong consonants there wou ld be a syllable closed by simple silent Sheva thi s Sheva ma be retained e s eciall , y , p y with heth an d i n ton d s lla l s x 1 8 e e xvi . C y b ,
‘ r 2 - fl od dch b xxvii . é dlut ti nbn w m } . g yy p ; , y : y ' 0 Bu t ver commonl the s lla le 1 s o ened ( ) y y y b p , n l h va re lac d b a m ou n d In a d si mp e S e p e y co p . this a s i n other ca ses the vowel in the Chate h , , p d i i h vow l hall rec de i ee 48 ec des wh c e s p e t ; s . PE C ULIARI TIE S OF CE R TAIN CONS ONANTS 5 4 . .
5 4 THE WEAK LET ERS . . II . T The fou r con son an ts Al e h He Va v an d p , , , ” Y r kn w k l t r n r od a e own as ea et e s, a d a e con d i i ce rn e n nu m erou s mportan t cha n ges. Some Of the se will be defe rre d u n til they occu r in the n In n ral it ma b id tha h inflexi o s. ge e y e sa t t ese con son an ts ma in ta in the m selves with difficu lty at the e in n in Of s lla les an d a t the e n d u su all b g g y b , y su rre n de r thei r con son an tal valu e an d m er e , g themsel i n th r din v wel s u n d The ves e p ece g o o . y ar h In h ext th r e t en said to gu iesce. t e t ey se ve a i h e in i n f s u de s to t e rea der i . as dicat o s O vowel g , . sou n d s. ( 1 ) ALEPH commonly loses its consonantal ower at th nd of l He n c a i p e e a syllab e . e ( ) t is n ot poin ted wi th She va i n places where a strong con son an t wou ld be ; an d (b) the sylla ble ei n O e n ed a short vowel m u st be len then ed b g p , g ' t x vi 32 m a . d d lJNm m sdn a x . co re I , , ‘ p with the re u lar form az illu stra tes oth g n p, b in po ts. If Al e h i s receded b voca l heva the heva p p y S , S is Ofte n thrown awa a n d the vowel shifte d from y,
’ Ale ph to Sheva s con son a n t ; Ale ph be comin g then u iescen t an d in some cases fa llin e n tirel awa q , g y y ;
’ ' ‘ ' i. 1 I l tfiNWfor I MDN 1 hron . xii. 38 nfi uj , W; C , f fi or n qj. PE C LIARI TIE S F E R TAI O T U O C N CONS NAN S . 5 5
Th n h u l n d : i 22 e followi s o d be ote . g , Wl 7
1 4 wh s + 5 xxi . 23 D ivers 0 5 5 1 : . ; , r a ( 2) HE at the end of a word i s consonantal only when a ccompan ied by Mappiq othe rwise it m arks the presen ce Of a lon g vowe l n ot i or u in the fin al s lla le Afte r vocal ( ) y b . heva He Ofte n falls awa an d i ts vowel is then S , y, su bstitu te d for the Sheva u n der the precedin g
‘ ’ l con son an t i . 5 Wll la or for Wi N . ; , , Uy In tra n slitera tion fin l H in e i h , a e, s c t as n o c n son an tal valu e i s n ot re re sen te d an d the o , p , lon g vowel Of the syllable on ly is tran sliterated ;
- a . t g qd i d . HE st ndin etwe n two vowels ma a g b e y, by contr ion be entire l lost thu s ’ 31236 act , y ; fiDtD ,
fr hd hi r i con ra cted om sci sd . s ho se , s t 3 V a v when stan din at the end of a ( ) , g l i f h n w . e o t syllable after a homoge eou s vo e ( . e kin dre d U class ecomes u iescent in the corre ), b q 23 ' din l n iv . s on o vowel Le v. p g g , y fin ‘ ‘ - lzd r ho d fo Mvdd . , 37W)?
Bu t with v els of the other classes V a v gen erally re ta in s its con son an tal power ; Job ” With xvi . 1 2 1 shd lév ha at e ase . , 5? , ppy, Pathach howeve r it u su all form s the di h , , y p
‘' " " h n xxv 1 9 h li dh for 4 hdolidh t o o . o 7 7 g , WSW” , t ; . 6 PE C LIARI TIE F E R I C N A 5 U S O C TA N O S ON NTS . bu at tim e s wi th Pa thach rem ain a n s n t s co o an t,
‘ ” f t a s 2 Sa m . v1 1 . 1 0 H d vld i sou n ds (i n or , E)? ; : ,
a lmost a u v. (4) YOD a fte r the homogen eou s vowel i u iesces bu t a fter hetero e n e ou s vowels Yod q , g u u all m tain its lf Es h 4 s ain s e t ii1. 1 m . y ; . (Nu xxi v ” ri m almost sou n din . S7; g y ( g yaw sa ve that wi th Pa thach it i s Ofte n con tra cte d i n to the di hthon N‘Z e comes ' V bath p g b I E. , ” h Wher it reta in s it l ou se . e s con son an ta valu e a fte r Pa tha ch a s in form s with su ffixes like , — ii 3 ” bn d it is ron o n e xl . 7 u ced ti é n ot as , g; y, p (
i h an a a in a i . a. w t sou n d drawle d in y p y), to a sou n d which is almost e u iva len t to th y , q e sou n d “ ” f i in twice O . When V av a n d Yod are in itial (bu t see
" or whe n Da esh forte is resen t 7 1 i oodledh g p , 53 y , “ ” shall be orn or du e bu t omitted 1 9 2 b , , ( ) the con son an ta l ower is e n erall retain e p g y d. CHA TE P R XIII .
THE DIS TINGTI ON B E T WEEN QAME Ts AND M TS ’ A QA E OH T UP H .
5 THE existen ce Of bu t on e i o h 5 5 . S gn f r t e two sou n ds Of d a n d 6 i s a n a dmitte d di dvan a sa t ge . This is es eciall the case for the e in n er bu t p y b g ; , on fu rther ac u ain tan ce with the lan ua e this q g g , , with other in itial difficu lties will virtu all dis , y a ar After the ra mmati cal laws alrea d ppe . g y stated it is n ow ossi le to ive ru les for the , p b g r din O this am i u ou s si n correct ea g f b g g .
THE S GN MUST BE READ . a AMET 5 6. I 6, i . Q S CHATUPH u n der the followin con dition s , g IN CLOSED SYLLABLES WHEN THEY ARE TONE I . LESS sin ce on l Short vowels m a sta n d in su ch , y y s lla les 24 The followin cases com e y b , g u n der this ru le ( 1 ) When the sign stands before a silent 3 “ Sheva as ix . Okhld f d u it , , , oo b t m u s b read lon 1 n Le xxv i 38 t e mts v . a e . 71 g Q , s ” d -kh ° la she a te e cau se the s lla le is O e n , , b y b p , a n d the Sheva is voca l 1 2 ( 3)
As a ru l bu t with e ce ions the si n accom an i ed e, x pt , g p ? b Methe an d followed sim le Sheva is it. Se e y g, by p , 42 , II . 8 AM E T AND AM E TS -CHA T P 5 Q S Q U H .
(2) When it stands before Dagesh forte ;
i ‘ — “ Z e h. ii 9 bhdz zzi m the shall s oil p . , min y , y p th m e . (3) When it stands before Ma qqeph - xxxix . 5 a 5 k6l , wg ;
Whe re the a m u st be reta in ed e fore Ma e h the Si n b qqp , “ g i s accom a ni ed u su all Me the 42 iv . 25 T ri ? p y by g ) , p h t - i H h o s d h l e ath a oin ted t m e . , pp
(4) When a closed syllable is both final a nd ( - - - n d h fl d tonel ss od é nos a e e . e ; DJfi y y , 7 1 '
IN OPEN SYLLABLES . II . - D u ( 1) When Chateph qamets follows ; e t. l ” i 4 oo- l Hi ork xxx i o s w . . , fims z , T : I? - lv 9 n m l a . x 2 Whe a ets chatu h fo lows Is . ( ) Q p ; , ” —' ri from b 48 . 7 6 l khd . Thi s a se s 1 1539 p 7 y o f ] ? T ‘ “ 3 In the two words D’ fiW d—dhci -shi m hol ( ) t LWq , y ” ’ - - thin s D fi shO Td shi m roots. g t j p; ,
E ER SE IV X CI .
State whether 1 ' is d or 6 an d ive the ru le which , g by you decide . 1 47m; 2 mm 3 En g 4 pm; 5 new 7 h ?! “fr o m - 1 0 ” g 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1331 7 311 m m 35 9 . p 1g 23 3
60 OE R] AND XE THIBH wri te n con s na n ts e 2 am xvi 23 wh t o ; se S . . , ere
is o be su li ed 2 Kin xix 3 wher N t s . e W pp ; g 7,
For i n l xxiv an illu stra t o e t the reader tu rn to .
33 the first word of which verse m ” is u n , y ! r n n l We take th on n Of th p o ou ceab e . e c son a ts e word i n the mar in a n d also the oin ts g , nimu , p from th rin ed x vi z he Pa ha ch the e t te t . t t p , , Da esh in the first Yod the oin t i n the secon d g , p Yod which is n ot Da esh bu t re resen ts the ( g , p oi n t i n Shu re an d the m u n de r Si n a ets . p q, W), Q Writi n down the con son an ts i ven a ove a n d g g b , a ttachin the P athach Da esh Shu re a n d g , go , q, a mets we form the word W e d 12362772 Q , DE } gy/ , an d there was la ced If the u n oin te d con p . p son an ts Of the text a re to be vocalize d the m u st , y be su pplied by the rea de r with vowel poin ts su ita le to them to be determin ed i n e ach case b , by a kn owledge Of the lan gu age ; in thi s case they will m a he s t ke the word od i em an d e . yy s ,
5 I cas n i made Of the 5 8 . n certai n es o n ote s
’ chan e there ein a er etu a l eri the m ost g , b g p p Q ; in te r ti n l f w i h word " es g examp e O hich s t e mm, w li v Fr m hi ch was probably pron ou n ce d Ya e. o m otives Of reveren ce the Je w in readin g su b ’“ stitu te d " dhOnd when the former occu rred JWN y, ; an d in oin d e x he v wels of this word p te t ts t o , KE QE RI AND TH IBH . 6 1 with the cha n ge Of the compou n d Sheva in to a sim le he va are laced u n de r the form er thu s p S , p , arose 1 a form mn 2 accordi n to rul e ( ) i }, ( ) g , Him; whe n ce cam e the common pron u n ciation Jehovah an a rtificial word m ade u Of the con , p ’“ sona n ts Of Ya hoe an d the vow ls of d e hfmd y.
Thi s rul e holds ood when inse ara le articles 1 5 4 g p b p , ” — hu s ” N 1 5 5 ) are pre fixed to mm ; t fl it V}?(from QW E)
t ” o H h n from a m im!! i s ( J sm Most Of the ma rgin al n otes con cern u ni mportan t Mas soreti c O se rvation s for the e lanation of whi ch the b , xp re r i f h ri i l ditio ade s re erred to t e c t ca e ns.
The Massoretes were ewish schola rs rin ci ll f J , p pa y O Ti e rias who a ou t the si th Christia n ce n tu r edite d b , , b x y, the te t Of the Old Testa m e n t an d b mea ns of the x , y s stem Of vowel oin ts ed the tradi tiona l ron u n cia t n y p fix p io . CHA TER P XV.
TH E P R N UN O O S .
u d Of He re w e t m olo u u all 5 9. THE st y b y gy s y comm n h the ron ou n The erson al e ces wit p s. p pron ou n s comprise ce rtain earlier an d less regu lar for hi h m u n r or l r ommitte d ms, w c st, soo e a te , be c to m e m r in ce m oreover fra m n ts Of the o . e y S , , g person al pron ou n s ar e e mployed in the i nfle xion Of ve r s an d n ou n s the stu d Of these a rts Of b , y p spee ch de man ds a previou s a cqu a in tan ce with the ron ou n s p . 1 Th n h o ite a e re re § 6 . e forms o t e Opp s p g p n Fo h O li u e sen t only the n omi ative ca se . r t e b q case s fra me n ts Of these ron ou n s are oin ed to , g p j certa in prefixes. In this way there i s form e d a da ti ve case by l ” re fixin to as 4 li to me an ob ecti ve p g ) , ? , j Or a ccu sa tive b re fixi n 1 the Si n Of the ( ) y p g 1 13, g ‘ ’ case as " Othi m e a en iti ve or a bla ti ve , lj N , g ( ) “ b re fixin from which in con se u en ce Of y p g V; , , q redu lication has the form "37373 mi ni -men -n i p , 4 , “ from me
64 THE P R ONOUNS .
For the su ffixed fra men ts see Paradi m a e 8 an d g , g p g 7 for he re 5 es 1 4. t p fix ,
TH E T T 62 . E D M RA PR N N ONS IVE O OU .
in m ' m f m l r. n f . d asc . e u a sc. a em. S g m, . I t ; p
n5is.
A few rare an d oetic forms are fou n d as this i s at p , WT h o times u se d as a relative . Occasi onally t ere ccu r forms l ron d mon stra ti e l on xxxv1 1 1 9 r st e v ? . of a ve y g y , . The ron ou n of the ard erson of oth erson s an d p p , b p n When n u m e rs m a be e m lo ed a s a dem o strative . b , y p y o u sed i t u su all h s he ar icl an d ma ex ress s y a t t e, y p ” li u e cases L v xxii While Tl?i s this NW” O e i 30. b q ; . , “ ” “ i h or e n he sa m . s t at, ve t e
' 63 THE ELATIVE PRONOUN is of oth . R t N b a n It is also the common n u mbers d gen ders. l f r l i n partic e o e at o . h Th r i s s d n d r relati ve viz . 5 or wit e e a econ a arer , Q Q5 s i d . Eccle . 9 . D . v agesh in the followin g con sonan t ; Ju g 7 ; .
THE I TERR ATIVE PRONOUN 5 64. N OG F “ — ik or pe rson s is u sed 73 who ? al e masc. d fem in n lu For thin ther i s a n s a d r. s e . , g. p g “ ” — u wha ? a1ik ma c an d fem i n . sed t e s . . s rm , g a n d lu r p .
The vowe l of 7173 is su bj ect to chan ges dete rmi n ed by d Th f rms mmon lv bu t n ot the foll wi n sou n . e o co o g , e clusi vel fou n d are as follows x y, TH E P R ONO N U S . 65
Before con son an ts whi ch can be dou led i t is 1 . b rm followed by Maqqe ph the first con son an t Of the n ext - in Da esh 1 8 word e ed v1 1 . 2 b g g xxx 6, ”Xi ”D
‘' “ ” md-bbE-tsa or mab-bi-teci what ro t Som e times He p fi . ' an d Maqqeph are omitted as I ll?) for ”V i
2 . Be fore Ale h a n d Re sh it 1 s wr1 tte n with a m e ts p Q . Be fore He Che th d A 3. an i n when he ar oin te d , , y , t y e p wi th a m e s the ron ou n Se l t ta es o . Q , p k g f He he h i 4. Be ore C t an d A n oin ted wi th an , , y , p y . other vowel tha n a m ets the form fou d i s m wi th Q , n D forte im licitu m . p HA TER C P XVI .
TH E AR TICLE .
THE article was ori i nall d m 65 . g y a e onstra tive ron ou n an d Of the form bu t it is p , 5 71 ; fou n d in the written langu age a s ' H with Dage sh forte i n the followin g con son a n t as com
i r h a imi t d Lam e i 1 en sat on fo t e ss a e d . p l ; , 06312971 hashshamci i m th h a v n e e e s. g , Sin ce the gu ttu rals an d Resh do n ot permi t Of Dagesh the followi ng ru les hold good in thei r case s
a B f r d alwa s b ( ) e o e N an W y , e i 2 it has amets u su all . Q , y a ; , “ ” the ea r th r 5 hard ve . 7 g ; , 2 m ” m n e t. (b) Before n and 11 u nl ess they ha ve amets alwa s the Da esh in im li d Q , y a , g be g p e ;
' ” - - i . 4 1 571 77 ha cM shekh the da rkn e ss. , 35 , 0 B f r ith r with t nd ( ) e o e U w o ou the tone, a
f r i h e o e a an d w t ou t tone n . b 33 , 66
CHA TE I P R XVI .
H E VERB T .
6 The mental activit Of the He r w § 7 . y ( b e ) n ation was gathere d u p an d con cen trate d i n the ” r A the most ela orate rt Of the lan ve b . s b d pa u a e as i vin most fre u en tl the Si n ifican ce g g , g g q y g Of the root an d as ein at on ce the n orm an d , b g m a teri al for m an n ou n s the ver takes a leadin y , b g lac i n th stu d Of the lan u a p e e y g ge . The groundform or stem of the Hebrew r sis s of thr e conson nts nd f rms ve b con t e a , a o
- ll l w rd as et- ai Th is a two sy ab e o ; g t l. is
r ed b the 3rd erson in u lar a f the p esen t y p S g m sc . O “ pe rfect ten se of the light conj u ga tion U n der this form the verbs are arranged in the l xi ons The onl e xce tion s r — a r e c . y p a e ( ) Ve bs whose secon d a n d third root le ter all d t s, c e r di ca ls are the sam e si n ce these con tract in a , , the form n a me d i n to m on os lla les sa bb y b ; no , “ for 3219 he re tu rn ed (b) ve rbs whose middle l tt r is av r d th e e V o Yo , sin ce ese also in the form as HE VE R T B . 69 n a m d a ove have bu t on e s lla le an d th f e b y b , e orm u se d in the le xicon in thi s ca se is u su a lly the in ” in f for f. O h fin itive e. . e rose u ; g mp p.
Noti ce shou ld be ta n f h m ethod of d n i n 68 . ke o t e e ot g The e classe s Of ve rbs. arlier grammarian s u se d the verb
an d n ot as r r Bu t as i t con ( patte n ve b . tain ed a B e GaDKe PhaTh con sonan t as its first letter and a ttu ral as its secon d oth Ofwhi ch cau se de viati on s from gu , b the re u lar forms other ver s have een su stitu ted bu g , b b b t 5 certa in techn i ca l term s derived from 729 con tin u e in Its hree con son an ts are h r u se . t u sed d n ote t e st to e fi , s c n d an d third radi cals Of an ve r thu s a ve r e o , y b ste m b with a u ttu ral in the rst la ce is P e u ttu ra l on e with g fi p g , " Vav in the secon d i s A i n Va v or on e with as y ( 1 y), n ‘
r i l is Let/med Hé. Se e l thi rd ad ca a so n ote ; 75 .
The ver is fou n d i n ri i nal an § 69. b an o g d
l l li = i rm ca led a i . e ht n o h av s m le fo . t e p Q , g ( y) ; an d i n certa in form s ca lled conj u gation s or m odi fica tion s som e Of which wou ld in other la n u a es , , g g , be calle d voices ; an d others wou ld be e xpressed v r o u xil v r by a d e bs r a iary e bs. A Short prelimin ary a ccou n t Of these conj u ga tion s will be i ve n here Si n ce in the ma in the g , , , ru le s for the for mation Of te n se s n u m ers an d , b , r n a r om mon to all v r s pe so s e c e b . i Th AL or Sim le form a-tal he 0. e 7 Q , p m g , p? ” kill i ha to whi h all others a re refe rre d. e d, s t t c It may be regarded a s presenting the idea 0 E 7 TH VE RB .
i im l f Th a v of the verb n its s p est orm. e p ssi e voice Of al has fallen i n to disu se an d is re re Q , p n h i i i l n se te d by t e pass ve part c p e alo e .
‘ ‘ NiPH Ii L S n i - cil was ori inall a reflex top; g t , g y
i n i ll u s u ch bu ive modificat on , a d s sti sed a s ; t in a ddition it has the sign ifican ce Of the passive
Of al a n d is ve r fre u en tl so reckon ed. Q , y q y 1 r r ls in tensiv forms u su ll 7 . The e a e a o e , a y h mi produ ced by dou bling t e ddle consonant. These a re
' I EL i t-tel be mu rde re d a n d i ts P g , passive ‘ U AL il t- h m u r d 5 1 ai l e was dere . P 9pg t , The in tensive also ha s its reflexive form in ' HITHPA EL hi th- a -tel he mu rdere d g t , ” ” him lf or he la d r r r se e the m u de e . , p y This howe ver is SO far an in de en de n t form , , p that it has occa sion all a assive Of its own y p , ‘ h - a -t l Hot pa al 5:9a hdth g t a . 2 h r are als wo u tiv rms 7 . T e e o t ca sa e fo , on e active ‘ HIPH i L Sm fi bi -til he cau sed to kill p g ,
a n d its ve
‘ HOPH AL M -tal he was cau se d to g , kil l.
' The a ove omitti n Hoth a al which is ve r b , g p , y THE VE RB . 7 : r are ar the most comm on modification s an d , e , m ay be tabu late d thu s :
A tive Passi ve . Refle i ve c . x .
‘ Simple Form wa n tin g Nipbal
' In ten sive Hi thpaél
‘ ' Cau sative Hiph i l H5ph 5 1 wa n ti ng
There are eside s a few othe r an d rare form s Of which , b , ,
' the mos m are — Po el 8 P5 al t i portan t . [ ]
" ' n r Hi th o él which i n ver s SLOW) a d efle x . [ p ] b
u in tens ive form Ayin Ayin an d Ayi n Vav are se d as the s.
