Author’s Blurb

TK Lim (Tong Kwee Lim) obtained his Bachelor the Middle East and Asian region. During his time and Masters in Agricultural Science from the with ACIAR, he oversaw and managed interna- University of Malaya and his PHD (Botanical tional research and development programs in Sciences) from the University of Hawaii. He plant protection and horticulture covering a wide worked in the University of Agriculture Malaysia array of crops that included fruits, plantation for 20 years as a lecturer and Associate Professor; crops, vegetables, culinary and medicinal herbs as Principal Horticulturist for 9 years for the and spices mainly in southeast Asia and the Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Paci fi c. In the course of his four decades of work- Darwin, Northern Territory; 6 years as Manager ing career he has travelled extensively worldwide of the Asia and Middle East Team in Plant to many countries in South Asia, East Asia, south- Biosecurity Australia, Department of Agriculture, east Asia, Middle East, Europe, the Paci fi c Islands, Fisheries and Forestry, Australia; and 4 years as USA and England, and also throughout Malaysia Research Program Manager with the Australian and Australia. Since his tertiary education days he Centre for International Agriculture Research always had a strong passion for crops and took an (ACIAR), Department of Foreign Affairs and avid interest in edible and medicinal plants. Over Trade, Australia before he retired from public ser- the four decades, he has taken several thousands vice. He has published over a hundred scientifi c of photographs of common, known and lesser papers including several books: “Guava in known edible, medicinal and non-medicinal Malaysia: Production, Pest and Diseases”, “Durian plants, amassed local literature, local indigenous Diseases and Disorders”, “Diseases of Mango in knowledge, books, and has developed and estab- Malaysia”, chapters in books, international refer- lished close rapport with many local researchers, eed journals, conference proceedings (as editor) scientists, growers and farmers during the course and technical bulletins in the areas of plant pathol- of his work and travels. All relevant available and ogy, crop protection, horticulture, agronomy and up-to-date information collated on more than a quarantine science. He was also a reviewer of thousand species of edible, medicinal and non- scientifi c papers for several international scientifi c medicinal plants will be provided in a comprehen- journals. As Principal Horticulturist in Darwin, he sive reference series fully illustrated with coloured and his team were instrumental in establishing the images to help in plant identifi cation. This work horticultural industry in the Northern Territory, will cover scientifi c names, synonyms, common Australia, especially on tropical fruits, vegetables, and vernacular names, origin and distribution, culinary herbs, spices / medicinal herbs and tropi- agroecology, edible plant parts and uses, plant cal fl owers. During his tenure with Plant habit /description, nutritive and medicinal value, Biosecurity, he led a team responsible for con- other uses and selected current references. ducting pest risk analyses and quarantine policy Additional information is provided on the medici- issues dealing with the import and export of plants nal uses and pharmacological properties of the and plant products into and out of Australia for plants. This work will be of signifi cant interest to

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 5, Fruits, 828 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5653-3, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Author’s Blurb 829 scientists, researchers, practitioners (medical botanists, herbalogists, herbologists, naturalists, practitioners, pharmacologists, ethnobotanists, conservationists, extension scientists, teachers, horticulturists, food nutritionists, agriculturists, lecturers), students and the general public. Medical Glossary

AAD A llergic airway disease, an in fl ammatory Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) enzyme that disorder of the airways caused by allergens. catalyzes the biotin-dependent carboxylation AAPH 2,2 ¢ -azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydro- of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA. chloride, a water-soluble azo compound used Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme extensively as a free radical generator, often in that degrades (through its hydrolytic activity) the study of lipid peroxidation and the charac- the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, producing terization of antioxidants. choline. Abeta aggregation Amyloid beta protein (Abeta) Acne vulgáris also known as chronic acne, aggregation is associated with Alzheimer’s usually occurring in adolescence, with come- disease (AD); it is a major component of the dones (blackheads), papules (red pimples), extracellular plaque found in AD brains. nodules (infl amed acne spots), and pustules Abdominal distension referring to generalised (small in fl amed pus- fi lled lesions) on the face, distension of most or all of the abdomen. Also neck, and upper part of the trunk. referred to as stomach bloating often caused Acidosis increased acidity, an excessively acid by a sudden increase in fi bre from consump- condition of the body fl uids. tion of vegetables, fruits and beans. Acquired immunode fi ciency syndrome Ablation therapy the destruction of small areas (AIDS) an epidemic disease caused by an of myocardial tissue, usually by application of infection by human immunode fi ciency virus electrical or chemical energy, in the treatment (HIV-1, HIV-2), retrovirus that causes immune of some tachyarrhythmias. system failure and debilitation and is often Abortifacient a substance that causes or induces accompanied by infections such as tubercu- abortion. losis. Abortivum a substance inducing abortion. Acridone an organic compound based on the Abscess a swollen infected, in fl amed area fi lled acridine skeleton, with a carbonyl group at the with pus in body tissues. 9 position. ABTS 2.2 azinobis-3-ethylhenthiazoline-6- ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone (or corti- sulfonic acid, a type of mediator in chemical cotropin), a polypeptide tropic hormone pro- reaction kinetics of specifi c enzymes. duced and secreted by the anterior pituitary A C A T acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. gland. It plays a role in the synthesis and ACE see angiotensin-converting enzyme. secretion of gluco- and mineralo-corticoster- ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) also oids and androgenic steroids. known as ‘corticotropin’, is a polypeptide Activating transcription factor (ATF) a tropic hormone produced and secreted by the protein (gene) that binds to speci fi c DNA anterior pituitary gland. sequences regulating the transfer or transcrip- Acetogenins natural products from the plants of the tion of information from DNA to mRNA. family Annonaceae, are very potent inhibitors of Activator protein-1 (AP-1) a heterodimeric the NADH-ubiquinone reductase (Complex I) protein transcription factor that regulates gene activity of mammalian mitochondria. expression in response to a variety of stimuli,

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 5, Fruits, 830 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5653-3, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Medical Glossary 831

including cytokines, growth factors, stress, Adipose tissues body fat, loose connective tis- and bacterial and viral infections. AP-1 in sue composed of adipocytes (fat cells). turn regulates a number of cellular processes Adoptogen containing smooth pro-stressors including differentiation, proliferation, and which reduce reactivity of host defense sys- apoptosis. tems and decrease damaging effects of vari- Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases group of enzymes ous stressors due to increased basal level of that catalyzes the initial step in each cycle of mediators involved in the stress response. fatty acid b -oxidation in the mitochondria of Adrenal glands star-shaped endocrine glands cells. that sit on top of the kidneys. Adaptogen a term used by herbalists to refer Adrenalectomized having had the adrenal to a natural herb product that increases the glands surgically removed. body’s resistance to stresses such as trauma, Adrenergic having to de with adrenaline (epi- stress and fatigue. nephrine) and/or noradrenaline (norepineph- Adaptogenic increasing the resistance of the rine). body to stress. Adrenergic receptors a class of G protein- Addison’s disease is a rare endocrine disorder. coupled receptors that are targets of the nora- It occurs when the adrenal glands cannot pro- drenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline duce suffi cient hormones (corticosteroids). It (epinephrine). is also known as chronic adrenal insuffi ciency, Adulterant an impure ingredient added into a hypocortisolism or hypocorticism. preparation. Adenocarcinoma a cancer originating in glan- Advanced Glycation End products dular tissue. (AGEs) resultant products of a chain of Adenoma a benign tumour from a glandular chemical reactions after an initial glycation origin. reaction. AGEs may play an important adverse Adenopathy abnormal enlargement or swelling role in process of atherosclerosis, diabetes, of the lymph node. aging and chronic renal failure. Adenosine receptors a class of purinergic, Aegilops an ulcer or fi stula in the inner corner G-protein coupled receptors with adenosine of the eye. as endogenous ligand. In humans, there are Afferent something that so conducts or car- four adenosine receptors. A 1 receptors and ries towards, such as a blood vessel, fi bre, or A2A play roles in the heart, regulating myo- nerve. cardial oxygen consumption and coronary Agammaglobulinaemia an inherited disorder blood fl ow, while the A2A receptor also has in which there are very low levels of protective broader antiinfl ammatory effects through- immune proteins called immunoglobulins. Cf. out the body. These two receptors also have x-linked agammaglobulinaemia. important roles in the brain, regulating the Agalactia lack of milk after parturition (birth). release of other neurotransmitters such as Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) a dopamine and glutamate, while the A 2B and medical condition of elderly adults that results A 3 receptors are located mainly peripher- in a loss of vision in the center of the visual ally and are involved in in fl ammation and fi eld (the macula) because of damage to the immune responses. retina. ADH see alcohol dehydrogenase. Agglutinin a protein substance, such as an anti- Adipocyte a fat cell involved in the synthesis body, that is capable of causing agglutination and storage of fats. (clumping) of a particular antigen. Adipocytokine bioactive cytokines produced Agglutination clumping of particles. by adipose tissues Agonist a drug that binds to a receptor of a cell Adiponectin a protein in humans that modu- and triggers a response by the cell. lates several physiological processes, such as Ague a fever (such as from malaria) that is metabolism of glucose and fatty acids, and marked by paroxysms of chills, fever, and immune responses. sweating that recurs with regular intervals. 832 Medical Glossary

AHR AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a cytoso- ALP levels in plasma will rise with large bile lic protein transcription factor. duct obstruction, intrahepatic cholestasis or AIDS see Acquired Immunode fi ciency Syn- in fi ltrative diseases of the liver. ALP is also drome. present in bone and placental tissues. Akathisia a movement disorder in which there Allergenic having the properties of an antigen is an urge or need to move the legs to stop (allergen), immunogenic. unpleasant sensations. Also called restless Allergic pertaining to, caused, affected with, or leg syndrome, the disorder is often caused by the nature of the allergy. long-term use of antipsychotic medications. Allergic conjunctivitis in fl ammation of the AKT serine/threonine kinase (also known as tissue lining the eyelids (conjunctiva) due to protein kinase B or PKB) plays a critical allergy. regulatory role in diverse cellular processes, Allergy a hypersensitivity state induced by expo- including cancer progression and insulin sure to a particular antigen (allergen) resulting metabolism. in harmful immunologic reactions on subse- Akt signaling pathway Akt are protein kinases quent exposures. The term is usually used to involved in mammalian cellular signaling, refer to hypersensitivity to an environmental inhibits apoptotic processes. antigen (atopic allergy or contact dermatitis) Akt/FoxO pathway Cellular processes involv- or to drug allergy. ing Akt and FoxO transcription factors that Allogeneic cells or tissues which are geneti- play a role in angiogenesis and vasculogen- cally different because they are derived from esis. separate individuals of the same species. Also Alanine transaminase (ALT) also called Serum refers to a type of immunological reaction Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) or that occurs when cells are transplanted into a Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), an enzyme genetically different recipient. present in hepatocytes (liver cells). When a Allografts or homografts, a graft between indi- cell is damaged, it leaks this enzyme into the viduals of the same species, but of different blood. genotypes. ALAT, (Alanine aminotransferase) see Ala- Alloknesis itch produced by innocuous mechan- nine transaminase. ical stimulation. Albumin water soluble proteins found in egg Allostasis the process of achieving stability, or white, blood serum, milk, various animal tis- homeostasis, through physiological or behav- sues and plant juices and tissues. ioral change. Albuminaria excessive amount of albumin in the Alopecia is the loss of hair on the body. urine, a symptom of severe kidney disease. Alopecia areata is a particular disorder affect- Aldose reductase, aldehyde reductase an ing hair growth (loss of hair) in the scalp and enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism that con- elsewhere. verts glucose to sorbitol. ALP see Alkaline phosphatase. Alexipharmic an antidote, remedy for poison. Alpha-adrenoceptor receptors postulated to Alexiteric a preservative against contagious exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympa- and infectious diseases, and the effects of poi- thetic nervous system in order to explain the sons. specifi city of certain agents that affect only Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) an enzyme some sympathetic activities (such as vasocon- involved in the break-down of alcohol. striction and relaxation of intestinal muscles Algesic endogenous substances involved in the and contraction of smooth muscles). production of pain that is associated with Alpha amylase a -amylase a major form of in fl ammation, e.g. serotonin, bradykinin and amylase found in humans and other mam- prostaglandins. mals that cleaves alpha-bonds of large sugar Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) an enzyme in molecules. the cells lining the biliary ducts of the liver. ALT see Alanine transaminase. Medical Glossary 833

Alterative a medication or treatment which grad- Analgesic a substance that relieves or reduces ually induces a change, and restores healthy pain. functions without sensible evacuations. Anaphoretic an antiperspirant. Alveolar macrophage a vigorously phagocytic Anaphodisiac or antiaphrodisiac is something macrophage on the epithelial surface of lung that reduces or blunts the libido. alveoli that ingests carbon and other inhaled Anaphylaxis a severe, life-threatening allergic particulate matter. Also called coniophage or response that may be characterized by symp- dust cell. toms such as reduced blood pressure, wheez- Alzheimer’s disease a degenerative, organic, ing, vomiting or diarrhea. mental disease characterized by progressive Anaphylactic adj . see anaphylaxis. brain deterioration and dementia, usually Anaphylotoxins are fragments (C3a, C4a or occurring after the age of 50. C5a) that are produced during the pathways Amastigote refers to a cell that does not have any of the complement system. They can trigger fl agella, used mainly to describe a certain phase release of substances of endothelial cells, mast in the life-cycle of trypanosome protozoans. cells or phagocytes, which produce a local Amenorrhea the condition when a woman fails in fl ammatory response. to have menstrual periods. Anaplasia a reversion of differentiation in cells Amidolytic cleavage of the amide structure. and is characteristic of malignant neoplasms Amoebiasis state of being infected by amoeba (tumours). such as Entamoeba histolytica . Anaplastic adj . see anaplasia. Amoebicidal lethal to amoeba. Anasarca accumulation of great quantity of AMPK (5¢ AMP-activated protein kinase) or fl uid in body tissues. 5 ¢ adenosine monophosphate-activated pro- Anencephaly a cephalic disorder that results tein kinase, enzyme that plays a role in cel- from a neural tube defect that occurs when the lular energy homeostasis. cephalic (head) end of the neural tube fails to Amyloid beta (Ab or Abeta) a peptide of close, resulting in the absence of a major por- 39–43 amino acids that appear to be the main tion of the brain, skull, and scalp. constituent of amyloid plaques in the brains of Androgen male sex hormone in vertebrates. Alzheimer’s disease patients. Androgens may be used in patients with breast Amyloidosis a disorder that results from abnor- cancer to treat recurrence of the disease. mal deposition of the protein, amyloid, in var- Android adiposity centric fat distribution pat- ious tissues of the body. terns with increased disposition towards the Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS, is a abdominal area, visceral fat – apple shaped cf disease of the motor neurons in the brain and gynoid adiposity. spinal cord that control voluntary muscle Andrology branch of medicine concerned with movement. the reproductive diseases in men. Amyotrophy progressive wasting of muscle tis- Aneugen an agent that affects cell division and sues. adj . amyotrophic. the mitotic spindle apparatus, causing the loss Anaemia a blood disorder in which the blood or gain of whole chromosomes, thereby induc- is de fi cient in red blood cells and in haemo- ing aneuploidy. adj . aneugenic. globin. Angina pectoris, Angina chest pain or chest Anaesthesia condition of having sensation tem- discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle porarily suppressed. does not get enough blood. Anaesthetic a substance that decreases partially Angiogenic adj . see angiogenesis. or totally nerve the sense of pain. Angiogenesis a physiological process involving Analeptic a central nervous system (CNS) stim- the growth of new blood vessels from pre- ulant medication. existing vessels. Analgesia term describing relief, reduction or Angiotensin an oligopeptide hormone in the suppression of pain. adj . analgetic. blood that causes blood vessels to constrict, 834 Medical Glossary

and drives blood pressure up. It is part of the Anthelmintic an agent or substance that is destruc- renin-angiotensin system. tive to worms and used for expulsion of internal Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) a n parasitic worms in animals and humans. exopeptidase, a circulating enzyme that par- Anthocyanins a subgroup of antioxidant ticipates in the body’s renin-angiotensin fl avonoids, are glucosides of anthocyanidins. system (RAS) which mediates extracellu- Which are benefi cial to health. They occur as lar volume (i.e. that of the blood plasma, water-soluble vacuolar pigments that may appear lymph and interstitial fl uid), and arterial red, purple, or blue according to pH in plants. vasoconstriction. Anthrax a bacterial disease of cattle and ship Anglioplasty medical procedure used to open that can be transmitted to man though unpro- obstructed or narrowed blood vessel resulting cessed wool. usually from atherosclerosis. Anthropometric pertaining to the study of Anisonucleosis a morphological manifestation human body measurements. of nuclear injury characterized by variation in Antiamoebic a substance that destroys or sup- the size of the cell nuclei. presses parasitic amoebae. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of Antiamyloidogenic compounds that inhibit the infl ammatory arthritis that targets the joints of formation of Alzheimer’s b -amyloid fi brils the spine. (fA b) from amyloid b -peptide (A b) and desta- Annexin V or Annexin A5 is a member of the bilize fA b . annexin family of intracellular proteins that Antianaphylactic agent that can prevent the binds to phosphatidylserine (PS) in a calcium- occurrence of anaphylaxis (life threatening dependent manner. allergic response). Annexitis also called adnexitis, a pelvic Antiangiogenic a drug or substance used to stop in fl ammatory disease involving the in fl am- the growth of tumours and progression of can- mation of the ovaries or fallopian tubes. cers by limiting the pathologic formation of Anodyne a substance that relieves or soothes new blood vessels (angiogenesis). pain by lessening the sensitivity of the brain Antiarrhythmic a substance to correct irregular or nervous system. Also called an analgesic. heartbeats and restore the normal rhythm. Anoikis apoptosis that is induced by inadequate Antiasmathic drug that treats or ameliorates or inappropriate cell-matrix interactions. asthma. Anorectal relating to the rectum and anus. Antiatherogenic that protects against athero- Anorectics appetite suppressants, substances genesis, the formation of atheromas (plaques) which reduce the desire to eat. Used on a short in arteries. term basis clinically to treat obesity. Also Antibacterial substance that kills or inhibits called anorexigenics. bacteria. Anorexia lack or loss of desire to eat. Antibilious an agent or substance which helps Anorexic having no appetite to eat. remove excess bile from the body. Anorexigenics see anorectics. Antibiotic a chemical substance produced by Anoxia absence of oxygen supply. a microorganism which has the capacity to Antagonist a substance that acts against and inhibit the growth of or to kill other microor- blocks an action. ganisms. Antalgic a substance used to relive a painful Antiblennorrhagic a substance that treats blen- condition. orrhagia a conjunctival in fl ammation resulting Antecubital vein This vein is located in the in mucus discharge. antecubital fossa -the area of the arm in front Antibody a gamma globulin protein produced of the elbow. by a kind of white blood cell called the plasma Anterior uveitis is the most common form of cell in the blood used by the immune sys- ocular in fl ammation that often causes a pain- tem to identify and neutralize foreign objects ful red eye. ( antigen). Medical Glossary 835

Anticarcinomic a substance that kills or inhibits Antigen a substance that prompts the produc- carcinomas (any cancer that arises in epithe- tion of antibodies and can cause an immune lium/tissue cells). response. adj . antigenic. Anticephalalgic headache-relieving or preventing. Antigenotoxic an agent that inhibits DNA adduct Anticestodal a chemical destructive to formation, stimulates DNA repair mechanisms, tapeworms. and possesses antioxidant functions. Anticholesterolemic a substance that can Antiganacratia anti- menstruation. prevent the build up of cholesterol. Antigastralgic preventing or alleviating gastric Anticlastogenic having a suppressing effect of colic. chromosomal aberrations. Antihematic agent that stops vomiting. Anticoagulant a substance that thins the blood Antihemorrhagic an agent which stops or and acts to inhibit blood platelets from stick- prevents bleeding. ing together. Antihepatotoxic counteracting injuries to the Antidepressant a substance that suppresses liver. depression or sadness. Antiherpetic having activity against Herpes Antidiabetic a substance that prevents or allevi- Simplex Virus (HSV). ates diabetes. Also called antidiabetogenic. Antihistamine an agent used to counteract the Antidiarrhoeal having the property of stopping effects of histamine production in allergic or correcting diarrhoea, an agent having such reactions. action. Antihyperalgesia the ability to block enhanced Antidote a remedy for counteracting a poison. sensitivity to pain, usually produced by nerve Antidopaminergic a term for a chemical injury or infl ammation, to nociceptive stimuli. that prevents or counteracts the effects of adj . antihyperalgesic. dopamine. Antihypercholesterolemia term to describe Antidrepanocytary anti-sickle cell anaemia. lowering of cholesterol level in the blood or Antidysenteric an agent used to reduce or treat blood serum. dysentery and diarrhea. Antihypercholesterolemic agent that lowers Antidyslipidemic agent that will reduce the chlolesterol level in the blood or blood serum. abnormal amount of lipids and lipoproteins in Antihyperlidemic promoting a reduction of the blood. lipid levels in the blood, or an agent that has Anti-edematous reduces or suppresses edema. this action. Antiemetic an agent that stops vomiting and Antihypersensitive a substance used to treat nausea. excessive reactivity to any stimuli. Anti-epileptic a drug used to treat or prevent Antihypertensive a drug used in medicine and convulsions, anticonvulsant. pharmacology to treat hypertension (high Antifebrile a substance that reduces fever, also blood pressure). called antipyretic. Antiin fl ammatory a substance used to reduce Antifeedant preventing something from being or prevent in fl ammation. eaten. Antileishmanial inhibiting the growth and pro- Antifertility agent that inhibits formation of ova liferation of Leishmania a genus of fl agellate and sperm and disrupts the process of fertil- protozoans that are parasitic in the tissues of ization (antizygotic). vertebrates. Anti- fi brosis preventing/retarding the devel- Antileprotic therapeutically effective against opment of fi brosis i.e. excessive growth and leprosy. activity of fi broblasts. t Antilithiatic an agent that reduces or suppresses Anti fi larial effective against human fi larial urinary calculi (stones) and acts to dissolve worms. those already present. Antifungal an agent that kills or inhibits the Antileukaemic anticancer drugs that are used to growth of fungi. treat leukemia. 836 Medical Glossary

Antilithogenic inhibiting the formation of cal- also reduce the risks of cancer and age-related culi (stones). macular degeneration(AMD). Antimalarial an agent used to treat malaria and/ Antipaludic antimalarial. or kill the malaria-causing organism, Plasmo- Antiperiodic substance that prevents the recur- dium spp. rence of symptoms of a disease e.g. malaria. Antimelanogenesis obstruct production of mel- Antiperspirant a substance that inhibits sweat- anin. ing. Also called antisudori fi c, anaphoretic. Antimicrobial a substance that destroys or Antiphlogistic a traditional term for a sub- inhibits growth of disease-causing bacteria, stance used against infl ammation, an anti- viruses, fungi and other microorganisms. in fl ammatory. Antimitotic inhibiting or preventing mitosis. Antiplatelet agent drug that decreases platelet Antimutagenic an agent that inhibits muta- aggregation and inhibits thrombus formation. tions. Antiplasmodial suppressing or destroying plas- Antimycotic antifungal. modia. Antineoplastic said of a drug intended to inhibit Antiproliferative preventing or inhibiting the or prevent the maturation and proliferation of reproduction of similar cells. neoplasms that may become malignant, by Antiprostatic drug to treat the prostate. targeting the DNA. Antiprotozoal suppressing the growth or repro- Antineuralgic a substance that stops intense duction of protozoa. intermittent pain, usually of the head or face, Antipruritic alleviating or preventing itching. caused by neuralgia. Antipyretic a substance that reduces fever or Antinociception reduction in pain: a reduc- quells it. Also known as antithermic. tion in pain sensitivity produced within neu- Antirheumatic relieving or preventing rheuma- rons when an endorphin or similar opium- tism. containing substance opioid combines with Antiscorbutic a substance or plant rich in a receptor. vitamin C that is used to counteract scurvy. Antinociceptive having an analgesic effect. Antisecretory inhibiting or diminishing secre- Antioxytocic inhibiting premature labour. cf. tion. tocolytic. Antisense refers to antisense RNA strand Antinutrient are natural or synthetic compounds because its sequence of nucleotides is the that interfere with the absorption of nutrients complement of message sense. When mRNA and are commonly found in food sources and forms a duplex with a complementary anti- beverages. sense RNA sequence, translation of the mRNA Antioestrogen a substance that inhibits the bio- into the protein is blocked. This may slow or logical effects of female sex hormones. halt the growth of cancer cells. Antiophidian anti venoms of snake. Antiseptic preventing decay or putrefaction, a Antiosteoporotic substance that can prevent substance inhibiting the growth and develop- osteoporosis. ment of microorganisms. Antiovulatory substance suppressing ovula- Anti-sickling agent an agent used to prevent or tion. reverse the pathological events leading to sick- Antioxidant a chemical compound or substance ling of erythrocytes in sickle cell conditions. that inhibits oxidation and protects against free Antispasmodic a substance that relieves spasms radical activity and lipid oxidation such as vita- or inhibits the contraction of smooth muscles; min E, vitamin C, or beta-carotene (coverted to smooth muscle relaxant, muscle-relaxer. vitamin B), carotenoids and fl avonoids which Antispermatogenic preventing or suppressing are thought to protect body cells from the dam- the production of semen or spermatozoa. aging effects of oxidation. Many foods includ- Antisudori fi c see antiperspirant. ing fruit and vegetables contain compounds Antisyphilitic a drug (or other chemical agent) with antioxidant properties. Antioxidants may that is effective against syphilis. Medical Glossary 837

Antithermic a substance that reduces fever and Apoliprotein B (APOB) primary apolipoprotein temperature. Also known as antipyretic. of low-density lipoproteins which is respon- Antithrombotic preventing or interfering with sible for carrying cholesterol to tissues. the formation of thrombi. Apoplexy a condition in which the brain’s func- Antitoxin an antibody with the ability to neu- tion stops with loss of voluntary motion and tralize a speci fi c toxin. sense. Antitumoral substance that acts against the Apoprotein the protein moiety of a molecule or growth, development or spread of a tumour. complex, as of a lipoprotein. Antitussive a substance that depresses coughing. Appendicitis is a condition characterized by Antiulcerogenic an agent used to protect against infl ammation of the appendix. Also called epi- the formation of ulcers, or is used for the treat- typhlitis. ment of ulcers. Appetite stimulant a substance to increase or Antivenin an agent used against the venom of stimulate the appetite. Also called aperitif. a snake, spider, or other venomous animal or aPPT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin insect. Time) a blood test, a measure of the part of Antivinous an agent or substance that treats the blood clotting pathway. addiction to alcohol. Apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) a major protein Antiviral substance that destroys or inhibits the component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) growth and viability of infectious viruses. in plasma. The protein promotes cholesterol Antivomitive a substance that reduces or sup- ef fl ux from tissues to the liver for excretion. presses vomiting. Apolipoprotein B (APOB) is the primary apo- Antizygotic see antifertility. lipoprotein of low-density lipoproteins (LDL Anuria absence of urine production and excre- or “bad cholesterol”), which is responsible for tion. adj . anuric. carrying cholesterol to tissues. Anxiogenic substance that causes anxiety. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) the apolipoprotein Anxiolytic a drug prescribed for the treatment found on intermediate density lipoprotein and of symptoms of anxiety. chylomicron that binds to a specifi c receptor APAF-1 apoptotic protease activating factor 1. on liver and peripheral cells. Apelin also known as APLN, a peptide which in Apoptogenic ability to cause death of cells. humans is encoded by the APLN gene. Apoptosis death of cells. Aperient a substance that acts as a mild laxative Apurinic lyase a DNA enzyme that catalyses a by increasing fl uids in the bowel. chemical reaction. Aperitif an appetite stimulant. Arachidonate cascade includes the cyclooxy- Aphonia loss of the voice resulting from dis- genase (COX) pathway to form prostanoids ease, injury to the vocal cords, or various psy- and the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway to gen- chological causes, such as hysteria. erate several oxygenated fatty acids, collec- Aphrodisiac an agent that increases sexual tively called eicosanoids. activity and libido and/or improves sexual ARE antioxidant response element, is a tran- performance. scriptional control element that mediates Aphthae white, painful oral ulcer of unknown expression of a set of antioxidant proteins. cause. Aribo fl avinosis a condition caused by the Aphthous ulcer also known as a canker sore, is dietary de fi ciency of ribo fl avin that is char- a type of oral ulcer, which presents as a painful acterized by mouth lesions, seborrhea, and open sore inside the mouth or upper throat. vascularization. Aphthous stomatitis a canker sore, a type of Aromatase an enzyme involved in the produc- painful oral ulcer or sore inside the mouth or tion of estrogen that acts by catalyzing the upper throat, caused by a break in the mucous conversion of testosterone (an androgen) to membrane. Also called aphthous ulcer. estradiol (an estrogen). Aromatase is located Apnoea suspension of external breathing. in estrogen-producing cells in the adrenal 838 Medical Glossary

glands, ovaries, placenta, testicles, adipose (SGOT) or aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) (fat) tissue, and brain. is similar to ALT in that it is another enzyme Aromatic having a pleasant, fragrant odour. associated with liver parenchymal cells. It is Aromatherapy a form of alternative medicine increased in acute liver damage, but is also pres- that uses volatile liquid plant materials, such ent in red blood cells, and cardiac and skeletal as essential oils and other scented compounds muscle and is therefore not speci fi c to the liver. from plants for the purpose of affecting a Asphyxia failure or suppression of the respira- person’s mood or health. tory process due to obstruction of air fl ow to ARPE-19 cells a human retinal pigment epithe- the lungs or to the lack of oxygen in inspired lial cell line with differentiated properties. air. Arrhythmias abnormal heart rhythms that can Asphyxiation the process of undergoing cause the heart to pump less effectively. Also asphyxia. called dysrhythmias. Asthenia a nonspeci fi c symptom character- Arsenicosis see arsenism. ized by loss of energy, strength and feeling of Arsenism an incommunicable disease resulting weakness. from the ingestion of ground water containing Asthenopia weakness or fatigue of the eyes, unsafe levels of arsenic, also known as arseni- usually accompanied by headache and dim- cosis. ming of vision. adj . asthenopic. Arteriogenic erectile dysfunction a penis dys- Asthma a chronic illness involving the respira- function caused by the narrowing of the arter- tory system in which the airway occasionally ies in the penis, decreasing blood in fl ow to it, constricts, becomes in fl amed, and is lined with thus making erection impossible. excessive amounts of mucus, often in response Arteriosclerosis imprecise term for various dis- to one or more triggers. orders of arteries, particularly hardening due Astringent a substance that contracts blood ves- to fi brosis or calcium deposition, often used as sels and certain body tissues (such as mucous a synonym for atherosclerosis. membranes) with the effect of reducing secre- Arthralgia is pain in the joints from many pos- tion and excretion of fl uids and/or has a drying sible causes. effect. Arthritis in fl ammation of the joints of the Astrocytes collectively called astroglia, are body. characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) a ligand- brain and spinal cord. activated transcription factor best known for Ataxia (loss of co-ordination) results from the mediating the toxicity of dioxin and other degeneration of nerve tissue in the spinal cord exogenous contaminants and is responsible and of nerves that control muscle movement for their toxic effects, including immunosup- in the arms and legs. pression. Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related pro- ASATor AST aspartate aminotransferase, see tein (ATR) also known as Serine/threonine- aspartate transaminase. protein kinase ATR, FRAP-related protein 1 ASBT apical sodium dependent bile acid trans- (FRP1), is an enzyme encoded by the ATR porter, belongs to the solute carrier family gene. It is involved in sensing DNA damage (SLC) of transporters and is an important car- and activating the DNA damage checkpoint, rier protein expressed in the small intestine. leading to cell cycle arrest Ascaris a genus of parasitic intestinal round ATF-2 activating transcription factor 2. worms. Athlete’s foot a contagious skin disease caused Ascites abnormal accumulation of fl uid within by parasitic fungi affecting the foot, hands, the abdominal or peritoneal cavity. causing itching, blisters and cracking. Also Ascorbic acid See vitamin C. called dermatophytosis. Aspartate transaminase (AST) also called Atherogenic having the capacity to start or Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase accelerate the process of atherogenesis. Medical Glossary 839

Atherogenesis the formation of lipid deposits in and damage specifi c tissues and organs of the the arteries. body. Atheroma a deposit or degenerative accumula- Autolysin an enzyme that hydrolyzes and tion of lipid-containing plaques on the inner- destroys the components of a biological cell most layer of the wall of an artery. or a tissue in which it is produced. Atherosclerosis the condition in which an artery Autonomic disorder a neurological disease in wall thickens as the result of a build-up of fatty which the autonomic nervous system ceases to materials such as cholesterol. function properly. Atherothrombosis medical condition charac- Autophagy digestion of the cell contents by terized by an unpredictable, sudden disruption enzymes in the same cell. (rupture or erosion/fi ssure) of an atheroscle- Autopsy examination of a cadaver to determine rotic plaque, which leads to platelet activation or con fi rm the cause of death. and thrombus formation. Avenanthramides low molecular weight, solu- Athymic mice laboratory mice lacking a thymus ble phenolic compounds found in oats. gland. Avidity Index describes the collective interac- Atonic lacking normal tone or strength. tions between antibodies and a multivalent Atony insuf fi cient muscular tone. antigen. Atopic dermatitis an in fl ammatory, non-conta- Avulsed teeth is tooth that has been knocked gious, pruritic skin disorder of unknown etiol- out. ogy; often called eczema. Ayurvedic traditional Hindu system of medi- Atresia a congenital medical condition in which cine based largely on homeopathy and natur- a body ori fi ce or passage in the body is abnor- opathy. mally closed or absent. Azoospermia is the medical condition of a male Atretic ovarian follicles an involuted or closed not having any measurable level of sperm in ovarian follicle. his semen. Atrial fi brillation is the most common car- Azotaemia a higher than normal blood level of diac arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) and urea or other nitrogen containing compounds involves the two upper chambers (atria) of the in the blood. heart. B-cell activating factor (BAFF) also called Attention-de fi cit hyperactivity disorder tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily (ADHD, ADD or AD/HD) is a neurobehav- member 13B. It plays an important role in the ioral developmental disorder, primarily char- proliferation and differentiation of B cells. acterized by the co-existence of attentional Babesia a protozoan parasite (malaria–like) problems and hyperactivity. of the blood that causes a hemolytic disease Auditory brainstem response (ABR) also known as Babesiosis. called brainstem evoked response (BSER) is Babesiosis malaria-like parasitic disease caused an electrical signal evoked from the brainstem by Babesia, a genus of protozoal piroplasms. of a human by the presentation of a sound Bactericidal lethal to bacteria. such as a click. Balanitis is an infl ammation of the glans (head) Augmerosen a drug that may kill cancer cells of the penis. by blocking the production of a protein that BALB/c mice Balb/c mouse was developed in makes cancer cells live longer. Also called 1923 by McDowell. It is a popular strain and bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide. is used in many different research disciplines, Auricular of or relating to the auricle or the ear but most often in the production of monoclo- in general. nal antibodies. Aurones [2-benzylidenebenzofuran-3(2H)- Balm aromatic oily resin from certain trees and ones] are the secondary plant metabolites and shrubs used in medicine. is a subgroup of fl avonoids. See fl avonoids. Baroreceptor a type of interoceptor that is stim- Autoantibodies antibodies manufactured by ulated by pressure changes, as those in blood the immune system that mistakenly target vessel wall. 840 Medical Glossary

Barrett’s esophagus (Barrett esophagitis) a Beta-thalassemia an inherited blood disorder disorder in which the lining of the esophagus that reduces the production of hemoglobin. is damaged by stomach acid. Beta-lactamase enzymes produced by some Basophil a type of white blood cell with coarse bacteria that are responsible for their resis- granules within the cytoplasm and a bilobate tance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicil- (two-lobed) nucleus. lins. Bax/Bad proapoptotic proteins. BHT butylated hydroxytoluene (phenolic BCL-2 a family of apoptosis regulator proteins compound), an antioxidant used in foods, cosmet- in humans encoded by the B-cell lymphoma 2 ics, pharmaceuticals, and petroleum products. (BCL-2) gene. Bi fi dobacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, BCL-2 antisense oligonucleotide see aug- non-motile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. mereson. Bifi dobacteria are one of the major genera of BCR/ABL a chimeric oncogene, from fusion of bacteria that make up the gut fl ora. Bifi dobacteria BCR and ABL cancer genes associated with aid in digestion, are associated with a lower chronic myelogenous leukemia. incidence of allergies and also prevent some Bechic a remedy or treatment of cough. forms of tumour growth. Some bifi dobacteria Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) act are being used as probiotics. as a relay site within the hypothalamic- Bi fi dogenic promoting the growth of (benefi cial) pituitary-adrenal axis and regulate its activity bi fi dobacteria in the intestinal tract. in response to acute stress. Bile fl uid secreted by the liver and discharged Belching, or burping refers to the noisy release into the duodenum where it is integral in the of air or gas from the stomach through the digestion and absorption of fats. mouth. Bilharzia, bilharziosis see Schistosomiasis. Beri-beri is a disease caused by a defi ciency of Biliary relating to the bile or the organs in which thiamine (vitamin B 1 ) that affects many sys- the bile is contained or transported. tems of the body, including the muscles, heart, Biliary infections infection of organ(s) associ- nerves, and digestive system. ated with bile, comprise: (a) acute cholecys- Beta-carotene naturally-occurring retinol (vita- titis: an acute infl ammation of the gallbladder min A) precursor obtained from certain fruits wall; (b) cholangitis: in fl ammation of the bile and vegetables with potential antineoplastic ducts. and chemopreventive activities. As an anti- Biliousness old term used in the 18th and 19th oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical centuries pertaining to bad digestion, stomach damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell pains, constipation, and excessive fl atulence. differentiation and apoptosis of some tumour Bilirubin a breakdown product of heme (a part cell types, particularly in early stages of tum- of haemoglobin in red blood cells) produced origenesis, and enhances immune system by the liver that is excreted in bile which activity by stimulating the release of natural causes a yellow discoloration of the skin and killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes. eyes when it accumulates in those organs. Beta-catenin is a multifunctional oncogenic Biotin also known as vitamin B7. See vitamin protein that contributes fundamentally to cell B7. development and biology, it has been impli- Bitter a medicinal agent with a bitter taste and cated as an integral component in the Wnt sig- used as a tonic, alterative or appetizer. naling pathway. Blackhead see comedone. Beta cells a type of cell in the pancreas in areas Blackwater fever dangerous complication of called the islets of Langerhans. malarial whereby the red blood cells burst in Beta glucans polysaccharides of D-glucose the blood stream (haemolysis) releasing hae- monomers linked by b -glycosidic bonds, moglobin directly into the blood. (1 → 3), (1 → 4)- b -D-glucan, soluble, vis- Blain see chilblain. cous component of fi bres found in cereals like Blastocyst blastocyst is an embryonic struc- oats. ture formed in the early embryogenesis of Medical Glossary 841

mammals, after the formation of the morula, Bronchiectasis a condition in which the airways but before implantation. within the lungs (bronchial tubes) become Blastocystotoxic agent that suppresses further damaged and widened. development of the blastocyst through to the Bronchitis is an infl ammation of the main air ovum stage. passages (bronchi) to your lungs. Blebbing Bulging e.g. membrane blebbing also Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) a medical pro- called membrane bulging or ballooning. cedure in which a bronchoscope is passed Bleeding diathesis is an unusual susceptibility through the mouth or nose into the lungs and to bleeding (hemorrhage) due to a defect in fl uid is squirted into a small part of the lung the system of coagulation. and then recollected for examination. Blennorrhagia gonorrhea. Bronchopneumonia or bronchial pneumonia; Blennorrhea inordinate discharge of mucus, in fl ammation of the lungs beginning in the especially a gonorrheal discharge from the terminal bronchioles. urethra or vagina. Broncho-pulmonary relating to the bronchi Blepharitis in fl ammation of the eyelids. and lungs. Blister thin vesicle on the skin containing serum Bronchospasm is a dif fi culty in breathing and caused by rubbing, friction or burn. caused by a sudden constriction of the mus- Blood brain barrier (BBB) is a separation cles in the walls of the bronchioles as occurs of circulating blood and cerebrospinal fl uid in asthma. (CSF) in the central nervous system (CNS). Brown fat brown adipose tissue (BAT) in It allows essential metabolites, such as oxy- mammals, its primary function is to generate gen and glucose, to pass from the blood to the body heat in animals or newborns that do not brain and central nervous system (CNS) but shiver. blocks most molecules that are more massive Bubo in fl amed, swollen lymph node in the neck than about 500 Da. or groin. Boil localized pyrogenic, painful infection, orig- Buccal of or relating to the cheeks or the mouth inating in a hair follicle. cavity. Borborygmus rumbling noise caused by the Bullae blisters; circumscribed, fl uid-containing, muscular contractions of peristalsis, the pro- elevated lesions of the skin, usually more than cess that moves the contents of the stomach 5 mm in diameter. and intestines downward. Bursitis condition characterized by in fl ammation Bowman Birk inhibitors type of serine protei- of one or more bursae (small sacs) of synovial nase inhibitor. fl uid in the body. Bouillon a broth in French cuisine. C fi bres afferent fi bres found in the nerve of the Bradicardia as applied to adult medicine, is somatic sensory system. de fi ned as a resting heart rate of under 60 c-FOS a cellular proto-oncogene belonging to beats per minute. the immediate early gene family of transcrip- Bradyphrenia referring to the slowness of tion factors. thought common to many disorders of the C-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase enzymes that brain. belong to the family of the MAPK superfam- Brain derived neutrophic factor (BDNF) a ily of protein kinases. These kinases mediate a protein member of the neutrophin family that plethora of cellular responses to such stressful plays an important role in the growth, mainte- stimuli, including apoptosis and production of nance, function and survival of neurons. The infl ammatory and immunoregulatory cytok- protein molecule is involved in the modulation ines in diverse cell systems. cf : MAPK. of cognitive and emotional functions and in c-Jun-I (Ser 73) substrate of JNK-1 activated the treatment of a variety of mental disorders. by phosphorylation at Ser73. Bright’s disease chronic nephritis. c-Jun II (Ser 63) substrate of JNK-1 activated Bronchial in fl ammation see bronchitis. by phosphorylation at Ser63. 842 Medical Glossary

C-reactive protein a protein found in the Calmodulin is a Calcium Modulated protein blood the levels of which rise in response to that can bind to and regulate a multitude of in fl ammation. different protein targets, thereby affecting c-Src a cellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase. many different cellular functions. CAAT element-binding proteins-alpha (c/EBP- cAMP dependent pathway cyclic adenosine alpha) regulates gene expression in adipo- monophosphate is a G protein-coupled recep- cytes in the liver. tor triggered signaling cascade used in cell Cachexia physical wasting with loss of weight, communication in living organisms. muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness caused by CAMP factor diffusible, heat-stable, extracel- disease. lular protein produced by Group B Strepto- Caco-2 cell line a continuous line of heteroge- coccus t hat enhances the hemolysis of sheep neous human epithelial colorectal adenocarci- erythrocytes by Staphylococcus aureus . It noma cells. is named after Christie, Atkins, and Munch- Cadaver a dead body, corpse. Peterson, who described it in 1944. Ca 2 + ATPase (PMCA) is a transport protein in Cancer a malignant neoplasm or tumour in nay the plasma membrane of cells that serves to part of the body. remove calcium (Ca 2+ ) from the cell. Candidiasis infections caused by members of the Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) is a fungus genus Candida that range from super fi cial, 37-amino acid neuropeptide that is abundant such as oral thrush and vaginitis, to systemic in the sensory neurons which innervate bone. and potentially life-threatening diseases. Calcium (Ca) is the most abundant mineral in Canker see chancre. the body found mainly in bones and teeth. Carboxypeptidase an enzyme that hydrolyzes It is required for muscle contraction, blood the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a vessel expansion and contraction, secretion peptide bond. It is synthesized in the pancreas of hormones and enzymes, and transmitting and secreted into the small intestine. impulses throughout the nervous system. Carbuncle is an abscess larger than a boil, usu- Dietary sources include milk, yoghurt, cheese, ally with one or more openings draining pus Chinese cabbage, kale, broccoli, some green onto the skin. leafy vegetables, forti fi ed cereals, beverages Carcinogenesis production of carcinomas. adj . and soybean products. carcinogenic. Calcium ATPase is a form of P-ATPase which Carcinoma any malignant cancer that arises transfers calcium after a muscle has contracted. from epithelial cells. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) a class Carcinosarcoma a rare tumour containing car- of drugs and natural substances that disrupt cinomatous and sarcomatous components. the calcium (Ca2+) conduction of calcium Cardiac relating to, situated near or affecting channels. the heart. Calciuria abnormal presence of calcium in the Cardiac asthma acute attack of dyspnoea with urine. wheezing resulting from a cardiac disorder. Calculosis the tendency or deposition to form Cardiac hypertrophy is a thickening of the calculi or stones. heart muscle (myocardium) resulting in a Calculus (calculi) hardened, mineral deposits decrease chamber size, including the left that can form a blockage in the urinary system. and right ventricles. common causes of car- Calculi infection most calculi arise in the kid- diac hypertrophy include high blood pressure ney when urine becomes supersaturated with (hypertension) and heart valve stenosis. a salt that is capable of forming solid crys- Cardialgia heartburn. tals. Symptoms arise as these calculi become Cardinolides cardiac glycosides with a impacted within the ureter as they pass toward 5-membered lactone ring in the side chain of the urinary bladder. the steroid aglycone. Caligo dimness or obscurity of sight, dependent Cardinolide glycoside cardenolides that con- upon a speck on the cornea. tain structural groups derived from sugars. Medical Glossary 843

Cardioactive having an effect on the heart. Catalepsy inde fi nitely prolonged maintenance Cardiogenic shock is characterized by a decreased of a fi xed body posture; seen in severe cases pumping ability of the heart that causes a shock of catatonic schizophrenia. like state associated with an inadequate circula- Catamenia menstruation. tion of blood due to primary failure of the ven- Cataplasia Degenerative reversion of cells or tricles of the heart to function effectively. tissue to a less differentiated form. Cardiomyocytes cardiac muscle cells. Cataplasm a medicated poultice or plaster. Cardiomyopathy heart muscle disease. A soft moist mass, often warm and medi- Cardiopathy disease or disorder of the heart. cated, that is spread over the skin to treat an Cardioplegia stopping the heart so that surgical infl amed, aching or painful area, to improve procedures can proceed in a still and blood- the circulation. less fi eld. Cataractogenesis formation of cataracts. Cardiotonic something which strengthens, Catarrh, Catarrhal in fl ammation of the tones, or regulates heart functions without mucous membranes especially of the nose and overt stimulation or depression. throat. Cardiovascular pertaining to the heart and Catechins are polyphenolic antioxidant plant blood vessels. metabolites. They belong to the family of Caries tooth decay, commonly called cavities. fl avonoids; tea is a rich source of catechins. Cariogenic leading to the production of caries. See fl avonoids. Carminative substance that stops the formation Catecholamines hormones that are released by of intestinal gas and helps expel gas that has the adrenal glands in response to stress. already formed, relieving fl atulence: relieving Cathartic is a substance which accelerates fl atulence or colic by expelling gas. defecation. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) also Caustic having a corrosive or burning effect. known as carnitine acyltransferase I or CAT1 Cauterization a medical term describing the is a mitochondrial enzyme, involved in con- burning of the body to remove or close a part verting long chain fatty acid into energy. of it. Carotenes are a large group of intense red and Caveolae tiny (50–100 nm) invaginations of the yellow pigments found in all plants ; these are plasma membrane of the cell. hydrocarbon carotenoids (subclass of tetrater- cdc2 Kinase a member of the cyclin-dependent penes) and the principal carotene is beta-caro- protein kinases (CDKs). tene which is a precursor of vitamin A. CDKs cyclin-dependent protein kinases, a fam- Carotenoids a class of natural fat-soluble pig- ily of serine/threonine kinases that mediate ments found principally in plants, belong- many stages in mitosis. ing to a subgroup of terpenoids containing 8 CD 28 is one of the molecules expressed on isoprene units forming a C40 polyene chain. T cells that provide co-stimulatory signals, Carotenoids play an important potential role which are required for T cell (lymphocytes) in human health by acting as biological anti- activation. oxidants. See also carotenes. CD31 also known as PECAM-1 (Platelet Carotenodermia yellow skin discoloration Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1), a caused by excess blood carotene. member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, Carpopedal spasm spasm of the hand or foot, that mediates cell-to-cell adhesion. or of the thumbs and great toes. CD36 an integral membrane protein found on Caspases cysteine-aspartic acid proteases, are the surface of many cell types in vertebrate a family of cysteine proteases, which play animals. essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell CD40 an integral membrane protein found death), necrosis and in fl ammation. on the surface of B lymphocytes, dendritic Catalase (CAT) enzyme in living organism that cells, follicular dendritic cells, hematopoi- catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen per- etic progenitor cells, epithelial cells, and oxide to water and oxygen. carcinomas. 844 Medical Glossary

CD68 a glycoprotein expressed on monocytes/ Cerebral tonic substance that can alleviate macrophages which binds to low density poor concentration and memory, restlessness, lipoprotein. uneasiness, and insomnia. Cecal ligation tying up the cecam. Cerebrosides are glycosphingolipids which are Celiac disease an autoimmune disorder of the important components in animal muscle and small intestine, triggered in genetically sus- nerve cell membranes. ceptible individuals by ingested gluten from Cerebrovascular disease is a group of brain wheat, rye, barley, and other closely related dysfunctions related to disease of the blood cereal grains. vessels supplying the brain. Peptides resulting from partially digested gluten Cerumen ear wax, a yellowish waxy substance of wheat, barley or rye cause infl ammation secreted in the ear canal of humans and other of the small intestinal mucosa. mammals. Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) glycopro- cFLIP cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein, an teins located on the surface of cell membranes inhibitor of death ligand-induced apoptosis. involved with binding of other cells or with cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate is the extra-cellular matrix. a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanos- Cellular respiration is the set of the meta- ine triphosphate (GTP). cGMP is a common bolic reactions and processes that take place regulator of ion channel conductance, glycog- in organisms’ cells to convert biochemical enolysis, and cellular apoptosis. It also relaxes energy from nutrients into adenosine triphos- smooth muscle tissues. phate (ATP), and then release waste products. Chalcones a subgroup of fl avonoids. The reactions involved in respiration are cata- Chancre a painless lesion formed during the bolic reactions that involve the oxidation of primary stage of syphilis. one molecule and the reduction of another. Chemoembolization a procedure in which the Cellulitis a bacterial infection of the skin that blood supply to the tumour is blocked surgi- tends to occur in areas that have been dam- cally or mechanically and anticancer drugs are aged or in fl amed. administered directly into the tumour. Central nervous system part of the vertebrate Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines, which nervous system comprising the brain and spi- stimulate migration of infl ammatory cells nal cord. towards tissue sites of in fl ammation. Central venous catheter a catheter placed into Chemonociceptors nociceptors or sensory phe- the large vein in the neck, chest or groin. ripheral neurons that are sensitive to chemical Cephalagia pain in the head, a headache. stimuli. Cephalic relating to the head. Chemosensitizer a drug that makes tumour cells Ceramide oligosides oligosides with an more sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy. N-acetyl-sphingosine moiety. Chemosis edema of the conjunctiva of the eye. Cercariae a free-swimming larva of the parasitic Chickenpox is also known as varicella, is a highly schistosome worm that has a tail, and suckers contagious illness caused by primary infection on its head for penetration into a host. with varicella zoster virus (VZV). The virus Cerebral embolism a blockage of blood fl ow causes red, itchy bumps on the body. through a vessel in the brain by a blood clot Chilblains small, itchy, painful lumps that that formed elsewhere in the body and trav- develop on the skin. They develop as an abnor- eled to the brain. mal response to cold. Also called perniosis or Cerebral ischemia is the localized reduction of blain. blood fl ow to the brain or parts of the brain Chlorosis iron de fi ciency anemia characterized due to arterial obstruction or systematic hyper- by greenish yellow colour. fusion. Cholagogue is a medicinal agent which pro- Cerebral infarction is the ischemic kind of motes the discharge of bile from the system. stroke due to a disturbance in the blood ves- Cholecalciferol a form of vitamin D, also called sels supplying blood to the brain. vitamin D3. See vitamin D. Medical Glossary 845

Cholecyst gall bladder. Chronic venous insuf fi ciency (CVI) a medi- Cholecystitis in fl ammation of the gall bladder. cal condition where the veins cannot pump Cholecystokinin a peptide hormone that plays enough oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. a key role in facilitating digestion in the small Chyle a milky bodily fl uid consisting of lymph intestine. and emulsi fi ed fats, or free fatty acids. Cholera an infectious gastroenteritis caused by Chylomicrons are large lipoprotein particles enterotoxin-producing strains of the bacterium that transport dietary lipids from the intestines Vibrio cholera and characterized by severe, to other locations in the body. Chylomicrons watery diarrhea. are one of the fi ve major groups of lipopro- Choleretic stimulation of the production of bile teins (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL) by the liver. that enable fats and cholesterol to move within Cholestasis a condition caused by rapidly devel- the water-based solution of the bloodstream. oping (acute) or long-term ( chronic) interrup- Chylorus milky (having fat emulsion). tion in the excretion of bile. Chyluria also called chylous urine, is a medi- Cholesterol a soft, waxy, steroid substance cal condition involving the presence of chyle found among the lipids (fats) in the blood- (emulsi fi ed fat) in the urine stream, which stream and in all our body’s cells. results in urine appearing milky. Cholethiasis presence of gall stones (calculi) in Chymase member of the family of serine pro- the gall bladder. teases found primarily in mast cell. Choline a water soluble, organic compound, usu- Chymopapain an enzyme derived from papaya, ally grouped within the Vitamin B complex. It used in medicine and to tenderize meat. is an essential nutrient and is needed for physio- Cicatrizant the term used to describe a product logical functions such as structural integrity and that promotes healing through the formation signaling roles for cell membranes, cholinergic of scar tissue. neuro-transmission (acetylcholine synthesis). C-Kit Receptor a protein-tyrosine kinase Cholinergic activated by or capable of liberat- receptor that is speci fi c for stem cell factor. ing acetylcholine, especially in the parasym- this interaction is crucial for the development pathetic nervous system. of hematopoietic, gonadal, and pigment stem Cholinergic system a system of nerve cells cells. that uses acetylcholine in transmitting nerve Cirrhosis chronic liver disease characterized by impulses. replacement of liver tissue by fi brous scar tis- Cholinomimetic having an action similar to that sue and regenerative nodules/lumps leading of acetylcholine; called also parasympathomi- progressively to loss of liver function. metic. Clastogen is an agent that can cause one of two Chonotropic affecting the time or rate, as the types of structural changes, breaks in chro- rate of contraction of the heart. mosomes that result in the gain, loss, or rear- Choriocarcinoma a quick-growing malignant, rangements of chromosomal segments. adj . trophoblastic, aggressive cancer that occurs in clastogenic. a woman’s uterus (womb). Claudication limping, impairment in walking. Chromium (Cr) is required in trace amounts Climacterium refers to menopause and the in humans for sugar and lipid metabolism. bodily and mental changes associated with it. Its defi ciency may cause a disease called Clonic seizures consist of rhythmic jerking chromium de fi ciency. It is found in cereals, movements of the arms and legs, sometimes legumes, nuts and animal sources. on both sides of the body. Chromosome long pieces of DNA found in the Clonus a series of involuntary muscular con- center (nucleus) of cells. tractions and relaxations. Chronic persisting over extended periods. Clyster enema. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease C-myc codes for a protein that binds to the DNA (COPD) a progressive disease that makes it of other genes and is therefore a transcription hard to breathe. factor. 846 Medical Glossary

CNS Depressant anything that depresses, or Constipation a very common gastrointestinal slows, the sympathetic impulses of the central disorder characterised by the passing of hard, nervous system (i.e., respiratory rate, heart dry bowel motions (stools) and diffi culty of rate). bowel motion. Coagulopathy a defect in the body’s mecha- Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, nism for blood clotting, causing susceptibility NR113) is a nuclear receptor transcription to bleeding. factor that regulates drug metabolism and Cobalamin vitamin B12. See vitamin B12. homoeostasis. Co-carcinogen a chemical that promotes the Consumption term used to describe wast- effects of a carcinogen in the production of ing of tissues including but not limited to cancer. tuberculosis. Cold an acute in fl ammation of the mucous Consumptive af fl icted with or associated with membrane of the respiratory tract especially pulmonary tuberculosis. of the nose and throat caused by a virus and Contraceptive an agent that reduces the likeli- accompanied by sneezing and coughing. hood of or prevents conception. Collagen protein that is the major constituent Contraindication a condition which makes a of cartilage and other connective tissue; com- particular treatment or procedure inadvisable. prises the amino acids hydroxyproline, pro- Contralateral muscle muscle of opposite limb line, glycine, and hydroxylysine. (leg or arm). Collagenases enzymes that break the peptide Contralateral rotation rotation occurring or bonds in collagen. originating in a corresponding part on an Colic a broad term which refers to episodes of opposite side. uncontrollable, extended crying in a baby who Contusion another term for a bruise. A bruise, is otherwise healthy and well fed. or contusion, is caused when blood vessels are Colitis in fl ammatory bowel disease affecting the damaged or broken as the result of a blow to tissue that lines the gastrointestinal system. the skin. Collyrium a lotion or liquid wash used as a Convulsant a drug or physical disturbance that cleanser for the eyes, particularly in diseases induces convulsion. of the eye. Convulsion rapid and uncontrollable shaking of Colorectal relating to the colon or rectum. the body. Coma a state of unconsciousness from which a Coolant that which reduces body temperature. patient cannot be aroused. Copper (Cu) is essential in all plants and ani- Comedone a blocked, open sebaceous gland mals. It is found in a variety of enzymes, where the secretions oxidize, turning black. including the copper centers of cytochrome C Also called blackhead. oxidase and the enzyme superoxide dismutase Comitogen agent that is considered not to (containing copper and zinc). In addition to its induce cell growth alone but to promote the enzymatic roles, copper is used for biologi- effect of the mitogen. cal electron transport. Because of its role in Concoction a combination of crude ingredients facilitating iron uptake, copper defi ciency can that is prepared or cooked together. often produce anemia-like symptoms. Dietary Condyloma, Condylomata acuminata genital sources include curry powder, mushroom, warts, venereal warts, anal wart or anogenital nuts, seeds, wheat germ, whole grains and wart, a highly contagious sexually transmitted animal meat. infection caused by epidermotropic human Copulation to engage in coitus or sexual inter- papillomavirus (HPV). course. adj . copulatory. Conglutination becoming stuck together. Cordial a preparation that is stimulating to the Conjunctival hyperemia enlarged blood ves- heart. sels in the eyes. Corn or callus is a patch of hard, thickened Conjunctivitis sore, red and sticky eyes caused skin on the foot that is formed in response to by eye infection. pressure or friction. Medical Glossary 847

Corticosteroids a class of steroid hormones Crohn Disease an in fl ammatory disease of the that are produced in the adrenal cortex, used intestines that affect any part of the gastroin- clinically for hormone replacement therapy, testinal tract. for suppressing ACTH secretion, for sup- Crossover study a longitudinal, balance study pression of immune response and as antine- in which participants receive a sequence of oplastic, anti-allergic and anti-in fl ammatory different treatments or exposures. agents. Croup is an infection of the throat (larynx) and Corticosterone a 21-carbon steroid hormone of windpipe (trachea) that is caused by a virus the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex (Also called laryngotracheobronchitis). of the adrenal glands. Crytochidism (cryptochism) a developmental Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone made by defect characterized by the failure of one or the adrenal glands. both testes to move into the scrotum as the Corni fi cation is the process of forming an male fetus develops. epidermal barrier in strati fi ed squamous epi- Curettage surgical procedure in which a body thelial tissue. cavity or tissue is scraped with a sharp instru- Coryza a word describing the symptoms of a ment or aspirated with a cannula. head cold. It describes the infl ammation of Cutaneous pertaining to the skin. the mucus membranes lining the nasal cav- CXC8 also known as interleukin 8, IL-8. ity which usually gives rise to the symptoms Cyanogenesis generation of cyanide. adj . of nasal congestion and loss of smell, among cyanogenetic. other symptoms. Cyclooxygenase (COX) an enzyme that is COX-1 see cyclooxygenase -1. responsible for the formation of prostanoids – COX-2 see cyclooxygenase-2 . prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thrombox- CpG islands genomic regions that contain a anes that are each involved in the infl ammatory high frequency of CpG sites. response. Two different COX enzymes existed, CpG sites the cytosine-phosphate-guanine now known as COX-1 and COX-2. nucleotide that links two nucleosides together Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) is known to be in DNA. present in most tissues. In the gastrointestinal cPLA(2) cytosolic phospholipases A2, these tract, COX-1 maintains the normal lining of phospholipases are involved in cell signaling the stomach. The enzyme is also involved in processes, such as in fl ammatory response. kidney and platelet function. CPY1B1, CPY1A1 a member of the cyto- Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is primarily pres- chrome P450 superfamily of heme-thiolate ent at sites of in fl ammation. monooxygenase enzymes. Cysteine proteases are enzymes that degrade Corticosterone a 21-carbon corticosteroid hor- polypeptides possessing a common cata- mone produced in the cortex of the adrenal lytic mechanism that involves a nucleophilic glands that functions in the metabolism of cysteine thiol in a catalytic triad. They are carbohydrates and proteins. found in fruits like papaya, pineapple, and Creatin a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs kiwifruit. naturally in vertebrates and helps to supply Cystitis a common urinary tract infection that energy to muscle. occurs when bacteria travel up the urethra, Creatine phosphokinase (CPK, CK) enzyme infect the urine and in fl ame the bladder lin- that catalyses the conversion of creatine and ing. consumes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to Cystorrhea discharge of mucus from the blad- create phosphocreatine and adenosine diphos- der. phate (ADP). Cytochrome bc-1 complex ubihydroquinone: CREB cAMP response element-binding, a pro- cytochrome c oxidoreductase. tein that is a transcription factor that binds to Cytochrome P450 3A CYP3A a very large and certain DNA sequences called cAMP response diverse superfamily of heme-thiolate proteins elements. found in all domains of life. This group of 848 Medical Glossary

enzymes catalyzes many reactions involved in repolarization is completed, but before another drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, action potential would normally occur. steroids and other lipids. Delirium is common, sudden severe confusion Cytokine non-antibody proteins secreted by and rapid changes in brain function that occur certain cells of the immune system which with physical or mental illness; it is reversible carry signals locally between cells. They are a and temporary. category of signaling molecules that are used Demulcent an agent that soothes internal mem- extensively in cellular communication. branes. Also called emollient. Cytopathic any detectable, degenerative Dendritic cells are immune cells and form part changes in the host cell due to infection. of the mammalian immune system, function- Cytoprotective protecting cells from noxious ing as antigen presenting cells. chemicals or other stimuli. Dentition a term that describes all of the upper Cytosolic relates to the fl uid of the cytoplasm in and lower teeth collectively. cells. Deobstruent a medicine which removes obstruc- Cytostatic preventing the growth and prolifera- tions; also called an aperient. tion of cells. Deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) a crosslink prod- Cytotoxic of or relating to substances that are uct of collagen molecules found in bone and toxic to cells; cell-killing. excreted in urine during bone degradation. D- galactosamine an amino sugar with unique Depilatory an agent for removing or destroying hepatotoxic properties in animals. hair. Dandruff scurf, dead, scaly skin among the Depressant a substance that diminish functional hair. activity, usually by depressing the nervous Dartre condition of dry, scaly skin system. Debility weakness, relaxation of muscular Depurative an agent used to cleanse or purify fi bre. the blood, it eliminates toxins and puri fi es the Debridement is the process of removing non- system. living tissue from pressure ulcers, burns, and Dermatitis in fl ammation of the skin causing other wounds. discomfort such as eczema. Debriding agent substance that cleans and treats Dermatitis herpetiformis an autoimmune certain types of wounds, burns, ulcers. chronic blistering skin disorder characterised Deciduogenic relating to the uterus lining that is by blisters fi lled with a watery fl uid. shed off at childbirth. Dermatophyte a fungus parasitic on the skin. Decidual stromal cells like endometrial glands Dermatosis is a broad term that refers to any and endothelium, express integrins that bind disease of the skin, especially one that is not basement components. accompanied by in fl ammation. Decoction a medical preparation made by boil- Dermonecrotic pertaining to or causing necro- ing the ingredients. sis of the skin. Decongestant a substance that relieves or Desquamation the shedding of the outer layers reduces nasal or bronchial congestion. of the skin. Deep venous thrombosis is a blood clot that Detoxi fi er a substance that promotes the removal forms in a vein deep inside a part of the body. of toxins from a system or organ. De fi brinated plasma blood whose plasma Diabetes a metabolic disorder associated component has had fi brinogen and fi brin with inadequate secretion or utilization of removed. insulin and characterized by frequent urina- Degranulation cellular process that releases tion and persistent thirst. See diabetes mel- antimicrobial cytotoxic molecules from secre- litus. tory vesicles called granules found inside Diabetes mellitus (DM) (sometimes called some cells. “sugar diabetes”) is a set of chronic, meta- Delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) abnormal bolic disease conditions characterized by high depolarization that begins during phase 4 – after blood sugar (glucose) levels that result from Medical Glossary 849

defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both. in dietary fi bre can be of value for treating Diabetes mellitus appears in two forms. or preventing such disorders as constipation, Diabetes mellitus type I (formerly known as irritable bowel syndrome, diverticular disease, juvenile onset diabetes), caused by de fi ciency hiatus hernia and haemorrhoids. Some com- of the pancreatic hormone insulin as a ponents of dietary fi bre may also be of value result of destruction of insulin-producing beta in reducing the level of cholesterol in blood cells of the pancreas. Lack of insulin causes and thereby decreasing a risk factor for coro- an increase of fasting blood glucose that nary heart disease and the development of begins to appear in the urine above the renal gallstones. Dietary fi bre is bene fi cial in the threshold. treatment of some diabetics. Diabetes mellitus type II (formerly called non- Digalactosyl diglycerides are the major lipid insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or adult- components of chloroplasts. onset diabetes), the disorder is characterized Diosgenin a steroid-like substance that is by high blood glucose in the context of insulin involved in the production of the hormone pro- resistance and relative insulin de fi ciency in gesterone, extracted from roots of Dioscorea which insulin is available but cannot be prop- yam. erly utilized. Dipsia sensation of dryness in the mouth and Diabetic neuropathy a neuropathic disorder throat related to a desire to drink. that is associated with diabetes mellitus. It Dipsomania pathological use of alcohol. affects all peripheral nerves including pain Discutient an agent (as a medicinal application) fi bers, motor neurons and the autonomic ner- which serves to disperse morbid matter. vous system. Disinfectant an agent that prevents the spread of Diabetic retinopathy damage to the retina infection, bacteria or communicable disease. caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, Distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSPN) or which can eventually lead to blindness. peripheral neuropathy, is the most common Diads two adjacent structural units in a polymer neurological problem in HIV disease. DSPN molecule. also represents a complex symptom that occurs Dialysis is a method of removing toxic sub- because of peripheral nerve damage related to stances (impurities or wastes) from the blood advanced HIV disease. when the kidneys are unable to do so. Diuresis increased urination. Diaphoresis is profuse sweating commonly Diuretic a substance that increases urination associated with shock and other medical emer- (diuresis). gency conditions. Diverticular disease is a condition affecting Diaphoretic a substance that induces perspira- the large bowel or colon and is thought to be tion. Also called sudori fi c. caused by eating too little fi bre. Diaphyseal pertaining to or affecting the shaft DMBA 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene. A poly- of a long bone (diaphysis). cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco Diaphysis the main or mid section (shaft) of a smoke that is a potent carcinogen. long bone. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid that Diarrhoea a profuse, frequent and loose dis- contains the genetic instructions used in the charge from the bowels. development and functioning of all known liv- Diastolic referring to the time when the heart is ing organisms. in a period of relaxation and dilatation (expan- DOCA desoxycorticosterone acetate – a ste- sion). cf . systolic. roid chemical used as replacement therapy in Dieresis surgical separation of parts. Addison’s disease. Dietary fi bre is a term that refers to a group Dopamine a catecholamine neurotransmit- of food components that pass through the ter that occurs in a wide variety of animals, stomach and small intestine undigested and including both vertebrates and invertebrates. reach the large intestine virtually unchanged. Dopaminergic relating to, or activated by the Scientifi c evidence suggest that a diet high neurotransmitter, dopamine. 850 Medical Glossary

Double blind refer to a clinical trial or experi- Dysphagia swallowing disorder. ment in which neither the subject nor the Dysphonia a voice disorder, an impairment in researcher knows which treatment any par- the ability to produce voice sounds using the ticular subject is receiving. vocal organs. Douche a localised spray of liquid directed into Dysplasia refers to abnormality in develop- a body cavity or onto a part. ment. DPPH 2,2 diphenyl -1- picryl-hydrazyl – a crys- Dyspnoea shortness of breath, dif fi culty in talline, stable free radical used as an inhibitor breathing. of free radical reactions. Dysrhythmias see arrhythmias. Dracunculiasis also called guinea worm disease Dystocia abnormal or dif fi cult child birth or (GWD), is a parasitic infection caused by the labour. nematode, Dracunculus medinensis . Dystonia a neurological movement disorder Dropsy an old term for the swelling of soft tis- characterized by prolonged, repetitive muscle sues due to the accumulation of excess water. contractions that may cause twisting or jerk- adj . dropsical. ing movements of muscles. Drusen tiny yellow or white deposits of extra- Dysuria refers to dif fi cult and painful urination. cellular materials in the retina of the eye or on E- Selectin also known as endothelial leukocyte the optic nerve head. adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), CD62E, a DT diaphorase also called DTD or NAD(P) member of the selectin family. It is transiently H:quinone oxidoreductase, is an obligate two- expressed on vascular endothelial cells in electron reductase which bioactivates chemo- response to IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. therapeutic quinones. EC 50 median effective concentration that pro- Dysentery (formerly known as fl ux or the duces desired effects in 50% of the test popu- bloody fl ux) is a disorder of the digestive sys- lation. tem that results in severe diarrhea containing Ecbolic a drug (as an ergot alkaloid) that tends mucus and blood in the feces. It is caused usu- to increase uterine contractions and that is ally by a bacterium called Shigella . used especially to facilitate delivery. Dysesthesia an unpleasant abnormal sensation Ecchymosis skin discoloration caused by the produced by normal stimuli. escape of blood into the tissues from ruptured Dysgeusia distortion of the sense of taste. blood vessels. Dyskinesia the impairment of the power of vol- ECG see electrocardiography. untary movement, resulting in fragmentary or EC–SOD extracellular superoxide dismutase, incomplete movements. adj . dyskinetic. a tissue enzyme mainly found in the extracel- Dyslipidemia abnormality in or abnormal lular matrix of tissues. It participates in the amount of lipids and lipoproteins in the detoxifi cation of reactive oxygen species by cat- blood. alyzing the dismutation of superoxide radicals. Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual condition char- Ectrodactyly involves the absence of one or acterized by severe and frequent menstrual more central digits of the hand or foot. cramps and pain associated with menstrua- Eczema is broadly applied to a range of persis- tion. tent skin conditions. These include dryness Dysmotility syndrome a vague, descriptive and recurring skin rashes which are character- term used to describe diseases of the muscles ized by one or more of these symptoms: red- of the gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stom- ness, skin edema, itching and dryness, crust- ach, small and large intestines). ing, fl aking, blistering, cracking, oozing, or Dyspedia indigestion followed by nausea. bleeding. Dyspepsia refers to a symptom complex of epi- Eczematous rash dry, scaly, itchy rash. gastric pain or discomfort. It is often defi ned as ED 50 is defi ned as the dose producing a response chronic or recurrent discomfort centered in the that is 50% of the maximum obtainable. upper abdomen and can be caused by a variety Edema formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, of conditions. cf . functional dyspepsia. is characterized swelling caused by abnormal Medical Glossary 851

accumulation of fl uid beneath the skin, or in Emulsion a preparation formed by the suspen- one or more cavities of the body. It usually sion of very fi nely divided oily or resinous liq- occurs in the feet, ankles and legs, but it can uid in another liquid. involve the entire body. Encephalitis in fl ammation of the brain. Edematogenic producing or causing edema. Encephalomalacia cerebral softening, a local- EGFR proteins epidermal growth factor recep- ized softening of the brain substance, due to tor (EGFR) proteins – Protein kinases are hemorrhage or in fl ammation. enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from Encephalopathy a disorder or disease of the a phosphate donor onto an acceptor amino brain. acid in a substrate protein. Endocrine adj. of or relating to endocrine glands EGR-1 early growth response 1, a human gene. or the hormones secreted by them. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by Endocytosis is the process by which cells oxygenation of arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon absorb material (molecules such as proteins) essential fatty acid, includes prostaglandins from outside the cell by engul fi ng it with their and related compounds. cell membrane. Elastase a serine protease that also hydrolyses Endometrial cancer cancer that arises in amides and esters. the endometrium, the lining of the uterus Electrocardiography or ECG, is a transtho- (womb). racic interpretation of the electrical activity Endometriosis is a common and often painful of the heart over time captured and externally disorder of the female reproductive system in recorded by skin electrodes. which the endometrium, the tissue that nor- Electromyogram (EMG) a test used to record mally lines the womb (uterus), grows outside the electrical activity of muscles. An electro- the uterus. The two most common symptoms myogram (EMG) is also called a myogram. of endometriosis are pain and infertility. Electuary a medicinal paste composed of pow- Endometritis refers to in fl ammation of the ders, or other medical ingredients, incorpo- endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. rated with sweeteners to hide the taste, suit- Endometrium the inner lining of the uterus. able for oral administration. Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules, Elephantiasis a disorder characterized by vesicles and sacs around the nucleus that are chronic thickened and edematous tissue on the interconnected. genitals and legs due to various causes. Endostatin a naturally-occurring 20-kDa C-ter- Embrocation lotion or liniment that relieves minal protein fragment derived from type muscle or joint pains. XVIII collagen. It is reported to serve as an Embryotoxic term that describes any chemical anti-angiogenic agent that inhibits the for- which is harmful to an embryo. mation of the blood vessels that feed cancer Emesis vomiting, throwing up. tumours. Emetic an agent that induces vomiting, cf : Endosteum the thin layer of cells lining the antiemetic. medullary cavity of a bone. Emetocathartic causing vomiting and purging. Endosteul pertaining to the endosteum. Emmenagogue a substance that stimulates, Endothelial progenitor cells population of rare initiates, and/or promotes menstrual fl ow. cells that circulate in the blood with the ability Emmenagogues are used in herbal medicine to differentiate into endothelial cells, the cells to balance and restore the normal function of that make up the lining of blood vessels. the female reproductive system. Endothelin any of a group of vasoconstrictive Emollient an agent that has a protective and peptides produced by endothelial cells that soothing action on the surfaces of the skin and constrict blood vessels and raise blood pres- membranes. sure. Emphysema a long-term, progressive disease Endotoxemia the presence of endotoxins in of the lungs that primarily causes shortness of the blood, which may result in shock. adj . breath. endotoxemic. 852 Medical Glossary

Endotoxin toxins associated with certain bacte- Eosinophils (or, less commonly, acidophils), are ria, unlike an ‘exotoxin’ that is not secreted in white blood cells that are one of the immune soluble form by live bacteria, but is a structural system components. component in the bacteria which is released Epididymis a structure within the scrotum mainly when bacteria are lysed. attached to the backside of the testis and Encephalocele protrusion of brain tissue whose coiled duct provides storage, transit through a congenital fi ssure in the skull. and maturation of spermatozoa. Enema liquid injected into the rectum either as Epididymitis a medical condition in which there a purgative or medicine, Also called clyster. is in fl ammation of the epididymis. Enophthalmos a condition in which the eye Epigastralgia pain in the epigastric region. falls back into the socket and inhibits proper Epigastric discomfort bloated abdomen, swell- eyelid function. ing of abdomen, abdominal distension. Enteral term used to describe the intestines or Epilepsy a common chronic neurological disor- other parts of the digestive tract. der that is characterized by recurrent unpro- Enteral administration involves the esopha- voked seizures. gus, stomach, and small and large intestines Epileptiform resembling epilepsy or its mani- (i.e., the gastrointestinal tract). festations. adj . epileptiformic. Enteritis refers to in fl ammation of the small Epileptogenesis a process by which a normal intestine. brain develops epilepsy, a chronic condition in Enterocolic disorder in fl amed bowel disease. which seizures occur. adj . epileptogenic. Enterocytes tall columnar cells in the small Episiotomy a surgical incision through the intestinal mucosa that are responsible for the perineum made to enlarge the vagina and fi nal digestion and absorption of nutrients. assist childbirth. Enterohemorrhagic causing bloody diarrhea and Epithelioma a usually benign skin disease most colitis, said of pathogenic microorganisms. commonly occurring on the face, around the Enterohepatonephropathy hepatorenal lesions eyelids and on the scalp. accompanied by renal failure. Epitope a single antigenic site on a protein Enterolactone a lignin formed by the action of against which an antibody reacts. intestinal bacteria on lignan precursors found Epitrochlearis the super fi cial-most muscle of in plants; acts as a phytoestrogen. the arm anterior surface. Enteropooling increased fl uids and electro- Epistaxis acute hemorrhage from the nostril, lytes within the lumen of the intestines due to nasal cavity, or nasopharynx (nose-bleed). increased levels of prostaglandins. Epstein Barr Virus herpes virus that is the caus- Enterotoxigenic of or being an organism con- ative agent of infectious mononucleosis. It is also taining or producing an enterotoxin. associated with various types of human cancers. Enterotoxin is a protein toxin released by a ERbeta estrogen receptor beta, a nuclear recep- microorganism in the intestine. tor which is activated by the sex hormone, Entheogen a substance taken to induce a spiri- estrogen. tual experience. Ergocalciferol a form of vitamin D, also called Enuresis bed-wetting, a disorder of elimina- vitamin D2. See vitamin D. tion that involves the voluntary or involun- Ergonic increasing capacity for bodily or men- tary release of urine into bedding, clothing, or tal labor especially by eliminating fatigue other inappropriate places. symptoms. Envenomation is the entry of venom into a per- ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinases) son’s body, and it may cause localised or sys- widely expressed protein kinase intracellular temic poisoning. signaling molecules which are involved in Eosinophilia the state of having a high concen- functions including the regulation of meiosis, tration of eosinophils (eosinophil granulo- mitosis, and post mitotic functions in differen- cytes) in the blood. tiated cells. Medical Glossary 853

Eructation the act of belching or of casting up Euglycaemia normal blood glucose concentra- wind from the stomach through the mouth. tion. Eruption a visible rash or cutaneous disruption. Eupeptic conducive to digestion. Erysipelas is an intensely red Streptococcus Exanthematous characterized by or of the bacterial infection that occurs on the face and nature of an eruption or rash. lower extremities. Excitotoxicity is the pathological process by Erythema abnormal redness and in fl ammation which neurons are damaged and killed by glu- of the skin, due to vasodilation. tamate and similar substances. Erythema multiforme is a skin disorder due to Excipient a pharmacologically inert substance an allergic reaction or infection; characterised used as a diluent or vehicle for the active by fever, general ill feeling, skin itching, joint ingredients of a medication. aches, and multiple skin lesions. Exocytosis the cellular process by which cells Erythematous characterized by erythema. excrete waste products or chemical transmit- Erythroleukoplakia an abnormal patch of red ters. and white tissue that forms on mucous mem- Exophthalmos or exophthalmia or propto- branes in the mouth and may become cancer. sis is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the Tobacco (smoking and chewing) and alcohol orbit. adj . exophthalmic. may increase the risk of erythroleukoplakia. Exotoxin a toxin secreted by a microorgan- Erythropoietin (EPO) a hormone produced ism and released into the medium in which it by the kidney that promotes the formation grows. of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the bone Expectorant an agent that increases bronchial marrow. mucous secretion by promoting liquefaction Eschar a slough or piece of dead tissue that is of the sticky mucous and expelling it from the cast off from the surface of the skin. body. Escharotic capable of producing an eschar; a Exteroceptive responsiveness to stimuli that are caustic or corrosive agent. external to an organism. Estradiol is the predominant sex hormone pres- Extrapyramidal side effects are a group of ent in females, also called oestradiol. symptoms (tremor, slurred speech, akathisia, Estrogen female hormone produced by the ova- dystonia, anxiety, paranoia and bradyphrenia) ries that play an important role in the estrous that can occur in persons taking antipsychotic cycle in women. medications. Estrogen receptor (ER) is a protein found in Extravasation discharge or escape, as of blood high concentrations in the cytoplasm of breast, from the vein into the surrounding tissues; dis- uterus, hypothalamus, and anterior hypophysis charge or escape from a vessel or channel. cells; ER levels are measured to determine a Fabry disease is a rare X-linked (inherited) breast CA’s potential for response to hormonal lysosomal storage disease caused by alpha- manipulation. galactosidase A defi ciency, which can cause Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) means that a wide range of systemic symptoms such as estrogen is causing the tumour to grow, and pain in the extremities, papules on the lower that the breast cancer should respond well to body parts, cornea clouding, fatigue, neuropa- hormone suppression treatments. thy, renal and cardiac complications. Estrogen receptor negative (ER-) tumour is FAC chemotherapy fl uorouracil, doxorubicin not driven by estrogen and need another test (adriamycin), and cyclophosphamide chemo- to determine the most effective treatment. therapy. Estrogenic relating to estrogen or producing FADD Fas-associated protein with death estrus. domain, the protein encoded by this gene is an Estrus sexual excitement or heat of female; or adaptor molecule which interacts with other period of this characterized by changes in the death cell surface receptors and mediates sex organs. apoptotic signals. 854 Medical Glossary

Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) also Fibroblast type of cell that synthesizes the called Corino de Andrade’s disease, a neuro- extracellular matrix and collagen, the struc- degenerative autosomal dominant genetically tural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, transmitted, fatal, incurable disease. and play a critical role in wound healing. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an Fibrogenic promoting the development of inherited condition in which numerous pol- fi bres. yps form mainly in the epithelium of the large Fibromyalgia a common and complex chronic, intestine. body-wide pain disorder that affects people Familial dysautonomia a genetic disorder that physically, mentally and socially. Symptoms affects the development and survival of auto- include debilitating fatigue, sleep disturbance, nomic and sensory nerve cells. and joint stiffness. Also referred to as FM or Fanconi syndrome is a disease of the proximal FMS. renal tubes which certain substances normally Fibronectin a high-molecular weight absorbed into the bloodstream by the kidneys (~440 kDa) glycoprotein of the extracellular are released into the urine instead. matrix (ECM) that adheres to membrane- FasL or CD95L Fas ligand is a type-II trans- spanning receptor proteins called integrins. membrane protein that belongs to the tumour Fibrosarcoma a malignant tumour derived from necrosis factor (TNF) family. fi brous connective tissue and characterized by FAS: fatty acid synthase (FAS) a multi-enzyme immature proliferating fi broblasts or undiffer- that plays a key role in fatty acid synthesis. entiated anaplastic spindle cells. Fas molecule a member of the Tumour Necrosis Fibrosis the formation of fi brous tissue as a Factor Receptors, that mediates apoptotic sig- reparative or reactive process. nal in many cell types. Filarial pertaining to a thread-like nematode Fauces the passage leading from the back of the worm. mouth into the pharynx. Filariasis a parasitic and infectious tropical dis- Favus a chronic skin infection, usually of the ease that is caused by thread-like fi larial nem- scalp, caused by the fungus, Trichophyton atode worms in the superfamily Filarioidea. schoenleinii and characterized by the develop- Fistula an abnormal connection between two ment of thick, yellow crusts over the hair fol- parts inside of the body. licles. Also termed tinea favosa. Fistula-in-ano a track connecting the internal Febrifuge an agent that reduces fever. Also anal canal to the skin surrounding the anal called an antipyretic. ori fi ce. Febrile pertaining to or characterized by fever. 5¢ -Nucleotidase (5 ¢ -ribonucleotide phosphohy- Febrile neutropenia the development of fever, drolase), an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein often with other signs of infection, in an individ- present as an ectoenzyme in a wide variety of ual with neutropenia, an abnormally low number mammalian cells, hydrolyzes 5 ¢ -nucleotides of neutrophil granulocytes in the blood. to their corresponding nucleosides. Fetotoxic toxic to the fetus. Flatulence is the presence of a mixture of gases Fibrates hypolipidemic agents primarily used known as fl atus in the digestive tract of mam- for decreasing serum triglycerides, while mals expelled from the rectum. Excessive increasing High density lipoprotein (HDL). fl atulence can be caused by lactose intoler- Fibril a small slender fi bre or fi lament. ance, certain foods or a sudden switch to a Fibrin insoluble protein that forms the essential high fi bre. portion of the blood clot. Flavans a subgroup of fl avonoids. See Fibrinolysis a normal ongoing process that fl avonoids. dissolves fi brin and results in the removal of Flavanols a subgroup of fl avonoids, are a class small blood clots. of fl avonoids that use the 2-phenyl-3,4-di- Fribinolytic causing the dissolution of fi brin by hydro-2H-chromen-3-ol skeleton. These com- enzymatic action. pounds include the catechins and the catechin Medical Glossary 855

gallates. They are found in chocolate, fruits helps control the menstrual cycle and the pro- and vegetables. See fl avonoids. duction of eggs by the ovaries. Flavanones a subgroup of fl avonoids, constitute Follicular atresia the break-down of the ovar- >90% of total fl avonoids in citrus. The major ian follicles. dietary fl avanones are hesperetin, naringenin Fomentation treatment by the application of and eriodictyol. war, moist substance. Flavivirus A family of viruses transmitted by Fontanelle soft spot on an infant’s skull. mosquitoes and ticks that cause some impor- Forkhead box-O transcription factors tant diseases, including dengue, yellow fever, (FOXOs) are a family of transcription fac- tick-borne encephalitis and West Nile fever. tors that play important roles in regulating the Flavones a subgroup of fl avonoids based on the expression of genes involved in cell growth, backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one (2-phe- proliferation, differentiation, and longevity. nyl-1-benzopyran-4-one). Flavones are mainly It also play an important role in tumour sup- found in cereals and herbs. pression by regulating the expression of genes Flavonoids (or bio fl avonoids) are a group of involved in stress resistance, DNA damage polyphenolic antioxidant compounds in that repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. are occur in plant as secondary metabolites. Framboesia see yaws. They are responsible for the colour of fruit FRAP ferric reducing ability of plasma, an assay and vegetables. Twelve basic classes (chemi- used to assess antioxidant property. cal types) of fl avonoids have been recognized: Friedreich’s ataxia is a genetic inherited disor- fl avones, iso fl avones, fl avans, fl avanones, der that causes progressive damage to the ner- fl avanols, fl avanolols, anthocyanidins, cate- vous system resulting in symptoms ranging chins (including proanthocyanidins), leukoan- from muscle weakness and speech problems thocyanidins, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, to heart disease. cf . ataxia. and aurones. Apart from their antioxidant Fulminant hepatitis acute liver failure. activity, fl avonoids are known for their abil- Functional Dyspepsia a non-ulcer condition ity to strengthen capillary walls, thus assisting that causes an upset stomach or pain or dis- circulation and helping to prevent and treat comfort in the upper belly, near the ribs. bruising, varicose veins, bleeding gums and Functional food is any fresh or processed food nosebleeds, heavy menstrual bleeding and are claimed to have a health-promoting or disease- also anti-in fl ammatory. preventing property beyond the basic function Flourine F is an essential chemical element that of supplying nutrients. Also called medicinal is required for maintenance of healthy bones food. and teeth and to reduce tooth decay. It is found Furuncle is a skin disease caused by the infec- in sea weeds, tea, water, seafood and dairy tion of hair follicles usually caused by Staphy- products. lococcus aureus , resulting in the localized Fluorosis a dental health condition caused by a accumulation of pus and dead tissue. child receiving too much fl uoride during tooth Furunculosis skin condition characterized by development. persistent, recurring boils. Flux an excessive discharge of fl uid. GABA gamma aminobutyric acid, required as an FMD (Flow Mediated Dilation) a measure of inhibitory neurotransmitter to block the trans- endothelial dysfunction which is used to eval- mission of an impulse from one cell to another uate cardiovascular risk. in the central nervous system, which prevents Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a protein over-fi ring of the nerve cells. It is used to treat tyrosine kinase which is recruited at an early both epilepsy and hypertension. stage to focal adhesions and which medi- GADD 152 a pro-apoptotic gene. ates many of the downstream regulatory Galctifuge or lactifuge, casuing the arrest of responses. milk secretion. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) a hormone Galactogogue a substance that promotes the produced by the pituitary gland. In women, it fl ow of milk. 856 Medical Glossary

Galactophoritis in fl ammation of the milk ducts. ing, it stimulates appetite, gastric emptying, Galactopoietic increasing the fl ow of milk; and increases cardiac output. milk-producing. Gingival Index an index describing the clinical Gall baldder a small, pear-shaped muscular severity of gingival in fl ammation as well as its sac, located under the right lobe of the liver, in location. which bile secreted by the liver is stored until Gingivitis refers to gingival in fl ammation needed by the body for digestion. Also called induced by bacterial bio fi lms (also called cholecyst, cholecystis. plaque) adherent to tooth surfaces. Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) measures the Gin-nan sitotoxism toxicity caused by inges- total phenol content in terms of the standard tion of ginkgotoxin and characterised mainly Gallic acid by the Folin-Ciocalteau assay. by epileptic convulsions, paralysis of the legs Galphai proteins or G alpha I proteins are and loss of consciousness. heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-regulatory GIP gastric inhibitory polypeptide also known as (G) proteins associated with a variety of intra- the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, cellular membranes and speci fi c plasma mem- a member of the secretin family of hormones. brane domains. Glaucoma a group of eye diseases in which the Gamma GT (GGT) Gamma-glutamyl trans- optic nerve at the back of the eye is slowly peptidase, a liver enzyme. destroyed, leading to impaired vision and Gastralgia (heart burn) – pain in the stomach blindness. or abdominal region. It is caused by excess of Gleet a chronic in fl ammation (as gonorrhea) of acid, or an accumulation of gas, in the stom- a bodily ori fi ce usually accompanied by an ach. abnormal discharge. Gastric pertaining to or affecting the stomach. Glial cells support, non-neuronal cells in the Gastric emptying refers to the speed at which central nervous system that maintain homeo- food and drink leave the stomach. stasis, form myelin and provide protection for Gastritis in fl ammation of the stomach. the brain’s neurons. Gastrocnemius muscle the big calf muscle at Glioma is a type of tumour that starts in the the rear of the lower leg. brain or spine. It is called a glioma because it Gastrotonic (Gastroprotective) substance that arises from glial cells. strengthens, tones, or regulates gastric func- Glioblastoma common and most lethal form of tions (or protects from injury) without overt brain tumor. stimulation or depression. Glioblastoma multiforme most common and Gavage forced feeding. most aggressive type of primary brain tumour Gene silencing suppression of the expression of in humans, involving glial cells. a gene. Glomerulonephritis (GN) a renal disease char- Genotoxic describes a poisonous substance acterized by in fl ammation of the glomeruli, or which harms an organism by damaging its small blood vessels in the kidneys. Also known DNA thereby capable of causing mutations or as glomerular nephritis. adj . glomerulonephritic. cancer. Glomerulosclerosis a hardening ( fi brosis) of Genotoxin a chemical or other agent that dam- the glomerulus in the kidney. ages cellular DNA, resulting in mutations or Glossal pertaining to the tongue. cancer. GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1. Geriatrics is a sub-specialty of internal medi- Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is derived cine that focuses on health care of elderly from the transcription product of the proglu- people. cagon gene, reduces insulin requirement in Gestational hypertension development of arte- diabetes mellitus and promotes satiety. rial hypertension in a pregnant woman after 20 Gluconeogenesis a metabolic pathway that weeks gestation. results in the generation of glucose from non- Ghrelin a gastrointestinal peptide hormone carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate. secreted by epithelial cells in the stomach lin- adj . gluconeogenic. Medical Glossary 857

Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT 4) insu- Glycation or glycosylation a chemical reaction lin-regulated glucose transporter found in in which glycosyl groups are added to a pro- adipose tissues and striated muscles that tein to produce a glycoprotein. modulates insulin-related translocation into Glycogenolysis is the catabolism of glycogen the cell. by removal of a glucose monomer through Glucose transporters (GLUT or SLC2A fam- cleavage with inorganic phosphate to produce ily) are a family of membrane proteins found glucose-1-phosphate. in most mammalian cells. Glycometabolism metabolism (oxidation) of Glucosuria or glycosuria is the excretion of glucose to produce energy. glucose into the urine. Glycosuria or glucosuria is an abnormal condi- Glucosyltranferase an enzyme that enable the tion of osmotic diuresis due to excretion of transfer of glucose. glucose by the kidneys into the urine. Glucuronidation a phase II detoxi fi cation path- Glycosylases a family of enzymes involved in way occurring in the liver in which glucuronic base excision repair. acid is conjugated with toxins. Goitre an enlargement of the thyroid gland lead- Glutamic Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT) ing to swelling of the neck or larynx. catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from Goitrogen substance that suppresses the func- an amino acid (Glu) to a 2-keto-acid to gener- tion of the thyroid gland by interfering with ate a new amino acid and the residual 2-keto- iodine uptake, causing enlargement of the thy- acid of the donor amino acid. roid, i.e. goiter. Glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) see Goitrogenic adj . causing goiter. Alanine aminotransferase. Gonadotroph a basophilic cell of the anterior Glutathione (GSH) a tripeptide produced in the pituitary specialized to secrete follicle-stimu- human liver and plays a key role in intermedi- lating hormone or luteinizing hormone. ary metabolism, immune response and health. Gonatropins protein hormones secreted by It plays an important role in scavenging free gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland of radicals and protects cells against several toxic vertebrates. oxygen-derived chemical species. Gonorrhoea a common sexually transmitted Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) the general bacterial infection caused by the bacterium name of an enzyme family with peroxidase Neisseria gonorrhoeae . activity whose main biological role is to pro- Gout a disorder caused by a build-up of a waste tect the organism from oxidative damage. product, uric acid, in the bloodstream. Excess Glutathione S-transferase (GST) a major uric acid settles in joints causing in fl ammation, group of detoxifi cation enzymes that partici- pain and swelling. pate in the detoxifi cation of reactive electro- G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) con- philic compounds by catalysing their conjuga- stitute the largest family of cell-surface mol- tion to glutathione. ecules involved in signal transmission. These Glycaemic index (GI) measures carbohydrates receptors play key physiological roles and according to how quickly they are absorbed their dysfunction results in several diseases. and raise the glucose level of the blood. Granulation the condition or appearance of Glycaemic load (GL) is a ranking system for being granulated (becoming grain-like). carbohydrate content in food portions based Gravel sand-like concretions of uric acid, cal- on their glycaemic index and the amount of cium oxalate, and mineral salts formed in the available carbohydrate, i.e. GI × available passages of the biliary and urinary tracts. carbohydrate divided by 100. Glycemic load Gripe water is a home remedy for babies with combines both the quality and quantity of car- colic, gas, teething pain or other stomach ail- bohydrate in one ‘number’. It’s the best way to ments. Its ingredients vary, and may include predict blood glucose values of different types alcohol, bicarbonate, ginger, dill, fennel and and amounts of food. chamomile. 858 Medical Glossary

Grippe an epidemic catarrh; older term for in fl ammatory conditions by oxidant stress, an in fl uenza. enzyme that catalyzes degradation of heme. GSH see Glutathione. Haemochromatosis iron overload in the body GSH-Px Glutathione peroxidase, general name with a hereditary or primary cause. of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity Haemodialysis, Hemodialysis a method for whose main biological role is to protect the removing waste products such as potassium organism from oxidative damage. and urea, as well as free water from the blood GSSG glutathione disul fi des are biologically when the kidneys are in renal failure. important intracellular thiols, and alterations Haemolyis lysis of red blood cells and the in the GSH/GSSG ratio are often used to release of haemoglobin into the surrounding assess exposure of cells to oxidative stress. fl uid (plasma). adj . haemolytic. GSTM glutathione S transferase M1, a major Haemoptysis, hemoptysis is the coughing up group of detoxi fi cation enzymes. of blood from the respiratory tract. The blood GSTM 2 glutathione S transferase M2, a major can come from the nose, mouth, throat, and group of detoxi fi cation enzymes. the airway passages leading to the lungs. G2-M cell cycle the phase where the cell pre- Haemorrhage, hemaorrhage bleeding, dis- pare for mitosis and where chromatids and charge of blood from blood vessels. daughter cells separate. Haemorrhoids, Hemorrhoids a painful con- Gynecopathy any or various diseases specifi c to dition in which the veins around the anus women. or lower rectum are enlarged, swollen and Gynoid adiposity fat distribution mainly to the in fl amed. Also called piles. hips and thighs, pear shaped. Haemostasis, hemostasis a complex process Haemagogic promoting a fl ow of blood. which causes the bleeding process to stop. Haematemesis, Hematemesis is the vomiting Haemostatic, hemostatic something that stops of blood. bleeding. Haematinic improving the quality of the blood, Halitosis (bad breath) a common condition its haemoglobin level and the number of eryth- caused by sulfur-producing bacteria that live rocytes. within the surface of the tongue and in the Haematochezia passage of stools containing throat. blood. Hallucinogen drug that produces hallucinogen. Haematochyluria, hematochyluria the dis- Hallucinogenic inducing hallucinations. charge of blood and chyle (emulsifi ed fat) in Haplotype a set of alleles of closely linked loci the urine, see also chyluria. on a chromosome that tend to be inherited Haematoma, hematoma a localized accumula- together. tion of blood in a tissue or space composed of Hapten a small molecule that can elicit an clotted blood. immune response only when attached to a Haematometra, hematometra a medical condi- large carrier such as a protein. tion involving bleeding of or near the uterus. HATs histone acetyl transferases, enzymes that Haematopoiesis, hematopoiesis formation regulate the acetylation of histones and tran- of blood cellular components from the hae- scription factors, playing a major role in the matopoietic stem cells. growth and differentiation of cells. Haematopoietic adj . relating to the formation HbA1c glycosylated haemoglobin. and development of blood cells. HBeAg hepatitis B e antigen. Haematuria, Hematuria is the presence of HBsAg hepatitis B s antigen. blood in the urine. Hematuria is a sign that Heartburn burning sensation in the stomach something is causing abnormal bleeding in a and esophagus caused by excessive acidity of person’s genitourinary tract. the stomach fl uids. Haeme oxygenase (HO-1, encoded by Hmox1) Heat rash any condition aggravated by heat or is an inducible protein activated in systemic hot weather such as intertrigo. Medical Glossary 859

Heat Shock Chaperones (HSC) ubiquitous Hepatalgia pain or discomfort in the liver area. molecules involved in the modulation of pro- Hepatomegaly condition of enlarged liver. tein conformational and complexation states, Hepatectomy the surgical removal of part or all associated with heat stress or other cellular of the liver. stress response. Hepatic relating to the liver. Heat Shock Proteins ( HSP) a group of func- Hepatic cirrhosis affecting the liver, character- tionally related proteins the expression of ize by hepatic fi brosis and regenerative nod- which is increased when the cells are exposed ules. to elevated temperatures or other cellular Hepatic fi brosis is overly profuse wound heal- stresses. ing in which excessive connective tissue builds Helminthiasis a disease in which a part of the up in the liver. body is infested with worms such as pinworm, Hepatitis in fl ammation of the liver. roundworm or tapeworm. Hepatitis A (formerly known as infectious hep- Hemagglutination a speci fi c form of agglutina- atitis) is an acute infectious disease of the liver tion that involves red blood cells. caused by the hepatovirus hepatitis A virus. Hemagglutination–inhibition test measures Hepatocarcinogenesis represents a linear and of the ability of soluble antigen to inhibit the progressive cancerous process in the liver in agglutination of antigen-coated red blood cells which successively more aberrant monoclonal by antibodies. populations of hepatocytes evolve. Hemagglutinin refers to a substance that causes Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) also called red blood cells to agglutinate. malignant hepatoma, is a primary malignancy Hemangioma blood vessel. (cancer) of the liver. Hematocrit is a blood test that measures the Hepatocytolysis cytotoxicity (dissolution) of percentage of the volume of whole blood that liver cells. is made up of red blood cells. Hepatoma cancer of the liver. Hematopoietic pertaining to the formation of Hepatopathy a disease or disorder of the liver. blood or blood cells. Hepatoprotective (liver protector) a substance Hematopoietic stem cell is a cell isolated from that helps protect the liver from damage by the blood or bone marrow that can renew toxins, chemicals or other disease processes. itself, and can differentiate to a variety of spe- Hepatoregenerative a compound that pro- cialized cells. motes hepatocellular regeneration, repairs Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) an enzyme that and restores liver function to optimum perfor- catalyses the degradation of heme; an induc- mance. ible stress protein, confers cytoprotection Hepatotonic (liver tonic ) a substance that is against oxidative stress in-vitro and in-vivo. tonic to the liver – usually employed to nor- Hemoglobinopathies genetic defects that pro- malize liver enzymes and function. duce abnormal hemoglobins and anemia. Hernia occurs when part of an internal organ Hemolytic anemia anemia due to hemolysis, bulges through a weak area of muscle. the breakdown of red blood cells in the blood HER- 2 human epidermal growth factor recep- vessels or elsewhere in the body. tor 2, a protein giving higher aggressiveness in Hemorheology study of blood fl ow and its ele- breast cancer, also known as ErbB-2, ERBB2. ments in the circulatory system. adj . hemor- Herpes a chronic infl ammation of the skin or heological. mucous membrane characterized by the devel- Hemorrhagic colitis an acute gasteroenteritis opment of vesicles on an in fl ammatory base. characterized by overtly bloody diarrhea that Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 – (HSV-1 and is caused by Escherichia coli infection. HSV-2) are two species of the herpes virus Hemolytic-uremic syndrome is a disease char- family which cause a variety of illnesses/ acterized by hemolytic anemia, acute renal infections in humans such cold sores, chick- failure (uremia) and a low platelet count. enpox or varicella, shingles or herpes zoster Hepa-1c1c7 a type of hepatoma cells. (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and various 860 Medical Glossary

cancers, and can cause brain infl ammation Hippocampal pertaining to the hippocampus. (encephalitis). HSV-1 is commonly associ- Hirsutism a condition where women have ated with herpes outbreaks of the face known excess facial and body hair that is dark and as cold sores or fever blisters, whereas HSV-2 coarse. is more often associated with genital herpes. Histaminergic liberated or activated by hista- They are also called Human Herpes Virus 1 mine, relating to the effects of histamine at and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2) and are neurotro- histamine receptors of target tissues. pic and neuroinvasive viruses; they enter and Histaminergic receptors are types of G-pro- hide in the human nervous system, accounting tein coupled receptors with histamine as their for their durability in the human body. endogenous ligand. Herpes zoster or simply zoster, commonly HIV see Human immunode fi ciency virus. known as shingles and also known as zona, is Hives (urticaria) is a skin rash characterised by a viral disease characterized by a painful skin circular wheals of reddened and itching skin. rash with blisters. HLA human leukocyte antigen system, name of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO) is a viral the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ocular disease characterized by a painful skin in humans. rash in one or more dermatome distributions HLA-DQB1 human leucocyte antigen beta of the fi fth cranial nerve, shared by the eye and chain. orbit. HLA-DR a major histocompatibility complex Heterophobia term used to describe irrational (MHC) class II cell surface receptor encoded fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against by the human leukocyte antigen complex on heterosexuals. chromosome 6 region 6p21.31. HDL-C (HDL Cholesterol) high density lipo- HMG-CoAr 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl- protein-cholesterol, also called “good choles- CoA reductase or (HMGCR) is the rate- terol”. See also high-density lipoprotein. controlling enzyme (EC 1.1.1.88) of the Hiatus hernia occurs when the upper part of the mevalonate pathway. stomach pushes its way through a tear in the HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coen- diaphragm. zyme A, an intermediate in the mevalonate High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is one of the pathway . fi ve major groups of lipoproteins which enable Hodgkin’s disease disease characterized by cholesterol and triglycerides to be transported enlargement of the lymph glands, spleen and within the water based blood stream. HDL anemia. can remove cholesterol from atheroma within Homeodomain transcription factor a protein arteries and transport it back to the liver for domain encoded by a homeobox. Homeobox excretion or re-utilization—which is the main genes encode transcription factors which typi- reason why HDL-bound cholesterol is some- cally switch on cascades of other genes. times called “good cholesterol”, or HDL-C. A Homeostasis the maintenance of a constant high level of HDL-C seems to protect against internal environment of a cell or an organism, cardiovascular diseases. cf. LDL. despite fl uctuations in the external. HGPRT, HPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phos- Homeotherapy treatment or prevention of dis- phoribosyl transferase) an enzyme that ease with a substance similar but not identical catalyzes the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl- to the causative agent of the disease. 1-pyrophosphate and hypoxanthine, guanine, Homocysteine an amino acid in the blood. or 6-mercaptopurine to the corresponding Homograft see allograft. 5 ¢ -mononucleotides and pyrophosphate. The Hormonal (female) substance that has a hor- enzyme is important in purine biosynthesis as mone-like effect similar to that of estrogen well as central nervous system functions. and/or a substance used to normalize female Hippocampus a ridge in the fl oor of each lateral hormone levels. ventricle of the brain that consists mainly of Hormonal (male) substance that has a hormone- gray matter. like effect similar to that of testosterone and/or Medical Glossary 861

a substance used to normalize male hormone Hydrocholeretic an agent that stimulates levels. an increased output of bile of low speci fi c HRT hormone replacement therapy, the admin- gravity. istration of the female hormones, oestrogen Hydrogogue a purgative that causes an abun- and progesterone, and sometimes testoster- dant watery discharge from the bowel. one. Hydronephrosis is distension and dilation of HSP27 is an ATP-independent, 27 kDa heat the renal pelvis and calyces, usually caused by shock protein chaperone that confers protec- obstruction of the free fl ow of urine from the tion against apoptosis. kidney. HSP90 a 90 kDa heat shock protein chaperone Hydrophobia a viral neuroinvasive disease that that has the ability to regulate a specifi c subset causes acute encephalitis (in fl ammation of the of cellular signaling proteins that have been brain) in warm-blooded animals. Also called implicated in disease processes. rabies. hTERT – (TERT) t elomerase reverse tran- Hydropsy see dropsy. scriptase is a catalytic subunit of the enzyme Hydrothorax accumulation of serous fl uid in telomerase in humans. It exerts a novel pro- the pleural cavity. tective function by binding to mitochondrial Hyperaemia the increase of blood fl ow to dif- DNA, increasing respiratory chain activity and ferent tissues in the body. protecting against oxidative stress–induced Hyperalgesia an increased sensitivity to pain damage. (enhanced pricking pain), which may be HT29 cells are human intestinal epithelial cells caused by damage to nociceptors or periph- which produce the secretory component of eral nerves. Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and carcinoembry- Hyperammonemia, hyperammonaemia a onic antigen (CEA). metabolic disturbance characterised by an Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) a DNA excess of ammonia in the blood. herpes virus which is the leading cause of con- Hypercalciuria (Idiopathic ) presence of excess genital viral infection and mental retardation. calcium in the urine without obvious cause. Human factor X a coagulation factor also Hypercholesterolemia high levels of choles- known by the eponym Stuart-Prower factor or terol in the blood that increase a person’s risk as thrombokinase, is an enzyme involved in for cardiovascular disease leading to stroke or blood coagulation. It synthesized in the liver heart attack. and requires vitamin K for its synthesis. Hyperemia is the increased blood fl ow that Human immunode fi ciency virus (HIV) a occurs when tissue is active. retrovirus that can lead to acquired Hyperemesis severe and persistent nausea and immunode fi ciency syndrome (AIDS), a con- vomiting (morning sickness) during preg- dition in humans in which the immune sys- nancy. tem begins to fail, leading to life-threatening Hyper fi brinogenemia excessive fi brinogen in opportunistic infections. the blood. Humoral immune response (HIR) is the aspect Hyperglycaemia hyperglycemic high blood of immunity that is mediated by secreted anti- sugar; is a condition in which an excessive bodies (as opposed to cell-mediated immunity, amount of glucose circulates in the blood which involves T lymphocytes) produced in plasma. the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage (B cell). Hyperglycemic a substance that raises blood HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial sugar levels. cells. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a medical condition Hyaluronidase enzymes that catalyse the characterized by an abnormally large level of hydrolysis of certain complex carbohydrates homocysteine in the blood. like hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfates. Hyperinsulinemia a condition in which there Hydatidiform a rare mass or growth that forms are excess levels of circulating insulin in the inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy. blood; also known as pre-diabetes. 862 Medical Glossary

Hyperkalemia is an elevated blood level of the Hypoalbuminemia a medical condition where electrolyte potassium. levels of albumin in blood serum are abnor- Hyperknesis enhanced itch to pricking. mally low. Hyperleptinemia increased serum leptin level. Hypocalcemic tetany a disease caused by an Hyperlipoproteinemia a metabolic disorder abnormally low level of calcium in the blood characterized by abnormally elevated concen- and characterized by hyperexcitability of the trations of lipid/lipoprotein in the plasma; also neuromuscular system and results in carpope- known as hyperlipidemia and hyperlipemia dal spasms. Hypermethylation an increase in the inherited Hypochlorhydria refer to states where the pro- methylation of cytosine and adenosine resi- duction of gastric acid in the stomach is absent dues in DNA. or low. Hyperphagia or polyphagia abnormally large Hypocholesterolemic (cholesterol-reducer), a sub- ingestion of food beyond that needed for basic stance that lowers blood cholesterol levels. energy requirements. Hypocitraturia low amount of citrate in the Hyperpiesia persistent and pathological high urine, an important risk factor for kidney stone blood pressure for which no specifi c cause can formation. be found. Hypocorticism see Addison’s disease. Hyperplasia increased cell production in a nor- Hypocortisolism see Addison’s disease. mal tissue or organ. Hypoesthesia (or hypesthesia) refers to a Hyperprebeta-lipoproteinaemia increased reduced sense of touch or sensation, or a par- concentrations of pre-beta-lipoproteins in the tial loss of sensitivity to sensory stimuli. blood Hypoglycemic an agent that lowers the concen- Hyperpropulsion using water pressure as a tration of glucose (sugar) in the blood. force to move objects; used to dislodge calculi Hypoperfusion decreased blood fl ow through an in the urethra. organ, characterized by an imbalance of oxy- Hyperpyrexia is an abnormally high fever. gen demand and oxygen delivery to tissues. Hypertension commonly referred to as “high Hypophagic under-eating. blood pressure” or HTN, is a medical condi- Hypospadias an abnormal birth defect in males tion in which the arterial blood pressure is in which the urethra opens on the under sur- chronically elevated. face of the penis. Hypertensive characterized or caused by Hypotensive characterised by or causing dimin- increased tension or pressure as abnormally ished tension or pressure, as abnormally low high blood pressure. blood pressure. Hypertonia abnormal increase inmuscle tension Hypothermia a condition in which an organ- and a reduced ability of the nuscel to stretch. ism’s temperature drops below that required Hypertriglyceridaemia or hypertriglycemia a for normal metabolism and body functions. disorder that causes high triglycerides in the Hypothermic relating to hypothermia, with blood. subnormal body temperature. Hypertrophy enlargement or overgrowth of an Hypoxaemia is the reduction of oxygen organ. speci fi cally in the blood. Hyperuricemia is a condition characterized Hypoxia a shortage of oxygen in the body. adj . by abnormally high level of uric acid in the hypoxic. blood. ICAM-1 (Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule Hypoadiponectinemia the state of having too 1) also known as CD54 (Cluster of Differ- low level of adiponectin, a major metabolic entiation 54), is a protein that in humans is endocrine, responsible for regulating things encoded by the ICAM1 gene.

like glucose uptake and lipolysis (the break- I C 50 the median maximal inhibitory concentra- down of fat deposits); low adiponectin, is a tion; a measure of the effectiveness of a com- risk factor for both Type II Diabetes and meta- pound in inhibiting biological or biochemical bolic syndrome. function. Medical Glossary 863

I.C.V. (intra-cerebroventricular) injection of Immunomodulatory capable of modifying or chemical into the right lateral ventricle of the regulating one or more immune functions. brain. Immunoreactive reacting to particular antigens Iceterus jaundice, yellowish pigmentation of or haptens. the skin. Immunostimulant agent that stimulates an Ichthyotoxic a substance which is poisonous to immune response. fi sh. Immunosuppression involves a process that Icteric hepatitis an infectious syndrome of hep- reduces the activation or effi cacy of the atitis characterized by jaundice, nausea, fever, immune system. right-upper quadrant pain, enlarged liver and Immunotoxin a man-made protein that consists transaminitis (increase in alanine aminotrans- of a targeting portion linked to a toxin. ferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotrans- Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) a pre-diabetic ferase (AST)). state of dysglycemia associated with insulin Icterus neonatorum jaundice in newborn resistance, increased risk of cardiovascular infants. pathology and also a risk factor for mortality. Idiopathic of no apparent physical cause. Impetigo a contagious, bacterial skin infec- Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss tion characterized by blisters that may itch, (ISSHL) is sudden hearing loss where clini- caused by a Streptococcus bacterium or cal assessment fails to reveal a cause. Staphylococcus aureus and mostly seen in I.g. gastric intubation, insertion of Levin tube children. through the nasal passage to the stomach. Impotence a sexual dysfunction characterized IgE Immunoglobin E - a class of antibody that by the inability to develop or maintain an plays a role in allergy. erection of the penis. IGFs insulin-like growth factors, polypeptides Incontinence (fecal) the inability to control with high sequence similarity to insulin. bowel’s movement. IgG Immunoglobin G – the most abundant Incontinence (Urine) the inability to control immunoglobin (antibody) and is one of the urine excretion. major activators of the complement pathway. Incretin a group of gastrointestinal hormones IgM Immunoglobin M - primary antibody that cause an increase in the amount of insu- against A and B antigens on red blood cells. lin released from the beta cells of the islets of IKAP is a scaffold protein of the IvarKappaBeta Langerhans after a meal; members include kinase complex and a regulator for kinases GIP and GLP-1. involved in pro-in fl ammatory cytokine signaling. Index of structural atypia (ISA) index of struc- IKappa B or IkB-beta, a protein of the NF- tural abnormality. Kappa-B inhibitor family. Induration hardened, as a soft tissue that Ileus a temporary disruption of intestinal peri- becomes extremely fi rm, sclerosis. stalsis due to non-mechanical causes. Infarct an area of living tissue that undergoes Immune modulator a substance that affects or necrosis as a result of obstruction of local modulates the functioning of the immune sys- blood supply. tem. Infarction is the process of tissue death (necro- Immunode fi ciency a state in which the immune sis) caused by blockage of the tissue’s blood system’s ability to fi ght infectious disease is supply. compromised or entirely absent. In fl ammation a protective response of the body Immunogenicity the property enabling a sub- to infection, irritation or other injury, aimed stance to provoke an immune response, adj . at destroying or isolating the injuries and immunogenic. characterized by redness, pain, warmth and Immunoglobulin class switching Ig class swelling. switching a biological mechanism that In fl uenza a viral infection that affects mainly changes a B cell’s production of antibody from the nose, throat, bronchi and occasionally, one class to another. lungs. 864 Medical Glossary

Infusion a liquid extract obtained by steeping by the cells of the immune system of most something (e.g. herbs) that are more volatile vertebrates in response to challenges such as or dissolve readily in water, to release their viruses, parasites and tumour cells. active ingredients without boiling. Interleukins a group of naturally occurring pro- Inguinal hernia a hernia into the inguinal canal teins and is a subset of a larger group of cel- of the groin. lular messenger molecules called cytokines, Inhalant a medicinal substance that is admin- which are modulators of cellular behavior. istered as a vapor into the upper respiratory Interleukin-1 (IL-1) a cytokine that could passages. induce fever, control lymphocytes, increase the iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthases through number of bone marrow cells and cause degen- its product, nitric oxide (NO), may contribute eration of bone joints. Also called endogenous to the induction of germ cell apoptosis. It plays pyrogen, lymphocyte activating factor, haemo- a crucial role in early sepsis-related microcir- poetin-1 and mononuclear cell factor, amongst culatory dysfunction. others that IL-1 is composed of two distinct Inotropic affecting the force of muscle contrac- proteins, now called IL-1a and IL-1b . tion. Interleukin 1 Beta (IL-1b ) a cytokine protein Insecticide an agent that destroys insects. adj . produced by activated macrophages. cytokine insecticidal. is an important mediator of the infl ammatory Insomnia a sleeping disorder characterized by response, and is involved in a variety of cellu- the inability to fall asleep and/or the inability lar activities, including cell proliferation, dif- to remain asleep for a reasonable amount of ferentiation, and apoptosis. time. Interleukin 2 (IL-2) a type of cytokine immune Insulin a peptide hormone composed of 51 system signaling molecule that is instrumen- amino acids produced in the islets of Langer- tal in the body’s natural response to microbial hans in the pancreas causes cells in the liver, infection. muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) a heterotri- the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver meric protein expressed on the surface of cer- and muscle. Insulin defi ciency is often the tain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that cause of diabetes and exogenous insulin is binds and responds to a cytokine called IL-2. used to control diabetes. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) an interleukin that acts as Insulin homeostasis blood sugar regulation. both a pro-infl ammatory and anti-infl ammatory Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) polypep- cytokine. tides with high sequence similarity to insulin. Interleukin 8 (I- 8) a cytokine produced by They are part of a complex system that cells macrophages and other cell types such as epi- employ to communicate with their physiologic thelial cells and is one of the major mediators environment. of the in fl ammatory response. Insulin-mimetic to act like insulin. Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) is Insulin resistance a condition where the natu- one of the fi ve major groups of lipoproteins ral hormone insulin becomes less effective at (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL) reducing blood sugars. that enable fats and cholesterol to move within Insulinogenic associated with or stimulating the the water-based solution of the bloodstream. production of insulin. IDL is further degraded to form LDL particles Insulinotropic stimulating or affecting the pro- and, like LDL, can also promote the growth duction and activity of insulin. of atheroma and increase cardiovascular Integrase an enzyme produced by a retrovirus diseases. (such as HIV) that enables its genetic material Intermittent claudication an aching, crampy, to be integrated into the DNA of the infected tired, and sometimes burning pain in the legs cell. that comes and goes, caused by peripheral Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling vascular disease. I t usually occurs with walk- glycoproteins known as cytokines produced ing and disappears after rest. Medical Glossary 865

Interoceptive relating to stimuli arising from Ischemia an insuffi cient supply of blood to an within the body. organ, usually due to a blocked artery. Interstitium the space between cells in a tissue. Ischuria retention or suppression of urine. Interstitial pertaining to the interstitium. Iso fl avones a subgroup of fl avonoids in which Intertrigo an in fl ammation (rash) caused by the basic structure is a 3-phenyl chromane microbial infection in skin folds. skeleton. They act as phytoestrogens in mam- Intima innermost layer of an artery or vein. mals. See fl avonoids. Intoxicant substance that produce drunkenness Isomers substances that are composed of the or intoxication. same elements in the same proportions and Intracavernosal within the copus cavernsoum, hence have the same molecular formula but columns of erectile tissues forming the body differ in properties because of differences in of the penis. the arrangement of atoms. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) the term used when a Isoprostanes unique prostaglandin-like com- chemical is contained within or administered pounds generated in vivo from the free radical- through the peritoneum (the thin, transparent catalysed peroxidation of essential fatty acids. membrane that lines the walls of the abdo- Jamu traditional Indonesian herbal medicine. men). Jaundice refers to the yellow color of the skin Intrathecal (i.t.) through the theca of the spinal and whites of the eyes caused by excess bili- cord into the subarachnoid space. rubin in the blood. Intromission the act of putting one thing into JNK (Jun N-terminal Kinase), also known as another. Stress Activated Protein Kinase (SAPK), Intubation refers to the placement of a tube into belongs to the family of MAP kinases. an external or internal ori fi ce of the body. Jurkat cells a line of T lymphocyte cells that are Iodine (I) is an essential chemical element that used to study acute T cell leukemia. is important for hormone development in the KB cell a cell line derived from a human carci- human body. Lack of iodine can lead to an noma of the nasopharynx, used as an assay for enlarged thyroid gland (goitre) or other iodine antineoplastic (anti-tumour) agents. defi ciency disorders including mental retarda- Kaliuresis the presence of excess potassium in tion and stunted growth in babies and chil- the urine. dren. Iodine is found in dairy products, sea- Kallikreins peptidases (enzymes that cleave food, kelp, seaweeds, eggs, some vegetables peptide bonds in proteins), a subgroup of the and iodized salt. serine protease family; they liberate kinins IP see Intraperitoneal. from kininogens. Kallikreins are targets of IP3R3 (inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor active investigation by drug researchers as type 3) is an intracellular calcium release possible biomarkers for cancer. channel that mediates calcium release from Kaposi sarcoma a cancerous tumour of the con- the endoplasmic reticulum. nective tissues caused by the huma herpesvi- Iron (Fe) is essential to most life forms and to rus 8 and is often associated with AIDS. normal human physiology. In humans, iron is Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) also an essential component of proteins involved known as human herpesvirus-8, is a gamma 2 in oxygen transport and for haemoglobin. It is herpesvirus or rhadinovirus. It plays an impor- also essential for the regulation of cell growth tant role in the pathogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma and differentiation. A defi ciency of iron limits (KS), multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) oxygen delivery to cells, resulting in fatigue, of the plasma cell type, and primary effusion poor work performance, and decreased immu- lymphoma and occurs in HIV patients. nity. Conversely, excess amounts of iron can Karyolysis dissolution and disintegration of the result in toxicity and even death. Dietary nucleus when a cell dies. sources include, certain cereals, dark green Karyorrhexis destructive fragmentation of the leafy vegetables, dried fruit, legumes, seafood, nucleus of a dying cell whereby its chromatin poultry and meat. disintegrates into formless granules. 866 Medical Glossary

Keratin a sulphur-containing protein which is a Laminin a glycoprotein component of connec- major component in skin, hair, nails, hooves, tive tissue basement membrane that promotes horns, and teeth. cell adhesion. Keratinocyte is the major constituent of the epider- Laparotomy a surgical procedure involving an mis, constituting 95% of the cells found there. incision through the abdominal wall to gain Keratinophilic having an af fi nity for keratin. access into the abdominal cavity. adj . laparo- Keratitis in fl ammation of the cornea. tomized . Keratomalacia an eye disorder that leads to a Larvacidal an agent which kills insect or para- dry cornea. site larva. Kidney stones (calculi) are hardened mineral Laryngitis is an in fl ammation of the larynx. deposits that form in the kidney. Laxation bowel movement. Kinin is any of various structurally related poly- Laxatives substances that are used to promote peptides, such as bradykinin, that act locally to bowel movement.

induce vasodilation and contraction of smooth L C 50 median lethal concentration, see LC50.

muscle. L D 50 median lethal dose – the dose required to kill Kininogen either of two plasma a 2-globulins half the members of a tested population. Also

that are kinin precursors. called LC50 (median lethal concentration). Ki-67 human protein associated with cell prolif- LDL see low-density lipoprotein. eration. LDL Cholesterol see low-density lipoprotein. Knockout gene knockout is a genetic technique LDL receptor (LDLr) a low-density lipopro- in which an organism is engineered to carry tein receptor gene. genes that have been made inoperative. Lectins are sugar-binding proteins that are Kunitz protease inhibitors a type of protein highly specifi c for their sugar moieties, that contained in legume seeds which functions as agglutinate cells and/or precipitate glycocon- a protease inhibitor. jugates. They play a role in biological recogni- Kupffer cells are resident macrophages of the tion phenomena involving cells and proteins. liver and play an important role in its normal Leishmaniasis a disease caused by protozoan physiology and homeostasis as well as partici- parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania pating in the acute and chronic responses of and is transmitted by the bite of certain spe- the liver to toxic compounds. cies of sand fl y. L-Dopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) is an Lenitive palliative. amino acid that is formed in the liver and con- Lenticular opacity also known as or related to verted into dopamine in the brain. cataract. Labour process of childbirth involving muscu- Leprosy a chronic bacterial disease of the skin lar contractions. and nerves in the hands and feet and, in some Lacrimation secretion and discharge of tears. cases, the lining of the nose. It is caused by the Lactagogue an agent that increases or stimu- Mycobacterium leprae . Also called Hansen’s lates milk fl ow or production. Also called a disease. galactagogue. Leptin is a 16 kDa protein hormone with impor- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme that cat- tant effects in regulating body weight, metab- alyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate. olism and reproductive function. Lactation secretion and production of milk. Lequesne Algofunctional Index is a widespread Lactic acidosis is a condition caused by the international instrument (10 questions survey) buildup of lactic acid in the body. It leads to and recommended by the World Health Orga- acidifi cation of the blood (acidosis), and is con- nization (WHO) for outcome measurement in sidered a distinct form of metabolic acidosis. hip and knee diseases such as osteoarthritis. LAK cell a lymphokine-activated killer cell i.e. Leucocyte white blood corpuscles, colourless, a white blood cell that has been stimulated to without haemoglobin that help to combat kill tumour cells. infection. Medical Glossary 867

Leucoderma a skin abnormality characterized Lipodiatic having lipid and lipoprotein lower- by white spots, bands and patches on the skin; ing property. they can also be caused by fungus and tinea. Lipodystrophy a medical condition character- Also see vitiligo. ized by abnormal or degenerative conditions Leucorrhoea commonly known as whites, of the body’s adipose tissue. refers to a whitish discharge from the female Lipogenesis is the process by which acetyl-CoA genitals is converted to fats. Leukemia, leukaemia a cancer of the blood Lipolysis is the breakdown of fat stored in fat or bone marrow and is characterized by an cells in the body. abnormal proliferation (production by multi- Lipooxygenase enzyme that catalyzes the oxi- plication) of blood cells, usually white blood dation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to form a cells (leukocytes). peroxide of the acid. Leukemogenic relating to leukemia, causing Liposomes arti fi cially prepared vesicles made leukemia. of lipid bilayer. Leukocytopenia abnormal decrease in the num- Lipotoxicity refers to tissues diseases that may ber of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the occur when fatty acids spillover in excess blood. of the oxidative needs of those tissues and Leukomyelopathy any diseases involving the enhances metabolic fl ux into harmful path- white matter of the spinal cord. ways of nonoxidative metabolism. Leukopenia a decrease in the number of circu- Lipotropic refers to compounds that help catal- lating white blood cells. yse the breakdown of fat during metabolism in Leukoplakia condition characterized by white the body. e.g. chlorine and lecithin. spots or patches on mucous membranes, espe- Lipoxygenase a family of iron-containing cially of the mouth and vulva. enzymes that catalyse the dioxygenation of Leukotriene a group of hormones that cause polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids contain- the infl ammatory symptoms of hay-fever and ing a cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene structure. asthma. Lithiasis formation of urinary calculi (stones) Luteolysis degeneration of the corpus luteum in the renal system (kidneys, ureters, urinary and ovarian luteinized tissues. adj. luteolytic. bladder, urethra) can be of any one of several Levarterenol see Norepinephrine. compositions. LexA repressor or Repressor LexA is repressor Lithogenic promoting the formation of calculi enzyme that represses SOS response genes (stones). coding for DNA polymerases required for Lithontripic removes stones from kidney, gall repairing DNA damage bladder. Libido sexual urge. Liver X receptors nuclear hormones that func- Lichen planus a chronic mucocutaneous disease tion as central transcriptional regulators for that affects the skin, tongue, and oral mucosa. lipid homeostasis. Ligroin a volatile,, in fl ammable fraction of Lotion a liquids suspension or dispersion of petroleum, obtained by distillation and used chemicals for external application to the as a solvent. body. Limbic system complex set of brain structures, Lovo cells colon cancer cells. including the hypothalamus, amygdala, hip- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a type of pocampus, anterior thalamic nuclei, septum, lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and trig- limbic cortex and fornix that control various lycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues. functions such as emotion, behaviour, motiva- High levels of LDL cholesterol can signal tion, memory and olfaction. medical problems like cardiovascular disease, Liniment liquid preparation rubbed on skin, and it is sometimes called “bad cholesterol”. used to relieve muscular aches and pains. LRP1 low-density lipoprotein receptor-related Linterized starch starch that has undergone protein-1, plays a role in intracellular signal- prolonged acid treatment. ing functions as well as in lipid metabolism. 868 Medical Glossary

LTB4 a type of leukotriene, a major metabolite two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. T cells. Lymphocytes secrete products (lym- It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function phokines) that modulate the functional activi- (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered ties of many other types of cells and are often free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and present at sites of chronic in fl ammation. metabolism). It induces skin in fl ammation. Lymphocyte B cells the B cells make antibod- Luciferase is a generic name for enzymes com- ies that attack bacteria and toxins. monly used in nature for bioluminescence. Lymphocyte T cells T cells attack body cells Lumbago is the term used to describe general themselves when they have been taken over lower back pain. by viruses or have become cancerous. Lung abscess necrosis of the pulmonary tissue Lymphoma a type of cancer involving cells of and formation of cavities containing necrotic the immune system, called lymphocytes. debris or fl uid caused by microbial infections. Lymphopenia abnormally low number of lym- Lusitropic an agent that affects diastolic relax- phocytes in the blood. ation. Lysosomes are small, spherical organelles con- Lutein a carotenoid, occurs naturally as yellow taining digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) or orange pigment in some fruits and leafy and other proteases (cathepsins). vegetables. It is one of the two carotenoids Maceration softening or separating of parts by contained within the retina of the eye. Within soaking in a liquid. the central macula, zeaxanthin predominates, Macrophage a type of large leukocyte that trav- whereas in the peripheral retina, lutein pre- els in the blood but can leave the bloodstream dominates.Lutein is necessary for good vision and enter tissue; like other leukocytes it pro- and may also help prevent or slow down ath- tects the body by digesting debris and foreign erosclerosis, the thickening of arteries, which cells. is a major risk for cardiovascular disease. Macular degeneration a disease that gradually Luteinising hormone (LH) a hormone produced destroys the macula, the central portion of the by the anterior pituitary gland. In females, it retina, reducing central vision. triggers ovulation. In males, it stimulates the Macules small circumscribed changes in the production of testosterone to aid sperm matu- color of skin that are neither raised (elevated) ration. nor depressed. Luteolysis is the structural and functional deg- Maculopapular describes a rash characterized radation of the corpus luteum (CL) that occurs by raised, spotted lesions. at the end of the luteal phase of both the Magnesium (Mg) is the fourth most abundant estrous and menstrual cycles in the absence of mineral in the body and is essential to good pregnancy. health. It is important for normal muscle and Lymphadenitis-cervical in fl ammation of the nerve function, steady heart rhythm, immune lymph nodes in the neck, usually caused by system, and strong bones. Magnesium also an infection. helps regulate blood sugar levels, promotes Lymphatitis in fl ammation of lymph vessels and normal blood pressure, and is known to be nodes. involved in energy metabolism and protein Lymphadenopathy a term meaning “ disease of synthesis and plays a role in preventing and the lymph nodes – lymph node enlargement. managing disorders such as hypertension, Lymphadenomegaly is the enlargement of the cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Dietary lymph node/nodes. sources include legumes (e.g. soya bean and Lymphoblastic pertaining to the production of by-products), nuts, whole unre fi ned grains, lymphocytes. fruit (e.g. banana, apricots), okra and green Lymphocyte a small white blood cell (leu- leafy vegetables. cocyte) that plays a large role in defending MAK cell macrophage-activated killer cell, acti- the body against disease. Lymphocytes are vated macrophage that is much more phago- responsible for immune responses. There are cytic than monocytes. Medical Glossary 869

Malaise a feeling of weakness, lethargy or stimuli, including apoptosis and production of discomfort as of impending illness. infl ammatory and immunoregulatory cytok- Malaria is an infection of the blood by Plasmo- ines in diverse cell systems. dium parasite that is carried from person to Marasmus is one of the 3 forms of serious person by mosquitoes. There are four species protein-energy malnutrition. of malaria parasites that infect man: Plasmo- Mastectomy surgery to remove a breast. dium falciparum, so called ‘malignant tertian Masticatory a substance chewed to increase fever’, is the most serious disease, Plasmo- salivation. Also called sialogue. dium vivax, causing a relapsing form of the Mastitis a bacterial infection of the breast which disease, Plasmodium malariae , and Plasmo- usually occurs in breastfeeding mothers. dium ovale . Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) a member Malassezia a fungal genus (previously known of a group of enzymes that can break down as Pityrosporum ) classifi ed as yeasts, naturally proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found on the skin surfaces of many animals found in the spaces between cells in tissues including humans. It can cause hypopigmen- (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Matrix tation on the chest or back if it becomes an metalloproteinases are involved in wound opportunistic infection. healing, angiogenesis, and tumour cell metas- Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) path- tasis. See also metalloproteinase. way that regulates mitochondrial oxygen MBC minimum bacterial concentration – the consumption and oxidative capacity. lowest concentration of antibiotic required to Mammogram an x-ray of the breast to detect kill an organism. tumours. MCP-1 monocyte chemotactic protein-1, plays Mandibular relating to the mandible, the human a role in the recruitment of monocytes to sites jaw bone. of infection and injury. It is a member of small Manganese is an essential element for heath. It is inducible gene (SIG) family. an important constituent of some enzymes and MDA malondialdehyde is one of the most fre- an activator of other enzymes in physiologic quently used indicators of lipid peroxidation. processes. Manganese superoxide dismutase Measles an acute, highly communicable rash (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant enzyme illness due to a virus transmitted by direct in the mitochondria. Manganese-activated contact with infectious droplets or, less com- enzymes play important roles in the metabo- monly, by airborne spread. lism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and cho- Mechanonociceptors sensory neurons that are lesterol. Manganese is the preferred cofactor mechanically sensitive found in all of the of enzymes called glycosyltransferases which paraspinal connective tissues including liga- are required for the synthesis of proteoglycans ment, joint capsule, annulus fi brosus of the that are needed for the formation of healthy intervertebral disk, muscle, tendon, and skin. cartilage and bone. Dietary source include They respond to a noxius (damaging) mechan- whole grains, fruit, legumes (soybean and ical load. by-products), green leafy vegetables, beetroot Medial Preoptic Area is located at the rostral and tea. end of the hypothalamus, it is important for MAO activity monoamine oxidase activity. the regulation of male sexual behavior. MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein Megaloblastic anemia an anemia that results kinase) these kinases are strongly activated from inhibition of DNA synthesis in red blood in cells subjected to osmotic stress, UV cell production, often due to a defi ciency of radiation, disregulated K+ currents, RNA- vitamin B12 or folate and is characterized by damaging agents, and a multitude of other many large immature and dysfunctional red stresses, as well as in fl ammatory cytokines, blood cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow. endotoxin , and withdrawal of a trophic fac- Melaene (melena) refers to the black, “tarry” tor . The stress-responsive MAPKs mediate a feces that are associated with gastrointestinal plethora of cellular responses to such stressful hemorrhage. 870 Medical Glossary

Melanogenesis production of melanin by living Metastasis is the movement or spreading of cells. cancer cells from one organ or tissue to Melanoma malignant tumour of melanocytes another. which are found predominantly in skin but Metetrus the quiescent period of sexual inactiv- also in the bowel and the eye and appear as ity between oestrus cycles. pigmented lesions. Metroptosis the slipping or falling out of place Melatonin a hormone produced in the brain of an organ (as the uterus) by the pineal gland, it is important in the Metrorrhagia uterine bleeding at irregular regulation of the circadian rhythms of several intervals, particularly between the expected biological functions. menstrual periods. Menarche the fi rst menstrual cycle, or fi rst men- Mevinolin a potent inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3- strual bleeding, in female human beings. methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG- Menorrhagia heavy or prolonged menstruation, CoA reductase). too-frequent menstrual periods. MHC acronym for major histocompatibility Menopausal refer to permanent cessation of complex, a large cluster of genes found on the menstruation. short arm of chromosome 6 in most vertebrates Menses see menstruation. that encodes MHC molecules. MHC mol- Menstruation the approximately monthly dis- ecules play an important role in the immune charge of blood from the womb in women of system and autoimmunity. childbearing age who are not pregnant. Also MHC 11 molecules Class II MHC molecules called menses. adj . menstrual. belong to a group of molecules known as the Mesangial cells are specialized cells around Immunoglobulin Supergene Family, which blood vessels in the kidneys, at the mesan- includes immunoglobulins, T-cell receptors, gium. CD4, CD8, and others. Mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer affecting MIC minimum inhibitory concentration – low- the membrane lining of the lungs and abdo- est concentration of an antimicrobial that will men. inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a Micelle a submicroscopic aggregation of mol- combination of cardiometabolic risk factors, ecules. including visceral obesity, glucose intoler- Micellization formation process of micelles. ance or type 2 diabetes, elevated triglycerides, Microangiopathy (or microvascular disease) is reduced HDL cholesterol, and hypertension. an angiopathy affecting small blood vessels in Metabonome complete set of metabologically the body regulated elements in cells. Micro fi laria a pre-larval parasitic worm of Metalloproteinase enzymes that breakdown the family Onchocercidae, found in the vec- proteins and requiring zinc or calcium atoms tor and in the blood or tissue fl uid of human for proper function. host. Metallothionein (MT) a family of cysteine- Micronuclei small particles consisting of acen- rich, low molecular weight (500–14,000 Da) tric fragments of chromosomes or entire chro- proteins. mosomes, which lag behind at anaphase of Meta-analysis a statistical procedure that com- cell division. bines the results of several studies that address Microsomal PGE2 synthase is the enzyme that a set of related research hypotheses. catalyses the fi nal step in prostaglandin E2 Metaphysis is the portion of a long bone (PGE2) biosynthesis. between the epiphyses and the diaphysis of Microvasculature the fi ner vessels of the body, the femur. as the arterioles, capillaries, and venules. Metaphyseal pertaining to the metaphysis. Micturition urination, act of urinating. Metaplasia transformation of one type of one Migraine a neurological syndrome character- mature differentiated cell type into another ized by altered bodily perceptions, severe, mature differentiated cell type. painful headaches, and nausea. Medical Glossary 871

Mimosine is an alkaloid, b -3-hydroxy-4 pyri- Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is an isozyme done amino acid, it is a toxic non-protein free of monoamine oxidase. It preferentially amino acid and is an antinutrient. deaminates norepinephrine (noradrenaline), Mineral apposition rate MAR, rate of addition epinephrine (adrenaline), serotonin, and of new layers of mineral on the trabecular sur- dopamine. faces of bones. Monoaminergic of or pertaining to neurons that Miscarriage spontaneous abortion. secrete monoamine neurotransmitters (e.g., Mitochondrial complex I the largest enzyme in dopamine, serotonin). the mitochondrial respiratory oxidative phos- Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing phorylation system. single antibody-forming cells to tumour cells Mitochondrial permeability transition grown in culture. (MPT) is an increase in the permeability of Monocyte large white blood cell that ingest the mitochondrial membranes to molecules of microbes, other cells and foreign matter. less than 1,500 Da in molecular weight. MPT Monogalactosyl diglyceride are the major lipid is one of the major causes of cell death in a components of chloroplasts. variety of conditions. Monorrhagia is heavy bleeding and that’s usu- Mitogen an agent that triggers mitosis, elicit all ally defi ned as periods lasting longer than the signals necessary to induce cell prolifera- 7 days or excessive bleeding. tion. Morbidity a diseased state or symptom or can Mitogenic able to induce mitosis or transforma- refer either to the incidence rate or to the prev- tion. alence rate of a disease. Mitogenicity process of induction of mitosis. Morello fl avone a bi fl avonoid extracted from Mitomycin a chemotherapy drug that is given Garcinia dulcis , has shown antioxidative, as a treatment for several different types of antiviral, and anti-in fl ammatory properties. cancer, including breast, stomach, oesophagus Morphine the major alkaloid of opium and a and bladder cancers. potent narcotic analgesic. Mitosis cell division in which the nucleus MTTP microsomal triglyceride transfer protein divides into nuclei containing the same num- that is required for the assembly and secretion ber of chromosomes. of triglyceride -rich lipoproteins from both MMP matrix metalloproteinases, a group of enterocytes and hepatocytes. peptidases involved in degradation of the MUC 5 AC mucin 5 AC, a secreted gel-forming extracellular matrix (ECM). protein mucin with a high molecular weight of Mnestic pertaining to memory. about 641 kDa. Molecular docking is a key tool in structural Mucositis painful in fl ammation and ulceration molecular biology and computer-assisted drug of the mucous membranes lining the digestive design. tract. Molluscidal destroying molluscs like snails. Mucous relating to mucus. Molt 4 cells MOLT4 cells are lymphoblast-like Mucolytic capable of reducing the viscosity of in morphology and are used for studies of mucus, or an agent that so acts. apoptosis, tumour cytotoxicity, tumorigenic- Mucus viscid secretion of the mucous mem- ity, as well as for antitumour testing. brane. Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential element that Multidrug resistance (MDR) ability of a liv- forms part of several enzymes such as xanthine ing cell to show resistance to a wide variety of oxidase involved in the oxidation of xanthine structurally and functionally unrelated com- to uric acid and use of iron. Molybdenum pounds. concentrations also affect protein synthesis, Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled metabolism, and growth. Dietary sources acetylcholine receptors found in the plasma include meat, green beans, eggs, sunfl ower membranes of certain neurons and other seeds, wheat fl our, lentils, and cereal grain. cells. 872 Medical Glossary