The He re w ver o ses n o su u n ctive 73. b b p sses bj mood bu t ermi ssi le a n d con di tion al a ction s ; p b , r ex r s ed b mea n s f the im erfect ten se e tc. a e e s O , p y p I h i ve mood tw see n ta x . t as an im era t o ( Sy ) p , i n fin itives two artici les in al a n d on e i n ea ch , p p Q , f ma e he re ar two Of the other or tion s. Of t n ses t e ; bu t sin ce they expre ss the com plete n ess or in com ple ten ess Of a n action rather tha n the tim e Of its “ ” occu rren ce the are on l in cide nta ll te n ses , y y y ; an d ar n ot kn own as ast a n d fu tu re bu t as e p , n x perfe ct a n d imperfe ct ( see Sy ta ). THE
A a 2 s 3 8 a “ 2 w n g e o o 2 m n 6 a e K . a a fl G
Distin ction s Of ten se Of n u m e r Of er 75 . , b , p o Of en der are made b the addition to the s n , g , y TH E VE RB . 73 grou n dform Of certain fragme n ts Of the pe rson al r n u n Th e a dditi n fu i h h r n l p o o s. es o s rn s t e pe so a i “ idea to the ve rbal idea ; thu s fin ng) may be an al sed in to "IT to killin — I or killed y p g , I 1 or in the reflexive verb "171 71373 self-killi n g ” ” i lf In he erf h ro k lle d m se . t ect t e I , I y p p n in fra m n are a ned to the rou n df r om al g e ts fi g o m . In the im erfect i n a ddition to affixes which are p , fou n d with som e Of the e rson s a ron omi nal p , p “ f re xed o each e rson Th ragme n t is p fi t p . e differen t position Of the pron ou n is e asily i n telligible psychologically ; in the comple ted action we are m ore particu larly in tere sted i n the fact ; in an action which i s n ot yet com lete d we ta ke m ore i n terest in the erson Of p , p th r e agen t (St ack). The affixes a re iven elow with their osition s g b , p , r i l i n re re sen ted b a st risk the th e e rad ca s be g p y e s.
Afi x or afimvna ti ve m ea n s an addition at the e n d Of a word to e ress the n u m er a n d en der in ver s te nse xp b g ( b , an d person also) Ofin fle cte d forms. Sufi x m ean s a fragm en t of a person al pron ou n added to the en d of a verb to ma rk the a ccu sa ti ve or a t the e n d Of a n ou n to m ark the gen i ti ve The modi ca tion s li e the classes Of ve r s are fi , k b
' Thu s Ni b al is the tran sli te ration nam ed from Sy g . p
5 ' Of its re fle xive 53 Pu al Of its in te nsive assive 71] 5 , p , 74 TH E VE RB .
6. r 7 Pron ominal Afflxe s of the Ve b .
ERFE T P C TENS E.
Sin ul l ral . g ar . P u
3 m asc .
3 fe m . fl ? “c a n
2 f i ' fi i . Ia
I om c .
The deri va tion Of most Of these affixes from
n n e asil e s n the perso al pron ou n ca y b ee . 2 n r i lu r f rm d . are d o Of he d e s. s n a n o e Th se t p g. p by the rej ection Of the first syllable from FINN ' ’ i rom “? f the Ist s clearl f . o etc . ; lJ y lJIWJN I ! . ‘ person is from DjN; 3 an dFl bein g in terchange d a t an e arlier peri od of the lan gu age W (which was origin ally is the u su al fe min in e ’ v r sign ; I is the u su al plu ral sign for e bs.
MOOD MPERFE ENSE AND MPERATIVE . § 77 . I CT T I
Sin gu lar
H T C AP ER XVIII.
TH R G LAR R S TR G ER I E E U O ON V B N QAL .
8 THE re ular or n orm al ver Of He r i 7 . g b b ew s ca lled strong in distin cti on from verbs whi ch have in their roots fe e le or re eate d con son an ts an d b p , which are calle d wea k or ecau se the devia te , , b y fr m th n orm a l v r r la o e e i re u r . b, g Sin ce the se de viation s are govern ed by gram matical la ws an d are n ecessar modification s , y which m a be tra ce d to the ir n orm al form s it i s y , impera ti ve that the stron g verb shou ld be care fu ll mastere d a n d m moriz d An ou tlin e ara y e e . p digm was gi ven a bove 74) for the followin g se ction s con stan t re feren ce mu st be m ade to the
radi m Of he stron r a t ve r A . P g g b (Pa . ) In th P RFE E 79. e E CT T NSE of the conju gation
a l the 3rd ers. masc. sin which m a be Q p g , y re arde d as the rou n dform consi sts of three g g , ra dical consonants formin two s lla les , g y b . Of the s the fir t con ain am ts The vow l e s t s Q e . e
Of the secon d s lla le i s u su all Pa thach This y b y . i comm l h w A s on y t e case ith tran sitive verbs. 76 E E G S TR O G V RB I1V AL TH R ULAR OR N E Q . 77 few ver s mostl intran sitive or stati ve have b , y , “ w r h m . k b h h Tse e or C ole e . a hed e as ; g , ” heav dn he was small. The ver s y m2 t , b in 6 n u mber abou t six ; those i n e are m ore n u merou s ; bu t sin ce in in flexion the e is u sually volatilized in to She va or shar en ed i n to P a thach p , the Tsere exce t in the rou n dform i s fou n d onl , p g , y Ex in fl xi u irin he v i au se . ce t in e on s re a n p p q g S , — verbs i n o re tain the o-sou n d ih ton ed syllables - h as Chole m in toneless as a mets chatu . , Q p
These ver s are n own as middl e middle 0 b k e an d .
8 To the rou n dform h ffix iv n i 0. g t e a e s g e n 6 a re added bu t in con se u en ce Of the form a 7 ; , q tion Of n ew syllables i n volvin g a shiftin g Of the
' r m th rmer to the n w ultim a r ain ton e f o e fo e te , ce t a n k la A kn owl d e f these vowel ch ges ta e p ce . e g O on e -shiftin s is essen tial to correct re adin an d t g g, is also the key to the vocal ization (a ) Except with the amxes mg) and V?whi ch h v nted h are always ea y and acce , t e ton e r ests u pon the syllable containing
the thi rd radi cal.
‘ (b) With the added letter 13an d with the “ added s lla les 1 "I an called li ht y b 3 ; , g n f which i n flu en ce the ton e su ffixes, one O , df the vowels are as in the groun orm. 8 THE RE GULAR OR S TR ONG VE RB IN 7 QAL .
6 With L and ’ which rece iv h ( ) F l, e t e ton e T
an d take the fin al radical to form a n ew
s lla le the sh rt vow l f th on l s y b , o e o e t e e s l m 4 second syllab e beco es Sheva 5 . (d) With the two heavy su mxes the vowel of th first s ll le i s redu ced to Sheva e y ab , f r mai n s u n h that o the second e c ang ed.
In l e ce te d the vow l u n de r the au se 2n d ers u r . e p ( p . p x p ),
' ‘
l li . 5 m x drfi. secon d radi ca is amets e . . 3 WW lfil vs hd Q g , ig Wh en a verb whose third radi ca l is Tav l s Imm ediately follo ed an affi e i nn in wi th Tav the consona n t i s w by x b g g , " d u l oin h D esh Ex iv . W o ed an d ted wit a . 27 N b , p g xxx , ;
‘ ' t t s il r con racti on occu Icard t , from A im a t rs where
final Nu n is followed by an othe r Nu n 1 8 ( 1 Where na l Nu n is follo ed an afli x comm en cin wi th Tav fi w by g , “ ' the Nu n i s en erall assimilate d i . 29 I nathdtti g y , D-jg, , “ from 1 nde thdn he ave. 332, , g
T INFINITIVE M OD h w s 81 . he O as t o form ; of h h l u n i h i n u w whi c t e ess e t s t e . a bsol te hich f , takes the form i n atcl a n d u n der oes n o g q , g
. I x r he ve id i n chan ge . t e p esses t rbal ea the a bstract ; a n d is m ost fre qu en tly fou n d wi th a fin ite ve r Of the sam e root to which it sta n ds b , a s a n adver i al accusative a ccordi n to rin ci les b , g p p i n h x e xpla in ed t e Syn ta . The i nfiniti ve constru ct is a shorter form THE RE GUL AR OR S TR ONG VE RB IN QAL . 79
‘ h h on lla le g tol ; it rarely has Pa thac in t e sec d sy b . It ma rec eive the ron omin al su ffixes take re y p , p
i n r a c . fixed re osition s or overn n oun s n e . o c p p , g g im f m v an d . a n d serve s as grou n dform to the i p . p ‘ l h a cons . is so c ose t at With 7 the u n ion with the in f.
“ ” closed s lla le i s formed ltn ol to fall with y b , p , ,
n the rst s lla le is half-o e n as 3. a d 3 fi y b p , ” -n ' h l in fallin the distin cti on i s mark ed with M p o , g ; the Be GaDKe PhaTh consona n ts by the presen ce or n ce Of the Da esh len e 20 abse g , Whe n the vowel of the i n fini tive constru ct loses the when Ma e h follows Cholem is shorten ed to ton e, as qqp , Qa mets-cha tu ph 5 6 (3)
The IMPERATIVE m ood has distin ct forms 82 . on ly for the 2md pe rson s Of both n u m bers ; the i n x r ss d b th im ft Th rd ers e e e e e . e 3 p . b g p y p
i s th t of the in f. ons The 2n d grou ndform a c . ' h n o aflorma tive the oth r in . as e erson s masc. S g ; p ‘ ' h v h a flormative s L _ which a e t e , l, n) , were
x n d in Th la f h e plai e 77. e st O t ese does n ot n affect the to e , an d the vowel of the secon d
ll le u ncha n d T h r iv sy ab is ge . he ot e a fform at e s r n an k ecei ve the to e , d ta e the third ra di cal to be
the con son an t Of the n e w s lla le The holem y b . C is con se u en tl redu ced to heva a n d the first q y S , Of two con cu rren t She va s becom es Chire q-qaton
" c m s " The first lla l is stopbe o e stop. sy b e 80 TH E RE G LAR OR S TR N V U O G E RE 1 1V QAL .
‘ half-o en h n -t In he la t n fl xion p ; e ce gi li . t se t er i e s the pau se restores the Cholem 5 1 ( 3) In some ve rbs Pathach is fou n d in stea d Of ” h l m e E xi 1 2 a d a se . x. v. hal ce . C o e . S ch ; g , WU , Some time s Q a metS -chatu ph is fou n d in the first
5 ‘ ll l f r hir J u d ix 1 2 “ mc-l lchi s a e o C e e. . . . 7 y b q; g g , 32; , i h f m re n t ou e . g ,
Wh l m f 2n d masc los h n en Cho e O the . es t e to e it i s
u o s- h h red ced t Qamet c atu p .
83 The IMPERFECT i ition . s formed by the add i t h t m . a to t e s e . o th f th re , e inf. cons , o e p f ti v s and aff i n n It orma e orma tives g ve i 77 . follows that the vowel Of the secon d sylla ble Of m f i h m h i n f h i . s t e sa l o t e t e p e as the vowe f .
’ con s e ither 6 or a a s the se m a be fou n d in the , , y stem The preformatives had origin ally as their vowel h h hi h n i . Pat ac w c u n de r Ale h Of the 1 ers. s , p p g take s the form Of o U n der the other re Seg l. p form atives this is redu ce d to he va bu t sin ce two S ; , voca l he va s can n ot co me to ether the first is S g , replace d by the shortest full vowel Chi req Where the third ra dical sta n ds as the con sonan t
Of a n e w s lla le sin ce the a fformati ve has the y b , ton e the secon d vowel 1s redu ce d to Sheva ;
bu However i n au se the full vowel is t , p 1 THE RE GULA R OR S TR ONG VE RB IN QAL . 8 restored ; an d where Pathach belon gs to the syl la le it is le n the n ed to am e ts 5 1 3 b , g Q ( ) Whe re the se con d s lla le loses the ton e as y b , e fore Ma e h hole m m a be redu ce d to b qqp , C y - h u h Qamets c at p .
u n f o Sometim es the en din g 1 i s fo d or ”3. M re fre
u en t es eciall in the Older oo s is the en din ”for q , p y b k , g 5 , i 5 — 5 s i s called n a ra o ic i ra rely for Thi Na p g g . ‘0 These fo m lwa s have t e ton an d most u su all stan d r s a y h e, y in hen he fu ll vowel is common l retain ed in the pause , w t y i u s le prev o s yllab .
4 The PART CIPLE h s in l l n w 8 . I a Qa a o e t o forms— an a cti ve a n d a secon d form ro a l a , , p b b y relic Of a lost assi ve con u ation bu t which i s p j g , h e hi reckon e d as t e passi v Of t s. Verbs mi ddl e 5 79) ha ve thel r chara cteristic l f h vowel i n the se con d s lla e O t e a ct. artc y b p p. The artici le s a re declin ed like n ou n s in p p , h xxv r an d n u m e r se e c a . iii Th n e e fe m. ge d b ( p ).
l ’ m a be tD or lW sin . otrile g y l P fiQPg th. The first s lla le Of the active artc an h y b p p. d t e secon d Of th e ass. a Of v r p p rtcp. e bs middle a a re u n change a l b e .
Note — Par . adigm A Shou ld be con su lted for the de via “ ” “ tion s from these ru les of verbs middl e e an d middle CHAPTER XIX .
THE DERI VED OONJ UGA TI ONS OF TH E S TRONG RB P ARA GM VE ( DI A ).
‘ 85 NIPH AL is b ori in an d occa sion al u se 5 . y g a reflexive or reci rocal b m or e fre u en t u se a p , y q i al n h ft th n n I . rtc o e ass v f . t a d p e O Q e p e pa p. f rm Of h in f b th s ll l i r fixe d to o t e a s. e a e s e . y b J p ' the root ; an d the u su al person al aflorm atives ein u sed the form s arise which are i ven in the b g , g ara di m p g . m f I h m in f. con s an d n in rm vi z . t e re ai n fo s . i g , , p , x Thi th fu ller s lla l i s re fi ed. s im v. e e p , y b m p Nu n is howeve r assim ilate d to the followi n , , g
di hi r im v ra cal w ch eceives Da esh e. . , g ; g p .
- -t I t im f d s awa efore M d l. h ro g q e n he p . t e 7! p y b the reform atives while these lose their heva p , S , 5 ke th v w l tha s u n r H e " an e o e t wa de e . d ta ; .g 7102 I " for ns t . The Ale h Of 1 ers. sin how er p p g , hi ever re ceives e ol sometim es C re . , S g , q
fre u en tl ecomes In pause the Tse re Of the impf. q y b
Path d h l he ton e is re du ced S e ol . ach, an w ere it ose s t to g 82
8 CON UGA TI ONS OF THE S TR ONG V B 4 j E R . fou d throu hou t exce t in th in f b n n e . a s. 6 a g , p ( ) d
r a . pa tc. ( ) ' Where a ha s be en redu ced to She va by aflorma i is re stor d an d len th n d u tive s t e e e b the a se . , g y p ‘ h im v Pu al as n o p . ‘ ITHPKEL the refl x 88 . H , e ive form Of the in t n sive m odifica tion is form ed b refixin e , y p g ‘ [ i n to the origina l ste m Of Pi el ( see
Be fore the si ilan ts am e ch hi n an Sin the b S , S , d , ilan h n i 6 i t e l H . Tav an d the s c a a ces a . b g p ; g , - - f ' artc. mi s tdlc ker or W . Waning p , WBIDl D
Be fore Tsade a similar tran s osi tion occu rs p , i a di ion in h n T v 1 6 Tsa de n d t e c a e d to eth xli . b g g ; ,
' - - : n i ts tad da for Zt J. pi ps g, PW When Tav i s followed by a D or T sou n d Daleth Teth or Tav the con son an t Of the stem ( , , ), a ssimila tes the Tav Of the re fix an d the dou lin p , b g i ica te Da h forte i d Le 1 im f. s n d b es v. xxi y g , . , p
T n fl xion n e r ll f ll th f i t he i e e a o ows a t O P . bu g y , with a stron ge r pre fe ren ce for the origin al a l sou n d in p ace Of e. The CAUSATIVE MODIFICATION osse sses an 89. p v an d a a ive form a cti e p ss . ‘ The active HIPH IL is chara cterised by the In h r t i i pre fix sylla ble n . t e pe fect h s s poin te d with the short i ; in the rest Of the verb the N GA TI F T G VE RB 8 CO J U ONS O H E S TRON . 5 ori in al vowel a remain s bu t whe re it follows g , a reformative with heva the He is dro ed p S , pp , a n d the pre form ative take s the vowel that stood u n der He ; for i w l f h con l is i n h The vo e O t e se d syllab e t e pft. 5 exce t efore afforma ti ves e in nin with a , p b b g g n i a I h rest of the ver con son an t whe t i s . n t e , b in f 2n m c i n m xce ted t a an d d as s . i v. e he ( . bs. . g p p ) cha racteristic vowel is lon i which efore n g , b ; has ecome e There is a lso a secon d form of the b . im f cau sed b chan in the i Of those forms p , y g g which en d wi th the third ra dical into e
Thi i ll th J ussi ve U lik those Of he s s ca ed e . n e t
h r u i form i i en din with ot e con at on s s n H h. j g , p g ’ 5 the a fiormati ve s a a n d TL viz . those with ; h n u ltim in se rted Yod retai n the ton e on t e e ate . , p i i s r a n d mos re u en tl the While H h. st ictl t f p y, q y, causa tive Of a l i n su ch ver s as are in tran sitive Q , b i n Qal it may be u sed as the tran sitive -a t times i h declarat a iv fo t as a ory (n ot a ca u s t e) rce . ‘ 9 HOPH AL iv i h f r i s 0. the ass e cau sat ve as o t 5 , p , refix the s lla le ! with ame ts-chatu h or p y b t Q p , occasion ally the relate d vowel Qibbu ts ; an d for f a an d ll l c t n h i n bs. the secon d s a e ex e i t e . y b , p
h o l P ha im v. h A . h t e v we at c . ass t e ar . p t , p p u t u d in a reflexi ve sense is ver Of Ho h. b se p , , y rarely fou n d. CHAPTER XX.
B I TH F PA TH E VER W S U FIXES ( RADIGM B ).
IF the O ect Of a tran siti ve ver is a 91 . bj b ron ou n it m a be e x resse d b with its p , y p y lWN su ffixes see 1 5 3 Note or more u su all b ( , ), , y, y the a ddition Of pron omin al su ffixe s to the en d h v r Occa sion all dativ relation ar Of t e e b. y e s e
ex resse d in this wa bu t n ot reflexi ve . p y, The table Of su ffixes is given in 92 on n ext page . 9 As i n the case Of the reform a ti ve s a n d 3. p a fform a tive s 6 the su fli xes are fra men ts 7 , g Of e rson al ron ou n s m ost of which ca n be u n der p p , oo fro h r h fe rre to The e a l st d m t e pa agra p s re d . r y con n e xio n betwe e n W a n d n is here se e n from the u se Of as the su ffix Of the 2 n d erson the W p , pronou n be in g FINNDJWN Of the a bove su ffixe s D: a n d an (I; an d do n ot occu r)
r alwa s a n “ a e cce te d J an WW l n ever. y ; , , , E so WI H F THE VE RB T S U FIXE S .
T BLE F 92 A FFIxES . . O Su
CLASS A. CLASS B . CLASS 0.
Added to Forms Added to Forms of Added to Forms of
en din with ect en i n wi h m r etc. en din g Perf d g t I pe . g V ow ls. n son a n ts. e Con son a ts. with Con
IN S G. ‘ “ J (pau se J
au se (p a 37 >
ra re
F LOR.
c. n ;
m . DD_
f n i . ot n u se
m . D?! D
t oe . p i n) .
n ot i n u se 88 THE VE RB WI TH S UFFIXE S .
The three classes Of su ffixes are u se d in the followin g m an ner Class A con tain s those which are added to
m whi h e nd f rm Of h f im f an d i v. c o s t e t. . p , p , p i w l n a vo e .
Class B con tain s those which are added to
r in in a on sonan t a n d are fo ms Of ft. en d c p g , distingu ishe d by the prese n ce Of a as the ” in di -v w l b ng o e . Clas s 0 con tain s those which are added to
f rm Of im f. n d im v n din in a on son an t o s a . e c p p g , an d are di stin gui shed by the u se Of c as bin din g wel vo . These bin ding-vowels (an d She va when u sed for the like pu rpose) m u st be rega rde d as repre sen tin an Old vowel e n din Of the word which g g , had fallen a way from the He bre w spe ech before r i the lite ra y pe r od. “ In s k n f fo n di n in a 5 94. pea i g O rm s e g ” ” vowel or in a con son an t i mu st be orn e , t b in min d that the hrase re fers n ot to forms thu s p , en din in the Paradi m bu t to certain modifica g g , tion s Of those forms which they u n dergo when recei vi n su fli xes or rather the m odification s g ; , , ar r v rsion s to earlier forms The followi n are e e e . g these cha nge s PE E T f r t es the RF C . Sin 3 em f ak g . . o T! ori in l f n This _ i s g a em. e ding n T E V W F H E RB I TH S U FIXE S . 89 alwa s ton ed exce t with heav su ffixes which y , p y , a lways ha ve the ton e Con trary to ordin ary u a i k u withou t s e t ta e s the s ff. g , T a u n ion -vowel a n d it Shorten s the lon in di n , g b g vowels wh r th r fou n e e ese a e d.
in 2 h di i n i l S g . ma sc. a s, in a d t o to ts u sua form in 1 the form Fl i n u se with the form 3, 5 3 On ly. in " n i to b in . 2 f m es to a d s e S e . han g c g In 11: ,
b the con n exion distingu ished from 1 sin g. y n l o y. ei n cas t Plur . 2 ma sc. for 01 has an the I: 3 , b g awa a n d the u of the ori in al form 01 1 y, g 33 r r d esto e .
- F d MP . Plu r. m e for a n 2 an d 3 fe . tak a n I ; , form as lu 2 m have same r. asc p . r f m i f MPV Plu . e n lik I . . e manner has a or 5 H an d ecomes 37 a s masc. g, b m? TH T E I l a n i the 95 E PER E T ENS . n e r 5 . F C ng su fli x con u ation it is e tter n ot to commen ce j g , b with the Qa l or Simple form on a ccou n t Of vowel o In chan ges which a re occasion e d by the t n e . Hi h howeve r the first an d se con d s lla le s p . , , y b r t in h vowels shown i the ara di m a n d e a t e n P g , on ly the change s Of termi n ation j u st describe d take la p ce . The followin g form s thu s arise ; to the left is 0 THE VE B W TH S FFJX 9 R I U E S .
" lace u fl uita le to h p d a s . s b t e form of the verb a n d these u n ite to form on e word
N m er N b u b l x s n , Sin Nu m er Person n . a d lu ra N m er P l u . gfi agnggigt b , b Per son of Ver . Ge n de f r o Person of Ver . mx b b Su . Su ffix
i " _ 1 c. s n g. J i s n . 1 c . g D m l 3 . p . D n
1 in ‘ s . c . g J_
3 sin . m. g 1
in c th firs s la h r n ed i is In Pi. s e e t l le is s a e t , y b p , u n chan ea le a nd on l the secon d is varied the g b , y ; Tsere ein redu ce d to heva exce t efore b g S , p b a
! i i shor n d o ol an d B?when t s te e t Seg . ' d f h u fi. a re a d e 96 Bu t w en s ed to th it. o . p al the n e w distri u tion of the consona n ts in to Q , b s lla les to ether with the ten den c of the ton e y b , g y to move en dwards cau ses im ortant cha n es , p g
92 TH E VE RB WI TH SUFFIXES
The re is of n h e n d te atta c ed to pe rsons of the impf. a s co form of su f arisi n from the i n se r on of a Nu n ca lled fix g ti , Nu n e e n the ti c or demon strative etwe en the ver an d p , b b the ordin ar su f is i follo d b a ssim ilati on y fix . Th s we y , whi ch i s marked by Dagesh i n the Nu n or the Kaph ’ “ ” x vii 27 7 a tm-kv énnfi let us sell him for x x . , 133333 , ,
’ he h P r i m B I . fu rt r t e a ad lTJj DDJ See g .
In Pi . Tsere is m ostl redu ced to Sheva bu t efore , y b a
l d at tim es to Chi re o Se o an . an d D: t g , q
i r i ed the lon i s eta n . In Hiph . g
h m . Th IMPV xce t i n t e 2 sin . asc 8 . e 9 . e § , p g , ' h u l d r u ire s t e of ass A. n in a vowe l an e s fl. e ds , q C i n al there i s a shiftin Of the In 2u d m a sc. Q g vowe l so that it su lan ts the heva u n der the , pp S - first radical a n d forms a half o en s lla le . , p y b I f th im f He n u ff o e . ce It take s the s . p wop
ol ecom es s2 étl with 6 shorte n ed to 6 t , b n q ( , l an d shifte d from u n de r Teth to o h "J xo Q p ), ig d— lé—n i g t . v i at is i s Whe n the vowel of the im . s th p ,
re tain ed a n d in O e n s lla les len the n e d to d . , p y b g in in the chara cte ristic 7 m . re a s i h 2 asc. s H p . g g ‘w In Pi . Tsere is of its secon d s lla le i a . y b ; u pp ,
re du ce d to he va or e fore a n d ; to e ol. S , b a D S g ' m NS . a 99 The su fi attached to INF. CO § . . y e xpre ss either the su bj ect or the Obj ect of the ' ’ 1 i hara oh s lettin E xi . h s ver e. . x . i n 5 b ; g , ?g (P ) g HE V B W TH S FFIXE S T E R I U . 93
“ u Ex iv 23 lettin him r l I b t . s ae o. o . n g , g (I ) g 1 e in thi di stin ction i n o d b u in the rs s . s s te s p . g y g the n omi n al su ffix see 1 29 for the former the ( ) , ver al for the latt r In the oth r erson s the b e . e p ‘ i n i n om n al u fi. are u d to e x m a n s se pre ss both e gs. n l i n h m he w In i f con s. a as t e i v t vo el is . Q , p . , - m ove d. towards the e in nin an d a half o en b g g, p ll l i rm 1 1 4 d— ‘b s a e s fo ed . 53 r ho. y b ; , 1 32g 1 PART hi i al f h n a tu r 00. The C. , w ch s so o t e e ' n of a n ou n , ca n like wise take Ominal su fi. The vowel of the secon d s lla le is redu ced to heva y b S , l or e o or Chire . S g , q
E E II EX RCIS V .
' n h fi the followin Co ju gate wit su . g verbs “ fig! he remembered be pu nished ” he pu rsu ed. HA TE C P R XXI.
D ND SH R TE ED F RMS LENGTH ENE A O N O .
1 1 F h im f t n n f h im v 0 . t e e se a d O t e § O p . p . m ood the re exist len then ed forms calle d g , Cohor iv h m f h r n d ca ll d ta t e an d of t e i . a s o te e e ; p , u ssiv A o J e or poc pate d.
’ ‘ The COHOR l ATIVE IMPF is formed b addin . y g th u l ton l o th 1 e ( su al y ed) syllab e n t e pers.
sin n 1u r ra rel to oth r erson s a xxxvn a d . e s g. p , y p ; . l “ 1 M -l k l t u s o Before this affix hd e . 7, Ha ) : , g
chan eable vowels are volatilized to heva u n g S , cha n ea l r n in g b e em ai g. This form expresses stron g de sire or determin a tion or xho i e rtat on .
1 2 l i E M 0 . The ead n ide a of the USSIV I PE g J , u su all con fin e d to 2n d an d 3rd erson s is that y p , con ve ed b its n am e comma nd or its o osite y y , , pp prohibi tion ; bu t in u se it received a wider sigu i fican ce The u s i ve i s m t full marke d wher . J s os y e there i s a qu icker pron u n cia tion an d a withdraw i n of the ton e ackw rds In man cases the g b a . y 94
HA TER C P XXII.
G U T T UR A L VE RB S .
ERBS PE GUTTURAL wrrn VERBS PE ALEPE V .
’ 1 04 What see m to be i rre ula rities i n the . g con u ation of He re w ver s a re for the most j g b b , art deviation s from the n orma l or stron ver p , g b occ u rrin b ru le an d cau sed b the n a tu re of on e g y , y or more ofthe con sona n ts of the root ( see Preface ). Verbs havi ng a gu ttu ral as first ra dica l a re m u r kn own as verbs pri m gu ttu ra lis or Pe gu tt al . For their conj u gation se e Paradigm C ; where m odifica tion s are n ot given there is n o de viation r The followin a su mmar from the stron g ve b. g is y an d explan ation of the forms a ffecte d : 1 here a sim le vocal Sheva would stand . W p i n on m h l e. v r f. c s or i . de t e first ra di ca . un . , g p n h tu r l r u i 5 3 3 a m a s i . t t a e r s 2 c. s e u e g , g q ( 5 ( ) ( ) om ound or Chate h Sheva this is en er a c p , p , ; g all bu t with Al e h fre u en tl y p , q y 2 h re a reformative comes ef re th . W e p b o e fi r di l so tha t i n the re u lar ver heva rst a ca , g b S wou ld close the fir t s la le e in h im f s . . t e . , yl b ; g p R L VE R B G UT TU A S . 97
i h n d HO h. f i h a nd throu hou t H . a N . al t. Q , p p , g p p , h re e ithe r will be fou n d a close d s lla le a s t e y b , “ ‘ ‘ vi 1 8 'vci - ci ch- or or more fr u entl xx . m e , Ter y y p ; q y there i s found u nder the first radica l a com pou nd Sheva containing the vowel u nder the ive a n d i vi n rise to the followin preformat , g g g grou ps a s se e n in the Para digm ( 1 ) In (231 i If he n l . t seco d s la le has 0 y b ,
1 1 . If the secon d s lla le ha s a the y b , 6 od rou is a s xli. 5 g p , la ) y p n. ‘ é-ch zd the i n flexion bei n re u lar y g ; g g . 2 In Ni h i n f r . t. a n d a tc . ( ) p , p p p I i h 3 n H . in f in h t. ot e r arts ( ) p , p ; p 4 In H h o . ( ) p , w T , 3 When in on e u en e of the a ddi i . s c t n f , c q o o ‘ one of the afiormatives 71 N or of a T , su mz the vowel of the s lla le whi ch follows , y b a hate h rou as u st descri d is redu ced C p g p, j be , to ocal Sheva two voca l 1 5 he vas wou ld v , ) S h r n u sta n d to et e con tra r to the law ofthe la a e . g , y g g To a void this the com ou nd Sheva i s chan ed , p g h h into t e fu ll vowel whi ch lies i n the Chatep , a n d whi ch the n stan ds i n a half-ope n sylla ble
" ‘ - - - Thu s m bu t } ta d m dhi . (5 pg , wrap; 4 tho r f i h h t . In se a o N w er h fir t p ts p . e e s radical i s u su ally dou bled the Dagesh i s 7 B 98 G U T T UR AL VE R S . omitted (5 5 3 ( 1 ) bu t compensation i s made h r T r Th i by lengthening C i e qto se e . is appl es to verbs w hich begin with Re sh ; bu t in other respects they are conju ga ted as the strong v r e b . When the ton e m ove s e n dwards the grou p i s Often lighten ed to ”El bu t -
4 . er . xvn . m h J , mfg p } 0 ERBS HAVING ALEPH AS FIRST RADICAL 1 5 . V
cts con u at d a P e u r a re i n m ost re spe j g e s g ttu al . five ve r s ta e re u la rl a f Bu t in Qal im pf. b k g y orm
' s the first s lla le of which has 0 arisin 5 334 , y b g from (i which is le n then ed b 5 4 1 from __ , g y ( ) N
" These verbs are 1375 he perishe d 71212 3 7 3
“ ” “ ' “ ” he willed ; 533 he a te vn t he said ; “ “ ” r 1223 he baked. A few adopt either fo m ; as ” “ ”° " $1 2 he seize d im f. WIN é choz a n d WIN 33 ; p y , -che yé z. In h 1 i h l t e e rs. n of t m f a h e i . t p s g. p Q e qu ie sce n t radica l Al eph is droppe d a fte r the pre form a tive Aleph ; i n the other case s it is retain ed to su est its rese n c in the r ot gg p e o . The vowel of h n d ll l im is t e seco sy a b e of pf. E in au se otherwis u u all 85 Tho ver s e s . se p , y b whi ch en d in He are conj u ga te d as verbs Lam e d He see See a radi m D for hi l ( P g t s c ass. l oo GU T TURAL VE RB S }
im d i m f wi h In al v . a t whe re the s r n v r Q p n p . t o g e bs ha ve She va u n de r se con d radi ca l the se ver s ofte n have , b
m ts Lev i x 5 tsh-chd -té-hzi a e . . 1 Q , y
i m VERBS LAMED G UTTU RAL (Parad g F). To h la lon ve r s e n di n i n He 1 07 . t is c ss be g b g with Ma i he th a n d A in fin al He withou t ppq, C , y Ma i a n d Ale h a re u iescen t a n d su ch ve r s ppq p q , b di m N an d M are i n fle cte d a ccordin g to Pa ra g s . 1 h r r nc of uttura ls for a sounds . T e p efe e e g cau ses the followi ng devi ation s
1 n l im n d im f. a i s revailin l ( ) I Qa pv . a p p g y the vowel of the second syllable . ( 2) Fu rtive Patha ch 1 0) i s in serted after l lon v w l t d in in f fina o e s amets e ce e . g , Q x p , l n i i i f a a d H . a d n h n fi n . h n t e n . co s o s a bs. Q p , , n r ll n d aft r fin l l c e e a a e a a sa . an d pa rt ps. g y ; p u e Fo f i i Hi h n m o N h. . d i h r H t . 3 s P . a ( ) p , , p , p, en di n g in 6 except su ch a s are covered by , are chang ed when ou t of pau se into a ; “ in au se he fu lle r form if i r t in d p t s e a e . m in 2 . Co pou nd stea d of simple vocal Sheva u ir d u nder th thi rd l i s re q e e ra di ca .
This ru le on ly applie s whe re su ffixe s a re attached by m ea n s of She va si n ce i n n o othe r cases has a n for of , y m r v l h v n h i l the ve b a oca S e a u der the t i rd rad ca .
3. n h in f ll t 2 s . m o h I e g fe . a pfts. t e form ‘‘ 1 7 is chan e d into n n atv the first he va 35? g - , S 3 T GU T TURAL VE RB S . 1 0 !
“ e comin the hel in vowel Pa tha ch Tav b g p g , retain in n otwithstan din its Da esh le n e an g, g, g d heva S .
E ERC SE V X I III .
Conj u gate according to the Paradigm the following verbs :
P o Gu ttu m l
’ “ ” WON d-sa r he ou n d , b ;
“ club hci r he g ,
t “ ” - ? chm la te he drew ou t. V ,
- ad bha dh he serve d. fi y ,
Ayi n Gu ttu ra l
‘ ’ “ ’ ct dl he re dee m ed. ENE g ,
- “ i r he chose n l Ni h d Pu . 1 lid cha a . an 1 7 3. , , Q , p , t m m or e i lici tu . (with D. f p ) “ ” - Ni h Pi 1 717 i nd hei r he hasten ed 1 n al an d . ; , , Q , p ,
orte im lici tu m . (with D. f p )
' “ 7 n l Ni h . tsa d he cri ed ou t i a Pi . P1 3 q, , Q , p , m d Hi h with D. orte i lici tu m an . ( f p ), p
’ ” - “ m é rcish he drove ou t al Ni h Pi . an d 3 y , ; Q , p ,
Pu .
La med Gu ttu m l
- bd rdch he fled i n al Hi h . mg. , , Q , p ‘ 1 N h Pi Hi h ll in i . . 7 ade bka he was fu Qa . 1 m? , , , p , , p HAPTE I C R XX II .
RB P E N N AR I GM a VE S U (P AD ).
1 RB h Nu n fir 08. E S whic have as st adical V r , h w kn h on a ccou n t of t e ea ess of t a t con son an t, su ffer two chan es— a A hwrosis or the re e c g ( ) p , j tion of the con son an t ; (b) a ssi mi la ti on ofthe first radi l h ca to t e secon d. 1 h . T e ra di cal Nu n i s u su ally rejected when it has nl vo l h v u nd r it This occu rs o y ca S e a e . 1 In the inf n s l where the Nu n i s ( ) . co . Qa , dro ed an d Ta v a dded a t the en d the pp , vowels of the word thu s form e d be in g i u u r r a h e ol or w th tt al ve s P thac . S g ; , g b , h l 2 n t im v a . ( ) I e p . Q
Tav i s the fem en din added to ive volu me to the . g g m on os lla ic word which ecome s a Se ola te y b , b g
These chan ges do n ot tak e pla ce with verbs im f 0 or with ver s havin He as fin al p . , b g
radical. 2 l . Nu n i s assimilated to the second radica where the first radi cal closes a syllable after 1 02
TE CHAP R XXIV.
B S P E YOD P ARA VER ( DI GM H).
1 1 ERBS whose first radical i Yod a 0. s re V , divided i n to three cla sses :
Those which we re ori in all P o a/v a fac A . g y V ; t rove d b the a earin i n con se u en ce of p y pp g, q in fiexi n f forms with thi con na n t an d f o , o s so , rom
n form s in cogn a te la gu ages. B Those ori i n all e inn i n with Yod P e . g y b g g ( od er Y prop ). er s of oth these classes which assim ilate C . V b b , the Yod to the se con d con son a nt after the m a n n e r of verbs P e Nu n S A ori in a ll o LAS P a v. 1 1 1 . V 5 C , g y l ft h s no eculiari e nd Qa p . a p ty b yo the
- chan e of Vav into Yod i v. 1 8 we é lddh g ; , ; y , l l r Pu . are a o re a f r Pi . an d s u o g . m nd its alli ed forms are infl t d Qal i pf. a ec e a s u n der
1 A sm ll cla ss of ei ht ver s tak es 9 . . ( ) a g b , g
for im v. for i nf. cons. t an d for p nnp. 1 04 VE RB P E 1 0 S YOD . 5
im f. with u n chan eable Tsere i n the first p g , a n d ton e -lon g e (or with gu tturals at) i n the secon ll l Thi 5 m a r d sy a b e . s y be sho ten e d to e ol or re du ce d to he va S g , S . 2 There i s a lar er l in whi h Yo ( ) g c ass, c d for Vav a ears as a conson nt oin te d wi th ( ) pp a , p h v in im v a n d in f n s lik a . . o h v e c . e t e stron e r S p g b , u t i i n i n i im he v w b u esc to i n f. t o el of th q g p , e se on d la le ein at c syl b b g . The original Vav reappears
1 In Ni h in im v. and im f wh r ( ) p . , f. , p , p . , e e it is D sh d age e . lv v h h m im H h x . 1 i 2 So et es in it . t ( ) p ; , y nnn ‘ adda r .
3 h r h end of a s lla le ( ) W en it occu s at t e y b , i n which case V a v qu iesces with the vowel f ive in H o h it m ake s o the pre form at ; p . rtc of h i an d a . i n Hi h an d in t e t. p . p p p for do 5 4 3 a ein the Niph . 6 ( ) b g
origin al vowel of this form .
The common ver 1 ha la kh he we n t is b 357 , , 7 conj u gated like a ve rb P o Yod (Class A) i n Qal
d throu hou t Hi h. f. an im v in f. o n im . c n s. a d p , , p , g p ,
e al im f. .g. Q p
r tru l P e Yod a ou t 1 1 2 LASS B . e s § . C V b y , b ei ht i n n u m er do n ot e rm it the dro in of g b , p pp g l im f he tak e a lon vowel In a . t the Yod. Q p y g , 1 06 VE RBS PE YOD .
h ll l d C ire i n the first s a e a nd in the secon d. q, y b , " I n Hi h the first s lla le is i for “ 5 4 p . y b n n ,
1 1 A em race s r in v r t 3. L SS C ce ta e s mos 5 C b b , of which ha ve a si ilan t a n d e s e ciall Tsa de a s b , p y , n Wh r V v or Yod ld secon d con son a t. e e a wou
sta n d a t the e n d of a s lla le it re tai ns its con y b , son a n tal owe r bu t is a ssi milated to the follow p , i hi h i marked with Da h f n con son an t w c s es . g , g ;
- - xxxvn . 7 n i ts tsd bhd for from 2 , , 3: This cla ss i mita te s the form s take n by verbs h ft n d P e n i l f Ni . a d Nu n a im artc . an Q p . , p . p p p, i Hi h n Ho h These ver s a re f n a d . o a v r p . p b e y m i xe d characte r a n d ofte n tak e form s belon i n , g g to the othe r classes Bu t the fa ct tha t Yod ma . y thu s be assimilate d e s e ciall to Tsade m u st be , p y , f l care u l y born e in min d.
E XERCISE X .
Conj u gate the followin g verbs
‘ “ ” l A " 3 - “ C a ss . é lcidh he be t fem sh o e e re . 15 y , g ; . b
“ ” : d-sddh he fo n ded n o i n 1 p y , u ( t
- “ Class B . et mt he su c e d. P95y g, k ‘ ” Cl C d -t d l ass . sci he ou re Qa . i7g y q, p ( ) 3r
’ ” d-tsd h he lace d 33:y g , p
1 08 VE RB S D bUB LE A YIN. the word bu t it i s restored u on the addition , p
f mxe nd ffi Cf. al it. in 3 o a s a su es s . x . Q p g wi h f m asc. t 3 e m .