Mutagen an agent that induces genetic mutation Myopia near – or short-sightedness. by causing changes in the DNA. Myosarcoma a malignant muscle tumour. Mutagenic capable of inducing mutation (used Myotonia dystrophica an inherited disorder mainly for extracellular factors such as X-rays of the muscles and other body systems char- or chemical pollution). acterized by progressive muscle weakness, Myalgia muscle pain. prolonged muscle contractions (myotonia), Myc codes for a protein that binds to the DNA clouding of the lens of the eye (cataracts), car- of other genes and is therefore a transcription diac abnormalities, balding, and infertility. factor, found on chromosome 8 in human. Myotube a developing skeletal muscle fi ber or Mycosis an infection or disease caused by a fun- cell with a tubular appearance and a centrally gus. located nucleus. Myelocyte is a young cell of the granulocytic Myringosclerosis also known as tympanoscle- series, occurring normally in bone marrow, rosis or intratympanic tympanosclerosis, is a but not in circulating blood. condition caused by calcifi cation of collagen Myeloid leukaemia (Chronic) a type of cancer that tissues in the tympanic membrane of the mid- affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized dle ear. by excessive number of white blood cells. Mytonia a symptom of certain neuromuscular Myeloma cancer that arise in the plasma cells a disorders characterized by the slow relaxation type of white blood cells. of the muscles after voluntary contraction or Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a peroxidase electrical stimulation. enzyme most abundantly present in neutrophil Myotube a developing skeletal muscle fi bre granulocytes (a subtype of white blood cells). with a tubular appearance. It is an in fl ammatory enzyme produced by N-nitrosmorpholine a human carcinogen. activated leukocytes that predicts risk of coro- N-nitrosoproline an indicator for N-nitrosation nary heart disease. of amines. Myeloproliferative disorder disease of the NADPH The reduced form of nicotinamide ade- bone marrow in which excess cells are pro- nine dinucleotide phosphate that serves as an duced. electron carrier. Myelosuppressive causing bone marrow sup- NAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. pression. Narcotic an agent that produces narcosis, in Myelotoxicity state of being toxic to myeloid moderate doses it dulls the senses, relieves tissues, the bone marrow. pain and induces sleep; in excessive dose it Myocardial relating to heart muscles tissues. cause stupor, coma, convulsions and death. Myocardial infarction (MI) is the rapid devel- Nasopharynx upper part of the alimentary con- opment of myocardial necrosis caused by a tinuous with the nasal passages. critical imbalance between oxygen supply and Natriorexia excessive intake of sodium evoked demand of the myocardium. by sodium depletion. adj. natriorexic, natri- Myocardial ischemia an intermediate condi- orexigenic. tion in coronary artery disease during which Natriuresis the discharge of excessive large the heart tissue is slowly or suddenly starved amount of sodium through urine. adj . natri- of oxygen and other nutrients. uretic. Myocardial lipidosis is the accumulation of fat Natural killer cells (NK cells) a type of cyto- droplets in myocardial fi bers. toxic lymphocyte that constitute a major com- Myoclonus brief, involuntary twitching of a ponent of the innate immune system. muscle or a group of muscles. Natural killer T (NKT) cells a heterogeneous Myogenesis the formation of muscular tissue, group of T cells that share properties of both T especially during embryonic development. cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Myopathy a muscular disease wherein the mus- Nausea sensation of unease and discomfort in cle fi bres do not function for any one of many the stomach with an urge to vomit. reasons, resulting in muscular weakness. Necropsy see autopsy. Medical Glossary 873

Necrosis morphological changes that follow cell derivatives, such as glycoproteins, glycolipids, death, usually involving nuclear and cytoplas- oligosaccharides, and gangliosides. mic changes. Neuralgia is a sudden, severe painful disorder Neointima a new or thickened layer of arterial of the nerves. intima formed especially on a prosthesis or in Neuraminidase glycoside hydrolase enzymes atherosclerosis by migration and proliferation that cleaves the glycosidic linkages of of cells from the media. neuraminic acids. Neonatal adj. of or relating to newborn infants Neuraminidase inhibitors a class of antiviral or an infant. drugs targeted at the infl uenza viruses whose Neoplasia abnormal growth of cells, which may mode of action consists of blocking the func- lead to a neoplasm, or tumour. tion of the viral neuraminidase protein, thus Neoplasm tumour; any new and abnormal preventing the virus from reproducing. growth, specifi cally one in which cell mul- Neurasthenia a condition with symptoms of tiplication is uncontrolled and progressive. fatigue, anxiety, headache, impotence, neural- Neoplasms may be benign or malignant. gia and impotence. Neoplastic transformation conversion of a Neurasthenic a substance used to treat nerve tissue with a normal growth pattern into pain and/or weakness (i.e. neuralgia, sciatica, a malignant tumour. etc.). Neovasculature formation of new blood vessels. Neurite refers to any projection from the cell Nephrectomised kidneys surgically removed. body of a neuron. Nephrectomy surgical removal of the kidney. Neuritis an in fl ammation of the nerve character- Nephric relating to or connected with a kidney. ized by pain, sensory disturbances and impair- Nephrin is a protein necessary for the proper ment of re fl exes. adj . neuritic. functioning of the renal fi ltration barrier. Neuritogenesis the fi rst step of neuronal dif- Nephritic syndrome is a collection of signs ferentiation, takes place as nascent neurites (known as a syndrome) associated with dis- bud from the immediate postmitotic neuronal orders affecting the kidneys, more specifi cally soma. glomerular disorders. Neuroblastoma a common extracranial can- Nephritis is in fl ammation of the kidney. cer that forms in nerve tissues, common in Nephrolithiasis process of forming a kidney infancy. stone in the kidney or lower urinary tract. Neuroendocrine adj. of, relating to, or involv- Nephropathy a disorder of the kidney. ing the interaction between the nervous system Nephrotic syndrome nonspeci fi c disorder in and the hormones of the endocrine glands. which the kidneys are damaged, causing them Neurogenesis process by which neurons are to leak large amounts of protein from the generated from neural stem and progenitor blood into the urine. cells. Nephrotoxicity poisonous effect of some sub- Neurogenic originating from the nerves of the stances, both toxic chemicals and medication, nervous system. on the kidney. Neuroleptic refers to the effects on cogni- Nerve growth factor (NGF) a small protein tion and behavior of antipsychotic drugs that that induces the differentiation and survival of reduce confusion, delusions, hallucinations, particular target neurons (nerve cells). and psychomotor agitation in patients with Nervine a nerve tonic that acts therapeutically psychoses. upon the nerves, particularly in the sense of a Neuroma is a growth or tumour of nerve tissue. sedative that serves to calm ruf fl ed nerves. Neuropharmacological relating the effects of Neural tube defects (NTDs) are common birth drugs on the neurosystem. defects of the brain and spinal cord. Neuroradiology is a subspecialty of radiology NEU 4 sialidase this protein belongs to a family focusing on the diagnosis and characterization of glycohydrolytic enzymes, which remove of abnormalities of the central and peripheral terminal sialic acid residues from various sialo nervous system. adj . neuroradiologic. 874 Medical Glossary

Neurotrophic relating to neutrophy i.e. the (steatosis) in the liver not due to excessive nutrition and maintenance of nervous tissue. alcohol use Neutropenia a disorder of the blood, character- Nootropics are substances which are claimed ized by abnormally low levels of neutrophils. to boost human cognitive abilities (the func- Neutrophil type of white blood cell, speci fi cally tions and capacities of the brain). Also pop- a form of granulocyte. ularly referred to as “smart drugs”, “smart Neutrophin protein that induce the survival, nutrients”, “cognitive enhancers” and “brain development and function of neurons. enhancers”. NF-kappa B (NF-kB) nuclear factor kappa Noradrenalin see Norepinephrine. B, is an ubiquitous rapid response transcrip- Norepinephrine a substance, both a hormone tion factor in cells involved in immune and and neurotransmitter, secreted by the adrenal in fl ammatory reactions. medulla and the nerve endings of the sympa- Niacin vitamin B3. See vitamin B3. thetic nervous system to cause vasoconstric- Niacinamide an amide of niacin, also known as tion and increases in heart rate, blood pres- nicotinamide. See vitamin B3. sure, and the sugar level of the blood. Also NIH3T3 cells a mouse embryonic fi broblast cell called levarterenol, noradrenalin. line used in the cultivation of keratinocytes. Normoglycaemic having the normal amount of Niosomes are novel, vesicular, drug delivery glucose in the blood. systems composed of nonionic surfactants Normotensive having normal blood pressure. instead of phospholipids; they are capable Nosebo a harmless substance that when taken of entrapping hydrophilic and hydrophobic by a patient is associated with unpleasant or drugs. harmful effects due to negative expectations Nitrogen (N) is an essential building block of or the psychological state of the person. amino and nucleic acids and proteins and is Nosocomial infections infections which are a essential to all living organisms. Protein rich result of treatment in a hospital or a healthcare vegetables like legumes are rich food sources service unit, but secondary to the patient’s of nitrogen. original condition. NK cells natural killer cells, a type of cytotoxic NPC1L1 Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 gene that lymphocyte that constitute a major component plays a major role in cholesterol homeosta- of the innate immune system. sis. It is critical for the uptake of cholesterol NK1.1+ T (NKT) cells a type of natural killer T across the plasma membrane of the intestinal (NKT) cells. See natural killer T cells. enterocyte. NMDA receptor N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor, Nrf2 NF-E2-related factor 2, a transcription fac- the predominant molecular device for control- tor that activates ARE-containing genes. ling synaptic plasticity and memory function. Nrf2/ARE pathway plays an important role in A brain receptor activated by the amino acid inducing phase II detoxifying enzymes and glutamate, which when excessively stimulated antioxidant proteins and has been considered may cause cognitive defects in Alzheimer’s a potential target for cancer chemoprevention disease. because it eliminates harmful reactive oxygen Nociceptive causing pain, responding to a pain- species or reactive intermediates generated ful stimulus. from carcinogens. Nociceptors specialized peripheral sensory Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 neurons that responds to potentially damaging (Nrf2) a transcription factor that plays a major stimuli by sending nerve signals to the spinal role in response to oxidative stress by binding cord and brain. to antioxidant-responsive elements that regu- Non-osteogenic fi bromata of bone a benign late many hepatic phase I and II enzymes as tumour of bone which show no evidence of well as hepatic ef fl ux transporters. ossi fi cation. Nucleosomes fundamental repeating subunits of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease one cause of all eukaryotic chromatin, consisting of a DNA a fatty liver, occurring when fat is deposited chain coiled around a core of histones. Medical Glossary 875

Nulliparous term used to describe a woman medical problems, including cardiovascular who has never given birth. disease, depression, asthma, and rheumatoid Nyctalopia night blindness, impaired vision arthritis. in dim light and in the dark, due to impaired Omega 6 fatty acids are essential polyun- function of certain specialized vision cells. saturated fatty acids that have in common a Nystagmus fast, involuntary movements of the fi nal carbon–carbon double bond in the n − 6 eyes. position. Omega-6 fatty acids are considered Nycturia excessive urination at night; especially essential fatty acids (EFAs) found in vegeta- common in older men. ble oils, nuts and seeds. They are essential to Occludin a novel integral membrane protein human health but cannot be made in the body. localizing at tight junctions cf tight junction. Omega-6 fatty acids – found in vegetable Occlusion closure or blockage (as of a blood oils, nuts and seeds – are a bene fi cial part of vessel). a heart-healthy eating. Omega-6 and omega-3 Occlusive peripheral arterial disease (PAOD) PUFA play a crucial role in heart and brain also known as peripheral vascular disease function and in normal growth and develop- (PVD), or peripheral arterial disease (PAD) ment. Linoleic acid (LA) is the main omega-6 refers to the obstruction of large arteries not fatty acid in foods, accounting for 85–90% of within the coronary, aortic arch vasculature, the dietary omega-6 PUFA. Other omega 6 or brain. PVD can result from atherosclerosis, acids include gamma-linolenic acid or GLA, in fl ammatory processes leading to stenosis, an sometimes called gamoleic acid, eicosadi- embolism, or thrombus formation. enoic acid, arachidonic acid and docosadi- Oculomotor nerve the third of twelve paired enoic acid. cranial nerves. Omega 9 fatty acids are not essential polyun- Odds ratio a statistical measure of effect size, saturated fatty acids that have in common a describing the strength of association or fi nal carbon–carbon double bond in the n − 9 non-independence between two binary data position. Some n − 9 s are common compo- values. nents of animal fat and vegetable oil. Two n − 9 Odontalgia toothache. adj . odontalgic. fatty acids important in industry are: oleic acid Odontopathy any disease of the teeth. (18:1, n − 9), which is a main component of Oedema see edema. olive oil and erucic acid (22:1, n − 9), which is Oligoarthritis an in fl ammation of two, three or found in rapeseed, wall fl ower seed, and mus- four joints. tard seed. Oligonucleosome a series of nucleosomes. Oncogenes - genes carried by tumour viruses Oligospermia or oligozoospermia refers to that are directly and solely responsible for the semen with a low concentration of sperm, neoplastic (tumorous) transformation of host commonly associated with male infertility. cells. Oliguria decreased production of urine. Oncosis accidental cell death, also referred to Oligoanuria insuf fi cient urine volume to allow swelling necrosis. for administration of necessary fl uids, etc. Ophthalmia severe in fl ammation of eye, or the Omega 3 fatty acids are essential polyunsatu- conjunctiva or deeper structures of the eye . rated fatty acids that have in common a fi nal Also called ophthalmitis. carbon–carbon double bond in the n − 3 posi- Ophthalmia (Sympathetic) in fl ammation of tion. Dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids both eyes following trauma to one eye. include fi sh oil and certain plant/nut oils. The Ophthalmopathy an autoimmune disease three most nutritionally important omega 3 where the thyroid gland is overactive leading fatty acids are alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapen- to ocular manifestations. taenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid Opiate drug derived from the opium plant. (DHA). Research indicates that omega 3 fatty Opioid receptors a group of G-protein coupled acids are important in health promotion and receptors located in the brain and various disease and can help prevent a wide range of organs that bind opiates or opioid substances. 876 Medical Glossary

Optic placode an ectodermal placode from Osteomyelo fi brosis a myeloproliferative disor- which the lens of the embryonic eye develops; der in which fi brosis and sclerosis fi nally lead also called lens placode. to bone marrow obliteration. ORAC (Oxygen radical absorbance capac- Osteopenia reduction in bone mass, usually ity) a method of measuring antioxidant caused by a lowered rate of formation of new capacities in biological samples. bone that is insuf fi cient to keep up with the Oral submucous fi brosis a chronic debilitat- rate of bone destruction. ing disease of the oral cavity characterized by Osteoporosis a disease of bone that leads to an in fl ammation and progressive fi brosis of the increased risk of fracture. submucosa tissues. Osteoprotegerin also called osteoclastogenesis Oral thrush an infection of yeast fungus, Can- inhibitory factor (OCIF), a cytokine, which dida albicans, in the mucous membranes of can inhibit the production of osteoclasts. the mouth. Osteosacrcoma a malignant bone tumour. Also Orchidectomy surgery to remove one or both called osteogenic sarcoma. testicles. Otalgia earache, pain in the ear. Orchidectomised with testis removed. Otic placode a thickening of the ectoderm on Orchitis an acute painful in fl ammatory reaction the outer surface of a developing embryo from of the testis secondary to infection by different which the ear develops. bacteria and viruses. Otitis in fl ammation of the inner or outer parts Orexigenic increasing or stimulating the appe- of the ear. tite. Otorrhea running drainage (discharge) exiting Orofacial dyskinesia abnormal involuntary the ear. movements involving muscles of the face, Otopathy disease of the ear. mouth, tongue, eyes, and occasionally, the Ovariectomised with one or two ovaries neck—may be unilateral or bilateral, and con- removed. stant or intermittent. Ovariectomy surgical removal of one or both Oropharyngeal relating to the oropharynx. ovaries. Oropharynx part of the pharynx between the Oxidation the process of adding oxygen to a soft palate and the epiglottis. compound, dehydrogenation or increasing the Ostalgia, Ostealgia pain in the bones. Also electro-negative charge. called osteodynia. Oxidoreductase activity catalysis of an oxi- Osteoarthritis is the deterioration of the joints dation-reduction (redox) reaction, a revers- that becomes more common with age. ible chemical reaction. One substrate acts as Osteoarthrosis chronic nonin fl ammatory bone a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes disease. oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or Osteoblast a mononucleate cell that is respon- electron acceptor and becomes reduced. sible for bone formation. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity Osteoblastic relating to osteoblasts. (ORAC) a method of measuring antioxidant Osteocalcin a noncollagenous protein found in capacities in biological samples. bone and dentin, also refer to as bone gamma- Oxytocic adj . hastening or facilitating child- carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein. birth, especially by stimulating contractions Osteoclasts a kind of bone cell that removes bone of the uterus. tissue by removing its mineralized matrix. Oxytocin is a mammalian hormone that also Osteoclastogenesis the production of osteo- acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. It is best clasts. known for its roles in female reproduction: it Osteodynia pain in the bone. is released in large amounts after distension of Osteogenic derived from or composed of any the cervix and vagina during labor, and after tissue concerned in bone growth or repair. stimulation of the nipples, facilitating birth Osteomalacia refers to the softening of the and breastfeeding, respectively. bones due to defective bone mineralization. Oxyuriasis infestation by pinworms. Medical Glossary 877

Ozoena discharge of the nostrils caused by Parasympathetic nervous system subsystem chronic in fl ammation of the nostrils. of the nervous systems that slows the heart p.o. per os, oral administration. rate and increases intestinal and gland activity P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1, MDR1) a cell and relaxes the sphincter muscles. membrane-associated drug-exporting protein Parasympathomimetic having an action resem- that transports a variety of drug substrates bling that caused by stimulation of the para- from cancer cells. sympathetic nervous system. P- Selectin also known as CD62P, GMP-140, Paresthesia a sensation of tingling, burning, LLECAM-3, PADGEM, a member of the pricking, or numbness of a person’s skin with selectin family. It is expressed by activated no apparent long-term physical effect. Also platelets and endothelial cells. known as “pains and needles”. p21waf1/cip1 encodes a cyclin-dependent Parenteral administration administration by kinase inhibitor that is transcriptionally acti- intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular vated by the p53 tumor suppressor gene, trans- route s . forming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), Paresis a condition characterised by partial loss AP2, and other pathways, all regulating apop- of movement, or impaired movement. tosis and the cell cycle. Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation of the skin, Palliative relieving pain without alleviating the such as burning, numbness, itching, hyperes- underlying problem. thesia (increased sensitivity) or tingling, with Palpebral ptosis the abnormal drooping of the no apparent physical cause. upper lid, caused by partial or total reduction Parotitis in fl ammation of salivary glands. in levator muscle function. Paroxysm a sudden outburst of emotion Palpitation rapid pulsation or throbbing of the or action, a sudden attack, recurrence or heart. intensi fi cation of a disease. Paludism state of having symptoms of malaria Paroxystic relating to an abnormal event of characterized by high fever and chills. the body with an abrupt onset and an equally Pancreatectomized having undergone a pan- sudden return to normal. createctomy. PARP see poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Pancreatectomy surgical removal of all or part Pars compacta is a portion of the substantia of the pancreas. nigra (a brain structure located in the mid- Pancreatitis in fl ammation of the pancreas. brain). Pancytopenia a hematological condition in Parturition act of child birth. which there is a reduction in the number of red PCAF (P300/CBP-associated factor) – a histone and white blood cells, as well as platelets. acetyl transferase (HAT) that plays a role in Pantothenic acid vitamin B5. See vitamin B5. regulation of transciton, cell cycly progression Papain a protein degrading enzyme used medic- and differentiation. inally and to tenderize meat. PCE/PCN ratio polychromatic erythrocyte/ Papilloma a benign epithelial tumour growing normochromatic erythrocyte ratio use as a outwardly like in fi nger-like fronds. measure of cytotoxic effects. Papule a small, solid, usually infl ammatory ele- PCNA proliferating cell nuclear antigen, an vation of the skin that does not contain pus. auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delata Paradontosis is the infl ammation of gums and involve in modulating eukaryotic DNA repli- other deeper structures, including the bone. cation. Paralytic person affected with paralysis, per- pCREB phosphorylated cAMP (adenosine 3¢ 5 ¢ taining to paralysis. cyclic monophosphate)-response element Paraoxonase an enzyme that protects against binding protein. oxidation of low density lipoprotein and PDEF acronym for prostate-derived ETS factor, affects the risk of coronary artery disease. an ETS (epithelial-speci fi c E26 transform- Parasitemia presence of parasites in blood. adj . ing sequence) family member that has been parasitemic. identi fi ed as a potential tumour suppressor. 878 Medical Glossary

PDGR receptor (platelet-derived growth fac- Periodontitis is a severe form of gingivitis in tor receptor) are cell surface tyrosine kinase which the infl ammation of the gums extends receptors for members of the platelet-derived to the supporting structures of the tooth. Also growth factor (PDGF) family. called pyorrhea. PDGFs platelet-derived growth factors con- Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a disease stitute a group of growth factors that play a in which plaque builds up in the arteries that signifi cant role in blood vessel formation, and carry blood to your head, organs, and limbs. the growth of blood vessels. Peripheral neuropathy refers to damage to Pectoral pertaining to or used for the chest and nerves of the peripheral nervous system. respiratory tract. Peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP) refers to pERK phosphorylated extracellular signal- situations where nerve roots or peripheral nerve regulated kinase, protein kinases involved in trunks have been damaged by mechanical and/ many cell functions. or chemical stimuli that exceeded the physi- P53 also known as protein 53 or tumour pro- cal capabilities of the nervous system. Symp- tein 53, is a tumour suppressor protein that in toms may include pain, parestesia, dysesthesia, humans is encoded by the TP53 gene. spasm, weakness, hypoesthesia or anesthesia. Peliosis see purpura. Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) see periph- Pellagra is a systemic nutritional wasting dis- eral artery occlusive disease . ease caused by a defi ciency of vitamin B3 Peristalsis a series of organized, wave-like (niacin). muscle contractions that occur throughout the Pemphigus neonatorum Staphylococcal scalded digestive tract. skin syndrome, a bacterial disease of infants, PERK a transmembrane protein kinase of the characterized by elevated vesicles or blebs on PEK family resident in the endoplasmic retic- a normal or reddened skin . ulum (ER) membrane and is linked to insulin Peptic ulcer a sore in the lining of the stomach or processing. duodenum, the fi rst part of the small intestine. Perlingual through or by way of the tongue. Peptide YY a short (36 amino acid) pancreatic Perniosis an abnormal reaction to cold that protein released by cells in the ileum and colon occurs most frequently in women, children, in response to feeding. and the elderly. Also called chilblains. Percutanous pertains to a medical procedure Per os (P.O.) oral administration. where access to inner organs or tissues is done Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors via needle puncture of the skin. (PPARs) a family of nuclear receptors that are Perfusion to force fl uid through the lymphatic involved in lipid metabolism, differentiation, system or blood vessels to an organ or tissue. proliferation, cell death, and in fl ammation. Periapical periodontitis is the in fl ammation Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor of the tissue adjacent to the tip of the tooth’s alpha (PPAR-alpha) a nuclear receptor pro- root. tein, transcription factor and a major regulator Perifuse to fl ush a fresh supply of bathing fl uid of lipid metabolism in the liver. around all of the outside surfaces of a small Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor piece of tissue immersed in it. gamma (PPAR-g ) a type II nuclear receptor Perilipins highly phosphorylated adipocyte protein that regulates fatty acid storage and proteins that are localized at the surface of the glucose metabolism. lipid droplet. Pertussis whooping cough, sever cough. Perimenopause is the phase before menopause Peyers Patches patches of lymphoid tissue or actually takes place, when ovarian hormone lymphoid nodules on the walls of the ileal- production is declining and fl uctuating. adj . small intestine. perimenopausal. PGE-2 Prostaglandin E2, a hormone-like sub- Periodontal ligament (PDL) is a group of spe- stance that is released by blood vessel walls in cialized connective tissue fi bres that essen- response to infection or in fl ammation that acts tially attach a tooth to the bony socket. on the brain to induce fever. Medical Glossary 879

Phagocytes are the white blood cells that pro- Phosphatidylglycerol is a glycerophospholipid tect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) found in pulmonary active surface lipopro- harmful foreign particles, bacteria and dead or tein and consists of a L-glycerol 3-phosphate dying cells. adj . phagocytic. backbone ester-bonded to either saturated or Phagocytosis is process the human body uses to unsaturated fatty acids on carbons 1 and 2. destroy dead or foreign cells. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI 3-kinases Pharmacognosis the branch of pharmacology or PI3Ks) a group of enzymes involved in that studies the composition, use, and history cellular functions such as cell growth, pro- of drugs. liferation, differentiation, motility, survival Pharmacodynamics branch of pharmacol- and intracellular traf fi cking, which in turn are ogy dealing with the effects of drugs and the involved in cancer. mechanism of their action. Phosphatidylserine a phosphoglyceride phos- Pharmacokinetics branch of pharmacology pholipid that is one of the key building blocks concerned with the movement of drugs within of cellular membranes, particularly in the ner- the body including processes of absorption, vous system. It is derived from soy lecithin distribution, metabolism and excretion in the Phosphaturia a urinary tract condition of exces- body. sive urine phosphorus, causing urine to appear Pharmacopoeia authoritative treatise contain- cloudy or murky color; also called hypophos- ing directions for the identifi cation of drug phatemia. samples and the preparation of compound Phosphodiesterases a diverse family of enzymes medicines, and published by the authority of that hydrolyse cyclic nucleotides and thus play a government or a medical or pharmaceuti- a key role in regulating intracellular levels of cal society and in a broader sense is a gen- the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, and eral reference work for pharmaceutical drug hence cell function. speci fi cations. Phosphoenolpyruvate C kinase (PEPCK) an Pharyngitis, Pharyngolaryngitis in fl ammation enzyme in the lyase family used in the meta- of the pharynx and the larynx. bolic pathway of gluconeogenesis. Pharyngolaryngeal pertaining to the pharynx Phospholipase an enzyme that hydrolyzes phos- and larynx. pholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic Phenolics class of chemical compounds consist- substances. ing of a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded directly Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) a small lipolytic to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. enzyme that releases fatty acids from the sec- Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine ond carbon group of glycerol. Plays an essen- tumour that usually originates from the adre- tial role in the synthesis of prostaglandins and nal glands’ chromaffi n cells, causing over- leukotrienes. production of catecholamines, powerful hor- Phospholipase C enzymes that cleaves phos- mones that induce high blood pressure and pholipase. other symptoms. Phospholipase C gamma (PLC Phlebitis is an in fl ammation of a vein, usually gamma) enzymes that cleaves phospholipase in the legs. in cellular proliferation and differentiation, Phlegm abnormally viscid mucus secreted by and its enzymatic activity is upregulated by a the mucosa of the respiratory passages during variety of growth factors and hormones. certain infectious processes. Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral that Phlegmon a spreading, diffuse in fl ammation of makes up 1% of a person’s total body weight the soft or connective tissue due to infection and is found in the bones and teeth. It plays by Streptococci bacteria. an important role in the body’s utilization of Phoroglucinol a white, crystalline compound carbohydrates and fats; in the synthesis of pro- used as an antispasmodic, analytical reagent, tein for the growth, maintenance, and repair of and decalcifi er of bone specimens for micro- cells and tissues. It is also crucial for the pro- scopic examination. duction of ATP, a molecule the body uses to 880 Medical Glossary

store energy. Main sources are meat and milk; Placebo a sham or simulated medical inter- fruits and vegetables provides small amounts. vention. Photoaging is the term that describes damage to Placode a platelike epithelial thickening in the the skin caused by intense and chronic expo- embryo where some organ or structure later sure to sunlight resulting in premature aging develops. of the skin. Plasma the yellow-colored liquid component of Photocarcinogenesis represents the sum of a blood, in which blood cells are suspended. complex of simultaneous and sequential bio- Plasma kallikrien a serine protease, synthe- chemical events that ultimately lead to the sized in the liver and circulates in the plasma. occurrence of skin cancer caused by exposure Plasmalemma plasma membrane. to the sun. Plasmin a proteinase enzyme that is responsible Photodermatoses skin disorders caused by for digesting fi brin in blood clots. exposure to sunlight. Plasminogen the proenzyme of plasmin, whose Photophobia abnormal visual intolerance to light. primary role is the degradation of fi brin in the Photopsia an affection of the eye, in which the vasculature. patient perceives luminous rays, fl ashes, cor- Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) uscations, etc. also known as endothelial plasminogen acti- Photosensitivity sensitivity toward light. vator inhibitor or serpin E1 is a serine protease Phthisis an archaic name for tuberculosis. inhibitor (serpin) that functions as the princi- Phytohemagglutinin a lectin found in plant that pal inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator is involved in the stimulation of lymphocyte (tPA) and urokinase (uPA), the activators of proliferation. plasminogen and hence fi brinolysis (the phys- Phytonutrients certain organic components iological breakdown of blood clots). of plants, that are thought to promote human Plaster poultice. health. Fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, Platelet activating factor (PAF) is an acety- nuts and teas are rich sources of phytonutri- lated derivative of glycerophosphorylcholine, ents. Phytonutrients are not ‘essential’ for life. released by basophils and mast cells in immedi- Also called phytochemicals. ate hypersensitive reactions and macrophages Phytosterols a group of steroid alcohols, cho- and neutrophils in other infl ammatory reac- lesterol-like phytochemicals naturally occur- tions. One of its main effects is to induce ring in plants like vegetable oils, nuts and platelet aggregation. legumes. PLC gamma phospholipase C gamma plays a Piebaldism rare autosomal dominant disorder central role in signal transduction. of melanocyte development characterized by Pleurisy is an infl ammation of the pleura, the distinct patches of skin and hair that contain lining of the pleural cavity surrounding the no pigment. lungs, which can cause painful respiration and Piles see haemorrhoids. other symptoms. Also known as pleuritis. PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Pneumonia an infl ammatory illness of the lung PI13K/AKT signaling pathways are involved caused by bacteria or viruses. in the modulation of cell survival, cell cycle Pneumotoxicity damage to lung tissues. progression and cellular growth in cancer. Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious viral disease Pityriasis lichenoides is a rare skin disorder of that may attack the central nervous system and unknown aetiology characterised by multiple is characterized by symptoms that range from papules and plaques. a mild non-paralytic infection to total paraly- PKC protein kinase C, a membrane bound sis in a matter of hours; also called polio or enzyme that phosphorylates different intracel- infantile paralysis. lular proteins and raised intracellular Ca levels. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) a pro- PKC Delta inhibitors Protein Kinase C delta tein involved in a number of cellular processes inhibitors that induce apoptosis of haematopoi- especially DNA repair and programmed cell etic cell lines. death. Medical Glossary 881

Polyarthritis is any type of arthritis which in the contraction of muscles. Potassium is involves fi ve or more joints. found in many plant foods and fi sh (tuna, hali- Polychromatic erythrocyte (PCE) an imma- but): chard, mushrooms, spinach, fennel, kale, ture red blood cell containing RNA, that can mustard greens, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, be differentiated by appropriate staining tech- cauli fl ower, cabbage winter squash, eggplant, niques from a normochromatic erythrocyte cantaloupe, tomatoes, parsley, cucumber, bell (NCE), which lacks RNA. pepper, turmeric, ginger root, apricots, straw- Polycystic kidney disease is a kidney disor- berries, avocado and banana. der passed down through families in which Poultice is a soft moist mass, often heated and multiple cysts form on the kidneys, causing medicated, that is spread on cloth over the skin them to become enlarged. to treat an aching, infl amed, or painful part of Polycystic ovary syndrome imbalance of wom- the body. Also called cataplasm. an’s sex hormone, this imbalance may cause PPARs peroxisome proliferator-activated recep- changes in menstrual cycle, skin changes, tors – a group of nuclear receptor proteins that small cysts in the ovary and problem in get- function as transcription factors regulating the ting pregnant. expression of genes. Polycythaemia a type of blood disorder char- Prebiotics a category of functional food, acterised by the production of too many red defi ned as non-digestible food ingredients that blood cells. benefi cially affect the host by selectively stim- Polymorphnuclear having a lobed nucleus. ulating the growth and/or activity of one or a Used especially of neutrophilic white blood limited number of bacteria in the colon, and cells. thus improve host health. cf . probiotics. Polyneuritis widespread in fl ammation of the Pre-ecamplasia toxic condition of pregnancy nerves. characterized by high blood pressure, abnor- Polyneuritis gallinarum a nervous disorder in mal weight gain, proteinuria and edema. birds and poultry. Prepubertal before puberty; pertaining to Polyp a growth that protrudes from a mucous the period of accelerated growth preceding membrane. gonadal maturity. Polyphagia medical term for excessive hunger Pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2) is a ligand- or eating. activated transcription factor that plays a role Polyuria a condition characterized by the pas- not only in drug metabolism and transport but sage of large volumes of urine with an increase also in various other biological processes. in urinary frequency. Pregnenolone a steroid hormone produced by Pomade a thick oily dressing. the adrenal glands, involved in the steroido- Porphyrin any of a class of water-soluble, genesis of other steroid hormones like proges- nitrogenous biological pigments. terone, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is neuralgia androgens, and estrogens. (pain in the nerves) caused by the varicella Prenidatory referring to the time period between Herpes Zoster virus. The pain may last for fertilization and implantation. more than a month or more after a shingles Prenylated fl avones fl avones with an isoprenyl infection occurred. group in the 8-position, has been reported to Postpartum Depression depression after preg- have good anti-in fl ammatory properties. nancy; also called postnatal depression. Proangiogenic promote angiogensis (formation Postprandial after mealtime. and development of new blood vessels).. Potassium (K) is an element that’s essential Probiotication enhancement with bene fi cial for the body’s growth and maintenance. It’s probitoic bacteria such as Lactobacillus spe- necessary to keep a normal water balance cies that can prevent the growth of intestinal between the cells and body fl uids, for cellular pathogenic micro fl ora. enzyme activities and plays an essential role Probiotics are dietary supplements and live micro- in the response of nerves to stimulation and organisms containing potentially bene fi cial 882 Medical Glossary

bacteria or yeasts that are taken into the alimen- Prostacyclin a prostaglandin that is a metabolite tary system for healthy intestinal functions. cf . of arachidonic acid, inhibits platelet aggrega- prebiotics. tion, and dilates blood vessels. Proctitis an in fl ammation of the rectum that Prostaglandins a family of C 20 lipid com- causes discomfort, bleeding, and occasionally, pounds found in various tissues, associ- a discharge of mucus or pus. ated with muscular contraction and the Procyanidin also known as proathocyanidin , in fl ammation response such as swelling, pain, oligomeric proathocyanidin, leukocyanidin, stiffness, redness and warmth. leucoanthocyanin, is a class of fl avanols found Prostaglandin E2 (PEG -2) one of the prosta- in many plants. It has antioxidant activity glandins, a group of hormone-like substances and plays a role in the stabilization of collagen that participate in a wide range of body func- and maintenance of elastin. tions such as the contraction and relaxation of Progestational of or relating to the phase of the smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction menstrual cycle immediately following ovula- of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, tion, characterized by secretion of progester- and modulation of in fl ammation. one. Prostaglandin E synthase an enzyme that in Proglottid one of the segments of a tapeworm. humans is encoded by the glutathione-depen- Prognosis medical term to describe the likely dent PTGES gene. outcome of an illness. Prostanoids term used to describe a subclass of Prolactin a hormone produced by the pituitary eicosanoids (products of COX pathway) con- gland, it stimulates the breasts to produce milk sisting of: the prostaglandins (mediators of in pregnant women. It is also present in males infl ammatory and anaphylactic reactions), the but its role is not well understood. thromboxanes (mediators of vasoconstriction) Prolapse a common condition where the blad- and the prostacyclins (active in the resolution der, uterus and or bowel protrudes into the phase of in fl ammation.) vagina. Prostate a gland that surround the urethra at the Prolapsus to fall or slip out of place. bladder in the male. Prolapus ani eversion of the lower portion of Prostate cancer a disease in which cancer the rectum, and protruding through the anus, develops in the prostate, a gland in the male common in infancy and old age. reproductive system. Symptoms include pain, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) a dif fi culty in urinating, erectile dysfunction new marker to study human colonic cell and other symptoms. proliferation. Prostate –speci fi c antigen (PSA) a protein pro- Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) a most duced by the cells of the prostate gland. common cause of failure in retinal reattach- Protein kinase C (PKC) a family of enzymes ment surgery, characterised by the formation involved in controlling the function of other of cellular membrane on both surfaces of the proteins through the phosphorylation of retina and in the vitreous. hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine Promastigote the fl agellate stage in the devel- amino acid residues on these proteins. PKC opment of trypanosomatid protozoa, charac- enzymes play important roles in several signal terized by a free anterior fl agellum. transduction cascades. Promyelocytic leukemia a subtype of acute Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) a group myelogenous leukemia (AML), a cancer of of enzymes that remove phosphate groups the blood and bone marrow. from phosphorylated tyrosine residues on Pro-oxidants chemicals that induce oxidative proteins. stress, either through creating reactive oxygen Proteinase a protease (enzyme) involved in the species or inhibiting antioxidant systems. hydrolytic breakdown of proteins, usually by Prophylaxis prevention or protection against splitting them into polypeptide chains. disease. Proteinuria means the presence of an excess of Proptosis see exophthalmos. serum proteins in the urine. Medical Glossary 883

Proteolysis cleavage of the peptide bonds in Pthysis silicosis with tuberculosis. protein forming smaller polypeptides. adj . Ptosis drooping of the upper eye lid. proteolytic. PTP protein tyrosine phosphatase. Proteomics the large-scale study of proteins, PTPIB protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. particularly their structures and functions. P21 also known as cyclin-dependent kinase Prothrombin blood-clotting protein that is con- inhibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1, is a verted to the active form, factor IIa, or throm- potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. bin, by cleavage. Puerperal pertaining to child birth. Prothyroid good for thyroid function. Puerperium post-partum period. Protheolithic proteolytic see proteolysis. Pulmonary embolism a blockage (blood clot) Proto-oncogene A normal gene which, when of the main artery of the lung. altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene Purgative a substance used to cleanse or purge, that can contribute to cancer. especially causing the immediate evacuation Prurigo a general term used to describe itchy of the bowel. eruptions of the skin. Purpura is the appearance of red or purple dis- Pruritis de fi ned as an unpleasant sensation on colorations on the skin that do not blanch on the skin that provokes the desire to rub or applying pressure. Also called peliosis. scratch the area to obtain relief; itch, itching. Purulent containing pus discharge. adj . pruritic. Purulent sputum sputum containing, or con- PSA Prostate Speci fi c Antigen, a protein which sisting of, pus. is secreted into ejaculate fl uid by the healthy Pustule small, in fl amed, pus- fi lled lesions. prostate. One of its functions is to aid sperm Pyelonephritis an ascending urinary tract infec- movement. tion that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) of Psoriasis a common chronic, non-contagious the kidney. autoimmune dermatosis that affects the skin Pyodermatitis refers to in fl ammation of the and joints. skin. Psychoactive having effects on the mind or Pyorrhea see periodontitis. behavior. Pyretic referring to fever. Psychonautics exploration of the psyche by Pyrexia fever of unknown origin. means of approaches such as meditation, prayer, Pyridoxal a chemical form of vitamin B6. See lucid dreaming, brain wave entrainment etc. vitamin B6. Psychotomimetic hallucinogenic. Pyridoxamine a chemical form of vitamin B6. Psychotropic capable of affecting the mind, See vitamin B6. emotions, and behavior. Pyridoxine a chemical form of vitamin B6. See PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog, a vitamin B6. tumour suppressor gene. Pyrolysis decomposition or transformation of a Ptosis also known as drooping eyelid; caused by compound caused by heat. adj . pyrolytic. weakness of the eyelid muscle and damage to PYY Peptide a 36 amino acid peptide secreted the nerves that control the muscles or loose- by L cells of the distal small intestine and colon ness of the skin of the upper eyelid.. that inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion. P13-K is a lipid kinase enzyme involved in the QT interval is a measure of the time between the regulation of a number of cellular functions start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave such as cell growth, proliferation, differen- in the heart’s electrical cycle. A prolonged QT tiation, motility, survival and intracellular interval is a biomarker for ventricular tachyar- traffi cking, which in turn are involved in can- rhythmias and a risk factor for sudden death. cer. Quorum sensing (QS) the control of gene P13-K/AKT signaling pathway shown to be expression in response to cell density, is used important for an extremely diverse array of by both gram-negative and gram-positive cellular activities – most notably cellular bacteria to regulate a variety of physiological proliferation and survival. functions. 884 Medical Glossary

Radiolysis the dissociation of molecules by waste in the wall of the small arteries and radiation. arterioles. Radioprotective serving to protect or aiding in Renal resistive index (RRI) measures the resis- protecting against the injurious effect of radia- tance of renal arterial fl ow to the kidney. tions. Renin also known as an angiotensinogenase, RAGE is the receptor for advanced glycation is an enzyme that participates in the body’s end products, a multiligand receptor that renin-angiotensin system (RAS). propagates cellular dysfunction in several Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) also called infl ammatory disorders, in tumours and in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system diabetes. (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates RAS see renin-angiotensin system or recurrent blood pressure and water ( fl uid) balance. aphthous stomatitis. Reperfusion the restoration of blood fl ow to an Rash a temporary eruption on the skin, see uti- organ or tissue that has had its blood supply caria. cut off, as after a heart attack. Reactive oxygen species species such as super- Reporter gene a transfected gene that produces oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radi- a signal, such as green fl uorescence, when it cal. At low levels, these species may function is expressed. in cell signaling processes. At higher levels, Resistin a cysteine-rich protein secreted by adi- these species may damage cellular macromol- pose tissue of mice and rats. ecules (such as DNA and RNA) and partici- Resolutive a substance that induces subsidence pate in apoptosis (programmed cell death). of in fl ammation. Rec A is a 38 kDa Escherichia coli protein Resolvent reduce in fl ammation or swelling. essential for the repair and maintenance of Resorb to absorb or assimilate a product of the DNA. body such as an exudates or cellular growth. Receptor for advanced glycation end products Restenosis is the reoccurrence of stenosis, a nar- (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin rowing of a blood vessel, leading to restricted superfamily of cell surface molecules; medi- blood fl ow. ates neurite outgrowth and cell migration upon Resveratrol is a phytoalexin produced naturally stimulation with its ligand, amphoterin. by several plants when under attack by patho- Recticulocyte non-nucleated stage in the devel- gens such as bacteria or fungi. It is a potent opment of the red blood cell. antioxidant found in red grapes and other Recticulocyte lysate cell lysate produced from plants. reticulocytes, used as an in-vitro translation Retinol a form of vitamin A, see vitamin A. system. Retinopathy a general term that refers to some Recticuloendothelial system part of the form of non-in fl ammatory damage to the ret- immune system, consists of the phagocytic ina of the eye. cells located in reticular connective tissue, Revulsive counterirritant, used for swellings. primarily monocytes and macrophages. Rhabdomyolysis breakdown of muscle fi bres Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, or RAS is a leading to the release of muscle fi bre content common, painful condition in which recurring (myoglobin) into the bloodstream. ovoid or round ulcers affect the oral mucosa. Rheumatic pertaining to rheumatism or to Redox homeostasis is considered as the cumu- abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system. lative action of all free radical reactions and Rheumatism, Rheumatic disorder, Rheumatic antioxidant defenses in different tissues. diseases refers to various painful medical Refrigerant a medicine or an application for conditions which affect bones, joints, muscles, allaying heat, fever or its symptoms. tendons. Rheumatic diseases are characterized Renal calculi kidney stones. by the signs of in fl ammation – redness, heat, Renal interstitial fi brosis damage sustained by swelling, and pain. the kidneys’ renal tubules and interstitial cap- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, illaries due to accumulation of extracellular systemic autoimmune disorder that most Medical Glossary 885

commonly causes in fl ammation and tissue Sarcopenia degenerative loss of skeletal muscle damage in joints (arthritis) and tendon sheaths, mass and strength associated with aging. together with anemia. Sarcoplasmic reticulum a special type of Rhinitis irritation and in fl ammation of some smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in internal areas of the nose and the primary smooth and striated muscle. symptom of rhinitis is a runny nose. SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome, the Rhinopathy disease or malformation of the name of a potentially fatal new respiratory dis- nose. ease in humans which is caused by the SARS Rhinoplasty is surgery to repair or reshape the coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nose. Satiety state of feeling satiated, fully satisfi ed Rhinorrhea commonly known as a runny nose, (appetite or desire). characterized by an unusually signi fi cant Scabies a transmissible ectoparasite skin infec- amount of nasal discharge. tion characterized by super fi cial burrows, Rhinosinusitis in fl ammation of the nasal cavity intense pruritus (itching) and secondary infec- and sinuses. tion. Rho GTPases Rho-guanosine triphosphate Scarlatina scarlet fever, an acute, contagious hydrolase enzymes are molecular switches disease caused by infection with group A that regulate many essential cellular processes, streptococcal bacteria. including actin dynamics, gene transcription, Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes, are the cell-cycle progression and cell adhesion. principal supporting cells of the peripheral Ribosome inactivating proteins protein that nervous system, they form the myelin sheath are capable of inactivating ribosomes. of a nerve fi bre. Rickets is a softening of the bones in children Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by potentially leading to fractures and deformity. several species of fl uke of the genus Schisto- Ringworm dermatophytosis, a skin infection soma. Also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or caused by fungus. snail fever. Roborant restoring strength or vigour, a tonic. Schizophrenia a psychotic disorder (or a group Rotavirus the most common cause of infectious of disorders) marked by severely impaired diarrhea (gastroenteritis) in young children thinking, emotions, and behaviors. and infants, one of several viruses that causes Sciatica a condition characterised by pain deep infections called stomach fl u. in the buttock often radiating down the back of Rubefacient a substance for external applica- the leg along the sciatic nerve. tion that produces redness of the skin e.g. Scleroderma a disease of the body’s connective by causing dilation of the capillaries and an tissue. The most common symptom is a thick- increase in blood. ening and hardening of the skin, particularly Ryanodine receptor intracellular Ca ++ chan- of the hands and face. nels in animal tissues like muscles and Scrofula a tuberculous infection of the skin on neurons. the neck caused by the bacterium Mycobacte- S.C. abbreviation for sub-cutaneous, beneath rium tuberculosis . the layer of skin. Scrophulosis see scrofula. S-T segment the portion of an electrocardio- Scurf abnormal skin condition in which small gram between the end of the QRS complex fl akes or sales become detached. and the beginning of the T wave. Elevation or Scurvy a state of dietary de fi ciency of vitamin C depression of the S-T segment is the charac- (ascorbic acid) which is required for the syn- teristics of myocardial ischemia or injury and thesis of collagen in humans. coronary artery disease. Secretagogue a substance that causes another Sapraemia see septicaemia. substance to be secreted. Sarcoma cancer of the connective or supportive Sedative having a soothing, calming, or tran- tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood ves- quilizing effect; reducing or relieving stress, sels) and soft tissues. irritability, or excitement. 886 Medical Glossary