' 4. If the afiormative begi ns with Tav or Nu n in whi ch cas h n u l , e t e dou ble d con so an t wo d stan d at the close of a s lla le the n to m a ke the y b , dou li n au di le there i s a vowel inserted an d b g b , th D h In h h e a e i s r d. t e i t is vow l g s etaine p t. e
' is in the im f l, p
5 . In conse u ence of contracti on the re q , p i N h . f m f. nd of rma tives f al i ft. a o o Q p , p p , l h h who f Hi h. an d Ho . form o n t e e o p p , pe l To om l wi h syllables with short vowe s. c p y t the laws of the sylla ble 24 these vowels are lengthened a s u nder Th t f Hi h i m f i h a e a s c an e d to (2. ( ) o p . p . g (b) The regu lar i (thin n ed from a n origi nal d) is f i In al im f n d Ni h t. rest re a . o d a nd . Q p . p p , len h n e d gt e d to . i h t h e ii . n f . l n t n d t . I H . e e e o p p , g c Th 6 o h ha n e d to its o i e f Ho . i s c ri n al it ( ) p g g , n l n th n a d e g e ed to 12. Thi s Shu re q is re tain ed with su ffixes a n d a ffixe s bu t the othe r lon vowels are whe n the ; g , ton moves e n dwa rd la h v e s vo tiliz ed to e a. , S
i n r f In Qal i mpf. t an siti ve ve rbs take the orm
6. The tone with fe w e xce tion s rests u on , p , p VE R S D BLE A YI 1 B OU N. 09 the stem s lla le when it is wi thou t affixes or y b , i has ’ L whe n t 71 1 . When a vowel i s in 7 7 s rted the ton i shi d t thi vow l e xc t o e s fte o s e , ep
for n d whi h l a k ton e e 01 a a c a wa s t e the e . b 3 V , y This shiftin g cau se s a shorte n in g of a ton e -lon g 6 i n the rece di n lla l i t s e to i a n d of 6 to . p g y b , 1 1 5 Be side the ordinary i n ten sive conj u ga th v r Pi t . f u n tion s . e c e se er s u se e e tl a n d , , b q y, with the sam e si n i fication s form s P6721 P021 1 g , , , ' Hith bel an d Pi l el a n d Hith al él see p , p p p ( There i s i n al im f a n d form fte r h . seco a t e Q p , Ara maic model in which b wa of com e n sa , , y y p i h omi te on n n h fir di t on for t e t d c so a t, t e st ra cal
f the n d S th a ra is dou ble d in stead o seco . ee e P di m g . l i u in i h More ra re y th s occ rs H p .
V e rbs of this class are liable to be mistake n for verbs
h so ta e he ra r r con u ation s Po . e tc i n Va v whic al t e . Ay , k j g , ,
ical form s in im f of al an d of Hi h . d n . an d have i e t p Q , p while he w classes show an with Vav con s. t t o
do form s from each other in clin ati on to a pt .
E ER E X CIS XI .
Conj u gate the followin g verbs
” " -dhddh he mea su re d in al N h Pol md i . el. 11 73 , , Q , p ,
- “ ” he ra e i n Hi h Ho h . Pil l a ra r . e p b k , p , p , p
Hith olel WERE) , p HAPTE C R XXVI .
E RB S A YIN VA V AND A YIN YOD V .
ERBS AYIN V AV ara di m K V (P g ). ERBS whose m iddle ra di l i 5 1 1 6. V ca s Va v on accou n t of its weakn ess are ron e to eli de it p . They show the followin g de viation s from the n orm al ver e r s La m ed H e an d some La med b . V b u ttu ra ls however retain V a v an d trea t it a s a g , , , ha rd o n c n son a t.
. h v 1 As to t e owel of the stem syllable . 1 l h fir con on nt t ( ) In Qa ptt. t e st s a ak es l whi h w u n h lided Vav the vowe c as der t e e . Where the vowe l origin a lly u n der V av ha s bee n volatilized to heva it is restore d a n d if a: is S , l le n the n e d to d The 3 sin . m asc . an d a g . g Q e in ton ed s lla l s also tak l n a c artc . e e a t. p b g y b o g
vowel.
2 n l im n d it lli d f rm h ( ) I Qa pf. a s a e o s t e n d u vowel of the seco sylla ble 1 3 . h h vo hr u h n t e e l i s t o ou t 6 . ( 3) I Nip . w g 4 In Hi h an Ho h the vowel of the ( ) p . d p . se con d syllable is regu lar. n o
VE RB S A YIN VA V AND YIN YOI) 1 1 2 A .
o The fo rm er as a ru le re ta in (3 e ce t whe re an s ffor . , , , x p m ati vo with a con sonan t follows when athe ta e at Nu m . , y k xiv 2 7 - i n hrou hou t 5 a n d he t r t . . 31 math mi t la te re ta 0 , 1 3 ; g
E B Y V R S A IN Yon (Paradigm L). 1 1 A fe w ve r s hav Yod for their middle 7 . b e ra dical Ex i n a l th do n diffe r i n . ce t e ot p Q , y in flexion from ver s A i n a v b y V . al f i n a dditi or li In t. on to f m s re m n Q p , se b g those of ver s A n Vow the re are form s a s 7 1 b yi , , 13 3. a n d gh which reta in Yod a n d resem le a mi t, , b m n f f r iv . I i n f c d riv o i re at e n o s. i h. d H p ep e ts p o .
h f rm is in im f 1 the an d im v. t e o . p p , 132, he Hi h sa me a s t p .
E ER SE X CI XII .
Conj u gate the followi n g ve rbs “ H shabb he tu rn ed in al Polel Pola l i h. , , Q , , , p , n d Ko h a p .
e l h n d i be sca tt red in a Ni . a H h , Q , p , p . ” he s rove i n al an d Hi h t , Q p . TER CHAP XXVII .
ERB LAMED LEP H ND LAMED H E V S A A .
ERBS LAMED ALEPH ara di m M V (P g ). 1 1 8 AL EPH as third ra dical is u su all § . y u iescen t an d ives ri se to the followin q , g g chan ges
1 . In forms whi ch n with Al e h the e d p , vowel is that of the re ular ver e ce t g b, x p b i n h that Fat ack s le gt ened to Qamets. ’ r Al h f r 2 . Whe e ep stands be o e an afiorma wh r innin with n n i . a e e ti ve beg g a co so ant ( . he third ra dical w ou ld close a s lla le the t y b ), Al e h uiesces in the re edin vowel n p q p c g , a d r o Thi Sheva is d pped. s vowel is :
l f am . In a t. ets Q p , Q th r f n d i n al of r s middle e In the o e ts. a ve p ( Q b ), T e e s r .
d im f of all on u on l im v . an . c ti e o In a s . p p j g , S g
i n Al h is som i m omi d The s l The qu esce t ep et es tte . y e fore Tav of he af xes e in o en this consona n t lable b t fi b g p , sh loses its Dage . 8 1 1 VE RB S LAM D LE AND 4 E A P H LA ME D HE .
3. Where Aleph stan ds at the beginning of a s lla le as ef re vowel amxes it retain y b , b o , s its con o ntal wer a n d the form i s r u l r s na o e a . p , g
Al e h i s so fa r a u ttu ral as to re u ire a i n al im v p g q Q p . d an im f. an d a Cha te h e fore su ffi es re u ir in h p , p b x q g S eva li n in vo as k g wel . In ce rta in ca ses verbs of thi s class take form s anal ogou s
to those of verbs La med H6.
r VERBS LAMED HE (Pa adi gm N) . 1 1 9 e r s which n ow ha ve He a s the third . V b n s n n t of the stem had ori in all Y od or V av co o a , g y , m The ori in al con pre vailin gly the for er. g son a n t iv th al artc . ass Th i s m ost eviden t in e Q p p p e . e weakn ess of thi s origin al Yod cau ses the follow in g deviation s from the origi n al stron g verb : th third ra dical stood t th 1 . Where e a e Yod was re e cted an end of a word, j , d He was written in its place a s the sign of a fin a l h xce tion s to this are the artc v w T e e . o el. p p p inf con which i n d a n d the . s. all con j u st n a me , jugation s e n de d in mi . The vowel of the syllable thu s e n di n g in He is
ts a me ts. ll f . In a p , Q r l f an d a tc s. e o e xc i m s. e t a I n a ll p p p , S g ( p Q l
pass ).
T r . ll im vs. se e In a p , Ni h a f al . an d t tim e s of abs. o P1 In in fs. Q , p ,
in the other in fs. abs Tsere Chole m ; , .
1 1 6 VE RBS LAME D ALE P H AND LAME D HE . ta sh more fre u en tl for eu hon there i q; q y , p y, s l “ in serte d a short ton ele ss helping vowel ; 7:1 5 — hel for 5 i . p g , 73
1 20 There are man ve r s whi ch have more than on e . y b wea radi cal an d in con se u en ce a dou le deviation from k , q b the n ormal form ma arise What articu la r form will y . p arise may sometimes be lea rn ed by addin g together the ' “ ” sin le de viations as NI 6- 6 he has made ta in g ; P}! g , , k g the ecu l f r P r nd Lan d H6 p iarities o ve bs a gu ttu al a ,
ma es its im f ? In other cases the forms must k p . ”IDS 9 -: I be ain ed from e i o g th Lex c n . 1 21 on u ation . Certain verbs are wan tin g in some c j g l or tense . These are called i ve verbs To su this defect . pp y wan t there were e mployed forms from similar roots ; as 3119 t bh “ ” H h he is ood mad i al im f. an d its i . t , g , e ts Q p p
from a root 31 d - abb Ra rel an u n related root was 9: y t . y “ u se d as m shit-the d Hi h 1 in . he ran 7 ; y) , k p m “ ” “ hish- h é e ca u sed to drin ave drin . q, k, g k In addi ti on to su ch o as Pi l el a few er s with f rms p , v b fou r radicals are fou n d .
E R XE CISE XIII .
Conj u ga te the foll owi n g verbs “ d-na he w a l s i P n d Hi h N q , as e ou n i . a . 92 j , p
- Pi rd n d . 14 1 hd he hea led in Qal Ni h . a 9 p , , , p ,
- “ l N Pi . Pu . HQ ed ad be con cea led in al i h. ? , , Q , p , ,
- ” é be redeemed in al Hi h. Ho h . m 9 p dhd , , Q , p , p CHA TE P R XXVII I.
TH E HEBRE W NO UN.
1 22. H EBREW n ou ns su bstan tive an d ad c , je tive ma a s to their ori in be divid in , y, g , ed to thre e — classes a Those which are rimi ti ve or h v ( ) p , a e
‘ n o a are n t derivation a s 2 1 ti bb father b pp ; 3 , ( ) those deri ved rom verbs wh t f , e her with or withou t a form ive addi ion ” a t t ; as 17 gm se ed from 1 1 ; , ‘ ‘ ” zti -rti to sow m m mi tt-beach altar my , , , from fi zd -bhdch to slau hter 0 those g! , g ( )
' derived from other n ou ns ; as n fiQ mw begin ” ' ” ni n from h h d r6s ea . g, Q5N1 , 1 2 r t § 3. Heb ew has bu two genders a nd What i n h r masculine a a feminine. ot e lan ua es wou ld be ex re ssed b the n eu ter is g g p y , m ore fre qu e n tly e xpressed by the fe min in e ; as " ” xliv. 4 H 7 622 e vil ma lu m. , Q ; , ,
— The followin g n ou ns are u su ally mascu li n e n ames of m ale e rson s an d thin s n ati on s m ou n ta in s ri vers an d p g , , , , hs Names of female rson s an d a n imals cou n tries m on t . e p , , 1 1 7 W 1 1 8 THE H E B RE NOUIV.
town s an d lim s an d or ns of the od which e is i n , b ga b y x t cou les are u su all fe m e p , y in in .
e n ou ns are u sed as oth masc . an d fe m as Som b . ; (Di - d hen vin e . Some words whi ch have on e en d g p , g er e xclu si vely (as shown by gramma tica l con stru ction ) are
‘ u sed of oth se es 35 kz-lebh do b x 5 , g.
h m as h i 1 24 . T e c. as n o d stin u ishin form g g . m st u su al m r f th m The o a k o e fe . is the addition to the root of the toned syllable
" ori in all ) which recu rs i n the con n ? ( g y I “ ” stru ct state 1 28 thu s 81738 horse , ) 030 , ; ” - n aD sit sot m are . The ori in al Tav a ea rs g , g pp
‘ afte r n ou n s en din i n a vowel a s m htZ-dhi g ; my , - ” 1 1 ' - Jew hiZ dhi th e we ss. 11 m y , J Whe re Tav i s fou n d with stems e n din g in a con son a n t there is u su all i n serte d a hel in , y p g vowel en e rall e ol with u ttu ral s Patha ch , g y S g , g ; ” - mi shmfZ reth rece t. 131 531157: , p p 1 25 H h h ee nu m ers— sin ular . ebrew as t r b g , l l n du the last is con fin ed to n oun s pu ra , a d al ; su stan tive a n d n u m erals an d is n e ver fou n d b ,
with a d e ctive s ron ou n s or ver s. j , p , b
r m c. i s u su all formed I . The plu . as y by adding D" ( sometim es defectively writte n ) to
’ - the stem a s ID set 377m horse s. If the ; DTD , n ds in Yod thi s con son an t is ofte n dou led n ou n e , b
1 2 0 T E E RE W N H H B O UN.
The u se of the du al i s almost con fin ed to obj ects whi ch
E ’ n atu re or art exist i n ai rs D a-dha- im two by p ; ]:y y ,
” ’ han ds U I 6z-n a- tm f N ai r o scales. Q y , p
- 1 26. The distin ction of cases b m eans of case en din y g, so characte risti c of Latin an d C reek i s l s in H w o t r . , eb e The reli cs of su ch a s ste m are ver scan t consisti n of y y y, g an aeou sa ti ve in a n ow e istin as the He of direction , x g
- or location i n xxxv n. sh khe md , toward ” She chem an en din 6 whi ch was ori i na ll nom ina tive g , g y , bu t has n ow lost th si ni i - ' at ca n ce . 24 i m chd tho g fi , p y , ” 1 livin thin 1 9 a en i ti ve in x i 3 i . 9 g g g ; xx ,
' ' ” n a -bh thi stolen of g , .
Com mon ly there i s n o di stin ction of form etween the n om a n d h . t e a ce an d in some b , cases the genitive al so i s of the same form ; as “ ” in ki n Bu t l n m n n u h 45 73 g. a y o n s t e gen itive rela tion wa s ma rked by the u se of the con str -twi
sta te.
1 2 Wher wo n 7. e t su bsta ti ve s stan d rela ted ” a s in the hrase word of a kin thi s relation p g, is e x resse d in He re w con trar to the u su al p b , y cu stom of s e ech b a chan e i n the first n ou n p , y g , if chan e i l d the be oss e in stea of secon d. g p b , To e ffect a u n ion etwee n these two n ou n s the b , form er ( or govern i n g) n ou n was m ore rapidly
1 Sin ce i n Hebrew the relati on i s that of a n i n verted geni ti ve the wor i s on l u sed a of c mm ation d y by w y a co od . HE HE B RE W N 1 2 1 T OUIV. pron ou n ce d; an d wa s said to le an on the secon d A n (gove rn ed) n ou n . n ou thu s con n e cte d with a followin g n ou n was said to be in the CONSTRUCT i wa s i e a b lu te ST E if n o con n e te d t n th so . AT ; t so c , THE CONSONANTAL CHANGES WHICH 1 28.
IN A NOUN PLACED IN THE CON8 STATE OCCUR .
ARE AS FOLLOWS :
n m nouns sin . none . I asc. g i H r ver o the Fem. nou ns endi n g n e e t t n v h ndin i origin al fem. e di ng Ta ; t ose e g n h r h u ff r n h a t o et s e o c ang e . Plurals endi n in L and du s re ect the g D ; al j
the vow l h Y d o T r m e of t e o ec min se e . Me , b g Plu rals in su ffer no onso ntal ch n m c na a ge . 1 29 An other eculiarit of th He bre w n . p y e ou n is the addition to it of PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES to express rela tion s whi ch i n other lan gu age s are more u su ally e xpre ssed by the gen itive ca se of the corres on din ron oun or a ron omi n a l p g p , by p d e tiv Thu s m horse is ex re ss d a j c e . y p e by a ddin g to the word for horse the su ffix of the " 2- Th u ffix r in 81 35 . e s e s a e 1 e rs. s v n p g. Dab gi e in the aradi m elow certa in rare form s ei n P g b , b g The followi n distin cti on s mu st be omitte d. g observed ( 1 ) Form s wi thou t a bin ding or u n ion -vowel are u sed wi th n ou n s en di n g i n the ’ ‘ “ ” -bh -kha th fa h r a l a ci i t e . cons. in vowe s r : ; wi t , y The other form s are u sed with n ou n s e n di n g in a 1 2 T HE B RE W NO 2 HE UN.
con s n an t 2 u ffixes are also divided into o . ( ) S hich re u ire h z th n din hea v w t e ton e vi . ose e y, q , g in D an an d h an d li ht com risin the 9, P! , ‘, g , p g
re st.
A ex r in a en itival relation these 1 30. s ess p g g ,
d h tate . su fifixes are n a tu rally a ded to t e con s. s Before pron omin al su ffixes plu ra ls i n 0th take f h n o lu r . f i ma . co a r th ir the s g t e sc p . ns te e ” own u r ffix lu r it-s th ma with l . a . s 6 re s p ; p 11 1t , , ’ ' su fi ‘ 36 -3 -th6-khem u r m r . 6 o a es. DDl fiDflD , y
Where a vowel which was short in the cons ea rs . app " ” " lon efore a ons l i h su ff the c . w t W21 g b g ! . 7 , le n gthen ing is owin g to gra m matical laws the
su ffi mu st n o be re a rded as added to the abs sta . x t g . te
1 31 In a ddition to su ch chan es as con ce rn . g t c n an h re occu r i n th declen ion of he on so ts, t e e s
n ou n r in HA The se ari se fr m s ce ta VOWEL C NGES . o — three ca u ses (a ) The loss or dimin u tion of ton e su ffe re d by a n ou n which come s to sta n d in the on r l ion b he ad i n f u al lu r c s. e at t d o a n d ; ( ) g d p . affixe e the ddin of ron m l u x s ; ( ) a g p o in a s ffi es. THE GENERAL LAWS or VOWEL CHANGE ARE
T HE FOLLOWING
Wh r m v w r I. e e the tone o es end a d one l ace a s in the con s. sin a chan ea le p , g . , g b u ltimMc ec m s h l t ol o e t 45 co . c s or o . b , II.
2 E W 1 4 THE HE B R NO UN. of the first syllable restored to its origi nal 4 l h n 5 co . t e col. o s or ss . t ( 5 , II
' ma -l°khe-hem ; Di lfi T -I tit-bh're-hem (where the ori in al Patha ch is restored an d the n thi n n ed g , i 46 to ; ,
TABLE OF SUFFIXES TO NOoNs
Ex r in n ( p ess g Ge itive of Pron oun s).
i ul r N To n a ou n s T Nou n s. S g . o Plural
m 1 in . 1 co S g . (in P a u se ‘ 2 m m s )
oe tical m . an 1 an p )
T 7
’ com. a: 1
m . D; D; f s 1;
m . D71 13 1 ‘ oetical fin f. 3 (Poetical (P ) f to z HA TER C P XXIX .
DE CLENSI ON OF MAS ULINE N NS C OU .
i h 5 1 32 . IN th s c apte r the gen e ral ru les of declen sion sta te d in the previou s section s will be a li d Exam le will pp e . p s be given of the variou s classes f n ou n whi r f o s ch a e ou n d, an d of the pri ncipal m odifica tions of the laws of i nfiexion which m ark them This cha ter mu st be s u di . p t ed with con stan t re fere n ce to the aradi ms of P g , hich i i an ex l n w t s p an atio . 1 33 The sim lest e xam le is fou n d in n ou n . p p s which have n o cha n ea le vowel the affixes an d g b , su ffixes bein g adde d to this stem withou t a ny n in w l h n Thi l i accompa y g vo e c a ge . s c ass s shown in Paradi m 0 where the su fii xes are fu ll iven g , y g ; in the other Para digms on e light an d on e heavy u ffix of e ach n u m r ill n s be w alon e be give .
This r u i clu des n u n s fro n sou rces Som g o p n o m ma y . e are deri vatives from ver s A i n Va v an d A i n Y b y y od, whi ch are already con tracted in the abs ; otherwi se they l P fi wou ld ran e with the Se o a tes of ar. 8 as tb lfi sh6t g g , . ” ' scou r e . There are artc s from similar roots as I l g p p . ; l; 125 DE CLE NS‘I ON F M L O AS CU INE NO UNS .
“ ” “ meth dead R ram i Th m , ; D , h h . ere are also on o ? g s lla les from ve r s A i n A i n bu t wi h the vowel sho y b b y y , t rt in the abs. otherwi se the w u ld be l ssed n de r P r o c a u a 8 . ; y . We also fin d n ou n s of two s lla les ea ch con y b , “ ” ' " u n chan geable vowel ; as 3133 gtb-bor he ro ; I Fl
' “ ” ' ' ’ tal-midh disci le l N ebh- on oor an d n ou ns , p I g y , p 1 of on e s lla le bu t havin a She f it as 7 y b , g va be ore 33}
' ' ‘ “ ” ' “ ” z bhzi hl ou n dar 33 lt rii bh ch ru W l l , b y 3 3 , e b ; lb
' ” a r ch mo , ass.
The a ove will serve for exercises i n decle nsi on b .
4 a m il 5 1 3 . P ra dig P lu strates those n ou n s which ha ve a cha n gea ble vowe l in the la st lla l bu t on e an d a n u n n l i n h l t s e cha ea e t e as . y b , g b In b is given the declen sion of a n ou n deri ved from a ve r La med H6 where the retu rn of b , con son an tal valu e to the Yod after a ffixes is m ark d b D r M ad ectiv s ar f this e . fo te an e e o y . y j l lik d a c s. e c ass an lso ass. art , p p p Nou n s for de clen si on
“ “ ha -theah hon ou r d-dh6l rea t , {bi g , g ‘ a-i6h small 7 a i r oa t " un g , $ 39 s , g FOD r g ; O ” chd -si dh i ou s , p . 1 35 ara di m ill n ou n whi ch have 5 . P g Q u stra tes s an un chan ge able vowel ( which m ay be e ither lon g b n atu re as a c d or short a n d in a closed y , ; , s lla le as in the last s lla le bu t on e an d y b , b) y b , a h n a l we l in h la s Par di m c ives c a ge b e vo t e t. a g g
N 1 2 8 DE CLE NS I ON OF M AS C(IL/ E NO UNS .
This is form e d by addin g the u su al a fiix bu t be fore
e n ed s lla le 77m, there i s in se r e d a reton ic amets th to y b t p Q , an d the vowel u n der the first syllable (bein g in the secon d i s d Th s i s he on e r du ce h va . e n place before t t ) e to S e co . " 357; i n whi ch the vowel of the origin al m on osyllable i s re store d a n d i s followed b m edial Sheva To this , y short form the hea vy su ffixe s a re join ed withou t cau sin g an te n I the case of the li ht su fli xe s the law of y al rati o . n g the lan gu age re fe rred to in the first se n ten ce cau ses the n ou n to rea ssu m e its a solu te orm b f .
Para digm s b c a re those of Segolate n ou n s from stron ve r s whose ori i n al m on os lla ic form g b , g y b ha d the vowels i a n d o from ; 35 0 1 5 0.
aradi ms d e f e olate s whose secon d or P g . S g third con son a n t is a u ttu ral a n d which re u i re g , q a compou n d Sheva in place of simple vocal v 2 a Wh n ha h is followe d She a 5 (3) ) . e a C tep b vocal heva the Chate h is chan e d in to the y S , p g corre spon di n g short vowel
Norm— Wh ere a Sheva wou ld stan d u n der an ini tial
" f “ u ttu ral a com ou n d m u st be u se d 733?ébhédh sla ve g , p ,
lu 7 l r. n itia She p 0 7 22 . I va i n n ou ns de rived from an original form qotl i s u su ally written Chateph -qamets
Para digm g is an example of a n ou n derived from a ve r A i n a Th ori in al form was b y V v. e g which was ex an de d in to the dis-s lla le mp, p y b
’ ma 'véth thi in ; s the con s. wa s con tracte d DE CLE IVS ION OF M AS C LINE N N U OU S .
5 4 to math the con tracte d form ein ( 5 , b g u se d throu h th i n xi n g ou t e fle o s. Similarly from ” a ve r A i n Yod rise s “ oli ve a ab . b y fl ? , s from mon o ll i hi h in i s a c w c cons. s con tra t y b M“, c ed
' ‘ i h u fi T lu r to w li t . b . h s . a s IT I t } etc. , g V , p DVTI, Paradigm h gives the declen sion of n ou n s deri ve d from a verb La med H e whose origin al form was 71 5 ; see also 5 1 For a ve rb of h same l s bu t with a differen t vowel t e c as , , there m a be taken 4 ch°li sickn ess li ht y 7 ” , , g “ 1 su fi 4 lu r 31 . 1 711 , p . 0 711 Paradigms k l m are form s deri ved from verbs A i n A i n which are n ot exten ded b the in y y , y sertion of e ol bu t are con tracte d in to mon o S g , omin n ” When a n s lla les ec 0 ot DD . y b ; Dpj b g 2, 0 dition is made to the ste m the Da esh forte a d , g , which had been omitted from the fin al con son an t I i s re tore d Nou n s for declension s . 1 9 ( . ) S ' ' f be- hédh clothin as b u: . g , g,
E-bh ch a sa rifice a e h z d c s . nj , ,
’ ‘ ’ i-vén ha rd hi a i c s s . “s , p, g
" - dé rékh wa as a . hf; , y,
- 125 15 slagrash root as c. 1 , ,
" ' ’ h t8 bhz azelle as . 33 , g , 9 CHAPTER XXX.
I F M INE S DECLENS ON O FE IN NOUN .
1 3 THE d clen f f mi i n i 8 . e sion o e n n e n ou s s s m l r th n f th se f m c n d r in in i e a o o o as . e e s ce p g , man ca ses the have al re ad i n con se u en ce of y y y, q h a d i n f h f m ffix n r du o t e d tio o t e e . a ee e ced t , b older an d li hter form s g . 1 39 ara di m 0 i ve s the in flexi n of n u n 5 . P g g o o s with a n u n chan e a le vowel f h f e r g b be ore t e em. t mi n ation ” T
For the lon vowel efore Tav with li ht su ffixes see g b g ,
1 30.
Nou n s for decle n sion
” " a chu - a ordin a n ce ‘ ch se-di m g y , H Dfl ,
stork mi ts-fvd comma n dme n t , mm , m h’il-la roll of a ook m n u -chd g , b ”M N: , “ t res .
1 4 No n i n r w han a le vowels 5 0. u s w th o e o t o c ge b e fore th f m termin ation— am ets or Tsere b e e . Q P r T f h re were fl i n . I e are i n e cte d a s shown a . t
h in . two c an ea le vowels the first ma in abs. s g b , y, g 1 80
1 2 DE CLE NSI 1V O FE M IN 3 0 F INE NO UNS .
” in eth as - con s. w ta rd cro n c n s. ; m a y , , o 'r r' -z
7 Nou ns for decle n sion 11 i 2 .
’ ’ '—‘ ' “ ti h- é 7 eth e aut a s a a tm mjspn p b y, ;
’ mis-ko-réth re ward a s bu t with ibbu ts i n , , b Q ” secon d s lla le n -ré-3Mth n et as c omit y b ; gfi , , tin con on an t with heva g s S .
1 43 For fem. n ou ns i n v2th an d u th see 1 25 . , II . Som e in u th trea t the termination as art of the ste m p ,
’ - - “ an d add a lu r . af x to it cl md muh wido p fi ; , w ” ‘ ’ S iE B . hood lur . D fl , p Q fem Se ola i There are . g tes den ti cal in form with the
l tes. In the sin h l Se o a . t ese are d c in d masc. g g e e as Para
In the lu r. som e ta e m di m S . a asc terminati on g p k . as ” ’ - “ 1 e blum ston e lu r. 0 39 1 some a f m af F15 , , p 1 3; e . fix ;
- ” h sword lu r. 1 1 as 3 37 chEréb 11 13 . 1 2 , , p 1 Sin ce there is considerable irregu larity in the de clension ti s are m ore re u la r the Lexi of n ou ns (adjec ve g ), con shou ld be consu lted for a n al decision u on the en de r of n oun s fi p g , fl xi n a n d the forms which ari se in i n e o .
1 44 There are certa in n ou n s of fr § . e qu en t occu rren ce an d marked i rregu larity ” fl father con s. N with su ff 31 l . 3 , , W351 ‘ 7 lu r n 0 317 . h i n co s. D DR 9 3 ; p g, “ ” ' h n " with r t er o s. 11 1 o c 71 2 su fi. 3 b , 3, “TIN fi ‘ ” rn lu r. DV lN with su ff D . g ji ; p , h t; ’ 1 HN.
HA TE C P R XXXI .
NUMER LS THE A .
5 1 45 THE ca rdi n a ls from 1 to 1 0 are a s u n der
M asculin e u s an ti ve Femin ine Su sta n ti ves. S b t s. b
‘ ‘ u m nuw
”T IN
f ?
1 6 HE E A 3 T NUM R LS .
ith a u lin W M sc e Su bsta n ti ves.
" 1 192 ”1313-53? or fig}? MN ”3115 or flip): 01 3125 ' ‘ tpvtp
Wi h Femi in e a n tives t n Su bst .
m i i ! "Flt or ”fil ?CW“ n, ? m ?
“ ” l r of the Twen t s u . 5 147. y i Dfi jpy (p Hwy) ; ” 11 s from 30 to 90 are expresse d by the
’ lu ral of the corres on di n u n it 30 w 40 p p g , n mBxfi, i n a a n d su ffe r n o i n flexion al chan e . n j s, g ” If u n1 ts are added to te n s the ma e ither , y y
" pre ce de or follow ; bu t the copu la j 1 5 5 ) i s alwa ys employed.
Other ca rdin als are : m : fem . con s. h m y , ; 1 TH E NUME RALS . 37
r a s 1 2000; plu . 5 9 514 11 0550 3000
1 4 Th rdi nals from 3 to 1 0 a r form d 5 8 . e o e e b the addition of 5 to the cardin al an d b y , y . in sertin g a n i sou n d betwe en the se con d a n d “ “ hir hi r s fou rth t d con son a n ts ; e. g. t d wam;
“ ” 5 s fifth u n sixth was. wa , ( mm) sp ,
5 Fir i The others are like 05 5 05. st s
tfib fi secon d fi , A te a din als ove n c r are u sed for ordin als. b , ” Note on the con stru ction f the n u m ral 3 o e s. “ an ad e tive a n d f ll w 71 1 is c o o s its n ou n . 373 j , ardin als from 2 to 1 0 ein su stan tive s m a C , b g b , y be u sed i n three wa s— a Before the n ou n a n d y ( ) , h n b fore the n ou n a n d i o i in t e co s. e n a s ( ) b , pp h n u n an d i n a h tion 0 a fter t e o osition . T e ; ( ) , pp ethod is late The n oun i s common l in last m . y the plu r.
Cardinals from 1 0 to 1 9 u su all recede thei r n ou n y p , h r bu t which is u su ally in t e plu . ; certa in n ou ns i n fre ” '" u en t u se as ”7 6 cu it Dl da remain in the q , 9 b , y, sin g. ” The tens from 20 to 90 m ay e ither precede the n ou n
i n the si n or follow it whe n i t i s lu r. g. , p Cardin als composed of te ns an d u n its gen erally follow a m div rsit of u e lu r. n oun u t he re is u ch e sa . p , b t y g HA TER C P XXXII .
THE AD VERBS .
4 A 5 1 9. dverbs are u se d i n Hebrew to express va riou s rela tions as la ce DI s there ; P , ? ,
‘ Ti me t wo esterda u an tit , y y Q y, 3) ” M M mu ch ircu mstan ce ken so , C , p , ; ” Affirma ti n n N a o a d e tion lo n ot. g , N5 ’ As to or i in som e are rimitive as 71 a z g P , 3 , then some Deriva tive as when ad ective s , j , su stan tives or ron ou n s withou t or with re b , p ( p POSition s) a re u se d adverbially ; aim well ” am: i nt-chats withou t li terall from the 7 , , y t s reet. imilarl th la n u a e e m lo in f S y e g g p ys s. b ” a s e l in h. s ecial Hi as mu ch. , p y p Hin t!
A l ADVERB n 5 1 5 0. c ass of S to be oted com prises those WHICH CONVEY THE VERBAL IDEA ' OF EXISTENCE ; these ta ke also the verbal su fi . ” - Thu s ” Mn an d run hi n n a ehold xliv . 1 6 l , b , , ‘ “ htn -n én -n a here we re " eah there , a Q5 y ,
” ’ i xliii - d- tn s . 4 é sk kha thou art , , my:y , 573 y , 1 38
H A TE R C P XXXII I .
TH E P RE P OSI TI ONS .
1 5 2. THE re osition s are for the most art 5 p p , p ,
’ ’ properly n ou n s ; thu s SEN é-tsél as a n ou n is ” ”
ide. i side a s a re . e s ome t mes a n ou n , p p b S
c m i o form on r . a n d a prep. o b n e t e p ep as 5m m
’ ’ i - - w nc é tsél ; sometimes t o preps. so combi n e ; a s ‘ ” - 7 me al from u on . 537: , p
In n f th ir tu 1 5 3. con se u e ce o e n a re as n ou n s 5 q , ‘ r s ma b furni shed wi th r n m p ep . y e p o o inal suh . ’
The u su all take the su fi. u se d with lu ral n ou n s y y p , h m r b lu r an d so t e se lves a ppea to e p al s. ‘ “ ” dl u n Thu s o wi th su ff. , p , 1 5 5 - fi fi 0 7. 2 39 sa bhi bh rou n d a ou t Wg n 9 25 , b , p a n d
twe en i l B. bén e stan ds n u r . on l wi th lu r . P , b , p y p - 7 7 7 7 7 7 su ff thu s bu t . n “ . a d 10 3 33 33 JV 33. D m ; 3, 3 ,
' d su fi f o n m ers to 7 wi t a ds o th u a sin . stem 7 . b b g 33]
OBEY. 1 1 THE P RE P OSI TI ONS . 4
' ' “ ” ' N or l lN wi th ta es su fi as follows : Sin . 1 “ , k . g m “ ers. co . MN 2 rs. f e u se em . p ; p masc . “MN(pa 7 ' Pl r . 3 e rs. masc lfl N f F N. u 1 ers. . em U ”l p , . B p - com h lTN 2 e rs. m e rs i asc N 3 . . . . DD D l , p D , p ON
NOTE — This word is to be distin u ished from “ “ g N N: the si n of th i h su ff e accu sative when u sed w t . th g , , by e differen t voca liza ti on ; the la tter then ta king the vowel " 0 an d wan tin Da esh thus h is 1 12 etc. It has a , g g ; 3 37
N ’ — 'k se con d form of 2 lu r. for 6 th hém. p DDn (rare).
im r n t rou is h of h 5 1 5 4. An po ta g p t at t e PRE “ ” FIXED INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS in like , 3 , 3 ,
to in whi ch the nou n elem e n t ha s e e n worn , b
Th a r o t a o a way to a sin gle lette r. ey e p in ed cc rd in g to the followin g ru le s :
n h vin f Before a conso ant a g a ull vowel,
with Sheva . h v with i in a h - n Before simple S e a , alf ope sylla ble ; bu t see 5 81 . B f r l h vi n om un d Sh v e ore a guttu a a g c po e a , with the short vowel that lies in the Chateph (5 48) Before m with Pathach and Da esh ; (5 g ,
Bef r t ned s lla le the ri inal a s un d o e a o y b o g o , 1 2 P P I 4 TH E RE OSIT ONS. whi ch had een volatili zed to Sheva i s restored b , an d len thened to amets 45 g Q , For the case of the followed b the pre p. y i l a r e 6. t c , se e 6
With this class ma be a ssociate d mi n y V; , from thou h this word is worn a wa le ss , g y completely.
Thi s pa rticle may stan d se parately ; so u su ally be fore he ar icle an d of n n oe r l here it i s oin ed t t te i t . E s w , p y e j to the followin word Da esh an d reta in s its vowe l g by g , xxxvn 22 mt - é-dhdm If the word e i n s with . , g y . b g She va the Dagesh i s ofte n omitted with gu ttu rals an d Resh the vowel of the re i l he n ed b com en sa p p . s en gt y p ” - - “ tion xxxv n. 1 8 u mi rd c from afar or the ; , P p t ,
h i s im licit Yod with Sheva Da es as ’ . g p Ym ,
receded 3 e comes 5 li . 24 p by V, b x x ,
' u i h n 3 takes s fi. n t e sa m e ma n er as - n r f l . thatit has a seco d fo m o 3 p u r. 021 7 " ith r n om l u th ositi n W p o in a s fl . ese prep o s take the forms gi ven below
CHAPTER XXXIV.
T H N E C ONJ U C TI ONS .
“ 5 5 Th mm n 1 . e most co o con u n cti on is j 1, ” a n d hi h i f n i , w c s ou d n thre e m odifica tion s. As V AV IVE . CON NCT on OPULATIVE This I JU C . is poin te d :
' ' " 1 . Commonl with Sheva i . 20 ’l ’ v 6 h y ; , l l l p , n i a d b rd. 2 . Before Beth Mem and P6 and efore , , , b vo l Sh v 11 a c Shu re 124 " t ca e . a, , q; 32 W} :
- -l ’ hi d mt n fi 28 . a d m ul ti l a n d ll i . , py , B 3. f e ore guttu rals havi ng compound Sheva , wi th the short vowel that lies in the Chateph ‘ - a - hi xiv 1 v a n d s servan ts. . 5 cd bhd dhd , W71 3” y , Y 7 -3l' 4 B f fr entl with . e or n s ll le e e a to e y ab , qu y
2 - - i bimhd an d e m t n ess. amets i . 2 cd Q ; , 1. , p
1 5 A V AV C NSECUTIVE or THE IM 6. II . s O
PERFECT. Se e 1 79. Whe n two or m ore Hebre w verbs are conn ecte d i n se uen ce of eve n ts or of thou ht the first i s q g , n h f u su all in the ert the rest i t e im . e ach y p , p , followi ng verb bein g cou pled to that before it by a m odified form of the conj u n ction V av " it t k es the vow l ; I. In this case a e 1 44 THE C T ON/ UNC I ONS . 1 45
Pathach and u ses the dou lin f h , ca b g o t e ? followin consonant x1. 23 th a W3 1 “) g ; , w ) 3 lo-zci -khdr ud - ’lsh—kd-ché—hd he re me m ered y y , b ” t r im n o bu t a n d fo ot h . , ( ) g
With Ale h Da e sh i s omitted an d Pathach len then ed p g , g to Qa me ts ; Dage sh is omitted i n Yod with She va ; 1 9
With this arti cle th re i u su ll h p e s a y, w ere os i l — u s e b t n i 1 r i n . ot n e s. s n or in au se p b , p g , p , — a drawing backward of the tone from the last s lla le to the la st bu t n y b o e .
This i s possible onl y whe re the pen u lti mate is an open s ll a le as in al an d Hi h of ve r s A i n A i n A i y b , Q p . b y y , y n Va v P é Ale h an d P é Yod Class A bu t thou h , p , , g
n l n f n tl occu rs i Ni h r i n P . n d ossi le it o i re u e n . o i a p b , y q y p , ofver s with a ttu ral or Resh for secon d radica l Hi h u . t p. b g
There i s u su ally a shortening of the vowels of the ultimate when thi s syll able ends with he third radi cal this shorten in ein re u ired t , g b g q in man cases b the shiftin of the ton e as i n y y g , v It r l i h the form s n amed abo e . occu s a so n t e
La d H i f all v r s exce t me 5 . H h. o e p b , p
The m odifica ti on in the ca se of ve rbs La med He i s ao f e P r i compan i ed by the rej ecti on o the final He. Se a ad gm .
A AV CONSEC TIVE or THE PEB 1 . s V U 5 7 . III FECT se e This is u se d whe n in the n a rra tion ( § , n d n v n a n im f r im io al ts . o v of fu tu re or co it e e . , p p I O 1 6 TH E 4 CON/ UNC TJONS .
(or some e qu ivale n t form) is u sed as the first v r n i f ll n r n e a d s o owe d b o e o m ore e rf. te ses b, y p which ta ke the mea n in g of the in trodu ctory verb ;
1 - a ’ - - xxxvii . 26 M h ro h u khts si n a , 33 031 .fi fl l g ,
we shal d con a l slay an ce l. Thi s particle i s identical in form with Vav conjun ctive ; it mak es n o change in the vocal iz i u i h s i n m n h at on, b t t a , a y cases, t e power of shifting the tone to the last syllable ; Ex - “ ' - - f iii . 20 u r15m v shd ldeh tl An d I will se n d. , a ,
The followin g are cases where the ton e re main son the e n u l z— In u in 1 l in Hi h wi h t a se e rs. ur t p p ; p p . ; p . ' ’ afiormatives ” an d l in al of ver s La med Ale h T Q b p an d La med He ; with som e form s of verbs Ayi n Va v an d Ayi n Ayi n an d where i t would cau se two ton e d syllables m to e he r to co e g t .
1 5 8 V av in ts variou s form is ro-emin n t . i s p e n n u n u i v amo g co j ction s. Its se as a consecu t e e wi f f a r ticl th t. a n im ft i de erre d to the p p d p . s Notes on Syn ta x 1 7 9 Bu t si n ce the He re w love d a sim le co-ordi n a tion leavin it to b p , g the sa ga city of the beare r or rea der to fu rn ish m en ta lly that m ore e xact a n d logica l relation of the co-ordin a te d pa rts which in We ste rn lan gu ages is common l ex r essed b m e an s of su ordin a tion y p y b , ” h wi n How V av as a fa r der u se tha ou r a n d.
e ve r we m a ren de r the article i n En lish we y p g ,
1 8 THE N CTJON 4 CO / UN S .