Seizure the physical fi ndings or changes in SGPT, Serum glutamic pyruvic transami- behavior that occur after an episode of abnor- nase an enzyme normally present in serum mal electrical activity in the brain. and body tissues, especially in the liver; it Selectins are a family of cell adhesion mole- is released into the serum as a result of tis- cules; e.g. selectin-E, selectin –L, selectin P. sue injury, also called Alanine transaminase Selenium (Se) a trace mineral that is essential to (ALT), good health but required only in tiny amounts; Shiga–like toxin a toxin produced by the bacte- it is incorporated into proteins to make sele- rium Escherichia coli which disrupts the func- noproteins, which are important antioxidant tion of ribosomes, also known as verotoxin. enzymes. It is found in avocado, brazil nut, Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) com- lentils, sun fl ower seeds, tomato, whole grain prises a diverse group of organisms capable cereals, seaweed, seafood and meat. of causing severe gastrointestinal disease in Sensorineural bradyacuasia hearing impair- humans. ment of the inner ear resulting from damage Shiga toxin a toxin produced by the bacterium to the sensory hair cells or to the nerves that Shigella dysenteriae, which disrupts the func- supply the inner ear. tion of ribosomes. Sepsis a condition in which the body is fi ghting Shingles skin rash caused by the Zoster virus a severe infection that has spread via the (same virus that causes chicken pox) and is bloodstream. medically termed Herpes zoster. Sequela an abnormal pathological condition Sialogogue salivation-promoter, a substance resulting from a disease, injury or trauma. used to increase or promote the excretion of Serine proteinase peptide hydrolases which saliva. have an active centre histidine and serine Sialoproteins glycoproteins that contain sialic involved in the catalytic process. acid as one of their carbohydrates. Serotonergic liberating, activated by, or involv- Sialyation reaction with sialic acid or its deriva- ing serotonin in the transmission of nerve tives; used especially with oligosaccharides. impulses. Sialyltransferases enzymes that transfer sialic Serotonin a monoamine neurotransmitter syn- acid to nascent oligosaccharide. thesized in serotonergic neurons in the central Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder nervous system. that affects red blood cells. People with sickle Sepsis is a potentially fatal medical condition cell disease have red blood cells that contain characterized by a whole-body infl ammatory mostly hemoglobin S, an abnormal type of response (called a systemic in fl ammatory hemoglobin. Sometimes these red blood cells response syndrome or SIRS) that is triggered become sickle-shaped (crescent shaped) and by an infection. have diffi culty passing through small blood Septicaemia a systemic disease associated with vessels. the presence and persistence of pathogenic Side stitch is an intense stabbing pain under the microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. lower edge of the ribcage that occurs while Sequelae a pathological condition resulting exercising. from a prior disease, injury, or attack. Signal transduction cascade refers to a series Sexual potentiator increases sexual activity and of sequential events that transfer a signal potency, enhances sexual performance due to through a series of intermediate molecules increased blood fl ow and ef fi cient metabolism. until fi nal regulatory molecules, such as tran- Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) infections scription factors, are modifi ed in response to that are transmitted through sexual activity. the signal. SGOT, Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transami- Silicon (Si) is required in minute amounts by nase an enzyme that is normally present in the body and is important for the development liver and heart cells. SGOT is released into of healthy hair and the prevention of nervous blood when the liver or heart is damaged. Also disorders. Lettuce is the best natural source of called aspartate transaminase (AST). Silicon. Medical Glossary 887

Sinapism signi fi es an external application, in Soyasapogenins triterpenoid products obtained the form of a soft plaster, or poultice. from the acid hydrolysis of soyasaponins, des- Sinusitis in fl ammation of the nasal sinuses. ignated soyasapogenols A,B, C, D and E. SIRC cells Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea Soyasaponins bioactive saponin compounds (SIRC) cell line. found in many legumes. SIRT 1 stands for sirtuin (silent mating type Spasmogenic inducing spasm. information regulation 2 homolog) 1. It is an Spasmolytic checking spasms, see antispas- enzyme that deacetylates proteins that contrib- modic. ute to cellular regulation. Spermatorrhoea medically an involuntary 6-Keto-PGF1 alpha a physiologically active ejaculation/drooling of semen usually noctur- and stable hydrolysis product of Epoprostenol, nal emissions. found in nearly all mammalian tissues. Spermidine an important polyamine in DNA Skp1 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 1) is a synthesis and gene expression. core component of SCF ubiquitin ligases and Spina bi fi da a congenital birth defect caused by mediates protein degradation. the incomplete closing of the embryonic neu- Smads a family of intracellular proteins that ral tube. mediate signaling by members of the TGF- Sphingolipid a member of a class of lipids beta (transforming growth factor beta) super- derived from the aliphatic amino alcohol, family. sphingosine. Smad2/3 a key signaling molecule for TGF- Spleen organ that fi lters blood and prevents beta. infection. Smad7 a TGFb type 1 receptor antagonist. Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is an enigmatic Smallpox is an acute, contagious and devastat- protein tyrosine kinase functional in a number ing disease in humans caused by Variola virus of diverse cellular processes such as the regula- and have resulted in high mortality over the tion of immune and in fl ammatory responses. centuries. Splenitis in fl ammation of the spleen. Snuff powder inhaled through the nose. Splenocyte is a monocyte, one of the fi ve major SOD superoxide dismutase, is an enzyme that types of white blood cell, and is characteristi- repairs cells and reduces the damage done to cally found in the splenic tissue. them by superoxide, the most common free Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. radical in the body. Sprain to twist a ligament or muscle of a joint Sodium (Na) is an essential nutrient required for without dislocating the bone. health. Sodium cations are important in neuron Sprue is a chronic disorder of the small intestine (brain and nerve) function, and in infl uencing caused by sensitivity to gluten, a protein found osmotic balance between cells and the inter- in wheat and rye and to a lesser extent oats and stitial fl uid and in maintenance of total body barley . It causes poor absorption by the intes- fl uid homeostasis. Extra intake may cause a tine of fat, protein, carbohydrates, iron, water, harmful effect on health. Sodium is naturally and vitamins A, D, E, and K. supplied by salt intake with food. Sputum matter coughed up and usually ejected Soleus muscle smaller calf muscle lower from the mouth, including saliva, foreign down the leg and under the gastrocnemius material, and substances such as mucus or muscle. phlegm, from the respiratory tract. Somites mesodermal structures formed during SREBP-1 see sterol regulatory element-binding embryonic development that give rise to seg- protein-1. mented body parts such as the muscles of the Stanch to stop or check the fl ow of a bodily fl uid body wall. like blood from a wound. Sopori fi c a sleep inducing drug. Statin a type of lipid-lowering drug. SOS response a global response to DNA dam- STAT3 signal transducer and activator of tran- age in which the cell cycle is arrested and scription 3, plays a key role in many cellular DNA repair and mutagenesis are induced. processes such as cell growth and apoptosis. 888 Medical Glossary

Status epilepticus refers to a life-threatening eral margin of the ventricular surface of the condition in which the brain is in a state of thalamus. persistent seizure. Striae gravidarum a cutaneous condition char- STD sexually transmitted disease. acterized by stretch marks on the abdomen Steatorrhea is the presence of excess fat in during and following pregnancy. feces which appear frothy, foul smelling and Stricture an abnormal constriction of the inter- fl oats because of the high fat content. nal passageway within a tubular structure such Steatohepatitis liver disease, characterized by as a vessel or duct in fl ammation of the liver with fat accumula- Strongyloidiasis an intestinal parasitic infection tion in the liver. in humans caused by two species of the para- Steatosis refer to the deposition of fat in the sitic nematode Strongyloides . The nematode interstitial spaces of an organ like the liver, or round worms are also called thread worms. fatty liver disease. Styptic a short stick of medication, usually Sterility inability to produce offspring, also anhydrous aluminum sulfate (a type of alum) called asepsis. or titanium dioxide, which is used for stanch- Steroidogenic relating to steroidogenisis. ing blood by causing blood vessels to contract Steroidogenisis the production of steroids. at the site of the wound. Also called hemo- Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 static pencil. see antihaemorrhagic. (SREBP1) is a key regulator of the transcrip- Subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding in the tion of numerous genes that function in the area between the brain and the thin tissues that metabolism of cholesterol and fatty acids. cover the brain. Stimulant a substance that promotes the activity Substance P a neuropetide that functions as a of a body system or function. neurotransmitter, neuromodulator and is asso- Stomachic (digestive stimulant), an agent that ciated with the sensation of pain. stimulates or strengthens the activity of the Substantia nigra is a dark coloured brain struc- stomach; used as a tonic to improve the appe- ture located in the midbrain that play an impor- tite and digestive processes. tant role in reward, addiction and movement. Stomatitis oral infl ammation and ulcers, may be Sudatory medicine that causes or increases mild and localized or severe, widespread, and sweating. Also see sudori fi c. painful. Sudori fi c a substance that causes sweating. Stomatology medical study of the mouth and its Sulfur Sulfur is an essential component of all diseases. living cells. Sulfur is important for the syn- Stool faeces. thesis of sulfur-containing amino acids, all Strangury is the painful passage of small quan- polypeptides, proteins, and enzymes such as tities of urine which are expelled slowly by glutathione an important sulfur-containing tri- straining with severe urgency; it is usually peptide which plays a role in cells as a source accompanied with the unsatisfying feeling of of chemical reduction potential. Sulfur is a remaining volume inside and a desire to pass also important for hair formation. Good plant something that will not pass. sources are garlic, onion, leeks and other Alli- Straub tail condition in which an animal carries aceous vegetables, Brassicaceous vegetables its tail in an erect (vertical or nearly vertical) like caulifl ower, cabbages, Brussels sprout, position. Kale; legumes – beans, green and red gram, STREPs sterol regulatory element binding pro- soybeans; horse radish, water cress, wheat teins, a family of transcription factors that germ. regulate lipid homeostasis by controlling the Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arises from expression of a range of enzymes required for the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, endogenous cholesterol, fatty acid, triacylg- just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, lycerol and phospholipid synthesis. and supplies the intestine from the lower part Stria terminalis a structure in the brain consist- of the duodenum to the left colic fl exure and ing of a band of fi bres running along the lat- the pancreas. Medical Glossary 889

Superoxidae mutase (SOD) antioxidant enzyme. the tongue and mouth during kissing, necking, Suppuration the formation of pus, the act of petting, or sexual intercourse. It can also be becoming converted into and discharging pus. transmitted from a pregnant woman to a fetus Supraorbital located above the orbit of the after the fourth month of pregnancy. eye. System lupus erythematosus a long-term auto- Sural nerve sensory nerve comprising collateral immune disorder that may affect the skin, branches off of the common tibial, and com- joints, kidneys, brain, and other organs. Symp- mon fi bular nerve. toms may include chest pain, fatigue, fever, SYK, Spleen tyrosine kinase is a human pro- hair loss, malaise, mouth sores, sensitivity to tein and gene. Syk plays a similar role in sunlight, skin rash (butter fl y-rash). transmitting signals from a variety of cell sur- Systolic the blood pressure when the heart is face receptors including CD74, Fc Receptor, contracting. It is speci fi cally the maximum and integrins. arterial pressure during contraction of the left Sympathetic nervous system the part of the ventricle of the heart. autonomic nervous system originating in the T cells or T lymphocytes, a type of white blood thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord cell that play a key role in the immune sys- that in general inhibits or opposes the physi- tem. ological effects of the parasympathetic ner- Tachyarrhythmia any disturbance of the heart vous system, as in tending to reduce digestive rhythm in which the heart rate is abnormally secretions or speed up the heart. increased. Synaptic plasticity the ability of neurons to Tachycardia a false heart rate applied to adults change the number and strength of their syn- to rates over 100 beats per minute. apses. Tachyphylaxia a decreased response to a Synaptogenesis the formation of synapses. medicine given over a period of time so that Synaptoneurosomes puri fi ed synapses contain- larger doses are required to produce the same ing the pre- and postsynaptic termini. response. Synaptosomes isolated terminal of a neuron. Tachypnea abnormally fast breathing. Syncope fainting, sudden loss of consciousness Taenia a parasitic apeworm or fl atworm of the followed by the return of wakefulness. genus, Taenia . Syndactyly webbed toes, a condition where two Taeniacide an agent that kills tapeworms. or more digits are fused together. Tau is a class of microtubule-associated protein Syneresis expulsion of liquid from a gel, as (MAP) in neuronal and glial cells. contraction of a blood clot and expulsion of Tau-1 (Ser198/199/202), pS396 (Ser396), and liquid. pS214 (Ser214) epitopes serine phosphory- Syngeneic genetically identical or closely lation sites of tau-1. related, so as to allow tissue transplant; immu- Tau phosphorylation plays an important role in nologically compatible. neurodegenerative diseases and regulated by Synovial lubricating fl uid secreted by synovial protein kinases and phosphatases. membranes, as those of the joints. TBARS see thiobarbituric acid reactive sub- Synoviocyte located in the synovial membrane, stances. there are two types. Type A cells are more T-cell a type of white blood cell that attacks numerous, have phagocytic characteristics virus-infected cells, foreign cells and cancer and produce degradative enzymes. Type B cells. cells produce synovial fl uid, which lubricates TCA cycle see Tricarboxylic acid cycle. the joint and nurtures nourishes the articular TCID50 median tissue culture infective dose; cartilage. that amount of a pathogenic agent that will Syphilis is perhaps the best known of all the produce pathological change in 50% of cell STD’s. Syphilis is transmitted by direct con- cultures. tact with infection sores, called chancres, Telencephalon the cerebral hemispheres, the syphitic skin rashes, or mucous patches on largest divisions of the human brain. 890 Medical Glossary

Telomerase enzyme that acts on parts of chro- Thrombocythaemia a blood condition char- mosomes known as telomeres. acterize by a high number of platelets in the Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD or blood. TMD syndrome) a disorder characterized by Thrombocytopenia a condition when the bone acute or chronic infl ammation of the temporo- marrow does not produce enough platelets mandibular joint, that connects the mandible (thrombocytes) like in leukaemia. to the skull. Thromboembolism formation in a blood ves- Tendonitis is in fl ammation of a tendon. sel of a clot (thrombus) that breaks loose and Tenesmus a strong desire to defaecate. is carried by the blood stream to plug another Teratogen is an agent that can cause malforma- vessel. cf. deep vein thrombosis. tions of an embryo or fetus. adj . teratogenic. Thrombogenesis formation of a thrombus or Testicular torsion twisting of the spermatic blood clot. cord, which cuts off the blood supply to the Thrombophlebitis occurs when there is testicle and surrounding structures within the in fl ammation and clot in a surface vein. scrotum. Thromboplastin an enzyme liberated from Tetanus an acute, potentially fatal disease caused blood platelets that converts prothrombin into by tetanus bacilli multiplying at the site of an thrombin as blood starts to clot, also called injury and producing an exotoxin that reaches thrombokinase. the central nervous system producing pro- Thrombosis the formation or presence of a longed contraction of skeletal muscle fi bres. thrombus (clot). Also called lockjaw. Thromboxanes any of several compounds, Tete acute dermatitis caused by both bacterial originally derived from prostaglandin precur- and fungal infection sors in platelets that stimulate aggregation of Tetter any of a number of skin diseases. platelets and constriction of blood vessels. TGF-beta transforming growth factor beta is a Thromboxane B2 the inactive product of protein that controls proliferation, cellular dif- thromboxane. ferentiation, and other functions in most cells. Thrombus a fi brinous clot formed in a blood Th cells or T helper cells a subgroup of lym- vessel or in a chamber of the heart. phocytes that helps other white blood cells in Thrush a common mycotic infection caused by immunologic processes. yeast, Candida albicans , in the digestive tract Thalassemia major is a genetic blood disorder or vagina. In children it is characterized by that causes the body to manufacture an abnor- white spots on the tongue. mal form of haemoglobin. Thymocytes are T cell precursors which develop Thelarche the beginning of secondary (postna- in the thymus. tal) breast development, usually occurring at Thyrotoxicosis or hyperthyroidism – an overac- the beginning of puberty in girls. tive thyroid gland, producing excessive circu- Thermogenic tending to produce heat, applied lating free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine, to drugs or food (fat burning food). or both. Thermogenesis is the process of heat produc- Tight junction associated areas of two cells tion in organisms. whose membranes join together forming a Thermonociceptors or thermal nociceptors, virtually impermeable barrier to fl uid. sensory receptors that are stimulated by nox- TIMP-3 a human gene belongs to the tissue ius heat or cold at various temperature. inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances gene family. see MMP. (TBARS) a well-established method for Tincture solution of a drug in alcohol. screening and monitoring lipid peroxidation. Tinea ringworm, fungal infection on the skin. Thixotropy the property exhibited by certain Tinea favosa See favus. gels of becoming fl uid when stirred or shaken Tinea cruris ringworm of the groin. and returning to the semisolid state upon Tinea pedis fungal infection of the foot, also standing. called atheletes’ foot. Medical Glossary 891

Tinnitus a noise in the ears, as ringing, buzzing, Trachoma a contagious disease of the conjunc- roaring, clicking, etc. tiva and cornea of the eye, producing painful Tisane a herbal infusion used as tea or for sensitivity to strong light and excessive tear- medicinal purposes. ing. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) a serine TRAIL acronym for tumour necrosis fac- protease involved in the breakdown of blood tor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, is a clots. cytokine that preferentially induces apoptosis TNF alpha cachexin or cachectin and formally in tumour cells. known as tumour necrosis factor-alpha, a Tranquilizer a substance drug used in calming cytokine involved in systemic in fl ammation. person suffering from nervous tension or anxi- primary role of TNF is in the regulation of ety. immune cells. TNF is also able to induce apop- Transaminase also called aminotransferase is totic cell death, to induce infl ammation, and to an enzyme that catalyzes a type of reaction inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication. between an amino acid and an a -keto acid. Tocolytics medications used to suppress prema- Transaminitis increase in alanine aminotrans- ture labor. ferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotrans- Tocopherol fat soluble organic compounds ferase (AST) to >5 times the upper limit of belonging to vitamin E group. See vitamin E. normal. Tocotrienol fat soluble organic compounds Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization belonging to vitamin E group. See vitamin E. (TACE) is an interventional radiology proce- Tolerogenic producing immunological toler- dure involving percutaneous access of to the ance. hepatic artery and passing a catheter through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) a class of proteins that the abdominal artery aorta followed by radi- play a key role in the innate immune system. ology. It is used extensively in the palliative Tonic substance that acts to restore, balance, treatment of unresectable hepatocellular car- tone, strengthen, or invigorate a body system cinoma (HCC) without overt stimulation or depression Transcriptional activators are proteins that Tonic clonic seizure a type of generalized sei- bind to DNA and stimulate transcription of zure that affects the entire brain. nearby genes. Tonsillitis an in fl ammatory condition of the Transcriptional coactivator PGC-1 a potent tonsils due to bacteria, allergies or respiratory transcriptional coactivator that regulates oxi- problems. dative metabolism in a variety of tissues. TOP2A topoisomerase II alpha enzyme. Transcriptome pro fi ling to identify genes Topoisomerases a class of enzymes involved in involved in peroxisome assembly and func- the regulation of DNA supercoiling. tion. Topoiosmerase inhibitors a new class of anti- Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b ) a cancer agents with a mechanism of action protein that controls proliferation , cellular aimed at interrupting DNA replication in can- differentiation, and other functions in most cer cells. cells. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a method Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 of feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal (TRPV1) receptor also known as capsaicin tract. receptor and vanilloid receptor, is a Ca 2+ Toxemia is the presence of abnormal substances permeable nonselective cation channel local- in the blood, but the term is also used for a ized on a subset of primary sensory neurons serious condition in pregnancy that involves and can be activated by physical and chemical hypertension and proteinuria. Also called pre- stimuli. eclampsia. TRAP 6 thrombin receptor activating peptide Tracheitis is a bacterial infection of the trachea; with 6 amino acids. also known as bacterial tracheitis or acute bac- Tremorine a chemical that produces a tremor terial tracheitis. resembling Parkinsonian tremor. 892 Medical Glossary

Tremulous marked by trembling, quivering or Tumour an abnormal swelling of the body other shaking. than those caused by direct injury. Triacylglycerols or triacylglyceride, is a glyc- Tussis a cough. eride in which the glycerol is esterifi ed with Tympanic membrane ear drum. three fatty acids. Tympanitis infection or in fl ammation of the Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) a series inner ear. of enzymatic reactions in aerobic organisms Tympanophonia increased resonance of one’s involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl units own voice, breath sounds, arterial murmurs, etc., and producing high-energy phosphate com- noted especially in disease of the middle ear. pounds, which serve as the main source of Tympanosclerosis see myringoslcerosis. cellular energy. Also called citric acid cycle, Tyrosinase a copper containing enzyme found Krebs cycle. in animals and plants that catalyses the oxida- Trichophytosis infection by fungi of the genus tion of phenols (such as tyrosine) and the pro- Trichophyto n. duction of melanin and other pigments from Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a neuropathic tyrosine by oxidation. disorder of one or both of the facial trigeminal Ubiquitin ligase also called an E3 ubiquitin nerves, also known as prosopalgia. ligase, is a protein that targets other proteins Triglycerides a type of fat (lipids) found in the to be broken down (degraded) within cells. blood stream. UCP1 an uncoupling protein found in the mito- Trismus continuous contraction of the muscles chondria of brown adipose tissue used to gen- of the jaw, specifi cally as a symptom of teta- erate heat by non-shivering thermogenesis. nus, or lockjaw; inability to open mouth fully. UCP – 2 enzyme uncoupling protein 2 enzyme, TrKB receptor also known as TrKB tyrosine a mitochondrial protein expressed in adipo- kinase , a protein in humans that acts as a cata- cytes. lytic receptor for several neutrophins. Ulcer an open sore on an external or internal Trolox Equivalent measures the antioxidant body surface usually accompanied by disinte- capacity of a given substance, as compared to gration of tissue and pus. the standard, Trolox also referred to as TEAC Ulcerative colitis is one of 2 types of (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity). infl ammatory bowel disease – a condition that Trypanocidal destructive to trypanosomes. causes the bowel to become in fl amed and red. Trypanosomes protozoan of the genus Try- Ulemorrhagia bleeding of the gums. panosoma . Ulitis in fl ammation of the gums. Trypanosomiasis human disease or an infection Unguent ointment. caused by a trypanosome. Unilateral ureteral obstruction unilateral Trypsin an enzyme of pancreatic juice that blockage of urine fl ow through the ureter of hydrolyzes proteins into smaller polypeptide 1 kidney, resulting in a backup of urine, dis- units. tension of the renal pelvis and calyces, and Trypsin inhibitor small protein synthesized in hydronephrosis. the exocrine pancreas which prevents conver- Uraemia an excess in the blood of urea, crea- sion of trypsinogen to trypsin, so protecting tinine and other nitrogenous end products of itself against trypsin digestion. protein and amino acids metabolism, more TRPV1 see transient receptor potential vanil- correctly referred to as azotaemia. loid 1. Urethra tube conveying urine from the bladder Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection of the to the external urethral ori fi ce. lungs caused by a bacterium called Mycobac- Urethritis is an in fl ammation of the urethra terium tuberculosis , characterized by the for- caused by infection. mation of lesions (tubercles) and necrosis in Uricemia an excess of uric acid or urates in the the lung tissues and other organs. blood. Tumorigenesis formation or production of Uricosuric promoting the excretion of uric acid tumours. in the urine. Medical Glossary 893

Urinary pertaining to the passage of urine. Vasculogenesis the process of blood vessel for- Urinogenital relating to the genital and urinary mation occurring by a de novo production of organs or functions. endothelial cells. Urodynia pain on urination. Vasoconstrictor drug that causes constriction of Urokinase also called urokinase-type plasmi- blood vessels. nogen (u-PA), is a serine protease enzyme in Vasodilator drug that causes dilation or relax- human urine that catalyzes the conversion of ation of blood vessels. plasminogen to plasmin. It is used clinically Vasodilatory causing the widening of the lumen as a thrombolytic agent. of blood vessels. Urokinase-type palsminogen (u-PA) plays a Vasomotor symptoms menopausal symptoms key role in tumour invasion and metastasis, characterised by hot fl ushes and night sweats. also see Urokinase. Vasospasm refers to a condition in which blood Urolithiasis formation of stone in the urinary vessels spasm, leading to vasoconstriction tract (kidney bladder or urethra). and subsequently to tissue ischemia and death Urticant a substance that causes wheals to (necrosis). form. VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion mol- Urticaria (or hives) is a skin condition, com- ecule-1) also known as CD106, contains monly caused by an allergic reaction, that is six or seven immunoglobulin domains and characterized by raised red skin welts. is expressed on both large and small vessels Uterine relating to the uterus. only after the endothelial cells are stimulated Uterine relaxant a n agent that relaxes the mus- by cytokines. cles in the uterus. VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor. Uterine stimulant an agent that stimulates the Venereal disease (VD) term given to the dis- uterus (and often employed during active eases syphilis and gonorrhoea. childbirth). Venule a small vein, especially one joining cap- Uterotonic giving muscular tone to the uterus. illaries to larger veins. Uterotrophic causing an effect on the uterus. Vermifuge a substance used to expel worms Uterus womb. from the intestines. Vagotomy the surgical cutting of the vagus Verotoxin a Shiga-like toxin produced by nerve to reduce acid secretion in the stomach. Escherichia coli, which disrupts the function Vagus nerve a cranial nerve, that is, a nerve of ribosomes, causing acute renal failure. connected to the brain. The vagus nerve has Verruca plana is a reddish-brown or fl esh- branches to most of the major organs in the colored, slightly raised, fl at-surfaced, well- body, including the larynx, throat, wind- demarcated papule on the hand and face, also pipe, lungs, heart, and most of the digestive called fl at wart. system Verruca vulgaris small painless warts on the Variola or smallpox, a contagious disease skin caused by the human papillomavirus. unique to humans, caused by either of two Vertigo an illusory, sensory perception that the virus variants, Variola major and Variola surroundings or one’s own body are revolving; minor . The disease is characterised by fever, dizziness. weakness and skin eruption with pustules that Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) a type form scabs that leave scars. of lipoprotein made by the liver. VLDL is one Varicose veins are veins that have become of the fi ve major groups of lipoproteins (chy- enlarged and twisted. lomicrons, VLDL, intermediate-density lipo- Vasa vasorum is a network of small blood ves- protein, low-density lipoprotein, high-density sels that supply large blood vessels. plur . vasa lipoprotein (HDL)) that enable fats and cho- vasori. lesterol to move within the water-based solu- Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) a tion of the bloodstream. VLDL is converted polypeptide chemical produced by cells that in the bloodstream to low-density lipoprotein stimulates the growth of new blood vessels. (LDL). 894 Medical Glossary

Vesical calculus calculi (stones) in the urinary zyme or co-substrate for many redox reac- bladder tions and is required for energy metabolism. Vesicant a substance that causes tissue blister- De fi ciency causes pellagra. ing. Vitamin B5 also called pantothenic acid, a Vestibular relating to the sense of balance. water-soluble vitamin that function as coen- Vestibular disorders includes symptoms of diz- zyme in fatty acid metabolism. De fi ciency ziness, vertigo, and imbalance; it can be result causes paresthesia. from or worsened by genetic or environmental Vitamin B6 water-soluble vitamin, exists in conditions. three major chemical forms: pyridoxine, Vestibular system includes parts of the inner pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. Vitamin B6 is ear and brain that process sensory informa- needed in enzymes involved in protein metab- tion involved with controlling balance and eye olism, red blood cell metabolism, effi cient movement. functioning of nervous and immune systems Vibrissa stiff hairs that are located especially and hemoglobin formation. Defi ciency causes about the nostrils. anaemia and peripheral neuropathy. Viremia a medical condition where viruses Vitamin B7 also called biotin or vitamin H, an enter the bloodstream and hence have access essential water-soluble vitamin, is involved in to the rest of the body. the synthesis of fatty acids amino acids and Visceral fat intra-abdominal fat, is located glucose, in energy metabolism. Biotin pro- inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between motes normal health of sweat glands, bone internal organs and torso. marrow, male gonads, blood cells, nerve tis- Vitamin any complex, organic compound, sue, skin and hair, Defi ciency causes dermati- found in various food or sometimes synthe- tis and enteritis. sized in the body, required in tiny amounts and Vitamin B9 also called folic acid, an essential are essential for the regulation of metabolism, water-soluble vitamin. Folate is especially normal growth and function of the body. important during periods of rapid cell division Vitamin A retinol, fat-soluble vitamins that and growth such as infancy and pregnancy. play an important role in vision, bone growth, De fi ciency during pregnancy is associated reproduction, cell division, and cell differen- with birth defects such as neural tube defects. tiation, helps regulate the immune system in Folate is also important for production of preventing or fi ghting off infections. Vitamin red blood cells and prevent anemia. Folate is A that is found in colorful fruits and vegetables needed to make DNA and RNA, the building is called provitamin A carotenoid. They can be blocks of cells. It also helps prevent changes made into retinol in the body. De fi ciency of to DNA that may lead to cancer. vitamin A results in night blindness and kera- Vitamin B12 a water-soluble vitamin, also tomalacia. called cobalamin as it contains the metal Vitamin B1 also called thiamine, water-soluble cobalt. It helps maintain healthy nerve cells vitamins, dissolve easily in water, and in gen- and red blood cells, and DNA production. eral, are readily excreted from the body they Vitamin B12 is bound to the protein in food. are not readily stored, consistent daily intake De fi ciency causes megaloblastic anaemia. is important. It functions as coenzyme in the Vitamin C also known as ascorbic acid is an metabolism of carbohydrates and branched essential water-soluble vitamin. It functions as chain amino acids, and other cellular pro- cofactor for reactions requiring reduced cop- cesses. De fi ciency results in beri-beri disease. per or iron metallonzyme and as a protective Vitamin B2 also called ribo fl avin, an essential antioxidant. De fi ciency of vitamin C causes water-soluble vitamin that functions as coen- scurvy. zyme in redox reactions. De fi ciency causes Vitamin D a group of fat-soluble, prohormone aribo fl avinosis. vitamin, the two major forms of which are Vitamin B3 comprises niacin and niacinamide, vitamin D2 (or ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 water-soluble vitamin that function as coen- (or cholecalciferol). Vitamin D obtained from Medical Glossary 895

sun exposure, food, and supplements is bio- VLDL see very low density lipoproteins. logically inert and must undergo two hydroxy- Vomitive substance that causes vomiting. lations in the body for activation. Vitamin D is Vulnerary (wound healer), a substance used to essential for promoting calcium absorption in heal wounds and promote tissue formation. the gut and maintaining adequate serum cal- Wart an infectious skin tumour caused by a cium and phosphate concentrations to enable viral infection. normal growth and mineralization of bone and Welt see wheal. prevent hypocalcemic tetany. De fi ciency causes Wheal a fi rm, elevated swelling of the skin. Also rickets and osteomalacia. Vitamin D has other called a weal or welt. roles in human health, including modulation of White fat white adipose tissue (WAT) in mam- neuromuscular and immune function, reduc- mals, store of energy . cf. brown fat. tion of infl ammation and modulation of many Whitlow painful infection of the hand involving genes encoding proteins that regulate cell pro- 1 or more fi ngers that typically affects the ter- liferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. minal phalanx. Vitamin E is the collective name for a group Whooping cough acute infectious disease usu- of fat-soluble compounds and exists in eight ally in children caused by a Bacillus bacterium chemical forms (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and and accompanied by catarrh of the respiratory delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, passages and repeated bouts of coughing. and delta-tocotrienol). It has pronounced anti- Wnt signaling pathway is a network of pro- oxidant activities stopping the formation of teins involved in embryogenesis and cancer, Reactive Oxygen Species when fat undergoes and also in normal physiological processes. oxidation and help prevent or delay the chronic X-linked agammaglobulinemia also known diseases associated with free radicals. Besides as X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, XLA, its antioxidant activities, vitamin E is involved Bruton type agammaglobulinemia, Bruton in immune function, cell signaling, regulation syndrome, or sex-linked agammaglobuline- of gene expression, and other metabolic pro- mia; a rare x-linked genetic disorder that cesses. De fi ciency is very rare but can cause affects the body’s ability to fi ght infection. mild hemolytic anemia in newborn infants. Xanthine oxidase a fl avoprotein enzyme con- Vitamin K a group of fat soluble vitamin and taining a molybdenum cofactor (Moco) and consist of vitamin K 1 which is also known as (Fe2 S 2 ) clusters, involved in purine metabo- phylloquinone or phytomenadione (also called lism. In humans, inhibition of xanthine oxi- phytonadione) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone, dase reduces the production of uric acid, and menatetrenone). Vitamin K plays an important prevent hyperuricemia and gout. role in blood clotting. Defi ciency is very rare Xanthones unique class of biologically active but can cause bleeding diathesis. phenol compounds with the molecular for- Vitamin P a substance or mixture of substances mula C13H8O2 possessing antioxidant prop- obtained from various plant sources, identi fi ed erties, discovered in the mangosteen fruit. as citrin or a mixture of biofl avonoids, thought Xenobiotics a chemical (as a drug, pesticide, or to but not proven to be useful in reducing the carcinogen) that is foreign to a living organ- extent of hemorrhage. ism. Vitiligo a chronic skin disease that causes loss Xenograft a surgical graft of tissue from one of pigment, resulting in irregular pale patches species to an unlike species. of skin. It occurs when the melanocytes, cells Xerophthalmia a medical condition in which responsible for skin pigmentation, die or are the eye fails to produce tears. unable to function. Also called leucoderma. Yaws an infectious tropical infection of the skin, Vitreoretinopathy see proliferative vitreoretin- bones and joints caused by the spirochete bac- opathy. terium Treponema pertenue , characterized VLA-4 very late antigen-4, expressed by most by papules and papilloma with subsequent leucocytes but it is observed on neutrophils deformation of the skins, bone and joints; also under special conditions. called framboesia. 896 Medical Glossary

yGCN5 a histone acetyl transferase (HAT) that the central macula, zeaxanthin predominates, plays a role in regulation of transciton, cell whereas in the peripheral retina, lutein pre- cycly progression and differentiation. dominates. Yellow fever is a viral disease that is transmit- Zinc (Zn) is an essential mineral for health. It ted to humans through the bite of infected is involved in numerous aspects of cellular mosquitoes. Illness ranges in severity from metabolism: catalytic activity of enzymes, an in fl uenza-like syndrome to severe hepati- immune function, protein synthesis, wound tis and hemorrhagic fever. Yellow fever virus healing, DNA synthesis, and cell division. It (YFV) is maintained in nature by mosquito- also supports normal growth and development borne transmission between nonhuman pri- during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence mates. and is required for proper sense of taste and Zeaxanthin a common carotenoid, found natu- smell. Dietary sources include beans, nuts, rally as coloured pigments in many fruit vege- pumpkin seeds, sunfl ower seeds, whole wheat tables and leafy vegetables. It is important for bread and animal sources. good vision and is one of the two carotenoids ZO1 protein A high molecular weight tight contained within the retina of the eye. Within junction-associated protein. Scientifi c Glossary

Abaxial facing away from the axis, as of the sur- Adventive Not native to and not fully estab- face of an organ. lished in a new habitat or environment; locally Abscission shedding of leaves, fl owers, or fruits or temporarily naturalized. e.g. an adventive following the formation of the abscission weed. zone. Aestivation refers to positional arrangement of Acaulescent lacking a stem, or stem very much the fl oral parts in the bud before it opens. reduced. Akinete a thick-walled dormant cell derived Accrescent increasing in size after fl owering or from the enlargement of a vegetative cell. It with age. serves as a survival structure. Achene a dry, small, one-seeded, indehiscent Al fi sols soil with a clay-enriched subsoil and one-seeded fruit formed from a superior ovary relatively high native fertility, having under- of one carpel as in sun fl ower. gone only moderate leaching, containing alu- Acid soil soil that maintains a pH of less than minium, iron and with at least 35% base satu- 7.0. ration, meaning that calcium, magnesium, and Acidulous acid or sour in taste. potassium are relatively abundant. Actinomorphic having radial symmetry, capa- Alkaline soil soil that maintains a pH above 7.0, ble of being divided into symmetrical halves usually containing large amounts of calcium, by any plane, refers to a fl ower, calyx or sodium, and magnesium, and is less soluble corolla. than acidic soils. Aculeate having sharp prickles. Alkaloids naturally occurring bitter, complex Acuminate tapering gradually to a sharp point. organic-chemical compounds containing Acute (Botany) tapering at an angle of less than basic nitrogen and oxygen atoms and having 90 degrees before terminating in a point as of various pharmacological effects on humans leaf apex and base. and other animals. Adaxial side closest to the stem axis. Alternate leaves or buds that are spaced along Aldephous having stamens united together by opposite sides of stem at different levels. their fi laments. Allomorphic with a shape or form different Adherent touching without organic fusion as of from the typical. fl oral parts of different whorls. Alluvial soil a fi ne-grained fertile soil deposited Adnate united with another unlike part as of sta- by water fl owing over fl ood plains or in river mens attached to petals. beds. Adpressed lying close to another organ but not Alluvium soil or sediments deposited by a river fused to it. or other running water. Adventitious arising in abnormal positions, Amplexicaul clasping the stem as base of cer- e.g. roots arising from the stem, branches or tain leaves. leaves, buds arising elsewhere than in the axils Anatomizing interconnecting network as of leaves. applied to leaf veins.

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 5, Fruits, 897 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5653-3, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 898 Scientific Glossary

Andisols are soils formed in volcanic ash and Apocarpous carpels separate in single individ- containing high proportions of glass and ual pistils. amorphous colloidal materials. Apopetalous with separate petals, not united to Androdioecious with male fl owers and bisexual other petals. fl owers on separate plants. Aposepalous w ith separate sepals, not united to Androecium male parts of a fl ower; comprising other sepals. the stamens of one fl ower. Appressed pressed closely to another structure Androgynophore a stalk bearing both the but not fused or united. androecium and gynoecium above the peri- Aquatic a plant living in or on water for all or a anth of the fl ower. considerable part of its life span. Androgynous with male and female fl owers in Arachnoid (Botany) formed of or covered with distinct parts of the same in fl orescence. long, delicate hairs or fi bers. Andromonoecious having male fl owers and Arborescent resembling a tree; applied to non- bisexual fl owers on the same plant. woody plants attaining tree height and to Angiosperm a division of seed plants with the shrubs tending to become tree-like in size. ovules borne in an ovary. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) a type of myc- Annual a plant which completes its life cycle orrhiza in which the fungus (of the phylum within a year. Glomeromycota) penetrates the cortical cells Annular shaped like or forming a ring. of the roots of a vascular plant and form unique Annulus circle or ring-like structure or mark- structures such as arbuscules and vesicles. ing; the portion of the corolla which forms a These fungi help plants to capture nutrients fl eshy, raised ring. such as phosphorus and micronutrients from Anthelate an open, paniculate cyme. the soil. Anther the part of the stamen containing pollen Archegonium a fl ask-shaped female reproduc- sac which produces the pollen. tive organ in mosses, ferns, and other related Antheriferous containing anthers. plants. Anthesis the period between the opening of the Areolate with areolea. bud and the onset of fl ower withering. Areole (Botany) a small, specialized, cush- Anthocarp a false fruit consisting of the true ion-like area on a cactus from which hairs, fruit and the base of the perianth. glochids, spines, branches, or fl owers may Anthocyanidins are common plant pigments. arise; an irregular angular spces marked out They are the sugar-free counterparts of antho- on a surface e.g. fruit surface. pl . areolea. cyanins. Aril specialized outgrowth from the funiculus Anthocyanins a subgroup of antioxidant (attachment point of the seed) (or hilum) that fl avonoids, are glucosides of anthocyanidins. encloses or is attached to the seed. adj . aril- They occur as water-soluble vacuolar pig- late. ments that may appear red, purple, or blue Arillode a false aril; an aril originating from the according to pH in plants. micropyle instead of from the funicle or cha- Antipetala situated opposite petals. laza of the ovule, e.g. mace of nutmeg. Antisepala situated opposite sepals. Aristate bristle-like part or appendage, e.g. Antrorse directed forward upwards. awns of grains and grasses. Apetalous lacking petals as of fl owers with no Aristulate having a small, stiff, bristle-like part corolla. or appendage; a diminutive of aristate Apical meristem active growing point. A zone of Articulate jointed; usually breaking easily at the cell division at the tip of the stem or the root. nodes or point of articulation into segments. Apically towards the apex or tip of a structure. Ascending arched upwards in the lower part and Apiculate ending abruptly in a short, sharp, becoming erect in the upper part. small point. Ascospore spore produced in the ascus in Asco- Apiculum a short, pointed, fl exible tip. mycete fungi. Scientific Glossary 899

Ascus is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced Bilabiate having two lips as of a corolla or calyx in Ascomycete fungi. pl . asci. with segments fused into an upper and lower Asperulous refers to a rough surface with short, lip. hard projections. Bipinnate twice pinnate; the primary lea fl ets Attenuate tapered or tapering gradually to a being again divided into secondary lea fl ets. point. Bipinnatisect refers to a pinnately compound Auricle an ear-like appendage that occurs at the leaf, in which each leafl et is again divided into base of some leaves or corolla. pinnae. Auriculate having auricles. Biserrate doubly serrate; with smaller regular, Awn a hair-like or bristle-like appendage on a asymmetric teeth on the margins of larger teeth. larger structure. Bisexual having both sexes, as in a fl ower bear- Axil upper angle between a lateral organ, ing both stamens and pistil, hermaphrodite or such as a leaf petiole and the stem that perfect. bears it. Biternate Twice ternate; with three pinnae each Axile situated along the central axis of an ovary divided into three pinnules. having two or more locules, as in axile pla- Blade lamina; part of the leaf above the sheath centation. or petiole. Axillary arising or growing in an axil. Blotched see variegated. Baccate beery-like, pulpy or fl eshy. Bole main trunk of tree from the base to the fi rst Barbate bearded, having tufts of hairs. branch. Barbellae short, stiff, hair-like bristles. adj . Brachyblast a short, axillary, densely crowded barbellate. branchlet or shoot of limited growth, in which Bark is the outermost layers of stems and roots the internodes elongate little or not at all. of woody plants. Bracket fungus shelf fungus. Basal relating to, situated at, arising from or Bract a leaf-like structure, different in form forming the base. from the foliage leaves, associated with an Basaltic soil soil derived from basalt, a common in fl orescence or fl ower. adj . bracteate. extrusive volcanic rock. Bracteate possessing bracts. Basidiospore a reproductive spore produced by Bracteolate having bracteoles. Basidiomycete fungi. Bracteole a small, secondary, bract-like struc- Basidium a microscopic, spore-producing ture borne singly or in a pair on the pedicel or structure found on the hymenophore of fruit- calyx of a fl ower. adj . bracteolate. ing bodies of Basidiomycete fungi. Bran hard outer layer of grain and comprises Basi fi xed attached by the base, as certain anthers the aleurone and pericarp. It contains impor- are to their fi laments. tant antioxidant, vitamins and fi bre. Basionym the synonym of a scienti fi c name that Bristle a stiff hair. supplies the epithet for the correct name. Bulb a modi fi ed underground axis that is short Beak a prominent apical projection, especially and crowned by a mass of usually fl eshy, of a carpel or fruit. adj . beaked. imbricate scales. adj . bulbous. Bearded having a tuft of hairs. Bulbil A small bulb or bulb-shaped body, Berry a fl eshy or pulpy indehiscent fruit from a especially one borne in the leaf axil or an single ovary with the seed(s) embedded in the in fl orescence, and usually produced for asex- fl eshy tissue of the pericarp. ual reproduction. Biconvex convex on both sides. Bullate puckered, blistered. Biennial completing the full cycle from germi- Burr type of seed or fruit with short, stiff bristles nation to fruiting in more than one, but not or hooks or may refer to a deformed type of more than 2 years. wood in which the grain has been misformed. Bi fi d forked, divided into two parts. Bush low, dense shrub without a pronounced Bifoliolate having two lea fl ets. trunk. 900 Scientific Glossary