” lth h v a ou ecau se e tc xl iii . 1 4 h l id it . e a g , b , ; , ’ u on E hraim s hea d a n d he wa s the ou n er p p , y g “ thou h he wa s xx 3 h wom an h u hast . t e t o g ; , ’ ” taken a n d she is a m an if th lat , s w e , e ter co ordin a te d fa t ivi n th n xx c g g e reaso be cau se u . “ ” 1 2 thou feare st od an d hast n ot withh ld , G , e , ” the latter fact ivin the roof sin ce or see g g p ,
l IX 1 H . v in . a b r 1 1 E Se o P . e n e s s . 3 e . g , ( , g. ) ‘ “ of a i x x xi 1 6 H tha t O se rve the u se V v . . e b , l t m n an hath ol him a n h i foun d ste a e h a a , d s d , d e s ” in his han d in oth of these cases whi ch we , b , ” re re sen t b whether or 1 Sa m . xiv. 26 p y ; , the hon e dro e d a n d n evertheless n o m a n y pp , ( ) ix 2 h u n was risen u hi h n n . x t s t s a d Ge . 3 e p , , ” an d Lot e n tered two co-ordina ted facts thou h , , g n Thou h the con u n ction we u su ally say whe . g j r n l i n s it shou ld be admits of these variou s t a s at o , distin ctly born e in mi nd that the origin al idea w s - r n a io d hi id a shou ld be care a cc o di t n , a n t s e
r fu lly n oted an d its developm en t t aced. — “ ’ Othe r comm on conj u n ction s a re lb? 6 or
’ “ “ UN tm if n en lest "3 let that I p , , , i s u sed n ral l be cau se . Wtfifi a s a ge e parti c e
l i These la st two word m a b of re at on . s y e u sed with most preposition s to form conj u n ction s ; ‘ ‘ ' - xi 1 u h u x . 4 eca t u s w De t. se as; I ll ll l , b
D u t. i v. e 37. TAX NOTES ON SYN .
1 5 9 THE S n ta of the He rew lan u a e is m ar ed . y x b g g k In e c f de fin ite by grea t simpli city an d elasticity. r spe t o n e ss it i s su r assed othe r lan e s Man of its p by gu ag . y con stru ction s r lli i ca l e u en tl its con cords are a e e pt . Fr q y i n exact ; as when pron ou n s a re u se d which do n ot agree i n erson or en der wi h the n ou ns for whi ch the stan d p g t y , or whe n a ve rb whi ch precede s its su bje ct stan ds in the h o . masc h v m a b t en de r or n u m e r f 3rd sin . w ate e e e g , r y g b its n ou n The con u n cti on s b m ea n s of whi ch othe r . j , y lan u a es e ress the n est shades of m ean in a re few g g xp fi g, d loosel de n ed The con stru ction i s ofte n accordin an y fi . g to sense rather than to stri ct ra mm atica l law an d the g , rea de r aided the con te t n ee ds to en ter in to the mi n , by x , d Notwithstan di n the sim licit f f th writer. o t o e g, p y he l ma es it ossi le to ras its en e ral laws an gu age k p b g p g .
Two n ou n s ma stan d related to each oth r b 1 60. y e y “ i i on viii i m l o . m ea . Thi a s t 6 ea su res . s pp , x , hpp a m: .
con stru cti on i s m ore fre u en t l n He rew than 1 n En lish q b g , an d ma e re ss as a ove a m easu re an d its con ten ts y xp ( b ) , a man an d hi s u aliti es a thin a n d the m aterial of wh h q , g ic i t is com osed e tc p , . 0 NO TE S ON S YNTAX 1 5 .
An i mportan t ca se of apposition is tha t i n which d B this ti i n the n ou n is repea te . y repe t o there was e xpressed “ h l of i 1 P lu ra lit xi v. 1 0 t e va e Sodom was ( ) y, , h m; ” its its t. e. fu ll of its or 2 distribu tion rhan p , p , p ; ( ) , i ' “ vu . 2 n g n nw b se vens. , pg p y
l More u su all th e former of two rela te d n ou n s § l 6 . y stan ds in the constru ct re la tion .
this case it mu st be n oted that a n ou n in he n In t co s.
n ot con s. sta te se e 1 30 ca n ta e n e relati on ( , ) k ither the
n or a su ff. Hen ce if an ex ressi on consis in article , p t g s re la tion is to be mad of two n ou n s in con . e de fin ite he article or a su it this mu st be a ttached to by t , the “ se con d n ou n . Thu s is the chie f of the
“ ” P 1 - “ u tlers n ot a chi ef e tc. s. 1 1 . 6 is m b , , ; , {ma fin y ” “ m ou n tai n ofh es ol m ou n tain or m olin s. h y , y The constru ct state is u sed to express a n u mbe r of rela tions which in English woul d receive an e xa ct limitation
m ea n s of re ositi ons . Thu s Isa . xxx. by p p fipp, ” “ “ li ii . 5 Isa . cha s rain for thy seed ; , amibv mm tise ment
’ “ ” Is x ii 2 sl i f e a . . a n o t s whi ch led to ou r pea c ; x , he word “ ” “ slain wi th the sword ; nnS aim an ass la den with - rea In iii . 4 a m a stan d as en u s 05 b xx , ge 11mg y g (p
in l ssi n an d s ecies u r ace i n Isa . vii 22 se o . th ) p (b y g p ) ; xxx , e e ression s ma be re arded as in a osition the vir in xp y g pp , g , ” m el the da u hter of Z ion . na y, g f sin the constru ct the en it In the place o u g , g ive relation
witho P l u t s. i ma y be e xpressed by 5 ( x x. 1 11 5) or with 7
e x Th s on u c i lo e d wh my} ; (G n. l i c str t s e mp y en words wou ld com e etween he n ou n i n h on s an d i com b t t e c . ts
S N Y TAX 1 5 2 NO TE O S N .
THE ADJE CTI VE .
1 3 In con se u en ce of the au cit of a d ecti ve s 6 . § q p y j , Hebre w i s compe lled to form compou n d e qu ivalen t e x re ssi on s Thi s i t ca n do m ea n s of 1 two words p . by ( ) “ ’ i e r in s xv . 1 o n ass n a osi tion . 2 7 i pp K g , nwm h pa x b ” ra zen o en 2 two n ou n s i n t u ction 1 b x ; ( ) emzs r , m m 53
“ ” ’ “ ” “ a ve ssel of e arth the u se of man son by wm , 33 , “ ” lord followe d a n ou n of u alit xxxv n 1 9 5173 by q y . “ ” “ won t to dream drea m se e Ex W 1 0 ninbn $113 , y . . .
Th e ad ective comm onl f llow i n 1 64. o s ts ou n with j y , hi ch it a re es i n en er a n d n u m er an d to whi h i w g g d b , c t ll conforms i n ta i n or re e ctin h r i l xli 20 u su a t e a t c e . y k g j g ; , “ ” the lea n in e Nou n s in the du al ninj a k . take
ives in the lu r adject p .
1 5 DE REES or COMPARISON are e ressed as § 6 . G xp foll ows Th e COMPARATIV E is e xpre ssed by u sin g the positive adj ective an d prefixin g p?( su bj ect to the chan ges na m ed i n 1 5 4) to the word with whi ch the com parison i s ma de ; ” i 1 8 e h n Ju d x v. swe te r t an ho e . g , W31 1: pino y
When does n ot follow the com arison m a be pg , p y ” s h i h h re se t e li t. e d art cle i . 1 6 t e reater xp by , g g — The SUP ERLATIVE degree i s expre ssed e ither ( a ) By l “ h refixi n the arti c e to the ad e cti ve lii . 1 3 a ? t e p g j , x , f t) ” little on e em ha tica ll he leas b hr e a s p y t t ; ( ) by a p as , “ ” iii . 1 m su tle e on d all or c a n ou n , y b b y ; ( ) by l w l r Ex i 3 i n c n s fol o e d its own u . as . 7 o . by p , xx x . , “ h l ” h l h f o i s i . e m s o ol o e o t . y , . y TE S N Y NO O S NTAX. 1 5 3
THE A R TICLE .
1 6 THE ARTICLE is u sed in addition to its dem on 6 . strative u se
a re u en tl with a stract n o u n s a s wisdom ( ) F q y b , , “ ” lin dn x 1 e ss xi . 1 . b , l b With n ou n s u sed to e ress a c ass as lvii . 1 5 ( ) xp , x , ” “ “ ” 1 “ j silve r m on e xiv. 1 3 1 the q , y , 5 55 i ” fu i ve Hen ce it is fre u en tl used with g t . q y 3 “ m ris n s Den ii 2 h r in i n co a o t. . as t e a p xxx , “ ” P th ch ff s i 4 as e a . . . , (0) Where on e on ly thin g of the kin d exi sts ; 1 3m ” h Nile the ri ver of E t i . e. t e . gyp , Nou ns in con stru ct do n ot take the article (5 1 6 1 ) n or ' i h su d u nle ss it be a artc with w t a . an accu a n ou n . ( p p sa ff n r hich I the edica e of a n ive su . o a n ou n w s r t sen te ce t p ,
d i i . les stri ct de fini tion 1s re u ire 1 2 . u n s q ,
H E P R N NS T O O U .
A se rate erson al ron ou n thou h itself stan d 1 67 . pa p p , g in i n the n omin ati ve case 6 1 ma be u sed to i ve g , , y g emphasi s to a n ou n or to a su fiixed pron ou n previ ou sly - “ ” l ed iv . 26 even to Se th also emp oy , gi n m nwb ; “ ~ l m n m lso i . 34 ess e eve e a . xxvi 0 318 1 35 331 3 b ,
i in l i e e 1 68 The relati ve ron ou n s u n decl a e . . ta s . p b , k
f x s Its o li u e ca se s whom whose which e tc. n o su e . fi b q ( , , , ) a re e ressed e ithe r the sim le form of the word Ex xp by p , . “ 1 h vah 5 8 i xi v. 3, se e the salvation of Je o ) nwpfi wx
” “ h h he ll l i 1 5 which God 1ve th w ic wi do Ecc . vi i ; . , g as sim le f direc on u m iii 2 acc o ti N . . 7 p . , x , u nnbw 1 th; 1 NoTE S ON YNTAX 5 4 S . or by employi ng 1 m; an d addin g the appropriate pro ’ n omin al su fi. either to the ver as er i x vii . b, J x 9, ' ' “ ” “ ” which He sen t him whom He sen or to inbwfi wx , t,
osition h n d of the cla u se i a re at t e e xl . 38 p p , 1 m “ ” “ ” hic i n who W h in hi m . 13 m, 1 en the rel ti ve ron ou n is i m i 69. Wh a p m ed ate ly pre de d b a re ositi on or a n ou n in he ce t com . it y p p by , i n clu des in itself the dem on strative that preceded the “ ” “ ” re la ti ve an d is to be ran slate d hi m who h h , t , t a t w ich ; “ ” “ “ ” li v 1 he comman ded 1 him who liv 4 x . , a ; x . , “ ” wa s to him who.
Sin ce is a en eral arti cle of relation is u sed to 1 6 3; g p , it ' ” rm rela i v ve as ii 1 1 here r fo t e ad r s . w o b ; , nwfl w , " “ u ch D t. viii 49 wh s a hrase as en . os p xx , his) 1 6 3 e h spe ec .
HE ERB T V .
1 70 He rew verbs overn thei r ob set in the accu sa . b g j tive To su ch as do this i n En li sh ma be added ve r s . g y b f fu n n d em tin ess of e in clothed of comin an d o l ess a p , b g , g n r l oin fre u en tl of rem ai n i are . g g ( q y), g ( y) Ca u sative modi fica ti ons of verbs which i n Qal take on e r s l thin l 2 he u sati ve ma ta e two as ve of c o x i . 4 acc y k ; b g, , ” ma de him pu t on raw ink vestu res of fin e lin en ;
fillin 1 am . x in x . 23 S vi 1 m a u n clothin xx vu . g, ; g, k g, n vii etc ldin De t. . i 1 4 u i 6 . v . b g, xx , 1 l An i m ortan t case i s the accu sa ti ve of closer § 7 . p de n i tion s ecif in time lace in stru men t or circu m fi p y g , p , “ ” “ da I i Y e 1 hr e s sa . 20 s lii t e . t n ce e. x 7 a ; g. . , y ; , ” “ h d xl h l d ith t e swor i . 40 as s al be evou red 31 11 (w ) ; , ” to the thron e.
TE N S Y TAX 1 56 NO S O N .
“ wi thou t Vav xxx. 31 r s .1 3aw will a a in feed ; , un I g l “ ii . 1 9 o e carr corn . x , g y , y 5 The te nses of h H 1 7 . t e ebre w verb do n ot express an order o time as e fore or a fte r som e date bu t the e ress f , b , y xp h ki nds o ti me i . s. t at a n act or state is com le te or i n com f , p lete Hen ce the shou ld n ot be ca lled ast a n d fu tu re p . y p , bu t e rf i l d r fin ished an d i m e rfe ct i e ect . e. con c u ed o p ( ) p ( . . u n c n lu ded or u n ni shed The idea of con tin u a n ce is o c fi ) . “ d the a r i ci le vii 1 5 he was e re sse t . xp by p p xxx , mph wan de rin e ressin his con tin u al oin from la ce to g, xp g g g p li “ ” lace x was stan din . p ; . 1 , g 1 THE E E T TE 76 . P RF C NSE . ( l ) The comple ted action may be on e which lies wh ll in the a st when a ast te n se will be u sed in o y p , p “ ” tran slation x vii . 3 An d srael 3m loved. 2 Or ; xx , I $ ( ) this com lete d action ma be on e u st don e or whose p y j ,
he resen xli . 41 r h ft m e ffe ct lasts on in to t t o t e . a p , ; p y in i re resen t an a id state . i . 1 1 am p b g xxx , ip u p I ” “ ” too small so 1 he n ows or it den otes a con , 11: k “ stan t tru th : so Job vi ii 3 the min e r ! sette th an xx . , at) ” “ 4 the flood I h r r h ou t. t e d ve . et es cases e n ; , b ea k n the ver refers to the s he re of the resen t an d m a b p p , y r n sl d 3 m l v l i be so t a ate . ( ) Or the co p ete d e en t may e i n the fu tu re bu t be of in du ita le ce rta in t form in , b b y, g h t is ca lled he ro he tic t x i 3 will w a t ii . 1 i ve p p pf . x , I g n s c n N the tra a ti o e in com leted ve r . 1 6 u m . b g p , ;
iv. 1 7 there shall com e a Star. xx , (111 )
1 Simila rl he IMPE R E T ma b u sed of § l 77 . ( ) y t F C y e in com lete action s l in in the a st e x ressin their p y g p , p g “ 1 i n ci ien c vii . 7 the shea ve s 1 1 3 1 e an to m ove p y, xxx , 91 b g ” rou n d or th ir re e i io 2 r the ction m li in e t t n . O a a e , p ( ) y S ON S YNTA NOTE X. I 5 7
the resent when the im f. will e ress i in i p , p xp ts c pien cy an d “ ro ress or its re etition xlii . 1 wh do ou ee loo p g , p , , y y k p k ” n ? or it ma e re a tru h w l i g etc. ; y xp ss t hose app i cability f P is fre u en tl recu rri n so in the im fs. o s. i . 3 Or q y g, p ( ) it ma ex ress sim le u tu ri t x1 1 3 Pharaoh shall y p p f y, . , lif ” t u p.
1 78 Sin ce the im f. ma r s the comm n men t of an . p k e ce acti on an d its ro ress it em races th id o he u r ose p g , b e eas f t p p of the a ctor ofhis a bilit of his ermission from an other , y, p ; whi le as e in in com lete the id f nti n en c i , b g p , ea o co g y
al wa s more or less resen t. He n ce this ten se withou t y p , or with articles ma erve as a su u n cti mood an d p , y s bj ve , ma be translated ma mi ht ca n u ld c y by y, g , , co , et .
Note — For the fu rther illu stration of 1 1 1 8 76, 77 7 , the followi n g instan ce s shoul d be ca refu lly stu died
1 6 . 1 This is the most n atu ral u se of the nse n 7 ( ) te , a d “ ” case s will o stan c r x he v li c n tl oc u e . i x. 4 a e i y . g xx , g x . “ ” 2 1 30 the man s a e V e r often the relation of the , , p k . y ction x d he f to othe r action s or circu m a e presse by t p t. stan is n ch that thou h H e re w s eech sim l u se d ces s , g b p p y a rf E n lish u sa e ma r s the relativit ofthe acts pe ect ten se, g g k y i n ra n sl b th f th lu erfe ct t a tion . Thu s x ix . 5 y e u se o e p p xx , he had m ade this appoin tm e n t precedi n g the blessi n g “ ” he h 2 of Je h xli i ad dr med . hova . 9 . ea : xliv , “ ” xlv d n 2 ha se t. . 7, “ “ n d 2 xlii e are com e xlu . 28 has een a ( ) . 9, y , b ” “ ” “ f n d u t i s u st is re stor xliv. 1 6 God hath ou o ed ; , j “ His n ce u on xliv 2 lovet s n ve ean . 0 n ow howi g g p , with this compare the u se of the perfect to e xpress a li ii v e n Also . 1 4 ha e e his ri ast in xx vii . 3. to c p x x , I b ” i 1 of immediate l m xvi . 0 an an d am bereaved ; 1 Sa . , y
ast or virtu all sim u ltan eous action def Ps. p , y , I y “ ” 1 3 ha th loo e d down hath see n of that xxxi ii . . k 1 8 NO TE S N Y 5 O S NTAX. which holds ood con s n l s rov i Is ii ta t o P . i . 1 : . 7 a . 6 g y ; , h ht ” a re au Is li . 1 2 1 1 4 15 of chn i a . 3 te g y x v , , , , cal
cti on s which elon to th mith r en te r fore s r e c a e s ca te t . b g , p , , J u d x . r 3 . v 3 ha ve e com e f ee s o e n of an ( ) g , I b , p k action he was a ou t e rform A er fe ct i s u se d whe re b to p . p the acti on li e s in the fu re s n ce h r c ri s tu , i it was c a a te tic of Je wi sh thou ght to con sider tha t with Jehovah the deed “ was i n clu de d i n h Jehov h t e u r s d i v . 1 4 a o e Ju . p p ; g , ” h e l a th d ive re d thou h the vi ctor had e t to be won . , g y y Th e erfe ct of ce r ta in t n own i n the m ore e le va te d p y, k lite rar st le as the ro he ti c e rfe ct i s illu strated y y p p p , by li 9 1 1 whe re sra el ca tches li m se s o f the com in x x . , , I g p g lor ofthe tri e ofJu dah he hath wa she d his armen ts g y b , g “ win e li x 2 h les n h f he h ve r in . 6 t e si s of t a t r a e x , b g y p ” va iled u sed of the fu tu re e m i re of the E hraimite s the , p p , ve rb n ext followi n g fallin g in to the m ore prosa i c fu tu re “ ” h h h ro he oc Nu m . iv . 6 Isa . v 1 3 at on e t e t cu xx , . , g , p p py i n m en tall a ositi on su se u e n t to the ca tiv it an d g, y, p b q p y, he e xile e n a a ccom lishe d S I x — vi ewi n t m t s . O sa . i 1 g p . 3, — h i x 4 En Isa x . 2 31 wh e Ass ri Heb. . 2 . 8 e r t e a n ( , g ), , y advan ce is descri e d sta e b sta e as a ccom li shed b , g y g , p , i n the seri e s of e rfe n r i c i m f is save that p cts o e p osa p t. i n se rte d e xpressin g the actu al n on -comple tion of the d e ve n ts describe . A very i n teresti n g con stru ction i s the u se of two co ordin ated e rfects each rece de d b sim le Vav co u la ve p , p y p p ti , in hypothetical se n te n ces to e xpress a con dition or ca u se “ n d i s resu lt. Thu s iii 1 n d m n have o er a t . 3 a e v xxx , ” dri ve n the m on e da an d all the floc a re dea d whe re y, k , the Hebre w vividly reali zes to him self the con dition i n its sta te of fu lfilm en t Mulle r the He rew idi om ein ( ) ; b b g, on e thin g has happen ed an d the othe r has followe “ the En lish if on e thin sha ll ha en the other will g , g pp ,
1 60 NOTE S ON S YNTAX .