Buttress supporting, projecting outgrowth from Carpel a simple pistil consisting of ovary, base of a tree trunk as in some Rhizophoraceae ovules, style and stigma. adj . carpellary. and Moraceae. Carpogonium female reproductive organ in red Caducous shedding or falling early before algae. pl . carpogonia. maturity refers to sepals and petals. Carpophore part of the receptacle which is Caespitose growing densely in tufts or clumps; lengthened between the carpels as a central having short, closely packed stems. axis; any fruiting body or fruiting structure of Calcareous composed of or containing lime or a fungus. limestone. Cartilaginous sinewy, having a fi rm, tough, Calcrete a hardpan consisting gravel and sand fl exible texture (in respect of leaf margins). cemented by calcium. Caryopsis a simple dry, indehiscent fruit formed Callus a condition of thickened raised mass of from a single ovary with the seed coat united hardened tissue on leaves or other plant parts with the ovary wall as in grasses and cereals. often formed after an injury but sometimes a Cataphyll a reduced or scarcely developed leaf normal feature. A callus also can refer to an at the start of a plant’s life (i.e., cotyledons) or undifferentiated plant cell mass grown on a in the early stages of leaf development. culture medium. n . callosity. pl . calli, callosi- Catkin a slim, cylindrical, pendulous fl ower ties. adj . callose. spike usually with unisexual fl owers. Calyptra the protective cap or hood covering Caudate having a narrow, tail-like appendage. the spore case of a moss or related plant. Caudex thickened, usually underground base of Calyptrate operculate, having a calyptra. the stem. Calyx outer fl oral whorl usually consisting of Caulescent having a well developed aerial stem. free sepals or fused sepals (calyx tube) and Cauli fl ory botanical term referring to plants calyx lobes. It encloses the fl ower while it is which fl ower and fruit from their main stems still a bud. adj . calycine. or woody trunks. adj . cauli fl orus. Calyx lobe one of the free upper parts of the Cauline borne on the aerial part of a stem. calyx which may be present when the lower Chaffy having thin, membranous scales in the part is united into a tube. in fl orescence as in the fl ower heads of the Calyx tube the tubular fused part of the calyx, sun fl ower family. often cup shaped or bell shaped, when it is Chalaza the basal region of the ovule where the free from the corolla. stalk is attached. Campanulate shaped like a bell refers to calyx Chartaceous papery, of paper-like texture. or corolla. Chasmogamous describing fl owers in which Canaliculate having groove or grooves. pollination takes place while the fl ower is Candelabriform having the shape of a tall open. branched candle-stick. Chloroplast a chlorophyll-containing organelle Canescent covered with short, fi ne whitish or (plastid) that gives the green colour to leaves grayish hairs or down. and stems. Plastids harness light energy that Canopy uppermost leafy stratum of a tree. is used to fi x carbon dioxide in the process Cap see pileus. called photosynthesis. Capitate growing together in a head. Also Chromoplast plastid containing colored pig- means enlarged and globular at the tip. ments apart from chlorophyll. Capitulum a fl ower head or in fl orescence hav- Chromosomes thread-shaped structures that ing a dense cluster of sessile, or almost sessile, occur in pairs in the nucleus of a cell, con- fl owers or fl orets. taining the genetic information of living Capsule a dry, dehiscent fruit formed from two organisms. or more united carpels and dehiscing at matu- Cilia hairs along the margin of a leaf or corolla rity by sections called valves to release the lobe. seeds. adj . capsular. Ciliate with a fringe of hairs on the margin as of Carinate keeled. the corolla lobes or leaf. Scientific Glossary 901

Ciliolate minutely ciliate. Collar boundary between the above- and below Cilium a straight, usually erect hair on a margin ground parts of the plant axis. or ridge. pl . cilia. Colliculate having small elevations. Cincinnus a monochasial cyme in which the Column a structure formed by the united style, lateral branches arise alternately on opposite stigma and stamen(s) as in Asclepiadaceae sides of the false axis. and Orchidaceae. Circinnate spirally coiled, with the tip innermost. Comose tufted with hairs at the ends as of Circumscissile opening by a transverse line seeds. around the circumference as of a fruit. Composite having two types of fl orets as of the Cladode the modifi ed photosynthetic stem of a fl owers in the sun fl ower family, Asteraceae. plant whose foliage leaves are much reduced Compost organic matter (like leaves, mulch, or absent. cf . cladophyll, phyllode. manure, etc.) that breaks down in soil releas- Cladophyll A photosynthetic branch or portion ing its nutrients. of a stem that resembles and functions as a Compound describe a leaf that is further divided leaf, like in asparagus. cf . cladode, phyllode. into lea fl ets or pinnae or fl ower with more than Clamp connection In the Basidiomycetes fungi, a single fl oret. a lateral connection or outgrowth formed Compressed fl attened in one plane. between two adjoining cells of a hypha and Conceptacles specialised cavities of marine arching over the septum between them. algae that contain the reproductive organs. Clavate club shaped thickened at one end refer Concolorous uniformly coloured, as in upper to fruit or other organs. and lower surfaces. cf . discolorous Claw the conspicuously narrowed basal part of Conduplicate folded together lengthwise. a fl at structure. Cone a reproductive structure composed of an Clay a naturally occurring material composed axis (branch) bearing sterile bract-like organs primarily of fi ne-grained minerals like kaolin- and seed or pollen bearing structures. Applied ite, montmorrillonite-smectite or illite which to Gymnospermae, Lycopodiaceae, Casu- exhibit plasticity through a variable range of arinaceae and also in some members of Pro- water content, and which can be hardened teaceae. when dried and/or fi red. Conic cone shaped, attached at the broader end. Clayey resembling or containing a large propor- Conic-capitate a cone-shaped head of fl owers. tion of clay. Connate fused to another structure of the same Cleft incised halfway down. kind. cf . adherent, adnate, coherent. Cleistogamous refers to a fl ower in which fertil- Connective the tissue separating two lobes of an ization occurs within the bud i.e. without the anther. fl ower opening. cf . chasmogamous. Connivent converging. Climber growing more or less upwards by lean- Conspeci fi c within or belonging to the same ing or twining around another structure. species. Clone all the plants reproduced, vegetatively, Contorted twisted. from a single parent thus having the same gen- Convolute refers to an arrangement of petals in tic make-up as the parent. a bud where each has one side overlapping the Coccus one of the sections of a distinctly lobed adjacent petal. fruit which becomes separate at maturity; Cordate heart-shaped as of leaves. sometimes called a mericarp. pl . cocci. Core central part. Coenocarpium a fl eshy, multiple pseudocarp Coriaceous leathery texture as of leaves. formed from an infl orescence rather than a Corm a short, swollen, fl eshy, underground single fl ower. plant stem that serves as a food storage organ Coherent touching without organic fusion, used by some plants to survive winter or other referring to parts normally together, e.g. fl oral adverse conditions parts of the same whorl. cf . adherent, adnate, Cormel a miniature, new corm produced on a connate. mature corm. 902 Scientific Glossary

Corn silk the long, fi lamentous styles that grow as ters signifi cant for the purposes of agriculture, a silky tuft or tassel at the tip of an ear of corn. forestry or horticulture, and which, when repro- Corolla the inner fl oral whorl of a fl ower, usu- duced, retains its distinguishing features. ally consisting of free petals or a petals fused Cuneate wedge-shaped, obtriangular. forming a corolla tube and corolla lobes. adj . Cupular cup-shaped, having a cupule. corolline. Cupule a small cup-shaped structure or organ, Corona a crown-like section of the staminal col- like the cup at the base of an acorn. umn, usually with the inner and outer lobes as Cusp an elongated, usually rigid, acute point. cf . in the Stapelieae . mucro. Coroniform crown shaped, as in the pappus of Cuspidate terminating in or tipped with a sharp Asteraceae. fi rm point or cusp. cf . mucronate. Cortex the outer of the stem or root of a plant, Cuspidulate constricted into a minute cusp. cf . bounded on the outside by the epidermis and cuspidate. on the inside by the endodermis containing Cyathiform in the form of a cup, a little wid- undifferentiated cells. ened at the top. Corymb a fl at-topped, short, broad in florescence, Cyathium a specialised type of in fl orescence of in which the fl owers, through unequal pedicels, plants in the genus Euphorbia and Chamae- are in one horizontal plane and the youngest in syce in which the unisexual fl owers are clus- the centre. adj . corymbose tered together within a bract-like envelope. pl . Costa a thickened, linear ridge or the midrib of cyathia. the pinna in ferns. adj . costate. Cylindric tubular or rod shaped. Costapalmate having de fi nite costa (midrib) Cylindric-acuminate elongated and tapering to unlike the typical palmate leaf, but the leafl ets a point. are arranged radially like in a palmate leaf. Cymbiform boat shaped, elongated and having Cotyledon the primary seed leaf within the the upper surface decidedly concave. embryo of a seed. Cyme an infl orescence in which the lateral axis Cover crop crop grown in between trees or in grows more strongly than the main axis with fi elds primarily to protect the soil from ero- the oldest fl ower in the centre or at the ends. sion, to improve soil fertility and to keep off adj . cymose weeds. Cymule a small cyme or one or a few fl owers. Crenate round-toothed or scalloped as of leaf Cystidium a relatively large cell found on the margins. hymenium of a Basidiomycete, for example, Crenulate minutely crenate, very strongly on the surface of a mushroom. scalloped. Cystocarp fruitlike structure (sporocarp) devel- Crisped with a curled or twisted edge. oped after fertilization in the red algae. Cristate having or forming a crest or crista. Deciduous falling off or shedding at maturity or Crozier shaped like a shepherd’s crook. a speci fi c season or stage of growth. Crustaceous like a crust; having a hard crust or Decorticate to remove the bark, rind or husk shell. from an organ; to strip of its bark; to come off Cucullate having the shape of a cowl or hood, as a skin. hooded. Decompound as of a compound leaf; consisting Culm the main aerial stem of the Graminae of divisions that are themselves compound. (grasses, sedges, rushes and other monocots). Decumbent prostrate, laying or growing on the Culm sheath the plant casing (similar to a leaf) ground but with ascending tips. cf . ascending, that protects the young bamboo shoot during procumbent. growth, attached at each node of culm. Decurrent having the leaf base tapering down Cultigen plant species or race known only in to a narrow wing that extends to the stem. cultivation. Decussate having paired organs with successive Cultivar cultivated variety; an assemblage of cul- pairs at right angles to give four rows as of tivated individuals distinguished by any charac- leaves. Scientific Glossary 903

De fl exed bent downwards. Diplontic life cycle or gametic meiosis, wherein Degumming removal of gum deposits (phos- instead of immediately dividing meiotically phatides, entrained oil and meal particles) to produce haploid cells, the zygote divides from crude edible oils traditionally done with mitotically to produce a multicellular diploid water. Water degumming process also remove individual or a group of more diploid cells. hydrophilic substances such as sugars from Dipterocarpous trees of the family Dipterocar- the oil. paceae, with two-winged fruit found mainly in Dehisce to split open at maturity, as in a tropical lowland rainforest. capsule. Disc (Botany) refers to the usually disc shaped Dehiscent splitting open at maturity to release receptacle of the fl ower head in Asteraceae; the contents. cf . indehiscent. also the fl eshy nectariferous organ usually Deltate triangular shape. between the stamens and ovary; also used for Deltoid shaped like an equilateral triangle. the enlarged style-end in Proteaceae. Dendritic branching from a main stem or axis Disc fl oret the central, tubular 4 or 5-toothed or like the branches of a tree. lobed fl oret on the disc of an infl orescence, as Dentate with sharp, rather coarse teeth perpen- of fl ower head of Asteraceae. dicular to the margin. Disciform fl at and rounded in shaped. cf . dis- Denticulate fi nely toothed. coid, radiate. Diageotropic the tendency of growing parts, Discoid resembling a disc; having a fl at, circular such as roots, to grow at right angle to the line form; disk-shaped cf . disciform, radiate. of gravity. Discolorous having two colours, as of a leaf Diadelphous having stamens in two bundles as which has different colors on the two surfaces. in Papilionaceae fl owers. cf . concolorous. Dichasium a cymose in fl orescence in which Disomic having one or more chromosomes the branches are opposite and approximately present twice but without the entire genome equal. pl . dichasia. adj . dichasial. doubled. Dichotomous divided into two parts. Dispersal dissemination of seeds. Dicotyledon angiosperm with two cotyledons. Distal site of any structure farthest from the Didymous arranged or occurring in pairs as of point of attachment. cf . proximal. anthers, having two lobes. Distichous referring to two rows of upright Digitate having digits or fi ngerlike projections. leaves in the same plane. Dikaryophyses or dendrophydia, irregularly, Dithecous having two thecae. strongly branched terminal hyphae in the Divaricate diverging at a wide angle. Hymenomycetes (class of Basidiomycetes) Domatium a part of a plant (e.g., a leaf) that has fungi. been modi fi ed to provide protection for other Dimorphic having or occurring in two forms, as organisms. pl . domatia. of stamens of two different lengths or a plant Dormancy a resting period in the life of a plant having two kinds of leaves. during which growth slows or appears to Dioecious with male and female unisexual stop. fl owers on separate plants. cf . monoecious. Dorsal referring to the back surface. Diploid a condition in which the chromosomes Dorsi fi xed attached to the back as of anthers. in the nucleus of a cell exist as pairs, one set Drupaceous resembling a drupe. being derived from the female parent and the Drupe a fl eshy fruit with a single seed enclosed in other from the male. a hard shell (endocarp) which is tissue embed- Diplobiontic life cycle life cycle that exhibits ded in succulent tissue (mesocarp) surrounded alternation of generations, which features of by a thin outer skin (epicarp). adj . drupaceous. spore-producing multicellular sporophytes Drupelet a small drupe. and gamete-producing multicellular gameto- Ebracteate without bracts. phytes. mitoses occur in both the diploid and Echinate bearing stiff, stout, bristly, prickly haploid phases. hairs. 904 Scientific Glossary

Edaphic refers to plant communities that are and nutrients from the air and rain e.g. some distinguished by soil conditions rather than by Orchidaceae. adj . epiphytic. the climate. Erect upright, vertical. Eglandular without glands. cf . glandular. Essential oils volatile products obtained from Ellipsoid a 3-dimensional shape; elliptic in a natural source; refers to volatile products outline. obtained by steam or water distillation in a Elliptic having a 2-dimensional shape of an strict sense. ellipse or fl attened circle. Etiolation to cause (a plant) to develop without Eongate extended, stretched out. chlorophyll by preventing exposure to sun- Emarginate refers to leaf with a broad, shallow light. notch at the apex. cf . retuse. Eutrophic having waters rich in mineral and Embryo (Botany) a minute rudimentary plant organic nutrients that promote a proliferation contained within a seed or an archegonium, of plant life, especially algae, which reduces composed of the embryonic axis (shoot end the dissolved oxygen content and often causes and root end). the extinction of other organisms. Endemic prevalent in or peculiar to a particular Excentric off the true centre. geographical locality or region. Excrescence abnormal outgrowth. Endocarp The hard innermost layer of the peri- Excurrent projecting beyond the tip, as the carp of many fruits. midrib of a leaf or bract. Endosperm tissue that surrounds and nourishes Exserted sticking out, protruding beyond some the embryo in the angiosperm seed. It contains enclosing organ, as of stamens which project starchy carbohydrates, proteins and small beyond the corolla or perianth. amounts of vitamins and minerals. Exstipulate without stipules. cf . stipulate. Endospermous refers to seeds having an Extra- fl oral outside the fl ower. endosperm. Extrose turned outwards or away from the axis Endotrophic as of mycorrhiza obtaining nutri- as of anthers. cf . introrse, latrorse. ents from inside. Falcate sickle shaped, crescent-shaped. Ensilage the process of preserving green food Fascicle a cluster or bundle of stems, fl owers, for livestock in an undried condition in airtight stamens. adj . fasciculate. conditions. Also called silaging. Fasciclode staminode bundles. Entire having a smooth, continuous margin Fastigiate a tree in which the branches grow without any incisions or teeth as of a leaf. almost vertically. Entisols soils that do not show any profi le devel- Ferrosols soils with an iron oxide content of opment other than an A horizon. greater than 5%. Ephemeral transitory, short-lived. Ferruginous rust coloured, reddish-brown. Epicalyx a whorl of bracts, subtending and Fertile having functional sexual parts which are resembling a calyx. capable of fertilisation and seed production. Epicarp outermost layer of the pericarp of a cf . sterile. fruit. Filament the stalk of a stamen supporting and Epicormic attached to the corm. subtending the anther. Epicotyl the upper portion of the embryonic Filiform Having the form of or resembling a axis, above the cotyledons and below the fi rst thread or fi lament. true leaves. Fimbriate fringed. Epigeal above grounds with cotyledons raised Fixed oils non volatile oils, triglycerides of fatty above ground. acids. Epiparasite an organism parasitic on another Flaccid limp and weak. that parasitizes a third. Flag leaf the uppermost leaf on the stem. Epipetalous borne on the petals, as of stamens. Flaky in the shape of fl akes or scales. Epiphyte a plant growing on, but not para- Flexuous zig-zagging, sinuous, bending, as of a sitic on, another plant, deriving its moisture stem. Scientific Glossary 905

Floccose covered with tufts of soft woolly hairs. Geniculate bent like a knee, refer to awns and Floral tube a fl ower tube usually formed by the fi laments. basal fusion of the perianth and stamens. Geocarpic where the fruit are pushed into the Floret one of the small individual fl owers of soil by the gynophore and mature. sunfl ower family or the reduced fl ower of the Geophyte a plant that stores food in an under- grasses, including the lemma and palea. ground storage organ e.g. a tuber, bulb or rhi- Flower the sexual reproductive organ of zome and has subterranean buds which form fl owering plants, typically consisting of gynoe- aerial growth. cium, androecium and perianth or calyx and/ Geotextile are permeable fabrics which, when or corolla and the axis bearing these parts. used in association with soil, have the ability Fluted as of a trunk with grooves and folds. to separate, fi lter, reinforce, protect, or drain. Fodder plant material, fresh or dried fed to Germ of cereal is the embryo of the seed or ker- animals. nel. It contains vitamins B, E, folic acid, some Foliaceous leaf-like. protein, minerals and polyunsaturated fats. Foliar pertaining to a leaf. Glabrescent becoming glabrous. Foliolate pertaining to leafl ets, used with a num- Glabrous smooth, hairless without pubescence. ber pre fi x to denote the number of lea fl ets. Gland a secretory organ, e.g. a nectary, Foliose leaf-like. extra- fl oral nectary or a gland tipped, hair- Follicle (Botany) a dry fruit, derived from a sin- like or wart-like organ. adj . glandular. cf . gle carpel and dehiscing along one suture. eglandular. Forb any herb that is not grass or grass-like. Glaucous pale blue-green in colour, covered Free central placentation The arrangement of with a whitish bloom that rubs off readily. ovules on a central column that is not con- Gley soils a hydric soil which exhibits a green- nected to the ovary wall by partitions, as in the ish-blue-grey soil color due to wetland condi- ovaries of the carnation and primrose. tions. Frond the leaf of a fern or cycad. Globose spherical in shape. Fruit ripened ovary with adnate parts. Globular a three-dimensional shape; spherical Fugacious shedding off early. or orbicular; circular in outline. Fulvous yellow, tawny. Glochids tiny, fi nely barbed hair-like spines Funiculus (Botany) short stalk which attaches found on the areoles of some cacti and other the ovule to the ovary wall. plants. Fusiform a 3-dimensional shape; spindle Glochidiate having glochids. shaped, i.e. broad in the centre and tapering at Glochidote plant having glochids. both ends thick, but tapering at both ends. Glume one of the two small, sterile bracts at Gall- fl ower short styled fl ower that do not the base of the grass spikelet, called the lower develop into a fruit but are adapted for the and upper glumes, due to their position on the development of a speci fi c wasp within the fruit rachilla. Also used in Apiaceae, Cyperaceae e.g. in the fi g. for the very small bracts on the spikelet in Gamete a reproductive cell that fuses with which each fl ower is subtended by one fl oral another gamete to form a zygote. Gametes are glume. adj . glumaceous. haploid, (they contain half the normal (dip- Grits consist of coarsely ground corn, or some- loid) number of chromosomes); thus when times alkali-treated corn. two fuse, the diploid number is restored. Groats hulled, whole grains of various cereals, Gametophyte The gamete-producing phase such as oats, wheat, barley or buckwheat, it in a plant characterized by alternation of includes the cereal germ, fi ber-rich bran por- generations. tion and endosperm of the grain. Gamosepalous with sepals united or partially Guttation the appearance of drops of xylem sap united. on the tips or edges of leaves of some vascular Genome complete set of genetic material of an plants, such as grasses and bamboos. organism. Guttule small droplet. 906 Scientific Glossary

Gymnosperm a group of spermatophyte seed- or fl orets in an in fl orescence or fl ower head, bearing plants with ovules on scales, which e.g. some Asteraceae in which the ray fl orets are usually arranged in cone-like structures may be neuter or unisexual and the disk fl orets and not borne in an ovary. cf . angiosperm. may be bisexual. cf . homogamous. Gynoecium the female organ of a fl ower; a col- Heteromorphous having two or more distinct lective term for the pistil, carpel or carpels. forms. cf . homomorphous. Gynomonoecious having female fl owers Heterophyllous having leaves of different form. and bisexual fl owers on the same plant. cf . Heterosporous producing spores of 2 sizes, andromonoecious. the larger giving rise to megagametophytes Gynophore stalk that bears the pistil/carpel. (female), the smaller giving rise to microg- Habit the general growth form of a plant, com- ametophytes (male). Refer to the ferns and prising its size, shape, texture and stem orien- fern allies. cf . homosporous. tation, the locality in which the plant grows.. Heterostylous having styles of two different Halophyte a plant adapted to living in highly lengths or forms. saline habitats. Also a plant that accumulates Heterostyly the condition in which fl owers on high concentrations of salt in its tissues. adj . polymorphous plants have styles of different halophytic. lengths, therby facilting cross-pollination. Hapaxanthic refer to palms which fl owers only Hilar of or relating to a hilum. once and then dies. c.f. pleonanthic. Hilum The scar on a seed, indicating the point Haploid condition where nucleus or cell has a of attachment to the funiculus. single set of unpaired chromosomes, the hap- Hirsute bearing long coarse hairs. loid number is designated as n. Hispid bearing stiff, short, rough hairs or Haplontic life cycle or zygotic meiosis wherein bristles. meiosis of a zygote immediately after karyo- Hispidulous minutely hispid. gamy, produces haploid cells which produces Histosol soil comprising primarily of organic more or larger haploid cells ending its diploid materials, having 40 cm or more of organic phase. soil material in the upper 80 cm. Hastate having the shape of an arrowhead but Hoary covered with a greyish layer of very with the basal lobes pointing outward at right short, closely interwoven hairs. angles as of a leaf. Holdfast an organ or structure of attachment, Hastula a piece of plant material at the junction especially the basal, root-like formation by of the petiole and the leaf blade; the hastula which certain seaweeds or other algae are can be found on the top of the leaf, adaxial or attached to a substrate. the bottom, abaxial or both sides. Holocarpic having the entire thallus developed Heartwood wood from the inner portion of a tree. into a fruiting body or sporangium. Heliophilous sun-loving, tolerates high level of Homochromous having all the fl orets of the sunlight.. same colour in the same fl ower head cf . het- Heliotropic growing towards sunlight. erochromous. Herb a plant which is non-woody or woody at Homogamous bearing fl owers or fl orets that do the base only, the above ground stems usually not differ sexually cf . heterogamous. being ephemeral. adj . herbaceous. Homogenous endosperm endosperm with even Herbaceous resembling a herb, having a habit surface that lacks invaginations or infoldings of a herb. of the surrounding tissue. Hermaphrodite bisexual, bearing fl owers with Homogonium a part of a fi lament of a cyanobac- both androecium and gynoecium in the same terium that detaches and grows by cell division fl ower. adj . hermaphroditic. into a new fi lament. pl . homogonia. Heterocyst a differentiated cyanobacterial cell Homomorphous uniform, with only one form. that carries out nitrogen fi xation. cf . heteromorphous. Heterogamous bearing separate male and Homosporous producing one kind of spores. Refer female fl owers, or bisexual and female fl owers, to the ferns and fern allies. cf . heterosporous. Scientific Glossary 907

Hurd fi bre long pith fi bre of the stem. do not extend beyond the rim of a capsular Hyaline colourless, almost transparent. fruit. cf . exserted. Hybrid the fi rst generation progeny of the sexual Incurved curved inwards; curved towards the union of plants belonging to different taxa. base or apex. Hybridisation the crossing of individuals from Inde fi nite numerous and variable in number. different species or taxa. Indehiscent not opening or splitting to release Hydathode a type of secretory tissue in leaves, the contents at maturity as of fruit. cf . dehis- usually of Angiosperms, that secretes water cent. through pores in the epidermis or margin of Indumentum covering of fi ne hairs or bristles the leaf. commonly found on external parts of plants. Hydrophilous water loving; requiring water Indurate to become hard, often the hardening in order to be fertilized, referring to many developed only at maturity. aquatic plants. Indusium an enclosing membrane, covering Hygrochastic applied to plants in which the the sorus of a fern. Also used for the modifi ed opening of the fruits is caused by the absorp- style end or pollen-cup of some Goodeniaceae tion of water. (including Brunoniaceae ). adj . indusiate. Hygrophilous living in water or moist places. Inferior said of an ovary or fruit that has sepals, Hymenial cystidia the cells of the hymenium petals and stamens above the ovary. cf . supe- develop into basidia or asci, while in others rior. some cells develop into sterile cells called In fl ated enlarged and hollow except in the case cystidia. of a fruit which may contain a seed. cf . swol- Hymenium spore-bearing layer of cells in cer- len. tain fungi containing asci (Ascomycetes) or In fl exed Bent or curved inward or downward, as basidia (Basidiomycetes). petals or sepals. Hypanthium cup-like receptacles of some In fl orescence a fl ower cluster or the arrange- dicotyledonous fl owers formed by the fusion ment of fl owers in relation to the axis and to of the calyx, corolla, and androecium that sur- each other on a plant. rounds the ovary which bears the sepals, pet- Infrafoliar located below the leaves. als and stamens. Infraspeci fi c referring to any taxon below the Hypha is a long, branching fi lamentous cell of a species rank. fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. Infructescence the fruiting stage of an pl. hyphae. in fl orescence. Hypocotyl the portion of the stem below the Inrolled curved inwards. cotyledons. Integuments two distinct tissue layers that sur- Hypodermis the cell layer beneath the epider- round the nucellus of the ovule, forming the mis of the pericarp. testa or seed coat when mature. Hypogeal below ground as of germination of Intercalary of growth, between the apex and the seed. base; of cells, spores, etc., between two cells. Hysteresis refers to systems that may exhibit Interfoliar inter leaf. path dependence. Internode portion of the stem, culm, branch, Imbricate closely packed and overlapping. cf . or rhizome between two nodes or points of valvate. attachment of the leaves. Imparipinnate pinnately compound with a Interpetiolar as of stipules positioned between single terminal leafl et and hence with an odd petioles of opposite leaves. number of lea fl ets. cf . paripinnate. Intrastaminal within the stamens. Inceptisols old soils that have no accumulation Intricate entangled, complex. of clays, iron, aluminium or organic matter. Introduced not indigenous; not native to the Incised cut jaggedly with very deep teeth. area in which it now occurs. Included referring to stamens which do not Introrse turned inwards or towards the axis or project beyond the corolla or to valves which pistil as of anthers. cf . extrorse, latrorse. 908 Scientific Glossary

Involucre a whorl of bracts or leaves that surround Lectotype a specimen chosen after the original one to many fl owers or an entire in fl orescence. description to be the type. Involute having the margins rolled inwards, Lemma the lower of two bracts (scales) of a referring to a leaf or other fl at organ. grass fl oret, usually enclosing the palea, lodi- Jugate of a pinnate leaf; having leafl ets in pairs. cules, stamens and ovary. Juvenile young or immature, used here for Lenticel is a lens shaped opening that allows leaves formed on a young plant which are dif- gases to be exchanged between air and the ferent in morphology from those formed on an inner tissues of a plant, commonly found on older plant. young bark, or the surface of the fruit. Keel a longitudinal ridge, at the back of the Lenticellate dotted with lenticels. leaf. Also the two lower fused petals of a Lenticular shaped like a biconvex lens. cf . len- ‘pea’ fl ower in the Papilionaceae, which form tiform. a boat-like structure around the stamens and Lentiform shaped like a biconvex lens, cf . len- styles, also called carina. adj . keeled. cf . stan- ticular. dard, wing. Leptomorphic temperate, running bamboo Labellum the modi fi ed lowest of the three pet- rhizome; usually thinner then the culms als forming the corolla of an orchid, usually they support and the internodes are long and larger than the other two petals, and often hollow. spurred. Liane a woody climbing or twining plant. Laciniate fringed; having a fringe of slender, Lignotuber a woody, usually underground, narrow, pointed lobes cut into narrow lobes. tuberous rootstock often giving rise to numer- Lamella a gill-shaped structure: fi ne sheets of ous aerial stems. material held adjacent to one another. Ligulate small and tongue shaped or with a Lamina the blade of the leaf or frond. little tongue shaped appendage or ligule, star Lanate wooly, covered with long hairs which shaped as of fl orets of Asteraceae. are loosely curled together like wool. Ligule a strap-shaped corolla in the fl owers of Lanceolate lance-shaped in outline, tapering Asteraceae; also a thin membranous outgrowth from a broad base to the apex. from the inner junction of the grass leaf sheath Landrace: Landrace plants adapted to the nat- and blade. cf . ligulate. ural environment in which they grow, devel- Limb the expanded portion of the calyx tube or oping naturally with minimal assistance or the corolla tube, or the large branch of a tree. guidance from humans and usually possess Linear a 2-dimensional shape, narrow with more diverse phenotypes and genotypes. They nearly parallel sides. have not been improved by formal breeding Linguiform tongue shaped cf . ligulate. programs. Lithosol a kind of shallow soils lacking well- Laterite reddish–coloured soils rich in iron oxide, defi ned horizons and composed of imperfectly formed by weathering of rocks under oxidizing weathered fragments of rock. and leaching conditions, commonly found in Littoral of or on a shore, especially seashore. tropical and subtropical regions. adj . lateritic. Loam a type of soil mad up of sand, silt, and Latex a milky, clear or sometimes coloured clay in relative concentration of 40–40–20% sap of diverse composition exuded by some respectively. plants. Lobed divided but not to the base. Latrorse turned sideways, i.e. not towards or Loculicidal opening into the cells, when a ripe away from the axis as of anthers dehiscing lon- capsule splits along the back. gitudinally on the side. cf . extrorse, introse. Loculus cavity or chamber of an ovary. pl . loculi. Lax loose or limp, not densely arranged or Lodicules two small structures below the ovary crowded. which, at fl owering, swell up and force open Lea fl et one of the ultimate segments of a com- the enclosing bracts, exposing the stamens pound leaf. and carpel. Scientific Glossary 909

Lyrate pinnately lobed, with a large terminal Mesocarp the middle layer of the fruit wall lobe and smaller laterals ones which become derived from the middle layer of the carpel progressively smaller towards the base. wall. cf . endocarp, exocarp, pericarp. Macronutrients chemical elements which are Mesophytes terrestrial plants which are adapted needed in large quantities for growth and to neither a particularly dry nor particularly development by plants and include nitrogen, wet environment. phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium. Micropyle the small opening in a plant ovule Maculate spotted. through which the pollen tube passes in order Mallee a growth habit in which several to many to effect fertilisation. woody stems arise separately from a lignotu- Microsporangium the sporangium containing ber; usually applied to certain low-growing microspores in pteridophyes. cf . megasporan- species of Eucalyptus . gium. Mangrove a distinctive vegetation type of Microspore a small spore which gives rise to the trees and shrubs with modifi ed roots, often male gametophyte in heterosporous pterido- viviparous, occupying the saline coastal phytes. Also for a pollen grain. cf. megaspore. habitats that are subject to periodic tidal Midvein the main vascular supply of a simple inundation. leaf blade or lamina. Also called mid-rib. Marcescent withering or to decay without fall- Mitosis is a process of cell division which results ing off. in the production of two daughter cells from a Margin the edge of the leaf blade. single parent cell. Medulla the pith in the stems or roots of cer- Mollisols soils with deep, high organic matter, tain plants; or the central portion of a thallus nutrient-enriched surface soil (A horizon), in certain lichens. typically between 60 and 80 cm thick. Megasporangium the sporangium contain- Monadelphous applied to stamens united by ing megaspores in fern and fern allies. cf . their fi laments into a single bundle. microsporangium. Monocarpic refer to plants that fl ower, set seeds Megaspore the large spore which may develop and then die. into the female gametophyte in heterosporous Monochasial a cyme having a single fl ower on ferns and fern allies. cf . microspore. each axis. Megasporophyll a lea fl ike structure that bears Monocotyledon angiosperm having one cotyle- megasporangia. don. Megastrobilus female cone, seed cone, or ovu- Monoecious having both male and female uni- late cone, contains ovules within which, when sexual fl owers on the same individual plant. fertilized by pollen, become seeds. The female cf . dioecious. cone structure varies more markedly between Monoembryonic seed the seed contains only the different conifer families. one embryo, a true sexual (zygotic) embryo. Meiosis the process of cell division that results polyembryonic seed. in the formation of haploid cells from diploid Monolete a spore that has a simple linear scar. cells to produce gametes. Monopodial with a main terminal growing Mericarp a 1-seeded portion of an initially syn- point producing many lateral branches pro- carpous fruit (schizocarp) which splits apart at gressively. cf . sympodial. maturity. Cf . coccus. Monotypic of a genus with one species or a Meristem the region of active cell division family with one genus; in general, applied to in plants, from which permanent tissue is any taxon with only one immediately subor- derived. adj . meristematic dinate taxon. -merous used with a number pre fi x to denote Montane refers to highland areas located below the basic number of the 3 outer fl oral whorls, the subalpine zone. e.g. a 5-merous fl ower may have 5 sepals, 10 Mucilage a soft, moist, viscous, sticky secre- petals and 15 stamens. tion. adj . mucilaginous. Mesic moderately wet. Mucous (Botany) slimy. 910 Scientific Glossary

Mucro a sharp, pointed part or organ, especially containing Rhizobium bacteria which fi xes a sharp terminal point, as of a leaf. nitrogen in the soil. Mucronate ending with a short, sharp tip or Nom. ambig. nomen ambiguum (Latin) ambig- mucro, resembling a spine. cf. cuspidate, uous name used in different senses which has muticous. become a long-persistent source of error. Mucronulate with a very small mucro; a dimin- Nom. cons. nomen nonservandum (Latin) name utive of mucronate. conserved in International Code of Botanical Mulch protective cover of plant (organic) or Nomenclature. non-plant material placed over the soil, pri- Nom. dub. nomen dubium (Latin) an invalid marily to modify and improve the effects of proposed taxonomic name because it is not the local microclimate and to control weeds. accompanied by a defi nition or description of Multiple fruit a fruit that is formed from a clus- the taxon to which it applies. ter of fl owers. Nom. illeg. nomen illegitimum (Latin) illegiti- Muricate covered with numerous short hard mate taxon deemed as super fl uous at its time outgrowths. cf . papillose. of publication either because the taxon to Muriculate with numerous minute hard out- which it was applied already has a name, or growths; a diminutive of muricate. because the name has already been applied to Muticous blunt, lacking a sharp point. cf . another plant. mucronate. Nom. invalid. nomen invalidum (Latin) invalid MYB proteins are a superfamily of transcrip- name according to International Code of tion factors that play regulatory roles in devel- Botanical Nomenclature. opmental processes and defense responses in Nom. nud. nomen nudum (Latin) the name of plants. a taxon which has never been validated by a Mycorrhiza the mutualistic symbiosis (non- description. pathogenic association) between soil-borne Nom. rej. nomen rejiciendum (Latin) name fungi with the roots of higher plants. rejected in International Code of Botanical Mycorrhiza (vesicular arbuscular) endomyc- Nomenclature. orrhiza living in the roots of higher plants pro- Notho (subsp. or var.) prefi x to the rank of a ducing inter-and intracellular fungal growth in hybrid taxon below the rank of species. root cortex and forming speci fi c fungal struc- Nucellus central portion of an ovule in which tures, referred to as vesicles and arbuscles. the embryo sac develops. abbrev . VAM. Nucellar embryony a form of seed reproduc- Native a plant indigenous to the locality or tion in which the nucellar tissue which sur- region. rounds the embryo sac can produce additional Naviculate boat-shaped. embryos (polyembryony) which are geneti- Necrotic applied to dead tissue. cally identical to the parent plant. This is Nectariferous having one or more nectaries. found in many citrus species and in mango. Nectary a nectar secretory gland; commonly in a Nut a dry indehiscent 1-celled fruit with a hard fl ower, sometimes on leaves, fronds or stems. pericarp. Nervation venation, a pattern of veins or nerves Nutlet a small. 1-seeded, indehiscent lobe of a as of leaf. divided fruit. Nixtamalization refers to a process for the prep- Ob- pre fi x meaning inversely or opposite to. aration of maize (corn), or other grain, in which Obconic a 3-dimensional shape; inversely conic; the grains are soaked and cooked in an alkaline cone shaped, conic with the vertex pointing solution, usually limewater, and hulled. downward. Node the joint between segments of a culm, Obcordate inversely cordate, broad and notched stem, branch, or rhizome; the point of the stem at the tip; heart shaped but attached at the that gives rise to the leaf and bud. pointed end. Nodule a small knoblike outgrowth, as those Obdeltate inversely deltate; deltate with the found on the roots of many leguminous, that broadest part at the apex. Scientific Glossary 911

Oblanceolate inversely lanceolate, lance-shaped Ori fi ce an opening or aperture. but broadest above the middle and tapering Organosols soils not regularly inundated by toward the base as of leaf. marine waters and containing a specifi c thick- Oblate having the shape of a spheroid with the ness of organic materials within the upper part equatorial diameter greater than the polar of the pro fi le. diameter; being fl attened at the poles. Orth. Var. orthographic variant, i.e., an incor- Oblong longer than broad with sides nearly par- rect alternate spelling of a name. allel to each other. Ovary the female part of the pistil of a fl ower Obovate inversely ovate, broadest above the which contains the ovules (immature seeds). middle. Ovate egg-shaped, usually with reference to two Obpyramidal resembling a 4-sided pyramid dimensions. attached at the apex with the square base fac- Ovoid egg-shaped, usually with reference to ing away from the attachment. three dimensions. Obpyriform inversely pyriform, resembling a Ovule the young, immature seed in the ovary which pear which is attached at the narrower end. cf . becomes a seed after fertilisation. adj . ovular.. pyriform. Ovulode a sterile reduced ovule borne on the Obspathulate inversely spathulate; resembling placenta, commonly occurring in Myrtaceae. a spoon but attached at the broadest end. cf . Oxisols refer to ferralsols. spathulate. Pachymorphic describes the short, thick, rhi- Obtriangular inversely triangular; triangular zomes of clumping bamboos with short, thick but attached at the apex. cf . triangular. and solid internode (except the bud-bearing Obtrullate inversely trullate; resembling a internodes, which are more elongated). cf . trowel blade with the broadest axis above the sympodial. middle. cf . trullate. Palate (Botany) a raised appendage on the lower Obtuse with a blunt or rounded tip, the converg- lip of a corolla which partially or completely ing edges separated by an angle greater than closes the throat. 90 degrees. Palea the upper of the two membranous bracts -oid suf fi x denoting a 3-dimensional shape, e.g. of a grass fl oret, usually enclosing the lodi- spheroid. cules, stamens and ovary. pl . paleae. adj . pal- Ochraceous a dull yellow color. eal. cf . lemma. Ocreate having a tube-like covering around Paleate having glumes. some stems, formed of the united stipules; Palm heart refers to soft, tender inner core and sheathed. growing bud of certain palm trees which are Oleaginous oily. eaten as vegetables. Also called heart of palm, Oligotrophic lacking in plant nutrients and palmito, burglar’s thigh, chonta or swamp having a large amount of dissolved oxygen cabbage. throughout. Palmate describing a leaf which is divided into Operculum a lid or cover that becomes detached several lobes or lea fl ets which arise from the at maturity by abscission, e.g. in Eucalyptus , same point. adj . palmately. also a cap or lid covering the bud and formed Palmito see palm heart. by fusion or cohesion of sepals and/or petals. Palustrial paludal, swampy, marshy. adj . operculate. Palustrine marshy, swampy. Opposite describing leaves or other organs Palustrine herb vegetation that is rooted below which are borne at the same level but on oppo- water but grows above the surface in wetland site sides of the stem. cf . alternate. system. Orbicular of circular outline, disc-like. Panduriform fi ddle shaped, usually with refer- Order a taxonomic rank between class and fam- ence to two dimensions. ily used in the classifi cation of organisms, Panicle a compound, indeterminate, racemose i.e. a group of families believed to be closely in fl orescence in which the main axis bears lat- related. eral racemes or spikes. adj . paniculate. 912 Scientific Glossary

Pantropical distributed through-out the tropics. Pentamerous in fi ve parts. Papilionaceous butter fl y-like, said of the pea Perennial a plant that completes it life cycle or fl ower or fl owers of Papilionaceae, fl owers lives for more than two years. cf . annual, bien- which are zygomorphic with imbricate pet- nial. als, one broad upper one, two narrower lateral Perfoliate a leaf with the basal lobes united ones and two narrower lower ones. around – and apparently pierced by – the stem. Papilla a small, super fi cial protuberance on the Pergamentaceous parchment-like. surface of an organ being an outgrowth of one Perianth the two outer fl oral whorls of the epidermal cell. pl . papillae. adj . papillose. Angiosperm fl ower; commonly used when the Papillate having papillae. calyx and the corolla are not readily distin- Papillose covered with papillae. guishable (as in monocotyledons). Pappus a tuft (or ring) of hairs, bristles or scales Pericarp (Botany). The wall of a ripened ovary; borne above the ovary and outside the corolla fruit wall composed of the exocarp, mesocarp as in Asteraceae often persisting as a tuft of and endocarp. hairs on a fruit. adj . pappose. Persistent remaining attached; not falling off. Papyraceous resembling parchment of paper. cf . caduceus. Parenchyma undifferentiated plant tissue com- Petal free segment of the corolla. adj . petaline. posed of more or less uniform cells. cf . lobe. Parietal describes the attachment of ovules to Petiolar relating to the petiole. the outer walls of the ovaries. Petiolate having petiole. Paripinnate pinnate with an even number of Petiole leaf stalk. adj . petiolate. lea fl ets and without a terminal lea fl et. cf . Petiolulate supported by its own petiolule. imparipinnate. Petiolule the stalk of a leafl et in a compound -partite divided almost to the base into segments, leaf. adj. petiolulate. the number of segments written as a prefi x. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of Patelliform shaped like a limpet shell; cap- a solution. It is de fi ned as the cologarithm shaped and without whorls. of the activity of dissolved hydrogen ions Patent diverging from the axis almost at right (H+). angles. Phenology the study of periodic plant life cycle Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed events as in fl uenced by seasonal and interan- vegetation matter. nual variations in climate. Pectin a group of water-soluble colloidal car- Phyllary a bract of the involucre of a compos- bohydrates of high molecular weight found in ite plant, term for one of the scale-like bracts certain ripe fruits. beneath the fl ower-head in Asteraceae. Pectinate pinnati fi d with narrow segments Phylloclade a fl attened, photosynthetic branch resembling the teeth of a comb. or stem that resembles or performs the func- Pedicel the stalk of the fl ower or stalk of a spike- tion of a leaf, with the true leaves represented let in Poaceae. adj . pedicellate. by scales. Pedicellate having pedicel. Phyllode a petiole that function as a leaf. adj . Peduncle a stalk supporting an infl orescence. phyllodineous. cf . cladode. adj . pedunculate Phyllopodia refer to the reduced, scale-like Pellucid allowing the passage of light; transpar- leaves found on the outermost portion of the ent or translucent. corm where they seem to persist longer than Pellucid-dotted copiously dotted with typical sporophylls as in the fern Isoetes. immersed, pellucid, resinous glands. Phytoremediation describes the treatment of Peltate with the petiole attached to the lower environmental problems (bioremediation) surface of the leaf blade. through the use of plants which mitigate the Pendant hanging down. environmental problem without the need to Pendulous drooping, as of ovules. excavate the contaminant material and dispose Penniveined or penni-nerved pinnately veined. of it elsewhere. Scientific Glossary 913

Pileus (Botany) cap of mushroom. Polyembryonic seed seeds contain many Piliferous (Botany) bearing or producing hairs, embryos, most of which are asexual (nucel- as of an organ with the apex having long, hair- lar) in origin and genetically identical to the like extensions. maternal parent. Pilose covered with fi ne soft hairs. Polygamous with unisexual and bisexual fl owers Pinna a primary division of the blade of a com- on the same or on different individuals of the pound leaf or frond. pl . pinnae. same species. Pinnate bearing leafl ets on each side of a central Polymorphic with different morphological vari- axis of a compound leaf; divided into pinnae. ants. Pinnati fi d, pinnatilobed a pinnate leaf parted Polypetalous (Botany) having a corolla com- approximately halfway to midrib; when posed of distinct, separable petals. divided to almost to the mid rib described as Pome a fl eshy fruit where the succulent tissues deeply pinnati fi d or pinnatisect. are developed from the receptacle. Pinnatisect lobed or divided almost to the P o r e a tiny opening. midrib. Premorse Abruptly truncated, as though bitten Pinnule a lea fl et of a bipinnate compound leaf. or broken off as of a leaf. Pistil female part of the fl ower comprising the Procumbent trailing or spreading along the ovary, style, and stigma. ground but not rooting at the nodes, referring Pistillate having one or more pistils; having to stems. cf . ascending, decumbent, erect. pistils but no stamens. Pro hyb. (Latin) as a hybrid. Placenta the region within the ovary to which Pro parte (Latin) in part ovules are attached. pl . placentae. Pro Parte majore (Latin) for the greater part. Placentation the arrangement of the placentae Pro parte minore (Latin) for a small part. and ovules in the ovary. Pro sp. (Latin) as a species. Plano- a pre fi x meaning level or fl at. Pro subsp. (Latin) as a subspecies. Pleonanthic refer to palms in which the stem Pro syn. (Latin) as a synonym. does not die after fl owering. Prophyll a plant structure that resembles a leaf. Plicate folded like a fan. Prostrate lying fl at on the ground. Plumose feather-like, with fi ne hairs arising lat- Protandous relating to a fl ower in which the erally from a central axis; feathery. anthers release their pollen before the stigma Pneumatophore modi fi ed root which allows of the same fl ower becomes receptive. gaseous exchange in mud-dwelling shrubs, Proximal end of any structure closest to the e.g. mangroves. point of attachment. cf . distal. Pod a dry 1 to many-seeded dehiscent fruit, as Pruinose having a thick, waxy, powdery coating applied to the fruit of Fabaceae i.e. Caesalpin- or bloom. iaceae, Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae. Pseudocarp a false fruit, largely made up of Podzol, Podsolic soil any of a group of acidic, tissue that is not derived from the ovary but zonal soils having a leached, light-coloured, from fl oral parts such as the receptacle and gray and ashy appearance. Also called calyx. spodosol. Pseudostem The false, herbaceous stem of a Pollen cone male cone or microstrobilus or banana plant composed of overlapping leaf pollen cone is structurally similar across all bases. conifers, extending out from a central axis Pteridophyte a vascular plant which reproduces are microsporophylls (modi fi ed leaves). by spores; the ferns and fern allies. Under each microsporophyll is one or several Puberulent covered with minute hairs or very microsporangia (pollen sacs). fi ne down; fi nely pubescent. Pollinia the paired, waxy pollen masses of Puberulous covered with a minute down. fl owers of orchids and milkweeds. Pubescent covered with short, soft hairs. Polyandrous (Botany) having an inde fi nite Pulvinate having a swelling, pulvinus at the number of stamens. base as a leaf stalk. 914 Scientific Glossary