’ ' “ ill u strated xxxv u. 1 5 64 what art by , wpgn rm h ” “ t ou see in 2 Sa m . xix. 35 what am tin k g ; , 53k I ea g
Ge n . xi v. 31 Ps. . Prov. xi x Re on i s 9 . 4 e i x , x , . p ated act “ ” fou n d in xxii 1 4 1 it i s said as of e n as h ; 1 1311 , t t e prove rb ” xxxn En i s u ote d xxxn . 33 Heb. . 32 do n ot ea t q , ( , g ), ; “ ” “ ” xli v 5 drin eth divi n e th as ofte n as he chooses to . , k , , f div in pe rform a cts O ation . (3) In stan ces of the n a tu ral u se of the imperfect to e ress fu tu re tim e will con tin u all occu r xlii 1 5 34 xp y ; . , , ” “ ” will i v sh ll fii ck e e a tra . I g , y 1 Th u se of he im e rfec n 78 . e t p t te se to express even ts which are con ti n en t an d to con ve the idea s of a ili g , y b ty, d ir will rmission e c ca n w ld ma es e e t . ou so , , p , ( , , y, servin as a su u n ctive mood will be ill u strated h g bj , by t e “ stu d of the followin in sta n ces. Gen . xix 9 how y g xx . , ” ca n I do 2 the action re main in g u n performed (hen ce “ m f ll m ossi l li v 3 h w i t. n d mo i e 4 o nse a ra . ca p te ), y p b x , n ” “ ” l li x Pha raoh o ou t 1 8 li . 5 5 li. e o v o u 2 x 33 l t . I g p , k , x ; , ” “ ” xlii 3 wou ld ta xlii 7 w ma sa . e e 3 hat he y y ; y k ; . , ” im e xl i 7 ‘ h sl . In ast t ii . t ou ma yest ay p , , p1 3 pi1 u1 ” o li h w h ld w shoul d we have n wn ? v. 8 o t en cou e k x , ” “ ” steal ? were we likely to stea l ? The stu den t shou ld constan tly in qu i re whether this su bjecti ve sense is presen t in the i r mpe fect. Often the re is a ma n ifest bea u ty an d propri ety in the tense sel d Ps ix — h de l ation of ecte . x 2 4 t e conti n ua l c ar . . , the he vens the reitera ted an n ou n cem en t ofda an d n i ht a , y g , the establi shed fa ct that this proclamation is a u dible whe r e ver eir domin i n exte n ds could n ot be m ore con cisel th o , y an d e xpressively in dicate d than i s here don e by a simple n d f w la n e varia ti on in tense . A e gu ag s wou ld in dica te as m u ch with rea ter recision an d n eatn ess or a li hter g p , by g NOTE S ON S YNTAX. 1 61
sh ow touch . This si ngle instan ce will su ffice to ow h mu ch ma y be lost by disregarding a seemingly slight an d trivial chan ge : to exami n e an d n ote the exact force of ea ch tense he meets u n il ractice en a le s him to ca tch it instinctivel , t p b y an d wi h u re e ction should be he rst du t of h t o t fl , t fi y t e ” stu den t Driver The He r w T nses ( , b e e
When se i es of e v n is be d ri 1 79. a r e ts to esc ed b , the
rst ver is en erall in the ft. the followin i n the fi b g y p , g im f wi h h m f In h t Vav cons of t e i . t is wa p . . p y a tte n tion is called n ot m e rel to secon d t bu t to he , y a ac , t re la tion between the acts Vav marki n the oin t t , g p a whi h c h f r ch t e second a t arises as a conse qu en ce of t e orme . We se e rstl ha an even i n u ce d this con , fi y, t t t trod by stru ction is re resen te d as in ressive em er en t or nasce n t p g , g , ; we see secon dl that u ch an ven t does n ot m erel then , y, s e y an lon er stan d i elf i is h d velo men t the con y g by ts , t t e e p ,
tin u ation of the past whi ch came before (Dri ver). If as Ewald su ests th vowel in the lace of Sheva , gg , e ( p ) u n der the Vav and the Dagesh i n the followin g con sonan t are du e to the absorption of a pa rti cle m or us( sign ifyi ng then or thereu on an d as we have seen fre u en tl followed p , , , q y by the an d to the assimilation of its fin al con son an t to the rst conson n t of the followin ord the fi a g w , nstru cti on is almos l - n d A rall el to he co t se f explai e . ( pa t gramma tical form is fou n d in the case ofthe article when u sed with inse ara le re si ion 5 66 the nal p b p po t s, 6 , , fi consona n t of the article ein re n the Da esh b g prese ted by g , and the Sheva of the pre positi on be in g replaced by the l f v we o he r icle . h h tens resen ts o t a t ) T e verb in t e ptt. e p action as com le bu t the f ll win im erfect i n an p ted o o g p , h h he adver r resen ts a se con d w i c t b has been abso bed, p ac i on as i mmediatel there u on resu ltin from or t y, p , g , d elo in o of tha descri ed So u d i x 45 ev u t t u st . . p g j b . J g I I 1 62 NO TE S O S YNTAX N .
i l l Ni h i A me ech . t. m ade war a ainst the cit b ony) ( p p ) g y,
’ 3 an d the re u on at the com le tion of the da s 1 351 p , p y ” attac roceeds to ta e it the act of ca tu re ein k, p k , p b g re a rded as resu ltin from as comme nci n 1 77 imme g g , g ) dia l l B te y u pon the previou sly recou n ted assa u t. u t ro a l the en e si n d r n o his ea u tifu l if at p b b y g s a easo f t b , rst si ht stra n e con stru ction was i n cou rse of time less fi g g , distin ctl felt a n d i e m he ordin ar form u la for the y , t b ca e t y
na rration of e ven ts in a con ti n u ou s na rrative .
1 80 This relation is n ot alwa s se u n c f m . a e o ti e y q e , bu t ma be a se u en ce of thou ht as of con trast result y q g , , , i “ c rcu mstan ce ex lanation De n t. i v. 33 an d et , p ; , y ” “ ” live 2 d d Sa m. xiv. 5 a widow for m hu s an d is ea . ; , , y b Li e the i t. whi ch i t follows th im f. with k p , e p Vav c n s m a f h t x o . er h s h re of e as . 3 y re to t e p e t p ; x v 4, “ Jacob 1133 gave Esa u bread 53101 an d so (then ) he proceeded to ea t an d to drin k an d to rise u p an d to go his — or o way thu s Esau despised a su ccession of impi s. ; t “ 1 He lowe th that of the resen t Isa . x . p , qg}; b u on the m an d he wither or to that of the u tu re as p t y f , “ f r h x 5 a 8 i s shall be a te t e ro hetic ft. Isa . i . 011 p p p , , ( )
i ven to u s an d the ove rn m en t is shall be . g , g ( )
Where n o ver re cedes bu t a former histor was b p , y re sen min d of th wri r it was ossi le to p t to the e te , p b comm en ce histori c n arrative with thi s constru ction “ (xxxvii especially with the phrase an d it came
Where thi s w nstru ction with Vav com . is to pass. , , in te rru pted by the in tru sion Of a word be tween the ve rb
n d av the ve r retu rns to the tt. ten se xvii . 1 1 . a V , b p xx h m f had to Sin ce in very man y ca ses the verb i n t e i p . h on c ion w su osed be translated a ft. ten se t e c un t as by p , j pp
1 64 NOTES ON S YNTAX.
i imm i l n In xx v . 1 has no ed ate recedi h 4 t. x , 1 5m y p g pf , t is
being con ta in edvi rtually in the former part of the ve rse Aholi amah e c me the wife of Esau n d sh a a e bore . b b , - m i i ” 1 vii . 1 ll t an d Sa . 2, He ca ed d sa , the secon d clau se bein g expla natory of the na me he gave it ; so transla ted ” “ sa in . 1 in s ii . 5 what oa b did h and he y g K g , J ( ing), w e im f in sle them here th p t. trodu ces the su c
cessive acts of viole ce don e oab which were su mm n by J , ed u in ni an d are here s eci ed mean s of a se ries of p pp, p fi by ictu res u e im erfects each res n tin the deed In cou rse p q p , p e g of erforman ce. I lix. 7 which is form f p sa . x ( a o su f x with Nu n E en thetic has n o ra mmatica l fi p , g f i tel fe In per ect to which it can be immed a y re rred. there lies a virtual erfect an d the sen ten ce is to 19 15 3 p , read rin ces shall worshi eca u se of ehovah who is , p p b J ” fa ithfu l an d He hath chosen thee. The i erfe ct , mp states an a ddi ti ona lfact eapla i n i ng why the fideli ty of the Lord should resu lt in the worship of the Servant of Jeho h va .
As e n eral law it ma be laid down that the im erfect a g , y p wi th a con s is ca ble of e ressin he same deli cate V v . pa xp g t distin ction s of mood 1 78 ) an d ten se 1 77) which are e xpressed by the sim ple form of the verb bu t that the closer de n i i on f he time in whi ch the action whose fi t o t , e mer en ce and ro re ss it de icts too lace mu st be g p g p , k p , athered from the con te t g x . 1 8 1 An anal o us con stru ction is that in whi ch a . go i hich is in u ce i m f. or an e u valen t se n ten ce w trod d by an p , q
n im v. or is con tin u ed a ft with Vav (as a p by p . a nascen t action ein viewed as adva nci n cons. b g g le i n o lon er rema inin in sus en se bu t as to comp t on, as g g p ,
in so to sa reci ita ted. The Va v reall a ears i n be g, y, p p y pp NOTE S ON S YNTAX.
this conn ection to hav a demon strati ve si n can ce bein e g ifi , g e u ivalen t to then or so in this ca acit a oin ted q p y, by p refe ren c some re cedin ver it li mits the ossi le e to p g b, p b rea lisation ofthe acti on it in trodu ces to those instan ces in which it can be trea ted as a direct consequ en ce of the
even t thu s re ferred to . Whate ver be the shade of mean ” in h h followin ina smu ch of t e domi nan t ver t e i t. g b, p g, as the acti on it den otes is con ceived to take place u n de r the sa me con diti on s su m es it too be the domi n an t , as ; h ver a u ssive fre u en tative or su un ctive t e i t. is b j , q , bj , p ” vi rtu all the same Dri ver xliii 1 4 An d God y ( ) ; . , Almi ht ma He ive ou m erc efore the man g y, [133 y ( ) g y y b , ‘ that he n d w n h case he has vi r naefi may se a ay i t a t , (
tu all sen t awa sin ce the se n din awa is m en tall y) y, g y y ” in clu ded in the m erc ra ed for y p y .
1 82 . This ft. can follow the i m f whether the action p p . li s i n th n i r u e e a st es eciall i ts f e en ta tive se nse ix. p , p y q , xx ' 2 ou t of that well w the wate re d from time to , apw y ( time u sed to water) an d thithe r all the flocks were ” athered u s to be athered or in the resen t g moa n ed g ; p ,
Isa. xxviii . 28 e is h threshin i t , n ot for ev r my} ? e g ,
or dri vin his c - heel r in th re xl 1 3 g art w o e fu tu , . ,
he sh ll lift h a an d s all restore .
Im u sra a n' n f 1 1 o s ro 1 8 , 82 . 1 Wh ere the d min t ver i n h im f refers to the ( ) o an b t e p t. s here of the an d i s u sed descri e re ea te d or p past, to b p i n ci ien t action Ge i u s d to o u . i . 6 a mist e p n . , g p ” an d it h wa e e within the s here mar ed the as ter d, i . . p k by ver the act o irri a ti on is r rded not as i n rocess bu t b f g ega , p , as com leted = o th mist rose s often it water p as ften as e , o ed ° " he rou n d Ex x —1 1 u sed to fa e t . . xxiii . 7 Moses h g , ( i?) k , 1 66 NOTE S ON S YN X TA . the con sequ en t actions being represe n ted as immediately ” accom lished n d h in s x v . a e has stretched it. 1 i 28 p , K g , P l x iii 38 whe re s. v th it. on e l n th e c sc . is a ced i e x . ; p p d l f d i n fr 5 mi d e of im ts. u se a e u en tative sense Job v. p q . , Eze xi v 1 3 whe re f u r h rfec r fo n d . o su c e e u . k . ( p ts a ) “ Th here of h resen t J r xi 3 Th u dost 2 e s t e e i . o ( ) p p . . , - ” see me fre u en ta tive an d at ever su rve of me (g ilt pg q ), , y y ,
hast tried m hea t where the shiftin of the ton e y r ( g ,
1 5 de 7 clares to be a ft. Je r. 9 , mnm p xx. , where the im e rfects are fre u en tati ves Eze x i 7 p q ; k . x x . , Thou dost rea an d as an imm ediate i n evi ta le con b k, b h ” se u en ce t ou hast ren t thou dost ren d Ps. lvi q , . x . H b e r E h rni n i 1 0 e . v . 9 n Ps. xc 6 In t e mo , ( , g ) ; . , g (rg ) it e in s to lossom — ou mar its deve lo m e n t n d it b g b y k p , a — “ is grown u p a pe rfected plan t ; in the evening it is cu t ” ~ ' down i 1 m ft. ou se e the swin of the mower s (5§ 9 p , y g “ ” sc the an d at the n e t la n ce it is withered y ), x g . I h en se f sim r 2 3 n t e s o a le u tu e 1 Sam . xvii . 3 ( ) p f . , ” Th servan t will o an d as the in evita le resu lt ofthe y g , , b challen e is com at he has fou ht thou h sin ce h g b , g g , bot cti ons lie i n the fu tu re ou r idiom e m lo s f tu r a , p y two u e
Gen x1 1 9 viii . 1 8 2 in v r s . . s . 1 1 ve b ; , x K g . The sam e con stru ction of Vav con se c. of f fo n d t. is u , p , where the im ft. is u sed with a su ective mean i n 1 8 p bj g ; § 7 . “ i How can do this r nd Gen . . 9 eat wic e dn ess a xxx x , I g k , ” then have sin n ed ? How can do this an d sin ? I I , “ ” xli 34 Le t Pharaoh a oin t of ce rs an d in vi rtu e of . , pp fi , , “ ” horit n d enactme n t he h se = le h m his au t y a , as as ssed t i m A m ore e la or ill stration appoin t an d let hi assess. b ate u Amos ix 2- 4 Thou h the shou ld di in to hell then ce is . , g y g , ” ld ri c l nd e . wou n et wou d my ha ta k I b g . l he ic f h n ma be em o ed with re t t. T is con stru ctio y p y p p p ,
N TE S ON S Y 1 68 O NTAX.
The in ni ti ma also be u sed wi th re ositions fi ve c ons. y p p ; ” i . 1 8 h at m liftin u where n ote the xxx x , o m; y g p ( “ followi n n ou n in ace xvii 1 his e es were di m g ) ; x . , y ” f m s n nimn ro eei g. ADING L S N R E E S O S.
— I. G N E ESIS XXXV II .
(1 a ram m a u 3 2551 ( 1 ) s m ; w s p”
, a ther the eojo m i ngs of la nd qfi n the dwelt And
s s 0 ‘ mwan I fi gs (2) was h is: ‘ o -tu the , Jacob the generations of Ca naa n la nd f
h f e d c - r es n a mu ”1a h as m w amn nor Ms brethren—with feedi ng was year 1 k "333 1 13 W1] ; Nfi' n sons ofwi th a nd Bilba h sons (was) a lad (bei ng) he and
. - mm anewms mgr s ip r ats was thei r report Joseph brought a nd ; htsfather wi ves of t - stagi ng 5 s
1 - g- b ll les those . a . na cheb or s w The s a are y y ( ho ). y b d ri d i 2 h ow l re hos esc e 3 i i . i e v s t e n i ii . t e b , . , ; a that would na tu r l be in h m a l y t e . 169 1 0 7 RE ADING LE SS ONS .
‘ - a d obh or ov . irst s lla le is o en an d has a y q ( g ) F y b p ,
short vowel with Methe 24 i . las t s lla le thou h g, y b , g ob sed is ton ed an d so ta es a lon vowel 24 i , , k g by i. " - 0. b ér!ts Da esh len e 1 2 She va l . g by 7 ( ) voca by ’ 2 - l ha vin h n 1 l . éréts is a Se o ate t e ton e o ( ) g , g h l 1 i s h t e rst s la le 3 . o t at the vowel ma fi y b by , y,
24 i be short. by . , m ' ka -ré She a vocal 1 2 l y . v by ( ). ’ - a bhtv. Se con d s lla le closed an d ton ed with lon y b , g vowel 24 ii by . K U n der Nu n is Qamets lengthen ed from Pathach ecau se the s lla le is in u se , b y b pa , 5 5 0
’ El-lé Da esh i s forte sin ce D l ne onl occu rs i g , . e y n the Be adke hath conso nts 1 Th e con d g p na , 7 I . e s half of the wor somewhat i rre ul r an d d is g a , is formed b con traction y . - b. dh t The first co n he h h to t a h. nso an t is Dages d alt ou g followin an o en s lla l ecause receded g p y b e, b p by a dis u n ctive accen t vi z Le armeh 38 1 3 j ( . g , ) by 1 Sheva voca l 1 2 in al s lla le 7 , F y b
closed an d ton ed with lon vowel 24 ii . , g by - o sé h For se con d s lla le see 24 ii . y p . y b 5 -s'b f e -r Three words u n ited Ma e h ben e é. by qqp , an d treated accen tu all as on e 41 hen ce it ta e s y , ; k
Methe bu t in a close s lla ble 42 i . The She va g, d y , is vocal as if followin a Sheva which is n ot , g ( writte n ) u n der Nu n in what in respe ct of accen tu a i on is the sa me word 1 2 t , etc. , ,
e . f ha- . ya. ‘ - hi ch i n ed es l r é. Th la lla l w s to ta Se g . d e st sy b e, , k go , whi ch m be re de d as ton e len then ed see 45 ay gar g ; II. d In su ch final ton ed syllables Segol is often fou n .
D N E 1 72 RE A I G L SS ONS.
— n NES xxxv . a 4. II. GE S I ,
c b a - r efine nor m nu s Beam (3) hi e-sons all above Joseph Israel And
t 0 55 m m s un z M hi m he ma de a nd m m bo oms) old age son of for
11 - mtge 1’t “N1 ?! (4) him tha t his brethren sa w And sleeves
o d c - we angina r ots537; h M him t ey m id a nd , e brethren. all a bove
‘ ' a ptp? h as : eacea bl s eak t him . tn respect ofpeace p y to p o
in al s lla le closed bu t to ed 24 1 1 . F y b n , ’ - a hdbk. - r u n of the ver 9 . G o d form b, 7 ’ - c éthf o s h. Ma e h 41 . . y ép qqp , The first syllable is the sign of the accu sative ;
g 1 5 0, n ote . d mtk-kOl-ba-naT w The Da esh i n a h is forte sin ce . . g K p , this is n ot on e ofthe laces 1 where it could be p , 7, len e i s len sin c h i s ir ll a n Beth it i e, e t ere v tua y silen Sheva 1 4 u d he wo t , 7 ( ) nder Lame . Note t t Ma e hs 41 qqp . “ “ i s from re from an d all mp p. , 55 . The Nu n of the first word 1 8 assimila ted to the L 1 READING E SSONS . 73
a h of the secon d 1 8 2 se e h K p , ( ) ( also c ap . Sin ce Maqqeph makes the words it ’ oins n e o as rds c s l i ts j o w rd rega a cen t , Ss; oses d 4 1 he 6 ecomes short ton e an 6 . t , by II ( ) b , - . hatu 5 i . e Qamets c ph 6 - ‘ ba na u u is lu r. of 1 44 wi th su fi . of 3 sin . p 33 § , g
m asc. . 1 24 , p . - h - ' - ki b én z n im . He re 18 o 2 . q f r 2, 9
ha 60.
The ron ou n of the 3rd ers is often u sed with p p .
ou t a copu la, an d som etim es as its su bstitu te .
“ “ ” The re to or for and the su ffi of the p p . 5 , , x
f . 3 ers sin masc . . 1 24 . rd p g , p i - - f rm of v r 9 n d av co . h v a ea. Grou n d o e 7 a V . b, , p, 5 5 § 1 . lathe-nah a h has Da esh len e ecau se thou h j . . K p g b , g followin an o n s ll a le it is se arated from it g pe y b , p
he n t Ti hcha 1 38 . by t acce p , 7 - k ets ai m irst s lla le shar en ed 23 iii . . p . F y b p ; § - -’ l 4 a nd tr z2 i rst s lla e con ta ins Vav consec . im f. . . y y . F y b p ,
1 5 . Th er al for is h l im f 3 d lu r 6 e v m t e a . r b Q p p . masc of a ver con ta in in three wea con . mg} b g k sonan its root 1 20 F r i dis in c i on m ts in , § . o ts t t fro “ ” ' r Rfi he fea ed, see 42 1 1 .
‘ -’ - h 42 i . t Me e lei O ho . t . b g, by ’ F - s 1 n or O tho ee 5 0, ote . c mik-kotJ - m o v r . éc . See e . 3, d. d ud - i For he Shevas se e 1 2 . y y s t im f 1 5 an d al im f 3 lu r con sce . 6 . . Vav . p , , Q p p
masc. of 1 1 8 .
’ -tho r 4 b e . O . See ve . , . RE AD 1 74 ING LE SS ONS .
f a le. . “ Va v co 1 5 5 an d the adver n ot to be p. , b h r distin u i s ed from ve . 3 . g is , g - F he 2 1 a kh lu . or M t s 4 1 y e g ee . l f l r m of le a t. 3 e rs u . asc. he i s a . Q p p . p $3: b
’ d -brb The rst Da esh i s len e thou h followin h . d b . fi g , g g an o en s lla le e ca u se se a rate d from it b the p y b , b p y acce n t Ti hcha 1 7 38 the secon d forte b p , , y 1 8
The ve r a l form is he Piel i n f con s r i t . t . w th su f b , fix of 3 e si n of ' l rs masc. . . S a so p . g , gns ee 1 74.
” is the re osition 1 5 4 to 5 p p , , .
— NE S — . GE S V 5 7 III I XXX II . . 11 ' 11 11 1315 1 5111 n1 ar1 11011 8511 11 ( 5) hi s brethren to mad e known a nd a drea m
8 731 513 1 15411 ( 6) to lhe m he sa id And
(1 1 111 0 1 5113 015 11 71 932 , I ha ve drea med (the) drea m
e a 1) a - mats 111us mm (7) i n the midst of shea ves (were) we behold And
J r - naps m1 1 11 13513 m fg rum ngien stood upr ight also a nd my sheaf a rose behold a n d field-the
6 1 7 RE ADING LE SSONS .