Pulvinus swelling at the base of leaf stalk. Reticulate having the appearance of a network. Pulviniform swelling or bulging. Retrorse bent or directed downwards or back- Punctate marked with translucent dots or wards. cf . antrorse. glands. Retuse with a very blunt and slightly notched Punctiform marked by or composed of points apex. cf . emarginated. or dots. Revolute with the margins inrolled on the lower Punctulate marked with minute dots; a diminu- (abaxial) surface. tive of punctate. Rhizine a root-like fi lament or hair growing Pusticulate characterized by small pustules. from the stems of mosses or on lichens. Pyrene the stone or pit of a drupe, consisting of Rhizoid root-like fi laments in a moss, fern, fun- the hardened endocarp and seed. gus, etc. that attach the plant to the substratum. Pyriform pear-shaped, a 3-dimensional shape; Rhizome a prostrate or underground stem con- attached at the broader end. cf . obpyriform. sisting of a series of nodes and internodes with Pyxidium seed capsule having a circular lid adventitious roots and which generally grows (operculum) which falls off to release the horizontally. seed. Rhizophore a stilt-like outgrowth of the stem Raceme an indeterminate in fl orescence with a which branches into roots on contact with the simple, elongated axis and pedicellate fl owers, substrate. youngest at the top. adj . racemose. Rhombic shaped like a rhombus. Rachilla the main axis of a grass spikelet. Rhomboid shaped like a rhombus. Rachis the main axis of the spike or other Rib a distinct vein or linear marking, often in fl orescence of grasses or a compound leaf. raised as a linear ridge. Radiate arranged around a common centre; as Riparian along the river margins, interface of an in fl orescence of Asteraceae with mar- between land and a stream. ginal, female or neuter, ligulate ray- fl orets and Rosette a tuft of leaves or other organs arranged central, perfect or functionally male, tubular, spirally like petals in a rose, ranging in form disc fl orets. cf . disciform, discoid. from a hemispherical tuft to a fl at whorl. adj . Radical arising from the root or its crown, or rosetted, rosulate. the part of a plant embryo that develops into Rostrate beaked; the apex tapered into a slen- a root. der, usually obtuse point. Ray the marginal portion of the in fl orescence of Rostrum a beak-like extension. Asteraceae and Apiaceae when distinct from Rosulate having a rosette. the disc. Also, the spreading branches of a Rotate wheel shaped; refers to a corolla with a compound umbel. very short tube and a broad upper part which Receptacle the region at the end of a pedicel or is fl ared at right angles to the tube. cf . salver- on an axis which bears one or more fl owers. form . adj . receptacular. Rotundate rounded; especially at the end or Recurved curved downwards or backwards. ends. Re fl exed bent or turned downward. Rugae refers to a series of ridges produced by Regosol soil that is young and undeveloped, folding of the wall of an organ. characterized by medium to fi ne-textured Rugose deeply wrinkled. unconsolidated parent material that maybe Rugulose fi nely wrinkled. alluvial in origin and lacks a signi fi cant hori- Ruminate (Animal) chew repeatedly over an zon layer formation. extended period. Reniform kidney shaped in outline. Ruminate endosperm uneven endosperm sur- Repand with slightly undulate margin. face that is often highly enlarged by ingrowths Replicate folded back, as in some corolla or infoldings of the surrounding tissue. cf. lobes. homogenous endosperm. Resinous producing sticky resin. Rz value is a numerical reference to the mesh/ Resupinate twisted through 180 degrees. emulsion equalization on the screen. Scientific Glossary 915

Saccate pouched. Secund with the fl owers all turned in the same Sagittate shaped like an arrow head. direction. Saline soils soils that contain excessive levels Sedge a plant of the family Apiaceae, Cyperaceae. of salts that reduce plant growth and vigor by Segmented constricted into divisions. altering water uptake and causing ion-speci fi c Seminal root or seed root originate from the toxicities or imbalances. scutellar node located within the seed embryo Salinity is characterised by high electrical con- and are composed of the radicle and lateral ductivities and low sodium ion concentrations seminal roots. compared to calcium and magnesium Senescence refers to the biological changes Salverform applies to a gamopetalous corolla which take place in plants as they age. having a slender tube and an abruptly expanded Sepal free segment of the calyx. adj . sepaline. limb. Septum a partition or cross wall. pl . septa. adj . Samara an indehiscent, winged, dry fruit. septate. Sand a naturally occurring granular material Seriate arranged in rows. composed of fi nely divided rock and mineral Sericeous silky; covered with close-pressed, particles range in diameter from 0.0625 m m to fi ne, straight silky hairs. 2 mm. adj . sandy Serrate toothed like a saw; with regular, asym- Saponins are plant glycosides with a distinc- metric teeth pointing forward. tive foaming characteristic. They are found in Serrated toothed margin. many plants, but get their name from the soap- Serratures serrated margin. wort plant ( Saponaria ). Serrulate with minute teeth on the margin. Saprophytic living on and deriving nourishment Sessile without a stalk. from dead organic matter. Seta a bristle or stiff hair. pl . setae. adj . setose, Sapwood outer woody layer of the tree just setaceous. adjacent to and below the bark. Setaceous bristle-like. Sarcotesta outermost fl eshy covering of Cycad Setate with bristles. seeds below which is the sclerotesta. Setiform bristle shaped. Scabrid scurfy, covered with surface abra- Setulose with minute bristles. sions, irregular projections or delicate Sheathing clasping or enveloping the stem. scales. Shrub a woody plant usually less than 5 m high Scabrous rough to the touch. and many-branched without a distinct main Scale dry bract or leaf. stem except at ground level. Scandent refer to plants, climbing. Silicula a broad, dry, usually dehiscent fruit Scape erect fl owering stem, usually lea fl ess, ris- derived from two or more carpels which usu- ing from the crown or roots of a plant. adj . ally dehisce along two sutures. cf . siliqua. scapose. Siliqua a silicula which is at least twice as long Scapigerous with a scape. as broad. Scarious dry, thin and membranous. Silt is soil or rock derived granular material of Schizocarp a dry fruit which splits into longi- a grain size between sand and clay, grain par- tudinally multiple parts called mericarps or ticles ranging from 0.004 to 0.06 mm in diam- cocci. adj . schizocarpous. eter. adj . silty. Sclerotesta the innermost fl eshy coating of Simple refer to a leaf or other structure that is cycad seeds, usually located directly below the not divided into parts. cf . compound. sarcotesta. Sinuate with deep wavy margin. Scorpoid refers to a cymose in fl orescence in Sinuous wavy. which the main axis appears to coil. Sinus an opening or groove, as occurs between Scutellum (Botany) any of various parts shaped the bases of two petals. like a shield. Sodicity is characterised by low electrical con- Secondary venation arrangement of the lateral ductivities and high sodium ion concentrations veins arising from the midrib in the leaf lamina. compared to calcium and magnesium. 916 Scientific Glossary

Sodic soils contains high levels of sodium salts sporangia or spores as found in ferns and fern that affects soil structure, inhibits water move- allies. ment and causes poor germination and crop Sporophore a spore-bearing structure, espe- establishment and plant toxicity. cially in fungi. Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of Sporophyll a leaf or bract which bears or sub- the soil. See pH. tends sporangia in the fern allies, ferns and Solitary usually refer to fl owers which are borne gymnosperms. singly, and not grouped into an infl orescence Sporophyte the spore-producing phase in the or clustered. life cycle of a plant that exhibits alternation Sorocarp fruiting body formed by some cellular of generations. slime moulds, has both stalk and spore mass. Spreading bending or spreading outwards and Sorophore stalk bearing the sorocarp. horizontally. Sorosis fl eshy multiple fruit formed from fl owers Spur a tubular or saclike extension of the corolla that are crowded together on a fl eshy stem e.g. or calyx of a fl ower. pineapple and mulberry. Squama structure shaped like a fi sh scale. pl . Sorus a discrete aggregate of sporangia in ferns. squamae. pl . sori Squamous covered in scales. Spadix fl eshy spike-like in fl orescence with an Squarrose having rough or spreading scale-like unbranched, usually thickened axis and small processes. embedded fl owers often surrounded by a Stamen the male part of a fl ower, consisting spathe. pl . spadices. typically of a stalk ( fi lament) and a pollen- Spathe a large bract ensheathing an infl orescence bearing portion (anther). adj. staminal, stami- or its peduncle. adj . spathaceous. nate . Spatheate like or with a spathe. Staminate unisexual fl ower bearing stamens but Spathulate spatula or spoon shaped; broad at no functional pistils. the tip and narrowed towards the base. Staminode a sterile or abortive stamen, often Spicate borne in or forming a spike. reduced in size and lacking anther. adj . sta- Spiculate spikelet-bearing. minodial. Spike an unbranched, indeterminate Standard refers to the adaxial petal in the fl ower in fl orescence with sessile fl owers or spiklets. of Papilionaceae. cf. keel, wing. adj . spicate, spiciform. Starch a polysaccharide carbohydrate consist- Spikelet a small or secondary spike characteristics ing of a large number of glucose units joined of the grasses and sedges and, generally com- together by glycosidic bonds a -1-4 linkages. posed of 2 glumes and one or more fl orets. Also Stellate star shaped, applies to hairs. applied to the small spike-like in fl orescence or Stem the main axis of a plant, developed from in fl orescence units commonly found in Api- the plumule of the embryo and typically bear- aceae. ing leaves. Spine a stiff, sharp, pointed structure, formed by Sterile lacking any functional sexual parts modi fi cation of a plant organ. adj . spinose. which are capable of fertilisation and seed Spinescent ending in a spine; modi fi ed to form production. a spine Stigma the sticky receptive tip of an ovary with Spinulate covered with small spines. or without a style which is receptive to pollen. Spinulose with small spines over the surface. Stilt root a supporting root arising from the Spodosol see podsol. stem some distance above the ground as in Sporidia asexual spores of smut fungi. some mangroves, sometimes also known as a Sporangium a spore bearing structure found in prop root. ferns, fern allies and gymnosperms. pl . spo- Stipe a stalk that support some other structure rangia. adj . sporangial. like the frond, ovary or fruit. Sporocarp a stalked specialized fruiting structure Stipel secondary stipule at the base of a lea fl et. formed from modi fi ed sporophylls, containing pl . stipellae. adj . stipellate. Scientific Glossary 917

Stipitate having a stalk or stipe, usually of an Superior refers to the ovary is free and mostly ovary or fruit. above the level of insertion of the sepals, and Stipulated having stipules. petals. cf . inferior. Stipule small leaf-like, scale-like or bristle-like Suture line of dehiscence. appendages at the base of the leaf or on the Swidden slash-and-burn or shifting cultivation. petiole. adj . stipulate. Syconium a type of pseudocarp formed from a Stolon a horizontal, creeping stem rooting at the hollow receptacle with small fl owers attached nodes and giving rise to another plant at its tip. to the inner wall. After fertilization the ovaries Stoloniferous bearing stolon or stolons. of the female fl owers develop into one-seeded Stoma a pore in the epidermis of the leaf or stem achenes, e.g. fi g. for gaseous exchange. pl . stomata. Symbiosis describes close and often long-term Stone the hard endocarp of a drupe, containing mutualistic and bene fi cial interactions between the seed or seeds. different organisms. Stramineous chaffy; straw-liked. Sympetalous having petals united. Striae parallel longitudinal lines or ridges. adj . Sympodial refers to a specialized lateral growth striate. pattern in which the apical meristem. cf Striate marked with fi ne longitudinal parallel monopodial. lines or ridges. Synangium an organ composed of united spo- Strigose bearing stiff, straight, closely appressed rangia, divided internally into cells, each con- hair; often the hairs have swollen bases. taining spores. pl . synangia. Strobilus a cone-like structure formed from Syncarp an aggregate or multiple fruit formed sporophylls or sporangiophores. pl . strobili from two or more united carpels with a single Style the part of the pistil between the stigma style. adj . syncarpous. and ovary. Syncarpous carpels fused forming a compound Sub- a prefi x meaning nearly or almost, as in pistil. subglobose or subequal. Synteny presence of two or more genetic loci on Subcarnose nearly fl eshy. the same chromosome. Sub-family taxonomic rank between the family Tannins group of plant-derived phenolic com- and tribe. pounds. Subglobose nearly spherical in shape. Taxon the taxonomic group of plants of any Subretuse faintly notched at the apex. rank. e.g. a family, genus, species or any Subsessile nearly stalkless or sessile. infraspeci fi c category. pl . taxa. Subshrub intermediate between a herb and Tendril a slender, threadlike organ formed from shrub. a modifi ed stem, leaf or leafl et which, by Subspecies a taxonomic rank subordinate to coiling around objects, supports a climbing species. plant. Substrate surface on which a plant or organism Tepal a segment of the perianth in a fl ower in grows or attached to. which all the perianth segments are similar Subtend attached below something. in appearance, and are not differentiated into Subulate narrow and tapering gradually to a fi ne calyx and corolla; a sepal or petal. point, awl-shaped. Tetrasporangium a sporangium containing four Succulent fl eshy, juicy, soft in texture and usu- haploid spores as found in some algae. ally thickened. Terete having a circular shape when cross-sec- Suckers young plants sprouting from the under- tioned or a cylindrical shape that tapers at each ground roots of a parent plant and appearing end. around the base of the parent plant. Terminal at the apex or distal end. Sulcate grooved longitudinally with deep fur- Ternate in threes as of leaf with 3 lea fl ets. rows. Testa a seed coat, outer integument of a seed. Sulcus a groove or depression running along the Thallus plant body of algae, fungi, and other internodes of culms or branches. lower organisms. 918 Scientific Glossary

Thyrse a dense, panicle-like infl orescence, as of Tuberization formation of tubers in the soil. the lilac, in which the lateral branches termi- Tuft a densely packed cluster arising from an nate in cymes. axis. adj . tufted. Tomentose refers to plant hairs that are bent and Turbinate having the shape of a top; cone- matted forming a wooly coating. shaped, with the apex downward, inversely Tomentellose mildly tomentose. conic. Torus receptacle of a fl ower. Turgid distended by water or other liquid. Transpiration evaporation of water from the Turion the tender young, scaly shoot such as plant through leaf and stem pores. asparagus, developed from an underground Tree that has many secondary branches sup- bud without branches or leaves. ported clear of the ground on a single main Turnery articles made by the process of turning. stem or trunk. Twining winding spirally. Triangular shaped like a triangle, 3-angled and Ultisols mineral soils with no calcareous mate- 3-sided. rial, have less than 10% weatherable minerals Tribe a category intermediate in rank between in the extreme top layer of soil, and with less subfamily and genus. the 35% base saturation throughout the soil. Trichome a hair-like outgrowth of the epidermis. Umbel an in fl orescence of pedicellate fl owers of Trichotomous divided almost equally into three almost equal length arising from one point on parts or elements. top of the peduncle. adj . umbellate. Tridentate three toothed or three pronged. Umbellet a secondary umbel of a compound Tri fi d divided or cleft into three parts or lobes. umbel. cf . umbellule. Trifoliate having three leaves. Umbellule an, a secondary umbel of a com- Trifoliolate a leaf having three lea fl ets. pound umbel. cf . umbellet. Trifurcate having three forks or branches. Uncinate bent at the end like a hook; unciform. Trigonous obtusely three-angled; triangular in Undershrub subshrub; a small, usually sparsely cross-section with plane faces. branched woody shrub less than 1 m high. cf . Tripartite consisting of three parts. shrub. Tripinnate relating to leaves, pinnately divided Undulate with an edge/margin or edges wavy three times with pinnate pinnules. in a vertical plane; may vary from weakly to Tripliveined main laterals arising above base of strongly undulate or crisped. cf . crisped. lamina. Unifoliolate a compound leaf which has been Triploid describing a nucleus or cell that has reduced to a single, usually terminal lea fl et. three times (3n) the haploid number (n) of Uniform with one form, e.g. having stamens of chromosomes. a similar length or having one kind of leaf. cf . Triveined main laterals arising at the base of dimorphic. lamina. Uniseriate arranged in one row or at one level. Triquetrous three-edged; acutely 3-angled. Unisexual with one sex only, either bearing the Trullate with the widest axis below the middle anthers with pollen, or an ovary with ovules, and with straight margins; ovate but margins referring to a fl ower, in fl orescence or individ- straight and angled below middle, trowel- ual plant. cf . bisexual. shaped. Urceolate shaped like a jug, urn or pitcher. Truncate with an abruptly transverse end as if Utricle a small bladdery pericarp. cut off. Valvate meeting without overlapping, as of Tuber a stem, usually underground, enlarged sepals or petals in bud. cf . imbricate. as a storage organ and with minute scale-like Valve one of the sections or portions into which leaves and buds. adj . tuberous. a capsule separates when ripe. Tubercle a wart-like protuberance. adj . tubercu- Variant any de fi nable individual or group of late. individuals which may or may not be regarded Tuberculate bearing tubercles; covered with as representing a formal taxon after examina- warty lumps. tion. Scientific Glossary 919

Variegate, variegated diverse in colour or Vestiture covering; the type of hairiness, scali- marked with irregular patches of different ness or other covering commonly found on the colours, blotched. external parts of plants. cf . indumentums . Variety a taxonomic rank below that of subspe- Vibratile capable of to and for motion. cies. Villose covered with long, fi ne, soft hairs, fi ner Vein (Botany) a strand of vascular bundle tissue. than in pilose. Velum a fl ap of tissue covering the sporangium Villous covered with soft, shaggy unmatted in the fern, Isoetes. hairs. Velutinous having the surface covered with a Vine a climbing or trailing plant. fi ne and dense silky pubescence of short fi ne Violaxanthin is a natural xanthophyll pigment hairs; velvety. cf . sericeous with an orange color found in a variety of plants Venation distribution or arrangement of veins in like pansies. a leaf. Viscid sticky, being of a consistency that resists Veneer thin sheet of wood. fl ow. Ventral (Botany) facing the central axis, Viviparous describes seeds or fruit which sprout opposed to dorsal. before they fall from the parent plant. Vernation the arrangement of young leaves or Whorl a ring-like arrangement of leaves, sepals, fronds in a bud or at a stem apex. cf . circinnate stamens or other organs around an axis. Verrucose warty Winged having a fl at, often membranous expan- Verticil a circular arrangement, as of fl owers, sion or fl ange, e.g. on a seed, stem or one leaves, or hairs, growing about a central point; of the two lateral petals of a Papilionaceous a whorl. fl ower or one of the petal-like sepals of Poly- Verticillaster false whorl composed of a pair of galaceae. cf . keel, standard. opposite cymes as in Lamiaceae. Xanthophylls are yellow, carotenoid pigments Verticillate whorled, arranged in one or more found in plants. They are oxidized derivatives whorls. of carotenes. Vertisol a soil with a high content of expansive Xeromorphic plant with special modi fi ed montmorillonite clay that forms deep cracks structure to help the plant to adapt to dry in drier seasons or years. conditions. Vertosols soils that both contain more than 35% Xerophyte a plant which naturally grows in dry clay and possess deep cracks wider than 5 mm regions and is often structurally modi fi ed to during most years. withstand dry conditions. Vesicle a small bladdery sac or cavity fi lled with Zygomorphic having only one plane of sym- air or fl uid. adj . vesicular. metry, usually the vertical plane, referring to a Vestigial the remaining trace or remnant of an fl ower, calyx or corolla. cf . actinomorphic. organ which seemingly lost all or most of its Zygote the fi st cell formed by the union of two original function in a species through evolution. gametes in sexual reproduction. adj . zygotic. Common Name Index

A Bauple nut , 494 Abyssinian coffee , 614 Bay grape , 455 Abyssinian mustard , 105 Beach mulberry , 715 Acacia , 159 Bean , 92, 94, 95, 227, 304, 305, 323, 616, 617, 639, 660, Achiote , 20 685, 687, 697, 713, 735, 736, 781 Adlay , 243–245, 247–257, 285 Bear tree , 605 Adlay millet , 243 Beer sorghum , 362, 364 Adzuki , 305 Bengal cardamom , 793, 795, 796, 804 African millet , 362 Ber , 578, 579, 605 Ajowan , 12, 15, 60–69 Billion-Dollar grass , 262 Allspice , 15, 68 Bishop weed , 60 Almonds , 116, 306, 449, 495, 497, 498 Bitter , 68, 116, 120–122, 125, 181, 461, 486, 588, 598, Amaranth , 117, 265, 473, 482 611, 690, 755 518A2 melanoma cells , 533, 534 Bitter fennel , 36, 40–42, 44, 55 Anise , 8, 38, 41, 42, 49, 50, 53, 306, 814 Black caraway , 9, 10, 12, 506 Aniseed , 36, 49, 54 Black cardamom , 804, 805, 808, 813, 814 Aniseed weed , 36 Black cumin , 3, 49, 506, 509–511, 515, 521, 522, 530, Annual teosinte , 417 538, 547, 549, 551, 553, 554 Arabian coffee , 614 Black-grained wheat , 391, 395, 396 Arabica, Arabica coffee , 3, 616–630, 681–684, 686–690, Black millet , 362 692–694, 702 Black mustard , 1, 105, 107–110, 112 Argentine canola , 73 Blackseed , 506, 519, 521, 528 AR-independent (C4-2B) , 537 Black seeded sorghum , 362 Artichoke , 509, 510 Black seed fl ower , 506 Asian rice , 301, 302 Black sorghum , 368, 372–375 Asparagus , 204, 449 Bladder cancer , 647 Australian bush nut , 494 Blueberries , 378 Australian cherry , 4 Blue corn , 417, 426, 431 Australian quandong , 785 Blue wheat , 392, 395, 396 Australian sandalwood , 785 Bopple nut , 494 Avocado , 38, 139, 304 Botoko plum , 761 Awl tree , 715 Bow pigeon , 455 Azalea , 305 Brazilian coffee , 614 Brazil nut , 886 Breadseed poppy , 202 B Bread wheat , 270, 286, 386, 387, 399, 400, 433, Bajra , 286 466, 481 Bamboos , 2, 304, 306, 307, 781 Brimstone tree , 715 Banaba , 285, 286 Broccoli , 1, 73, 321, 497 Banana , 305–307 Bronze fennel , 36 Barley , 2, 116, 120, 220, 222–224, 231, 236, 237, 258, Broom corn , 362 265, 269–294, 390, 393, 396, 408, 409, 438, 461, Brown durra , 362 466, 469, 473, 474, 487, 580, 634 Brown mustard , 1, 105, 113 Barnyard millet , 262–265 Brown-seeded sorghum , 362 Bat nut , 195 Bruchid beetle , 825 Batoko plum , 761, 767 Brussels sprouts , 888

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 5, Fruits, 920 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5653-3, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Common Name Index 921

Buckthorn , 3 Coffee plum , 771 Buckwheat , 2, 117, 276, 352, 390, 459–487 Coffee tree , 614 Bull nut , 195 Coix millet , 243 Burn-Burn , 785 Coix seed , 243, 249, 250, 255 Burr tree , 754, 899 Coleseed , 73 Bush nut , 494, 502, 503 Columbian Arabica coffee , 632 Buttercup , 3 Columbian kino , 455 Colza , 73, 98 Colza rape , 73 C Common buckwheat, 459– 461 , 463, 465, 467, 468, Cabbage , 1, 8, 82, 108, 305 470–472, 474, 475, 478, 480, 486 Cadlock , 105 Common fennel , 36 Canada rice , 448 Common jujube , 578, 605 Canadian thistle , 486 Common millet , 352 Canary cheesewood , 715 Common oat , 219, 286 Canary wood , 715 Common radish , 1 Canola , 1, 73–78, 80–99, 788 Common rice , 301, 302 Canolol , 83, 93, 94 Common wheat , 386, 459 Cape York Leichardt , 754 Congo coffee , 680 Caracas Kino , 455 Congo coffee tree , 680 Caraway , 6, 8–15, 19, 26, 68, 306, 506 Coral tree , 568 Cardamom , 4, 306, 793, 795–799, 801, 804–811, 813, Corn ear worm , 427 814, 816, 818–825 Cottonseed , 92 Cardamon seeds , 818, 820, 821 Cottony Jujube , 605 Carobs , 378 Cranberries , 378 Carom , 60 Crowfoot , 3 Carrot , 1, 9, 304 Cucumber , 304, 306 Carrot, cranberry , 9 Cultivated maize , 417 Carvies , 6 Cultivated oat , 219, 222 Cassia , 813 Cultivated rice , 301, 302, 450 Cattle tick , 32 Cumin , 20–32, 107, 159 Cauli fl ower , 1 Ceylon cardamom , 818 Ceylon gooseberry , 758 D Ceyon plum , 761 Daechu , 593 Cheese fruit , 715 Dalton lymphoma ascites , 609 Cheesewood , 754–756 Davidsonia plum , 132 Cherry , 306, 605, 624, 688, 768, 771 Davidson plum , 2, 132–134 Chester cardamom , 797 Dengue , 14, 743 Chicken corn , 362 Dengue hemorrhagic fever , 14 Chilean hazelnut , 3 Desert apple , 605 Chinee apple , 605 Desert quandong , 785 Chinese cabbage , 1 Dill , 15, 36, 68, 511 Chinese date , 578, 580, 605 Dunks , 605 Chinese jujube , 3, 578–581, 583, 587, 591, 597, 598 Durra , 351, 359–363 Chinese millet , 351, 362 Dwarf setaria , 351 Chinese plum , 578 Chinese raisin tree , 3, 568 Chinese red date , 578 E Chinese sorgum , 362 Earthworm , 112 Chinese sugar cane , 362 East Indian mulberry , 715 Christmas rose , 3 East Indian plum , 771 Chrysanthemum , 305 Edible Love-In-A-Mist , 506 Cinnamon , 28, 306, 580, 612, 807, 823 Edible-seeded poppy , 202 Clove , 26, 580, 807 Egyptian corn , 362, 427 Cluster cardamom , 797, 818 Endometrial cancer , 631, 646 Coccoloba kino , 455 English walnut , 89 Cockspur grass , 262 Epstein Barr virus (EBV) , 332, 740 Coconut , 74, 204, 283, 305, 306, 479, 500, 717, 746, 781 Ethiopian Arabica coffee , 630 Coffee , 3, 614–666, 680–703, 710–713 Ethiopian mustard , 113 922 Common Name Index

European corn borer , 440 Green millet , 352 European water chestnut , 195 Green tea , 147, 148, 305, 530, 588, 589, 636, 645, 726, 737 Gromwell reed , 243 Guar gum , 229, 230, 462, 609 F Guinea corn , 362 Fall amyworm (FAW) , 440 Guinea wheat , 362 False cardamom , 797 False dill , 36 Falsely lovage seeds , 60 H Fennel , 1, 6, 36, 38–55, 107, 159, 506 Hainan amomum , 801 Fennel-Flower Nigella , 506 Hard wheat , 386, 388 Feterita , 362 Hard white wheat , 386, 389 Field corn , 417 Hay millet , 351 Finnochio , 36 Hazelnuts , 498 Fitches , 506 Headache tree , 715 Flaxseed , 88, 90 Heel khurd , 808, 823 Florentine fennel , 38 Hemp seed , 9, 462 Flour moth , 825 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) , 64, 644, 740 Football fruit , 780 Hepatitis virus B (HVB) , 640, 644, 816 Forage looper , 440 Herpes genitalis , 199 Forage sorghum , 362 Herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) , 158 Forbidden fruit , 715 Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) , 158, 235, 641 Forestomach tumour , 48, 64, 535 Herpes zoster , 199 Foxtail bristle grass , 351 Hill cardamom , 804 Foxtail millet , 264, 265, 351–357 HIV , 158, 519, 730, 739, 740 Fragrant cardamom , 804 H5N1 in fl uenza virus , 158 French fennel , 36 Hog apple , 715 Fried onions , 306 Hook–worm , 127 Hopwood , 455 Horn nut , 195 G Horseradish , 1, 109 Galangal , 4, 781, 814 Horsewood , 455 Garden cress , 74 Human pancreatic cancer cell AsPC-1 , 157 Garden fennel , 36 Garden poppy , 202 Garlic , 74, 139, 304, 341, 552, 580, 781 I Gear , 202 Indian barnyard , 262, 264, 265 Geranium , 15, 52, 68 Indian barnyard millet , 262, 264, 265 German millet , 351 Indian beads , 243 Giant setaria Hungarian millet , 351 Indian cherry , 605 Ginger , 4, 25, 28, 69, 306, 580, 781 Indian corn , 417 Ginger lily , 4 Indian grain sorghum , 362 Ginseng , 199, 580, 598 Indian jujube , 3, 605, 606, 608, 611 Globe fl ower , 3 Indian millet , 362 Goosefoot , 2 Indian mulberry , 715, 716 Gooseneck , 362 Indian mustard , 105 Governor’s plum , 761, 776 Indian plum , 605, 761, 771, 776 Grain amaranth , 352 Indian prune , 776 Grain maize , 364, 417, 421, 436 Indian rice , 319, 448 Grain sorghum , 362, 364, 365, 367–372, 375, 378–380 Indica , 302, 307, 310, 341 Grand morinda , 715 In fl uenza viruses PR8 (H1N1), X31 (H3N2), H5N1 , 158 Grape , 148, 182, 378, 455, 457 Interior , 450 Grape seed , 543, 726, 730 Interior wild rice , 448 Grass wheat , 386, 393, 396, 397, 401–405, 409, 438 Interior zizania , 448 Greater cardamom , 804, 807, 810 Italian millet , 265, 351, 354, 362 Great millet , 362 Italian whisk , 362 Great morinda , 715 Greek sage , 825 Green coffee , 614, 616, 619–621, 623, 624, 626–628, J 630, 632, 633, 637, 639, 640, 642, 647, 648, 656, Jalpaiguri cardamom , 793 661, 663, 683–686, 688–691, 693, 700, 701, 712 Jamaican kino , 455 Common Name Index 923

Japanese Liquorice , 48, 49 barnyard millet , 262, 263 List , 2 buckwheat , 459, 470 Litsea , 15, 68 millet , 262, 264, 265, 351, 355 Lovi-Lovi , 767–769 raisin tree , 568 Lowland rice , 301, 303, 341 termite , 15, 68 Lupin , 78, 462, 509, 510 Japonica , 302, 307, 308, 310, 341 Lupine , 116 Java cardamom , 797–799 Jerusalem corn , 797–799 Jesuit’s nut , 195 M Jiaogulan , 329 Macadamia nuts , 494–505 Job’s tears , 243, 248, 250, 256–258 Macadamias , 494–495, 503 Jujube , 578, 580, 582–585, 587, 591–596, 598, 599, Mace , 807 605–607, 610 Madagascar plum , 761 Jujube tree , 578, 581 Madder , 3 Maili , 362 Maize , 2, 68, 120, 244, 257, 286, 292, 364, 373, K 380, 408, 409, 417, 420–422, 425–428, 430, Ka fi r corn , 362 433–441, 462 Kale , 1 Malabar cardamom , 801, 818 Kalonji , 506–508, 552, 554 Mangrove grape , 455 Kamerun grass , 362 Manila cherry , 771 Kañiwa , 120, 125–126 Manomin , 448 Kapulaga , 793, 797, 798, 819 Many spiked Flacourtia , 761 Katunga , 785 Mauritius plum , 761 Keluak , 780, 781 Maw seed , 202 Ketembilla , 758, 759 Mealie , 417 Kino , 455 Medicinal poppy , 202 Kirsten sarcoma virus , 728 Medidein fennel , 6 Kitembilla , 758 Meldespumapum , 65 Kiwicha , 120 Melegueta pepper , 4 Knapweed , 486 Mengkudu , 715, 716, 725 Knotweed , 2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) , Korean raisin tree , 568 159, 160 Millets , 2, 263–265, 351, 352, 354, 357, 373, 469, 607 L Milo , 271, 362 Lac insects , 599, 612 Monkshood , 3 Langgir , 452, 453 Monrovia coffee , 710 Large cardamom , 804, 806, 808–811, 823 Morinda , 717 Large cardamom 'Heel Kalan,' 808 , 823 MRSA See Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Large-leaved morinda , 715 (MRSA) Large-seeded sorghum , 362 Mung bean , 305, 323, 776, 781 Larkspur , 3 Murine cytomegalovirus , 551 Leaf miner , 703 Murine norovirus (MNV-1) , 159 Leafy spurge , 486 Mushroom , 15, 29, 32, 42, 46, 175, 304, 305, 341, 410, Leichardt’s tree , 715 449, 457, 580, 666 Leichhardt pine , 754 Mustards , 1, 28, 74, 81–82, 107–109, 112, 181, 306, Leichhardt tree , 754 746, 807 Lemon/orange , 306 Myoga , 4 Lentils , 61, 107, 305 Lesser cardamom , 818 Lesser galangal, 814 N Lettuce , 38, 306 Nabicol , 77, 82 Liberian coffee , 710 Naked barley , 270 Liberica coffee , 3, 710, 711 Native peach , 785 Liberty millet , 351 Negro corn , 362 Licorice , 42, 807 Nepal cardamom , 793, 804, 810 Limburger tree , 715 Neuroblastoma (LAN5) cell line , 727 Ling nut , 195 Nigella , 506–508, 510, 516, 518–521, 524, 525, 527, Linseeds , 63, 89 529, 538–540, 542, 543, 548, 553 924 Common Name Index

Noni , 3, 715–747 Q Noni berry , 715 Quakegrass , 486 Northern wild rice , 448, 449 Quandong , 4, 785–789 Northern Zizania , 448 Quandong tree , 785 Nutmeg fl ower , 506 Queensland Davidson plum , 132 Nut oak , 494 Queensland nut , 494, 502 Nyalin , 452, 453 Quinoa , 2, 115–128, 352, 472, 473, 482 Quinua , 115

O Oats , 2, 116, 219–238, 270, 276, 277, 284–287, R 312–314, 373, 390, 393, 394, 397, 399, 429, Ramontchi , 761, 762 448, 450, 473, 474, 487 Ramontchi fruit , 763 Oilseed poppy , 202 Rapeseed , 1, 73–81, 83, 85–88, 92, 94–98 Oilseed rape , 73, 79, 80, 82, 83, 97, 98 Rapeseed/canola , 1 Olive , 94, 647, 656, 786 Rappi , 73 Olive oil , 85–87, 89, 90, 94, 204 Raspberry , 116, 306, 630 Onion seed , 506 Rauscher murine retrovirus , 730 Opium , 2, 203, 207–209, 213, 214, 238 Red fl our coleopteran , 825 Opium poppy , 202, 204–213 Red oat , 219 Orange sorgum , 362 Red pepper , 139 Oriental raisin tree , 568, 569 Red rala , 351 Red rice yeast , 317, 327–331 Red sorghum , 364, 367, 368, 372–375, 380 P Red wine , 2, 132, 147, 148, 150 Paddy rice , 301, 302 Rhodesian Sudan grass , 362 Pain bush , 715, 717 Rhodesia plum , 761 Pain killer tree , 715 Rhubarb , 2, 49, 786 Palm oils , 74, 87, 90 Rice corn , 362 Pampas rice , 362 Robusta coffee , 3, 617, 620–622, 625–629, 632–634, Paniala , 761, 771 652, 654, 662, 680–690, 692, 693, 702 Parsley , 1, 304 Roman coriander , 506 Parsnip , 8 Roman fennel , 36 Peach bush , 785 Rose , 3, 305, 320, 329, 663, 702 Peanuts , 245, 306, 498, 768 Rosemary , 24, 26 Pearled barley , 270, 273, 276 Rotten cheese fruit , 715 Pearl millet , 120, 210, 362, 421 Rough-leaved Queensland nut , 502 Pecan , 497–498 Rough-shelled , 494, 502, 503 Pecan nut , 498 bush nut , 494, 502, 503 Pepper , 4, 20, 53, 132, 139, 305, 306, 340, 611, queensland-nut , 502 746, 813 Round cardamom , 797, 798, 818 Peppermint , 13, 825 Roundworm , 67, 127 Persian cumin , 6 Rox orange , 362 Pigeon wood , 455 Rukam , 767, 772, 776, 777 Pinewood nematode , 68 Runeala-plum , 771 Pistachio , 306 Rutabaga , 81 Platterleaf , 455 Rutabaga/swede , 1 Poliovirus , 1, 641, 791 Rye , 2, 8, 38, 120, 220, 223, 236, 237, 292, 293, 393, Pomegranate , 143, 147, 149, 150, 155–157, 159, 160, 409, 437 170, 171, 173, 175, 182 Pop corn , 315, 417, 421, 441, 449 Poppy seeds , 2, 202, 204–209, 210, 212, 213 S Potato , 61, 116, 118, 204, 279, 304, 408, 433, 449, 462, Saccharine sorghum , 362 477, 478, 484, 485, 628 Saf fl ower , 84, 88, 90, 92, 207 Poxviruses , 158 Saffron , 306 Pulse beetle , 68 Sage , 26 Puneala plum , 771 Sandalwood tree , 4 Purple wheat , 281, 392, 396, 400 Sa Nhan Tin , 801, 802 Purslane , 89 Sanwa millet , 262 Common Name Index 925

SARS virus , 158 Sweet cumin , 36 Sawa millet , 262 Sweet fennel , 36, 38–41, 53 Scag , 202 Sweet orange , 809 Seaside grape , 2, 448–455 Sweet qunadong , 785 Seaside plum , 455 Sweet sorghum , 352, 362, 364, 380 Senna , 49 Senvil , 105 Sesame , 78, 306, 765 T Sesame seed , 306, 467 Tahitian Noni fruit , 715, 745 Shallots , 305 Tamarind , 28, 580, 781 Shallu , 362 Tanzanian coffee and Guatemalan arabica Shama millet , 262 coffee , 630 Shattercane , 362 Tao qua , 796 Shell gingers , 4 Tarnished plant bug , 440 Shore grape , 455 Tartary , 461, 465, 467, 468, 470–472, 474–476, 480 Shore sea-grape , 455 Tartary buckwheat , 461, 465, 467, 468, 470–472, Shortpod mustard , 105 474–476, 480 Siam cardamom , 797, 818 Tasmania pepper , 132 Siam, summer tulip , 4 Tavoy cardamom , 801 Siberian millet , 262 Tear grass , 243 Sichuan pepper , 813–814 Tennessee , 362 Side oat , 219 Thai ginger , 4 Silverhull buckwheat , 459 Thelarche , 53 Singhara nut , 195 Thyme , 26 Sis nut , 780–782 Tobacco , 647, 652, 664, 665, 820 Six row barley , 270–272, 294 Togari wood , 715 Smack , 202 Torch-ginger , 4 Small cardamom , 808, 823 Tree oat , 219 Small opium poppy , 202 Tronchuda cabbage , 82 Smooth macadamia , 494 True mustard , 105 Smooth-shelled macadamia , 494 Tsaoko amomum , 813 Smooth-shelled Queensland-nut , 494 Tsao-ko cardamom , 816 Snail , 15, 69, 179 Turkey red , 715 Soft leichhardt , 754 Turkish corn , 417 Soft wheat , 386–389, 391, 394 Turkish wheat , 417 Sordan , 362 Turmeric , 4, 29, 781 Sorghum , 364, 366–368, 372, 378, 380 Turnip , 1, 81–82, 87, 98 Sorghum cane , 362 Two row barley , 271, 272, 294 Sorghum-sudangrass , 362 Sorrel , 2 Sour jujube , 605 U South American kino , 455 Upland rice , 301, 303 Sow thistle , 486 Soybean , 74, 87, 89, 90, 92, 94–97, 148, 227, 257, 484, 515 V Soybean looper , 440 Vaccinia virus , 158 Spelt millet , 210 Vanilla , 306 Spiked fl acourtia , 761, 771 Venetian Whisk , 362 Sprouted wheat , 406, 410 Vietnamese mint , 2 Sprouting barley , 278 Star anise , 53, 814 Stock , 1, 182, 293, 341, 612, 789 W Strawberry , 306 Wacona orange , 362 Sudanese sorghum , 362, 379 Walnut , 89, 139, 497–498, 599 Sugar sorghum , 362 Warlock , 105 Summer rape , 73 Water caltrop , 195, 196 Sun fl ower , 27, 28, 83–89, 91, 509 Water chestnut , 195, 198 Sweet buckwheat , 459 Watercress , 38 Sweet corn , 417, 421–425, 441 Water nut , 195 926 Common Name Index

Water oats , 448 Wild peach , 785 Wehi 164 , 529 Wild pine , 715 West African grain sorgum , 362 Wild rice , 302, 314, 448–451 West Indian kino , 455 Wild seaside grape , 455 Wheat Wine yeast , 550 bran , 230, 372, 388, 391–402, 404, 405 Winged Bengal cardamom , 804 germ , 388, 392, 396, 397, 402, 403, 407, 410 Winged cardamom , 804 grass , 386, 393, 396–397, 401–405, 409 sprouts , 398, 406–407 White durra , 362 X White millet , 262 X31 (H3N2) in fl uenza virus , 158 White mustard , 1, 74, 107 White panic , 262 White panicum , 262 Y White poppy , 202 Yeast , 26, 107, 199, 271, 305–307, 327, 388, 400, 430, Wild cumin , 6 440, 462, 549–551, 553, 573, 741 Wild fennel , 36, 42, 45 Yellow cheesewood , 754–756 Wild grape , 455 Yunnan jujube , 605 Wild mangrove grape , 455 Yunnan spiny jujube , 605 Scienti fi c Name Index

A A. compactum , 4, 797–799 Aberia A. ensal , 818 A. gardnerii , 758 A. fasciculatum , 793 A. hebecarpa , 758 A. hongtsaoko , 813 Achillea millefolium , 52 A. kepulaga , 797 Acinetobacter spp. , 46 A. longiculare , 4 A. baumannii , 46, 550 A. longiliculare , 802 Aconitum , 3 A. longiligulare , 801–803 Actinomyces viscosus , 161 A. racemosum , 818 Adina orientalis , 754 A. repens , 818 Aedes A. subulatum , 4, 804–811, 823 A. aegypti , 14, 51, 52 A. taso-ko , 4, 814 A. albopictus , 52 A. terreus , 808 Aeromonas hydrophila , 549 A. tsao-ko , 813–816 Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , 161 A. uncinatum , 818 Agrobacterium , 14, 32 Andropogon A. rhizogenes , 209 A. besseri , 359 Agrostis nigricans , 359 A. bicolor , 359 Albizia spp. , 616 A. compactus , 359 Alcaligenes faecalis , 46 A. niger , 359 Aleurites moluccana , 746 A. rubens , 359 Allium A. sacchara , 359 A. cepa , 552, 741, 742 A. saccharatus , 359 A. sativum , 69 A. sorghum , 359 Alnus A. sorghum f. pallidus , 359 A. japonica , 572 A. sorghum subsp. sativus , 359 A. nepalensis , 793, 805 A. sorghum subvar. aethiops , 359 Aloe , 4 A. sorghum subvar. badius , 359 Alopecurus caudatus , 350 A. sorghum subvar. fragilis , 359 Alphitonia , 5 A. sorghum subvar. japonicus , 359 Alpinia A. sorghum subvar. lividus , 359 A. cardamomum , 818 A. sorghum subvar. niger , 359 A. fasciculata , 793 A. sorghum subvar. rubens , 359 A. galanga , 4 A. sorghum subvar. splendidus , 359 A. striata , 797 A. sorghum var. abyssinicum , 359 Alternaria alternata , 55, 69, 356, 808 A. sorghum var. aegyptiacus , 359 Amaranthus A. sorghum var. aethiops , 359 A. caudatus , 120 A. sorghum var. albofuscus , 359 A. spinosus , 666 A. sorghum var. ankolib , 359 Ammi A. sorghum var. arabicus , 359 A. copticum , 60 A. sorghum var. bicarinatus A. glaucifolium , 60 A. sorghum var. bicolor , 359 Ammios muricata , 60 A. sorghum var. burmanicus , 359 Amomum A. sorghum var. cafer , 359 A. aromaticum , 4, 793–796 A. sorghum var. campanus , 359 A. cardamomum , 797, 818 A. sorghum var. caudatus , 359

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 5, Fruits, 927 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5653-3, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 928 Scientifi c Name Index

Andropogon (cont.) Anopheles , 52 A. sorghum var. cernuus , 359 A. dirus , 14 A. sorghum var. corymbosus , 359 A. stephensi , 67, 743 A. sorghum var. dochna , 359 Apium ammi , 60 A. sorghum var. durra , 359 Arabidopsis , 79, 84 A. sorghum var. ehrenbergianus , 359 A. thaliana , 79 A. sorghum var. elegans , 359 Arachis hypogea , 69 A. sorghum var. eois , 359 Argemone , 2 A. sorghum var. fulvus , 359 Armigeres , 52 A. sorghum var. glaberrimus , 359 Armoracia rusticana , 1, 109 A. sorghum var. globosus , 359 Ascaridia galli , 743 A. sorghum var. hians , 359 Ascaris , 127 A. sorghum var. hirsutus , 359 A. lumbricoides , 67, 743 A. sorghum var. hybridus , 359 Aspergillus spp. , 26, 46 A. sorghum var. irungu , 359 A. candidus , 199 A. sorghum var. javanicus , 359 A. fl avus , 25, 69, 407, 440, 550, 596, 611, 769, 808, 809 A. sorghum var. jucundus , 359 A. fumigatus , 160, 407, 550, 769, 808 A. sorghum var. lasiorhachis , 359 A. nidulans , 741 A. sorghum var. leiostachyus , 359 A. niger, 26, 46, 69, 173, 199, 407, 550, 596, 769, 808 A. sorghum var. leucospermus , 359 A. ochraceus , 68, 69 A. sorghum var. melanospermus , 359 A. oryzae , 69, 340, 816 A. sorghum var. miliiformis , 359 A. parasiticus , 13, 26, 551 A. sorghum var. neesii , 359 A. usamii , 589 A. sorghum var. nervosus , 359 Aspiculuris tetraptera , 552 A. sorghum var. nitidus , 359 Athamanta ajowan , 60 A. sorghum var. obovatus , 359 Avena , 238 A. sorghum var. ovatoellipticus , 359 A. agraria var. mutica , 218 A. sorghum var. ovulifer , 359 A. algeriensis , 218 A. sorghum var. pulcher , 359 A. anglica , 218 A. sorghum var. roxburghii , 359 A. byzantina , 218, 219 A. sorghum var. rubrocernuu , 359 A. byzantina var. thellungiana , 218 A. sorghum var. rufescens , 360 A. cinerea , 218 A. sorghum var. rugulosus , 360 A. dispermis , 218 A. sorghum var. saccharatus , 360 A. distans , 218 A. sorghum var. schenkii , 360 A. fatua f. brachytricha , 218 A. sorghum var. schimperi , 360 A. fatua f. glaberrima , 218 A. sorghum var. subglabrescens , 360 A. fatua f. macrathera , 218 A. sorghum var. subglobosus , 360 A. fatua f. setulosa , 218 A. sorghum var. submuticus , 360 A. fatua subsp. macrantha , 218 A. sorghum var. technicus , 360 A. fatua subsp. nodipilosa , 218 A. sorghum var. usorum , 360 A. fatua subsp. praegravis , 218 A. sorghum var. vulgaris , 360 A. fatua subsp. sativa , 218 A. sorghum var. wightii , 360 A. fatua var. contracta , 218 A. sorghum var. yemensis , 360 A. fatua var. glaberrima , 218 A. subglabrescens , 360 A. fatua var. macrotricha , 218 A. truchmenorum , 360 A. fatua var. microtricha , 218 A. usorum , 360 A. fatua var. pilifera , 218 A. vulgaris , 360 A. fatua var. pilosa , 218 Anethum A. fatua var. sativa , 218 A. dulce , 36 A. fatua var. subuni fl ora , 218 A. foeniculum , 36 A. fl ava , 218 A. graveolens , 15, 68 A. fusca , 218 A. minus , 36 A. fusco fl ora , 218 A. panmori , 36 A. georgiana , 218 A. panmorium , 36 A. glabrata , 218 A. pannorium , 36 A. grandis , 218 A. piperitum , 36 A. heteromalla , 218 A. rupestre , 36 A. hungarica , 218 Angelica archangelica , 11 A. macrantha , 218 Angelicae gigantis , 589 A. mutica , 218 Scientifi c Name Index 929