- ’ - - c. shI m rZ na The rst s lla le i s half o en 25 i v. . fi y b p , ,
an d the She va voca l .
2 l r. d u t l 1 0 al im v. u La me tu ra 7 Q p p pg? g , ;
an adver of n treat a) b e y.
- a o hdz-z d. ha ch l m e.
te e of r icle 5 No u s a t , 6 .
e .
- '‘ - f cha lclm ti . The secon d s lla le is in au se an d so . y b p , fo l P has am ets r usua athach 5 0 . Q , 5 I 7 u 'hln -né .
d - ndch n u . b . H - d I) c. m dl l mint Lame ca n onl ta e a esh forte . y k g , 1 1 Each Sheva is vocal - h rs 1 2 7 . t e fi t by 5 the se con d by 1 2
The form is Pi el artc lu r masc. from p p. p . 13515 l ofwhich n o Qa forms are fou n d. ‘ d ’at m - m . ei mi .
rom a sin h v n two forms o lu r. F g. ngbsa a i g f p in his ve 1 25 see 1 t rse , 5 .
A con stru ct from an abs. Paradi m S . 2pm g 9, 1 7 3 .
hds-sé-dh For th icl 5 a e art e, g 6 .
d-md q . Thi s in f al t. 3 sin . n ot artc . 28 . Q p g , p p, ‘ ’d - - h . lzlm ma thi . ‘ in fi f sin 2 S with su I . 4. o . 1 g. . g , p
u hdm-n its-tfsd -b A u sal form in which the ton e g hfl . pa is shif ted, an d the vola tilized vowel re stored an d len then ed 5 1 g ,
For the verbal form se e 1 13. E DIN LE SS O R A G NS . 1 7 7
‘ ' - k . tli ben d . Se ol with Yod is a vowel u n chan e szlb . g g a l lon n atu re 45 i The Ta v is as irated b y g by , . p (th) becau se the precedi n g word en ds in an open s lla le an d has onl a con u n ctive accen t Mehu y b , y j ( p ach 1 7 p ),
The ve r form is al im f 3 lu r masc. of b Q p . p .
1 1 4. ’a m- -th - 1 . lil mo é chem. ‘
Plu r. with su fi. of 2 lu r masc. p .
m udt-tish-ta-chdci-n a Th has Da esh forte . e rs Tav . fi t g 1 5 6 the se con d D len e 1 7 by , . by 5
The form i s from a ve r fl } a n im f. Hith b og, p l l d 8 a e Shin an d Ta n ran s ose 8 . p p , v bei g t p , or he l l 8 F t fin al sy lab e see 5 3.
- — I GENES S V . 8 1 2 . V . I XXX II
- 11 11131 15 11 135111 (8) ' as to reign i ng hi s brethren to hi m sa id An d
0 1) 51151911 511151; 8 171 111 53 115mm sha lt tho u rule as to ru li ng - over u s sha lt thou rei gn i ng33223571
0 0 ' ‘ ‘ 11 n15 7 r 111 11 S111?1 135 11 1 5g 5, his drea ms—on accou nt of him to ha te yet they a dded a nd u s (i n )
l - 1 11 1s 131511 1 111 aar m( 9) sogg y531 — a nother a drea m yet he drea med An d his words on docou n t of a n d 1 2
1 LE 80 READING SS ONS .
' r d - i h- dr-bé y y g . l im f o " a . f 1 1 here ta in 3 with su it an d Q p 33 k g , n ot a direct ec obj t.
' chd -ldm-ta Note e ffec of au se an co . . t 5 0 d m b p ,
are ver . 9 c. p , hdbhé nit- M c . 6 .
Se e ve r. 8 . Th er is l im of e v a f. , b b Q p 1313 lu r 1 m . p . co
From DR with su it ; see for mann e r of de elen
81 011 l n sin . Paradi m R l. g g , " f - - D h i he th e e d ché kha. es fo m lic m in C . ag rte p itu ,
1 9, 5 3
' - d hishe td ch vath f l . .
' ’ - dr tset. Pathach ecomes a me ts i n u se 5 0 g . b Q pa , The is Sillu n ot Me the an d the Sheva is n ot q, g, vocal 42 IL The n al H6 i s the H6 of di rec ). fi n ch i ll l tio whi s u su a y ton e e ss. h ld divisi n of ve r 1 0 b Note t e thre efo o . y
Se olta 39 . g , ‘ ‘ " a va - cin — 22- h For he rst s lla le see 1 9 n b o. t . y q fi y b
Critica l editi ons place Ra phe (5 20) ove r Nu n . Be th is aspirate d beca u se followi n g an Open syllable i n what is made by Maqqeph 42) cen tu a ac lly on e word.
’ ‘ eth-hcid-da-bhar .
is the si n of th accu sative an d cann ot b me g e , e
translated.
- - ’ a . vd é l chzl y y .
F r the ve r form see 1 1 1 last ara ra h . o bal 9 , p g p ‘ ’ - ll le with he in f. llr éth. ma es a closed s a t b . 5 k y b
cons. e 4 ; se 7 v . E S ONS 1 8 1 READING L S .
The verb form is from 713121. ’ ris calls at i h Mas h tee . The aste ten t on to t e c . a n k sore ti c n ote at the foot of the a e which i s p g , ” dotted over the word ng . There are in the La w ” l s n n the who e Scri tu re 1 5 dotted word . te , i p This probably was du e to a dou bt as to the re a in thou h an an cien t Talmu di c tradition d g, g explains the marks by sayin g that they wen t to emselves and n ot the oc feed th fl k .
d.
- ' Th s l f-o 25 bl sh chan. e rst lla e i s hal en fi y b p , , sin ce se ar le re osi tions exce with in f p ab p p ( pt 5 .
b f s s l constr. see orm u ch lla es 2 . , ) y b , 6
— GENES S 1 3—1 8 V . I XXXVII . .
- 111 1113 1~115q1 011 5 11 5 1 151 1 111 1 ( 1 3) 3 1 3 333 13 thy brethren ( a re) not Joseph to Israe l said And
0 b 3.
0 13 1 5 11 1 11 11 5 13 152 51 . 1 331 31 9 2 1 1 O to the m 1 wi ll eend thee Em a go ?Shechemi n feedi ng (theflock)
d 15 1 1314111 ( 14) 15 1 13111 1 to hi m he sa id And H h ere a m I . to hi m he s ld a n d
o b a ' - ‘ - u1 7135 n 131 1113113 u1 7115 n s1 n131 11 1 15 . 3 he e t h a lth of a n d thy brethren the he taih of see (after) n ow go g f e d 11 11 11 151 1 1 11 1 111 3 1 91 ? 115 1 1511 1. 1 from the va le of he sen t him an d word retu rn to me a nd the flock 1 82 A LESS ONS RE DING .
a 1 11 1151 11 1H1331311 ( 1 5 ) zH133115 11131 1 311 313 a ma n found hi m And to Sheehem he ca me a nd Hebmn
‘ - 1151 1351 1H 31311511 H 1133 Hyh the ma n a sked him a n d ; i n the fie ld wanderi ng (he was) 10 a nd
f 0 - - 1 H11 H11 1 13111 1 ( 1 6) 1 11533131 H1; 1 13115 my brethren he sa id And a rt thou seeking what sa yi ng
0 1) - Ham H3H31 3H 1153313 1 3113 feedi n g they (are ) where to me n ow show thou seeki ng (am) I
b ”191113135 ”379 1151 13H 1 131111 ( 1 7) I hea rd ( them) for here from they ha ve depa rted the ma n sa id And
3 f e d 1 11 11111 1112111 tha n Let u s o after Joseph wen t a nd to Do . g sa yi ng
111 11 1111 1 1 ( 1 8) 1 34111 3 131331311 11 1 13
dw And D tha n ou nd the m. a n d h s br him they s i n o f , i e hren ‘ 1) 1533131 1 rJH1 7 11 131 5931 pH1 13 ' they conspi red aga i nst a nd to them he drew nea r be are a nd afa r fr om ‘ 111 1 13H3 111 11 to sla y him him
E LE SS N R ADING O S .
a short vowel re u ires Methe 24 i . The Chi re q g, § q u n der Shin is lon bu t defectivel writte n g, y . The av is co u la tive 1 5 5 the ver V p , bal form h i m is th Hi . v. sin m c f e . 2 as o p p g . 31W(§ 1 1 6)
with su it. Of I sin g.
’ vd - tsh-ld-ché-hti y y .
l i f sin a m . 3 masc with anti of 3 sin Q p g. . . g. masc see . ( s me’f fz-méq(for The Tsere u n der Mem is
len then ed from Chi re 45 colu mn to g q II. I . colu m n sin ce the A in e in a u ttu ral y , b g g , can n ot receive Dagesh 5 3 as re qu i red by the grammatical form
' s d - d-bo y y . si n 1 al im f. m sc . of 1 with av Q p 3 a g. 3113 6) V
con s 5 6. ce. , 1
° - - k . sh khé The nal s lla l is the ton eless I i1 of md . fi y b e i dire ction 1 26 The addition of this s lla le , . y b re u i res for its rammatical formation 21 q g , by , the Me m d O en s the s lla le of he word to , an p y b t hich i i d Sin ce there o l f w t s j oin e . is n a tera tion o on e ca u the addition h short o t sed by , t e v wel u n der i the ton ed s lla le 2 Kaph rema ns in y b by 4 i .
’ ' v - im-t J - z dy y sd Eh t. ‘ al im f 3 sin i h fi f . ers. w t su . O 3 ers. sin Q p p g. p g. ,
9 ith av con sce. 1 5 6 see 7 w V , . ’ t - i d c f b he e. The Tav is as rate e au se ollowin the . p b g O e n s lla le hin -né p y b . - - c bd sé dhe. Althou h this word li e the forme r . s g , k , is re cede d an O e n s lla le e it ta e s D es p by p y b , y t k ag h len e in the Be adke hath eca use 1 7 i g p , b t LE S ONS 1 READING S . 85
is separated by the disj un ctive accen t Tiphcha (s ‘ d - h- - - v is d lé hd. d. y y Same form as a from ver , b saw. 7 0 EM see 5 4 l . ; ( ). This i s the inf con s r h h . t . Qal Of 1 1311 wit t e “ J l re . i n res ect of sa i n the u su a p p 5 p y g,
f l i n ormu a of qu otat o . -t h - éeh s 1 4 i mat b dqq ee 5 8 ( ) . '
Th r l form is Pi el i m f 2 e rs sin . e ve ba . p p . g m receded the in terro ative ron ou n a sc. , p by g p
For the u se of the im f. se e 1 77 . p , ’ ’ - D forte ett chay see 5 4 Cheth has .
im licitu m 1 9 . p , f 44 ff Pl r. o 1 w h s o in u it u f 1 e rs s . ms ) . p . g ' - m bhd ée h. b. qq
Partc Pi . s e 1 5 f p. , e . ’ ha - i -dhdn -na The Da sh forte con u n ctivu m g g . ge j 1 9 4 i is ad to h u n chan ed form of the ( ) . ) ded t e g recedin o d p g w r . Th v r is th m e e e i v. Hi h of 1 08 2 b p p . 1 33 ) ers s h l . in . t e n ormal vowe Tse re ecomin p g , b g Chire qsin ce the syllable is made ope n by the cohort ti ve 46 a similar chan e a H . 7 g takin g place with the affixes 1 an d 1 (se e
Pa i m A rad g ).
l i l a t. u r. 3 e rs. m c Q p p p as . mi -z Th D h 8 . z e es ari se i o b é. ag s by assim lati n 1 - from min zé. q. ' c shd -md -ti . .
al ft sin 1 r s. Q p . g. pe 1 86 READING LE SS ONS .
’ - ‘ m d. 6 m ri .
l l masc a artc . u r . Q p p p . e n -l‘khd He re the cohortativ H is n ed . é . e 6 to .
Th v s m f rs. lu r e i he al i of e . erb t Q p . i n 1 p p with He cohortative
- - f dho tha na. The rst consona t is as ira d be . y fi n p te ca u se Oi the precedin g word whi ch e n ds i n a n open syllable 64 paragraph on tran slitera ' - his se on d is n c d tion ff. bdho thd n . T c a co tra te ). fo of the rst which is a n Aramaic dual se e rm fi , ( the Pa th ch ein l n ed ecau se 1 25 III. a b g engthe b stan di n g in pa u se 5 0 - - vd é lékh. g . y y a l i m f of the Tsere of the nal Q p . fi sylla ble bei ng shorten ed to Se gol i n cou se qu en ce of the dra win g backward Of the ton e
Va v con s 46 . by . II - im - m h oa tsd E . . y y l m f 1 18 with Vav f. sin a i 3 e rs . o Q p p . g gem )
consec an d the lu r. masc . ro . 3 p p n omin al su fiix
- - a . me ré c Tse re i s len h n d from the Chire of l . gt e e q 3p sin ce Re sh ca n n ot as a ru le receive Dagesh forte 5 3 - -bh S-rem For see h i te d . a Be is s r . 22 21 1 5 5 . t a a b p , p the o en ll le t — s a after p sy ab . The word é rém i Segolate ‘ c i -rcibh . g g .
al im f. ofu ta kin as a ver A in Gu ttu ral Q p p g, b y , P fo h athach G 1 06 r C olem . ’ - - - d . s d tth n dk k ld y y .
h i m f lu r. c 3 m s . Hit p. p . p a
KEY TO X RCI E E SES.
XE CISE E R I.
Sheva is vocal in 1 5 9 1 2 first Sheva b 1 2 1 in 1 0 b 1 2 i n , , , ( ) y ( ) y s b 1 4 1 2 a 4 6 8 1 1 2 3 in secon d Shev b 1 2 . , , y ( ) , ( ) y .
Sheva. is silen t in
2 3 b 1 3 b in 1 0 first Sheva b 1 3 a . , , 7 y ( ) ( ) y ( )
EXERCISE II. Dagesh is len e in 1 3 Beth 5 Ta v 6 first Be th b 1 2 in 5 P6 , ( ), ( ), ( ) y 5 7 ( ) ( ), 6 secon d Be th 8 b 1 7 ( ), y 5 Dagesh is forte ih 3 Yod 4 o h 6 Mem 7 Samech 8 Yod ecau se ( ), (Q p ), ( ), ( ), ( ) b
these con son a n ts ta ke Da esh forte on l 1 . 1 in 2 g y, 7 ,
P6 b assimilati on 1 8 . 7 ( ) y ,
E SE I XERCI I I.
l a f lon vowel in o lla le in 1 Sheva is voca ter a en s 1 0 1 1 . g p y b , , ’ Sheva is silen t in short s lla le in 2 3 4 6 7 9 1 2. y b , , , , , , Sheva is voca l u nder first letter of 4 6 1 2 b 1 2 1 in 5 , , y ( ) , 8 by g 1 2 XE IS E RC E IV .
The si n m ust be read 6 i n 1 b II. i n 3 4 1 0 1 1 g , y , , , ,
1 2 1 3 b I. 1 in 6 I. i n 7 fin al i nsta n ce b . 4 , y ( ) bV ( ) y I ( ) in 9 (first in sta n ce ) by I
XE E RCISE V .
The vowel of the Article will be Pathach with Dagesh forte i n the n e t s lla le in 1 3 8 amets in 4 5 6 7 1 6 Pathach x y b , , Q , , , , a n d Da esh forte im licitu m in 2 1 0 1 2 1 3 1 5 Se ol in 9 g p , , , , ; g , 1 1 1 4 , . I N X DE .
t e not t a The reference i s to he s cti on he p ge .
Accrmr s DA E S 1 6 D len e 7 , G H, ; , ,
ccu sa tive case 1 26 1 0 ff. 1 7 forte 1 8 i m licitu m A , , 7 ; , ; p ,
1 84 si n of 1 5 3 1 72 . 1 9 1 06 1 08 omitted 1 9 ; g , , , , , ,
Ad ecti ves 1 63 com a ri 1 5 6. j , p
so of 1 Dua l 1 25 . n , 65 . , ' Adver s 1 49 fi b , . ‘ '
Afii x a fiormati ve 5 fi. 80 GEN ER 75 1 23 f. 1 45 . , , 7 , D , , 1 4 ff G ls 5 3 ver s . 82 1 24. u ttu ra 7 0 , , , ; b ,
Al ha e t 5 . p , b ‘ Hi r n i L 2 89 95 A ositi on 1 60 1 63. 7 . pp , , , , , ‘
A a a ic 1 1 i h a él 1 88 . r m im t. 5 . t p , 7 , ‘ ‘
Article 65 1 66. Hci h al 2 90. , p , 7 , A il i on 1 8 80 1 08 ssim at , , , MP ERATIVE 82 1 03 1 2 1 1 3. I , , , 8 '
with su fi. 98 .
BEGADKEPH ATH con son an ts m e rfect 73 83 1 01 f. 1 77 , I p , , , ‘
20 25 81 . wi h su fi. 9 7, , , t 7 . In fin itive a solu te 1 1 83 b , 8 ,
ASE en din s 1 26 . nfini ive con stru ct 81 1 4 C g , I t , , 1 , ' hate h ee Sheva com 1 4 wi su fi 99 C p . S , 8 ; th . .
u n d.
Co orta tive 1 01 1 03. M P I 1 6 , , AP Q , 7, . m en sa e len then in 65 M e h 1 41 Co tiv 8 . p g g, , qp , , Met e 24 42 g, , . Con u ations 69 rare 72 j g , , , ' NIP B AL 0 , 7 , 85 . on u i s 1 ff No ns 1 22 ff en o 1 2 C n ct on 5 5 . u . der f 3f. j , , g , on stru ct relation n u mber of 1 25 cases of C , , ; , ] 1 26 f i rre ul 1 6 f. . ar 1 44 g , . o 1 4 Num er 5 1 25 C n stru ct sta te 1 27 1 30 5 7 . , , , , b , , ’ N merals 1 45 fi 1 48 . u , . 1 90 INDE X.
l 2 PARTI IPLES 84 1 00 1 34. Sheva 1 1 20 22 voca 1 C , , , , , , ; , Parti cles 1 49 - 1 5 8 in ter silen 1 3 m edial 1 4 23 , t, ; , , , ro ati ve 1 5 1 si n ofo ect 25 com ou n d 1 5 48 5 3 g , g bj , ; p , , , ,
91 1 5 3 1 72 . 1 04 1 06 f , , , . a h 1 0 22 0 S o 1 1 P t ach fu rtive, , , 1 7. h rte ned forms, 02 f. 1 9 . 17 Su ffix ff 91 ff 1 2 1 Pa use 4 es 5 . . 0 , 9 . , 7 9, 5 ,
erfect 6 9 f. 1 6 1 9 ill 1 5 3 P , 7, 7 7 , 7 ; .
with an ti 94 f. S lla les 21 23 f. 44 46 . y b , , , '
Pi él 1 86. hal o en 1 4 23 25 f. 82 , 7 , f p , , , , Pil él 2 1 1 5 1 1 6 98 t p , 7 , , . 1 1 1 P6 5 , 72, 5 . '
P6161 1 1 6. TE SES 73 1 75 fi. , N , , '
Pfi al 1 8 Thinnin 46. , 7 , 7. g, Pre osition s 1 5 2 inse ar Ton e 28 shi fti 32 5 1 , p , ng, , ,
a le 66 8 5 4. 80 1 1 4 1 1 6 1 31 1 5 6 f. , , 1 , 1 , , , , ono s 5 demonstrati ve Pr u n , 9 , 62 i n te rro a tive 64 er VAV con u ncti ve 1 5 5 1 5 8 ; g , ; p , j , , sonal 60 f 1 6 rela ti ve consecu tive o f erfect 32 , . 7 , p , ,
63 1 68 f. 1 5 1 81 f. ofim erfect 32 , 7, ; p , ,
5 1 1 5 6 1 9 f. , , 7 ‘
AL 69 78 fi. Ver 67 if. 1 70 with two Q , , b, - am ets chatu h 8 5 5 f. wea k con son an ts 1 20 de Q p , , , ;
eri 5 7 f. fecti ve 1 21 em lo m ent of Q , , p y wo 4 or t 1 . F i rre a r , 7 gul
Ri n k 20 ver s see CO TE TS . , . b , N N
Vowels 8 if. 43 cha n es of , ; g ,
SE OLATES 30 31 1 08 1 37 45 if. 5 0 80 94 1 31 . G , , , , , , , , 1 41
AI D 0 1 8 3 , PR IM E” , E DINBU RG H .
o rses f o . m horse s y .
1 hors s y e .
1 horse y s. is ho rse s .
D r h orse s. i r h orse s.
Ju r h orse s.
) u r h orse s .
[ IT h G orse s.
ir hor Le se s.
5
a re s.
c f ar s o .
m are s y .
ma res y . y m are s. m S are s.
‘ m l are s. l ‘ m ares.
‘ '11 1 mar es. dl l‘ m ares. e ir ma r s e .
ir m e are s .