A. nodipilosa , 218 B. pumilus , 339, 809 A. orientalis , 218 B. subtilis , 26, 46, 64, 160, 199, 339, 376, 484, 549, A. orientalis f. fl avescens , 218 550, 573, 596, 611, 740, 809, 816, 825 A. pendula , 218 Bacteroides spp. , 647 A. persarum , 218 Bancalus A. podolica , 218 B. cordatus , 754 A. polonica , 218 B. grandifolius , 754 A. ponderosa , 218 B. macrophyllus , 754 A. praecocioides , 218 B. orientalis , 754 A. praecoqua , 218 Banksia , 3 A. praegravis , 218 Baphia nitida , 379 A. pseudosativa , 218 Bertholletia excelsa , 497 A. racemosa , 218 Beta vulgaris , 2 A. sativa , 2, 218–238 Bifi dobacterium spp. , 161, 290, 340, 405, 436, 482, 647, A. sativa convar. nodipilosa , 218 840 A. sativa prol. grandiuscula , 218 B. animalis ssp. lactis , 161 A. sativa subsp. chinensis , 218 B. breve , 161 A. sativa subsp. contracta , 218 B. infantis , 161 A. sativa subsp. macrantha , 218 Bipolaris maydis , 368 A. sativa subsp. nodipilosa , 218 Bixa orellana , 20 A. sativa subsp. orientalis , 218 Blastocystis hominis , 552 A.sativa subsp. praegravis , 218 Botrytis cinerea , 160, 356 A. sativa subvar. pilosa , 218 Brassica A. sativa var. brachytricha , 218 B. brachycarpa , 105 A. sativa var. chinensis , 218 B. bracteolata , 105 A. sativa var. contracta , 218 B. campestris f. annua , 72 A. sativa var. fl avescens , 218 B. campestris f. glauca , 72 A. sativa var. fuscoatra , 218 B. campestris f. luteoalba , 72 A. sativa var. glaberrima , 218 B. campestris f. quadrivalvis , 72 A. sativa var. macrantha , 218 B. campestris f. simplex , 72 A. sativa var. macrathera , 218 B. campestris f. spontanea , 72 A. sativa var. macrotricha , 218 B. campestris f. trilocularis , 72 A. sativa var. microtricha , 218 B. campestris subsp. napus , 72 A. sativa var. nigra , 218 B. campestris var. bullatopetsai , 72 A. sativa var. orientalis , 218 B. campestris var. dentatopetsai , 72 A. sativa var. pilifera , 218 B. campestris var. dichotoma , 72 A. sativa var. pilosa , 218 B. campestris var. glauca , 72 A. sativa var. praegravis , 218 B. campestris var. napobrassica , 72 A. sativa var. secunda , 218 B. campestris var. napus , 72 A. sativa var. setulosa , 218 B. campestris var. nippo-oleifera , 72 A. sativa var. subuni fl ora , 218–219 B. campestris var. oleifera , 72 A. sex fl ora , 219 B. campestris var. pabularia , 72 A. shatilowiana , 219 B. campestris var. quadrivalvis , 72 A. sterilis , 218, 219 B. campestris var. toria , 72 A. sterilis f. pseudosativa , 218 B. campestris var. trilocularis , 72 A. sterilis var. thellungiana , 219 B. carinata , 113 A. tatarica , 219 B. carinatua var. saharensis , 72 A. thellungii , 219 B. elongata var. longipedicellata , 105 A. trabutiana , 219 B. gongylodes , 72 A. trisperma , 219 B. juncea , 1, 80, 98, 109, 111–113 A. unilateralis , 219 B. juncea var. rugosa , 109 A. verna , 219 B. napobrassica , 1, 72 Avena × mutata , 218 B. napus , 1, 72–99, 113 Azadirachta indica , 69 B. napus f. alba , 72 B. napus f. dissecta , 72 B. napus f. dolichocarpa , 72 B B. napus f. fl ava , 72 Bacillus B. napus f. micrantha , 72 B. cereus , 13, 26, 46, 64, 549, 553, 825 B. napus f. nigricans , 72 B. megaterium , 46, 159, 774 B. napus f. rubescens , 72 930 Scientifi c Name Index

Brassica (cont.) B. stricta , 73 B. napus var. napus , 82 B. tournefortii , 98 B. napus subsp. napobrassica , 72 B. turgida , 105 B. napus subsp. oleifera , 72 Braya campestris f. rutabaga , 73 B. napus subsp. rapifera , 72 Brucea javanica , 250 B. napus var. aestiva , 72 Brugia B. napus var. annua , 72 B. malayi , 67 B. napus var. arabica , 72 B. timori , 67 B. napus var. biennis , 72 Bunium B. napus var. brevirostris , 72 B. carvi , 6 B. napus var. edulis , 72 B. copticum , 60 B. napus var. esculenta , 72 B. persicum , 25, 45 B. napus var. glauca , 72 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , B. napus var. hiemalis , 72 68, 747 B. napus var. italica , 72 B. napus var. leptorhiza , 72 B. napus var. napobrassica , 72 C B. napus var. oleifera , 72, 77 Cadamba nocturna , 754 B. napus var. pabularia , 72 Callosobruchus B. napus var. quadrivalvis , 72 C. analis , 599 B. napus var. rapifera , 72 C. chinensis , 55, 68 B. napus var. rossica , 72 C. maculatus , 68 B. napus var. rutila , 72 Campylobacter jejuni , 46 B. napus var. sarcorhiza , 72 Candida spp. , 199 B. napus var. schebalinae , 72 C. albicans , 25, 26, 46, 64, 159, 160, 173, 376, 457, B. napus var. syntomocarpa , 72 549–551, 695, 741, 809, 824 B. napus var. trilocularis , 72 C. albican senegalensis , 809 B. napus var. trimestris , 72 C. crusii , 550 B. napus var. ulti , 72 C. glabrata , 26, 64, 173 B. nigra , 1, 28, 105–113 C. krusei , 26, 64 B. nigra f. brevi fl ora , 105 C. parapsilosis , 26 B. nigra f. condensata , 105 C. tropicalis , 64, 199, 695 B. nigra f. dentifera , 105 Canna indica , 179 B. nigra f. glabrata , 105 Cardamomum B. nigra f. hispida , 105 C. aromaticum , 793 B. nigra subsp. hispida , 105 C. elletari , 818 B. nigra subsp. nigra , 105 C. malabaricum , 818 B. nigra var. abyssinica , 105 C. minus , 818 B. nigra var. bracteolata , 105 C. offcinale , 818 B. nigra var. carneodentata , 105 C. subulatum , 804 B. nigra var. japonica , 105 C. verum , 818 B. nigra var. nigra , 105 Carum B. nigra var. subglabra , 105 C. ajowan , 60 B. nigra var. tortuosa , 105 C. aromaticum , 6, 60 B. nigra var. torulosa , 105 C. carvi , 1, 6–15, 68 B. nigra var. turgida , 105 C. carvi f. gracile , 6 B. oleifera , 72 C. carvi f. rhodochranthum , 6 B. oleracea , 1, 73, 113 C. carvi f. rubri fl ora , 6 B. oleraceae var. costata , 82 C. carvi f. rubri fl orum , 6 B. oleracea f. praecox , 73 C. carvi subsp. rosellum , 6 B. oleracea var. arvensis , 72 C. copticum , 60, 65, 68 B. oleracea var. hongnoensis , 72–73 C. decussatum , 6 B. oleracea var. napobrassica , 73 C. gracile , 6 B. persoonii , 105 C. korolkowii , 60 B. praecox , 73 C. of fi cinale , 6 B. rapa , 1, 73, 78, 80, 98 C. panatjan , 60 B. rapa subsp. napus , 73 C. rosellum , 6 B. rutabaga , 73 C. velenovskyi , 6 B. sativa subsp. napus , 73 Carvi careum , 6 B. sinapioides , 105 Carya pecan , 497 B. sinapis , 105 Cassia augustifolia , 51 Scientifi c Name Index 931

Centella asiatica , 161 C. arabica var. angustifolia , 614 Cephalanthus orientalis , 754 C. arabica var. bourbon , 614 Chaetochloa C. arabica var. brevistipulata , 614 C. germanica , 350 C. arabica var. bullata , 614 C. italica , 350 C. arabica var. columnaris , 614 C. italica var. germanica , 350 C. arabica var. culta , 614 C. italica var. germanica , 350 C. arabica var. erecta , 614 Chamaeraphis C. arabica var. latifolia , 614 C. italica , 350 C. arabica var. longis-tipulata , 614 C. italica var. germanica , 350 C. arabica var. maragogype , 614 Chelidonium majus , 11 C. arabica var. mokka , 614 Chenopodium C. arabica var. monosperma , 614 C. album , 121 C. arabica var. murta , 614 C. album f. subspontaneum , 115 C. arabica var. myrtifolia , 614 C. album ssp. amaranticolor , 121 C. arabica var. pendula , 614 C. album subsp. quinoa , 115 C. arabica var. polysperma , 614 C. album var. quinoa , 115 C. arabica var. pubescens , 614 C. ccoyto , 115 C. arabica var. purpurascens , 614 C. ccuchi-huila , 115 C. arabica var. rotundifolia , 614 C. chilense , 115 C. arabica var. straminea , 614 C. guinoa , 115 C. arabica var. stuhlmannii , 680 C. hircinum f. laciniatum , 115 C. arabica var. sundana , 614 C. hircinum f. rubescens , 115 C. arabica var. typica , 614 C. hircinum f. viridescens , 115 C. arabica var. variegata , 614 C. hircinum var. quinoa , 115 C. arnoldiana , 712 C. nuttalliae , 115 C. bourbonica , 614 C. pallidicaule , 120, 125 C. bukobensis , 680 C. purpurascens var. punctulatum , 115 C. canephora , 3, 615, 618–624, 638, 666, 680–703, C. quinoa , 2, 115–128 710, 712, 713 C. quinoa f. purpureum , 115 C. canephora cv. robusta , 621, 623, 683, 685, 689 C. quinoa subsp. milleanum , 115 C. canephora f. sankuruensis , 680 C. quinoa var. laciniatum , 115 C. canephora robusta , 625 C. quinoa var. lutescens , 115 C. canephora subvar. robusta , 680 C. quinoa var. melanospermum , 115 C. canephora var. crassifolia , 680 C. quinoa var. orbicans , 115 C. canephora var. gossweileri , 680 C. quinoa var. rubescens , 115 C. canephora var. hiernii , 680 C. quinoa var. viridescens , 115 C. canephora var. hinaultii , 680 Chrysosporium sp. , 769 C. canephora var. kouilouensis , 680 Cinnamomum C. canephora var. laurentii , 680 C. camphor , 65 C. canephora var. maclaudii , 680 C. zeylanicum , 28 C. canephora var. muniensis , 680 Cisseps fulvicollis , 440 C. canephora var. nganda , 680 Citrobacter freundii , 199, 550 C. canephora var. oka , 680 Citrus sinensis , 809 C. canephora var. oligoneura , 680 Cladosporium C. canephora var. opaca , 680 C. cladosporioides , 46 C. canephora var. robusta , 620, 651, 681, 700, 703 C. herbarum , 808 C. canephora var. sankuruensis , 680 Clavibacter , 14, 32 C. canephora var. stuhlmannii , 680 C. michiganense ssp. nebraskense , 436 C. canephora var. trillesii , 680 Clematis , 3 C. canephora var. ugandae , 680 Clostridia spp. , 647 C. canephora var. wel-witschii , 680 Clostridium C. canephora var. wildemanii , 680 C. butyricum , 290 C. corymbulosa , 614 C. perfringens , 252 C. deweveri , 713 Coccoloba uvifera , 2, 455–458 C. dewevrei var. aruwimiensis , 712 Coffea C. dewevrei var. excelsa , 712 C. abeokutae , 712 C. eugenioides , 615, 666, 703 C. arabica , 3, 614–666, 681, 684, 688–690, 693, 697, C. laurentii , 680 700, 703, 712, 713 C. laurifolia , 614 C. arabica f. abyssinica , 614 C. liberica , 3, 618, 619, 681, 683, 684, 703, 710–713 C. arabica var. amarella , 614 C. liberica var. dewevrei , 712, 713 932 Scientifi c Name Index

Coffea (cont.) Curtobacterium , 14, 32 C. maclaudii , 680 Curvularia lunata , 69, 808 C. moka , 614 Cyclospermum ammi , 60 C. pseudozanguebariae , 712 Cyminon longeinvolucellatum , 19 C. racemosa , 703 C. robusta , 619, 624, 625, 631–633, 637, 680, 684, 693, 694, 697, 712 D C. sundana , 614 Daucus C. ugandae , 680 D. anisodorus , 60 C. vulgaris , 614 D. copticus , 60 C. welwitschii , 614, 680 Davidsonia Coix D. jerseyana , 135 C. agrestis , 243 D. johnsonii , 135 C. arundinacea , 243 D. pruriens , 2, 132–135 C. exaltata , 243 D. pungens , 132 C. gigantea , 243 Delia radicum , 109 C. lacryma , 243 Delphinium , 3 C. lacryma-jobi , 2, 199, 243–258, 285 Dermatophagoides farinae , C. lacryma-jobi var. maxima , 243 52, 485 C. lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuan , 250 Dianella C. lacryma-jobi var. novoguineensis , 243 D. caerulea , 4, 790–791 C. lacryma var. ma-yuen , 244 D. ensifolia , 791 C. ouwehandii , 243 D. laevis , 791 C. ovata , 243 D. longifolia var. grandis , 791 C. palustris , 243 D. revoluta , 791 C. pendula , 243 Diatraea grandiosella , 440 C. pumila , 243 Dovyalis , 759, 760 C. stigmatosa , 243 D. abyssinica , 760 Colisa fasciatus , 179 D. hebecarpa , 4, 758–760 Colubrina , 3 D. macrocalyx , 760 Consolida , 3 Dreschlera turcica , 611 Coprosma , 3 Drosophila , 48, 652 Coriandrum sativum , 25, 45 D. mauritiana , 742 Corylus avellana , 482 D. melanogaster , 742, 743 Corynebacterium , 159 D. sechellia , 743 C. xerosis , 159, 549 D. simulans , 742 Costus speciosus , 746 D. species , 743 Crithmum maritimum , 46 Dryandra , 3 Crocus sativus , 539 Crucifera C. napus , 73 E C. sinapis , 105 Echinochloa Cryptococcus spp. , 199 E. colona , 262 C. neaformans , 550 E. colona var. frumentacea , 262 C. neoformans , 160 E. crus-galli subsp. edulis , 262 Cryptotermes domesticus , 757 E. crus-galli var. edulis , 262 Culex , 52 E. crus-galli var. frumentacea , 262 C. quinquefasciatus , 743 E. erythrosperma , 350 Cuminia cyminum , 19 E. frumentacea , 2, 262–265 Cuminum E. intermedia , 350 C. aegyptiacum , 19 Elettaria C. cyminum , 1, 19–32 E. cardamomum , 808, 818–825 C. hispanicum , 19 E. cardamomum var. minor , 818 C. odorum , 19 E. cardamomum var. minuscula , 818 C. of fi cinale , 19 E. repens , 818 C. sativum , 19 Elfuinga applanata , 199 Curcuma Elletaria cardamomum , 4, 823–825 C. alismatifolia , 4 Emblica of fi cinalis , 65 C. longa , 4, 65 Embothrium , 3 Scientifi c Name Index 933

Entamoeba F . inermis var. moluccana , 4, 767–769 E. histolytica , 179 F . jangomas , 4, 771–774 E. invadens , 179 F . lenis , 761 Enterobacter F . megaphylla , 776, 778 E. aerogenes , 64, 199, 482, 549 F . obcordata , 761 E. cloacae , 695 F . parvifolia , 761 Enterococcus faecalis , 26, 63, 159, 549, 550, 741 F . peninsula , 776, 778 Ephestia kuehniella , 825 F . perrottetiana , 761 Epidermophyton fl occosum , 63, 549 F . ramontchi , 761, 765 Erwinia , 14, 32, 428 F . rotundifolia , 761 Erythrina spp. , 616 F . rukam , 4, 769, 776–778 E. poeppigiana , 616 F . sapida , 761 Escherichia coli , 12, 13, 26, 27, 46, 63, 64, 111, 159, F . sepiaria , 761 160, 173, 199, 339, 376, 457, 482, 523, 546, 549, F . sulcata , 776 573, 611, 638, 740, 741, 769, 774, 809, 816, 825 F . thorelii , 761 Eschscholtzia , 2 Foeniculum Eubacterium limosum , 290 F . azoricum , 36 Eucalyptus spp. , 575 F . capillaceum , 36 Eucarya acuminata , 785 F . carvi , 6 Eugenia caryophyllum , 377 F . divaricatum , 36 Euphorbia , 341 F . dulce , 36 E. fi scheriana , 590 F . foeniculum , 36 E. kansui , 590 F . giganteum , 36 Exocarpos cupressiformis , 4 F . of fi cinale , 36 Exocarpus and Ximenia , 787 F . panmorium , 36 F . piperitum , 36 F . rigidum , 36 F F . scoparium , 36 Fagopyrum F . vulgare , 1, 25, 36–55 F . callianthum , 460, 487 F . vulgare subsp. piperitum , 36, 39, 44 F . capillatum , 460, 487 F . vulgare subsp. sativum , 36 F . cereale , 459 F . vulgare subsp. var. azoricum , 1, 38 F . cymosum , 460, 487 F . vulgare subsp. vulgare var. vulgare , 41 F . emarginatum , 459 F . vulgare var. azoricum , 1, 38, 39, 44–46 F . emarginatum var. kunawarense , 459 F . vulgare var. dulce , 44–46 F . esculentum , 2, 459–487 F . vulgare var. sativum , 36 F . esculentum subsp. ancestralis , 460 F . vulgare var. vulgare , 44–46 F . fagopyrum , 459 Frumentum F . gracilipes , 460, 487 F . hordeum , 267 F . homotropicum , 460, 475, 487 F . sativum , 267 F . kashmirianum , 467–469 F . triticum , 385 F . pleioramosum , 460, 487 Fusanus acuminatus , 785 F . sagittatum , 459, 466, 468, 469 Fusarium , 549 F . sarracenicum , 459 F . decencellulare , 457 F . tataricum , 460, 467–469, 472, 475, 487 F . graminearum , 69, 407, 428 F . tataricum ssp. potanini , 460 F . graminearum (Gibberella zeae) , 436 F . vulgare , 459 F . moniliforme , 69, 436 F . zuogongense , 459 F . oxysporum , 55, 160, 356, 407, 457, 482, 596, 808 Falcaria carvifolia , 6 F . proliferatum , 437 Flacourtia F . sambucinum , 111 F . afra , 761 F . solani , 69, 407 F . balansae , 761 F . verticillioides , 407, 437, 611 F . cataphracta , 761, 771, 776 F . edulis , 776 F . euphlebia , 776, 778 G F . frondosa , 761 Ganoderma lucidum , 199 F . heterophylla , 761 Garcinia mangostana , 159 F . hirtiuscula , 761 Gardenia , 3 F . indica , 4, 761–765 Geocallis fasciculata , 793 934 Scientifi c Name Index

Gevuina avellana , 3 Hordeum Gibberella , 428 H. aestivum , 267 Globba , 4 H. agriocrithon , 269 Glossonema boveanum , 439 H. americanum , 267 Glycine max , 484 H. bifarium , 267 Glycyrrhiza H. brachyatherum , 267 G. glabra , 11, 807 H. caspicum , 267 G. uralensis , 589, 595 H. coeleste , 267 Gmelina indica , 761 H. daghestanicum , 267 Granatum punicum , 136 H. defectoides , 267 Greeneria uvicola , 407 H. distichum , 269 Grevillea , 3 H. durum , 267 Gymnema sylvestre , 571 H. elongatum , 267 Gynostemma pentaphylla , 329 H. gymnodistichum , 267 H. heterostychon , 267 H. hexastichon , 267 H H. hexastichum , 269 Haemonchus contortus , 376, 743 H. hibernaculum , 267 Hakea , 3 H. hibernans , 267 Hedychium , 4 H. himalayense , 267 Helichrysum italicum , 52 H. hirtiusculum , 267 Helicobacter pylori , 12, 26, 27, 93, 94, 172, 539, 734, 740 H. horsfordianum , 267 Helicoverpa armigera , 408 H. ircutianum , 267 Heliothis zea , 427, 440 H. jarenskianum , 267 Helix aspersa , 29 H. juliae , 267 Helleborus , 3 H. kalugense , 267 Helminthosporium sp. , 69 H. karzinianum , 267 H. oryzae , 809 H. kiarchanum , 267 H. solani , 111 H. laevipaleatum , 267 Helosciadium ammi , 60 H. lapponicum , 267 Helxine fagopyrum , 459 H. leptostachys , 267 Hemidesmus indicus , 537 H. macrolepis , 267 Heracleum persicum , 25, 45 H. mandshuricum , 267 Heterotermes indicola , 599 H. mandshuroides , 267 Hisingera grandifolia , 776 H. michalkowii , 267 Holcus H. nekludowii , 267 H. albus , 360 H. nigrum , 267 H. arduinii , 360 H. pamiricum , 267 H. bicolor , 360 H. parvum , 267 H. cafer , 360 H. pensanum , 267 H. caffrorum , 360 H. polystichon , 267 H. cernuus , 360 H. polystichon var. hackelii , 267 H. compactus , 360 H. polystichon var. vulgare , 267 H. dochna Forssk , 360 H. praecox , 267 H. dora Mieg , 360 H. pyramidatum , 267 H. duna , 360 H. revelatum , 267 H. durra , 360 H. sativum , 267 H. ferrugineus , 360 H. sativum subsp. hexastichon , 267 H. niger , 360 H. sativum subsp. vulgare , 267 H. nigerrimus , 360 H. sativum var. trifurcatum , 267 H. nigricans , 360 H. scabriusculum , 267 H. pyramidalis , 360 H. septentrionale , 267 H. rubens , 360 H. stassewitschii , 267 H. saccharatus , 360 H. strobelense , 267 H. saccharatus var. technicus , 360 H. taganrocense , 267 H. sorghum , 360 H. tanaiticum , 267 H. sorghum var. caffrorum , 360 H. tetrastichum , 267 H. sorghum var. durra , 360 H. transcaucasicum , 267 H. sorghum var. saccharatus , 360 H. violaceum , 267 H. sorghum var. technicus , 360 H. vulgare , 2, 258, 267–294, 408 Scientifi c Name Index 935

H. vulgare convar. revelatum , 267 L H. vulgare f. hexastichon , 267 Lactobacillus spp. , 161, 290, 370, 405, H. vulgare subsp. antasiaticum , 267 409, 482 H. vulgare subsp. hexastichon , 267 L. acidophilus , 161, 482, 809, 824 H. vulgare subsp. medioasiaticum , 267 L. brevis , 477 H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum , 267 L. casei , 161, 370 H. vulgare subsp. tetrastichum , 267 L. casei ssp. casei , 549 H. vulgare subvar. brachyurum , 267–268 L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus , 549 H. vulgare var. abdulbasirovii , 268 L. fermentum , 370, 398 H. vulgare var. bachteevii , 268 L. lactis subsp. lactis , 477 H. vulgare var. brachyurum , 268 L. paracasei ssp. paracasei , 549 H. vulgare var. chungense , 268 L. pentosus , 477 H. vulgare var. coeleste , 268 L. plantarum , 124, 370, 398, 477 H. vulgare var. glabriviride , 268 L. reuteri , 370 H. vulgare var. hexastichon , 268 Lagerstroemia speciosa , 285 H. vulgare var. ismailii , 268 Lagoecia cuminoides , 6 H. vulgare var. lukyanovae , 268 Lasioderma serricorne , 55 H. vulgare var. lvovii , 268 Lavandula angustifolia , 52 H. vulgare var. multispiculum , 268 Legionella pneumophila , 637 H. vulgare var. pallidum , 268 Leishmania amazonensis , 127, 179 H. vulgare var. patimatae , 268 Lepidium sativum , 74 H. vulgare var. revelatum , 268 Leucaena spp. , 616 H. vulgare var. saidii , 268 Leuconostoc H. vulgare var. sikangense , 268 L. gelidum , 549 H. vulgare var. tro fi movskajae , 268 L. pseudomesenteroides , 549 H. vulgare var. valentinae , 268 Leucoptera coffeella , 703 H. vulgare var. zuleichatae , 268 Ligusticum H. walpersii , 268 L.ajawain , 60 Hovenia , 3 L.carvi , 6 H. dulcis , 3, 568–575 L.cuminum , 19 H. dulcis var. glabra , 568 L.foeniculum , 36 H. dulcis var. latifolia , 568 Liquidamber orientalis , 25 H. dulcis var. tomentella , 570 Listeria Humicola sp. , 550 L. innocua , 638 Hydnocarpus polyandra , 780 L. monocytogenes , 26, 46, 64, 160, 482, 549, 596, 783 Lithagrostis lacryma-jobi , 243 I Litsea cubeba , 15, 68 Iberis amara , 11 Lupinus albus , 116 Inga spp. , 616 Lycoriella ingénue , 15 Ipomea digitata , 746 Lymnaea acuminata , 69, 179 Ixophorus italicus , 350 Ixora , 3 Ixora Pentas , 3 M Macadamia M. integrifolia , 3, 494–500, 502, 503, 505 J M.integrifolia , 3, 494–500 Juglans nigra , 482, 498 M. ternifolia , 498 M. ternifolia var. integrifolia , 494 M. tetraphylla , 3, 495, 498, 500, 502–504 K Magnolia salicifolia , 467 Kaempferia , 4 Mansana arborea , 605 Karos carvi , 6 Mastomys coucha , 67 Kerria lacca , 612 Matonia cardamomum , 818 Klebsiella Matricaria recutita , 11 K. aerogenes , 199 Matthiola , 1 K. pneumoniae , 26, 31, 63, 173, 199, 376, 549, 550, Mays 740, 769, 774, 795, 809 M. americana , 416 Kluvyeromyces marxianus , 159 M. vulgaris , 416 Kunokale carneum , 459 M. zea , 2, 408, 416–441 936 Scientifi c Name Index

Mayzea Mucor M. cerealis , 416 M. hiemalis , 199 M. cerealis var. gigantea , 416 M. ramosissimus , 769 M. vestita , 416 Mutarda nigra , 105 Meconopsis , 2 Mycobacterium Melanosinapis M. intracellulare , 160 M. communis , 105 M. smegmatis , 549 M. nigra , 105 M. tuberculosis , 611 Melinum palustre , 448 Mycosphaerella arachidicola , 482 Melissa of fi cinalis , 11, 51 Myristica fragrans , 199, 807 Meloidogyne incognita , 55 Myroxylon dicline , 761 Mentha Myrtus communis , 52 M. piperita , 27 M. x piperita , 11 Meriones shawi , 520 N Mespilus sylvestris , 761 Nauclea Meum N. annamensis , 754 M. foeniculum , 36 N. coadunata , 754 M. piperitum , 36 N. cordata , 754 Micrococcus N. elmeri , 754 M. fl avus , 199 N. glaberrima , 754 M. luteus , 26, 159, 573 N. grandifolia , 754 Microsporum canis , 25, 63, 549 N. leichhardtii , 754 Mida acuminata , 785 N. lutea , 754 Milium N. macrophylla , 754 M. bicolor , 360 N. orientalis , 3, 754–757 M. compactum , 360 N. orientalis var. pubescens , 754 M. maximum , 360 N. ovoidea , 754 M. nigricans , 360 N. roxburghii , 754 M. sorghum , 360 N. stipulacea , 754 M. sorgo , 360 N. undulata , 754 Monascus N. wallichiana , 754 M. pilosus , 316, 317 Nicolaia , 4 M. pupureus , 316 Nigella Morinda N. arvensis , 524 M. angustifolia , 715 N. cretica , 506 M. aspera , 715 N. hispanica , 524 M. bracteata , 715 N. orientalis , 524, 757 M. chachuca , 715 N. sativa , 3, 506–554 M. chrysorhiza , 715 M. citrifolia , 3, 715–747 M. cit-rifolia f. potteri , 715 O M. cit-rifolia var. bracteata , 715 Ocimum sanctum , 65 M. citrifolia var. elliptica , 715 Oplismenus intermedius , 350 M. citrifolia var. potteri , 715 Origanum majorana , 597, 598 M. coreia var. steno-phylla , 715 Oryza M. elliptica , 715 O. aristata , 301 M. ligulata , 715 O. communissima , 301 M. littoralis , 715 O. denudata , 301 M. macrophylla , 715 O. elongata , 301 M. mudia , 715 O. formosana , 301 M. multi fl ora , 715 O. glutinosa , 301 M. nodosa , 715 O. marginata , 301 M. quadrangularis , 715 O. montana , 301 M. stenophylla , 715 O. mutica , 301 M. teysmanniana , 715 O. nepalensis , 301 M. tinctoria , 715 O. palustris , 301 M. tinctoria var. aspera , 715 O. parvi fl ora , 301 M. tinctoria var. multig fl ora , 715 O. perennis , 301 M. tomentosa , 715 O. plena , 301 M. zollingeriana , 715 O. praecox , 301 Scientifi c Name Index 937

O. pubescens , 301 P. sibiricum , 350 O. pumila , 301 P. verticillatum , 350 O. repens , 301 P. viride subsp. italicum , 350 O. rubribarbis , 301 P. viride var. italicum , 350 O. ru fi pogon , 302 P. vulgare , 350 O. sativa , 2, 301–341, 448, 449 Papaver O. sativa f. spontanea , 301 P. setigerum , 206 O. sativa subsp. japonica , 301 P. somniferum , 2, 202–214 O. sativa var. formosana , 301 Paspalum germanicum , 350 O. sativa var. plena , 301 Pediococcus O. sativa var. rubribarbis , 301 P. damnosus , 573 O. sativa var. savannae , 301 P. pentosaceus , 477 O. segetalis , 301 Pelargonium graveolens , O. sorghoidea , 301 15, 68 Ozodia foeniculacea , 36 Penicillaria italica , 350 Penicillium sp. , 816 P. citrinum , 13, 69 P P. digitatum , 407 Paeonia lacti fl ora , 589, 595 P. italicum , 407 Paliurus mairei , 3, 605 P. madriti , 69 Pandanus amaryllifolius , 305 P. notatum , 596 Pangium P. roqueforti , 236 P. ceramense , 780 P. viridicatum , 69 P. edule , 4, 780–783 Pennisetum P. naumannii , 780 P. germanicum , 350 P. rumphii , 780 P. italicum , 350 Panicum P. macrochaetum , 350 P. aegyptiacum , 350 P. typhoideum , 286 P. asiaticum , 350 Persicaria , 2 P. caffrorum , 360 Phaseolus vulgaris , 482 P. chinense , 350 Phegopyrum esculentum , 459 P. compactum , 350 Pheretima posthuma , 112 P. crus-galli var. frumentaceum , 265 Pichia membranaefaciens , 550 P. crus-galli var. edule , 262 Pimenta dioica , 15, 68 P. crus-galli var. frumentacea , 262 Pimpinella P. elongatum , 350 P. anisum , 25, 41, 45, 50, P. erythrospermum , 350 51, 54 P. frumentaceum , 262, 360 P. carvi , 6 P. germanicum , 350 Piper guineensis , 377 P. globulare , 350 Plasmodium P. glomeratum , 350 P. berghei , 179 P. intermedium , 350 P. falciparum , 127, 179, 611, P. italicum , 350 756, 765 P. italicum var. californicum , 350 P. yoelli , 553 P. italicum var. erythrospermum , 350 P. yoelli nigeriensis , 552 P. italicum var. germanicum , 350 Platanocarpum cordatum , 754 P. italicum var. inerme , 350 Platanocephalus orientalis , 715 P. italicum var. longisetum , 350 Pleurotus P. italicum var. nigrum , 350 P. ostreatus , 666 P. itieri , 350 P. sajorcaju , 666 P. macrochaetum , 350 Polianthes tuberosa , 69 P. maritimum , 350 Polygonum P. melfrugum , 350 P. cereale , 459 P. miliaceum , 350, 356 P. emarginatum , 459 P. moharicum , 350 P. fagopyrum , 459 P. panis , 350 P. tataricum , 459 P. pumilum , 350 P. uvifera , 455 P. saccha-riferum , 360 Porphyromonas gingivalis , 161 P. serotinum , 350 Prevotella intermedia , 161 P. setaceum , 350 Prosopis chilensis , 116 P. setosum , 350 Protea , 3 938 Scientifi c Name Index

Proteus Roumea P. mirabilis , 160, 199, 550 R. hebecarpa , 758 P. morganii , 199, 740 R. jangomas , 771 P. vulgaris , 13, 199, 549, 550 Rumex , 2 Prunus dulcis , 497 Pseudallescheria boydii , 25 Pseudomonas spp. , 25 S P. aeruginosa , 63, 774 Saccharomyces P. fl uorescens , 482, 549, 611 S. cerevisiae , 26, 380, 430, 440, 550, 809, 824 P. pseudoalcaligenes , 199 S. cerevisiae var. chevalieri , 398 P. putida , 199 S. cerevisiae var. ellepsoideus , 550 P. testosteroni , 199 S. occidentalis , 550 Psychotria chrysorhiza , 715 Salmonella sp. , 740 Pterocarpus osun , 377, 379 S. anatum , 173 Ptychotis S. enterica , 695 P. ajowan , 60 S. enterica serovar typhimurium , 482 P. coptica , 60 S. enteritidis , 26, 64 Punica S. montevideo , 740 P. fl orida , 136 S. schottmuelleri , 740 P. granatum , 136–182 S. typhi , 63, 159, 550, 573, 809, 825 P. grandi fl ora , 136 S. typhimirium , 26 P. multi fl ora , 136 S. typhimurium strains , 11, 158, 663 P. nana , 136 S. typhosa , 740 P. spinosa , 136 Samama citrifolia , 715 Sambucus nigra , 51 Santalum Q S. acuminatum , 4, 785–788 Quercus infectoria , 159 S. album , 4 S. densi fl orum , 785 Sarcina lutea , 46, 339 R Sarcocephalus Ralstonia , 14, 32 S. annamensis , 754 Randia lucida , 379 S. bartlirgii , 754 Ranunculus , 3 S. buruensis , 754 Raphanus S. coadunatus , 754 R. sativus , 1, 511 S. cordatus var. glabra , 754 R. sinapis-of fi cinalis , 105 S. cordatus var. pubescens , 754 Renealmia fasciculata , 793 S. glaberrimus , 754 Reticulitermes speratus , 15, 68 S. leichhardtii , 715 Rhamnopsis sepiaria , 761 S. orientalis var. mollis , 754 Rhamnus S. ovatus , 754 R. jujuba , 605 S. ovoideus , 754 R. lucidus , 578 S. papagola , 754 R. soporifer , 578 S. undulatus var. buruensis , 754 R. ziziphus , 578 Sarcomphalus mauritianus , 605 Rhaphis sorghum , 360 Schistosoma mansoni , 552 Rheum , 2 Scopulariopsis , 549 Rhipicephalus microplus , 32 Scutellaria baicalensis , 589, 595 Rhizoctonia solani , 55 Secale orientale , 268 Rhizopertha dominica , 599 Selinum Rhizopus sp. , 816 S. carvi , 6 R. arrhizus , 550 S. copticum , 60 R. oligoporeus , 126 S. cuminum , 19 R. oligosporous , 550 S. foeniculum , 36 R. oryzae , 550 Serratia marcescens , 695, 769 R. stolonifer , 596 Seseli Rhodococcus , 14, 32 S. ammoides , 60 Rhodotorula rubra , 159 S. carum , 6 Rosa damascena , 65 S. carvi , 6 Rosmarinus of fi cinalis , 24, 52 S. dulce , 36 Scientifi c Name Index 939

S. foeniculifolium , 60 Sitophilus S. foeniculum , 36 S. oryzae , 55 S. piperitum , 36 S. zeamais , 15, 55 Setaria Sium S. asiatica , 350 S. carum , 6 S. californica , 350 S. carvi , 6 S. compacta , 350 Smilax glabra , 537 S. erythrosperma , 350 Sorghum S. fl avida , 350 S. abyssinicum , 360 S. germanica , 350 S. album , 360 S. globularis , 350 S. ankolib , 360 S. italica subsp. colchica , 350 S. anomalum , 360 S. italica subsp. germanica , 350 S. arduinii , 360 S. italica subsp. moharia , 350 S. basiplicatum f. eburneum , 360 S. italica subsp. moharica , 350 S. basiplicatum f. jodolepis , 560 S. italica subsp. nigrofructa , 350 S. basiplicatum f. leucolepis , 360 S. italica subsp. rubrofructa , 350 S. basiplicatum var. atropaniculatum , 360 S. italica subsp. stramineofructa , 350 S. basiplicatum var. microcarpum , 360 S. italica subvar. densior , 350 S. basiplicatum var. pallescens , 360 S. italica subvar. germanica , 350 S. basiplicatum var. paniculatellum , 360 S. italica var. germanica , 350 S. basiplicatum var. pseudoanfetum , 360 S. italica var. moharia , 350 S. basiplicatum var. rubellum , 360 S. italicum , 2 S. basiplicatum var. rubrogeminum , 360 S. itieri , 350 S. basiplicatum var. sub fl avescens , 360 S. japonica , 350 S. basutorum , 360 S. macrochaeta , 350 S. bicolor , 2, 356, 359–381 S. maritima , 351 S. bicolor ssp. bicolor , 381 S. melinis , 351 S. bicolor var. cafer , 360 S. moharica , 351 S. bicolor var. caffrorum , 360 S. multiseta , 351 S. bicolor var. cernuum , 360 S. pachystachya , 351 S. bicolor var. exaristatum , 360 S. panis , 351 S. bicolor var. miliiforme , 360 S. persica , 351 S. bicolor var. obovatum , 360 S. violacea , 351 S. bicolor var. rotundulum , 360 S. viridis , 352 S. bicolor var. saccharatum , 360 S. viridis subsp. italica , 351 S. bicolor var. sikkimense , 360 Setariopsis italica , 351 S. bicolor var. subglabrescens , 360 Shigella sp. , 740 S. bicolor var. technicum , 360 S. boydii , 549 S. caffrorum var. albofuscum , 360 S. dysenteriae , 549 S. caffrorum var. bicarinatum , 360 S. dysenteriae Serotype 1 , 159 S. campanum , 360 S. fl exneri , 63, 549 S. caudatum var. angolense , 360 S. paradys , 740 S. caudatum var. aristatum , 360 S. shiga , 774 S. caudatum var. coffeatum , 360 S. sonnei , 549 S. caudatum var. dicarpum , 360 Shirousamii , 589 S. caudatum var. purpureum , 360 Sideroxylon spinosum , 761 S. centroplicatum var. alborubrum , 360 Silybum marianum , 11 S. centroplicatum var. dubium , 360 Sinapis S. centroplicatum var. ellipsoideum , 360 S. alba , 1, 74, 80 S. centroplicatum var. erythromelas , 360 S. bracteolata , 1, 74, 80 S. centroplicatum var. faregg , 360 S. erysimoides , 105 S. centroplicatum var. globosum , 360 S. japonica , 105 S. centroplicatum var. incertum , 360 S. nigra , 105 S. centroplicatum var. pallidocernuum , 360 S. persoonii , 105 S. centroplicatum var. perlarium , 360 S. tetraedra , 105 S. centroplicatum var. pseudoneesii , 360 S. torulosa , 105 S. centroplicatum var. sabderatense , 360 Sinica , 341 S. centroplicatum var. subcarneum , 360 Sison ammi , 60 S. centroplicatum var. tricolor , 360 Sisymbrium nigrum , 105 S. cernuum var. globosum , 361 940 Scientifi c Name Index

Sorghum (cont.) S. pyramidale , 361 S. cernuum var. truchmenorum , 361 S. rigidum , 361 S. cernuum var. yemense , 361 S. rollii , 361 S. chinense , 361 S. roxburghii , 361 S. commune , 361 S. roxburghii var. farinosum , 361 S. compactum , 361 S. roxburghii var. fulvum , 361 S. conspicuum , 361 S. roxburghii var. hians , 361 S. coriaceum , 361 S. roxburghii var. hirsutum , 361 S. dochna var. atrum , 361 S. roxburghii var. jucundum , 361 S. dochna var. burmanicum , 361 S. roxburghii var. mutabile , 361 S. dochna var. corymbosum , 361 S. roxburghii var. nanum , 361 S. dochna var. formosum , 361 S. roxburghii var. parvum , 361 S. dochna var. irungu , 361 S. rubens , 361 S. dochna var. melliferum , 361 S. saccharatum var. bicolor , 361 S. dochna var. obovatum , 361 S. saccharatum var. burmanicum , 361 S. dochna var. pulchrum , 361 S. saccharatum var. corymbosum , 361 S. dochna var. technicum , 361 S. saccharatum var. formosum , 361 S. dochna var. wightii , 361 S. saccharatum var. giganteum , 361 S. dora , 361 S. saccharatum var. irungu , 361 S. dulcicaule , 361 S. saccharatum var. melliferum , 361 S. dulcicaule var. griseolilacinum , 361 S. saccharatum var. obovatum , 361 S. durra , 361 S. saccharatum var. papyraceum , 361 S. durra var. elongatum , 361 S. saccharatum var. pulchrum , 361 S. durra var. eois , 361 S. saccharatum var. rubens , 361 S. durra var. fuscum , 361 S. saccharatum var. technicum , 361 S. elegans , 361 S. saccharatum var. vulgare , 361 S. eplicatum , 361 S. saccharatum var. wightii , 361 S. eplicatum f. dichrolepis , 361 S. sativum , 361 S. eplicatum f. geminatum , 361 S. simulans , 361 S. eplicatum f. laxum , 361 S. sorghum , 361 S. eplicatum var. cereum , 361 S. splendidum , 362 S. eplicatum var. erythrocarpum , 361 S. subglabrescens , 362 S. eplicatum var. fi orii , 361 S. subglabrescens var. arabicum , 362 S. eplicatum var. hackelli , 361 S. subglabrescens var. microcarpum , 362 S. eplicatum var. heterochromum , 361 S. subglabrescens var. paniculatellum , 362 S. eplicatum var. melanoleucum , 361 S. subglabrescens var. rubrocernuum , 362 S. eplicatum var. virescens , 361 S. tataricum , 362 S. exsertum , 361 S. technicum , 362 S. gambicum , 361 S. truchmenorum , 362 S. giganteum , 361 S. usorum , 362 S. glycychylum , 361 S. vulgare var. angolense , 362 S. guineense , 361 S. vulgare var. bicolor , 362 S. halepense var. saccharatum , 361 S. vulgare var. caffrorum , 362 S. japonicum , 361 S. vulgare var. cernuum , 362 S. margaritiferum , 361 S. vulgare var. durra , 362 S. medioplicatum , 361 S. vulgare var. nervosum , 362 S. melaleucum , 361 S. vulgare var. nigricans , 362 S. melanocarpum , 361 S. vulgare var. roxburghii , 362 S. mellitum , 361 S. vulgare var. saccharatum , 362 S. membranaceum var. baldratianum , 361 S. vulgare var. technicum , 362 S. miliiforme var. rotundulum , 361 Sphaerium lacryma , 243 S. miliiforme var. sikkimense , 361 Spinacea oleracea , 2 S. nankinense , 361 Spodoptera S. nervosum , 361 S. frugiperda , 440 S. nigericum , 361 S. littoralis , 112 S. nigricans var. angolense , 361 Staphylococcus S. nigrum , 361 S. albus , 816 S. notabile , 361 S. aureus , 12, 26, 27, 46, 63, 64, 111, 159–161, 173, S. pallidum , 361 339, 376, 457, 549, 550, 553, 573, 611, 637, 740, S. papyrascens , 361 769, 809, 816, 824, 825 Scientifi c Name Index 941

S. epidermidis , 26, 161, 550, 573, 741, 809 T. korshinskyi , 195 S. faecalis , 27 T. litwinowii , 195 Stigmarota T. litwinowii var. chihuensis , 195 S. africana , 761 T. manshurica , 195 S. edulis , 761 T. manshurica fo. komarovi , 195 S. jangomas , 771 T. manshurica var. bispinosa , 195 Stirlingia , 3 T. natans , 195–200 Streptococcus T. natans fo. quadrispinosa , 195 S. agalactiae , 550 T. natans var. amurensis , 195 S. bovis , 64 T. natans var. bicornis , 195 S. mitis , 160 T. natans var. bispinosa , 195, 198 S. mutans , 27, 64, 160, 596, 637, 638, 694, 695, 809 T. natans var. japonica , 195 S. pneumoniae , 173, 809 T. natans var. pumila , 195 S. pyogenes , 27, 550, 740, 825 T. natans var. quadrispinosa , 195 S. salivarius , 161 T. potaninii , 195 S. salivarius ssp. thermophilus , 549 T. pseudoincisa , 195 S. sanguis , 160 T. pseudoincisa var. aspinosa , 195 S. sobrinus , 694 T. pseudoincisa var. complana , 195 Syzygium aromaticum , 807 T. pseudoincisa var. nanchangensis , 195 T. pseudoincisa var. potaninii , 195 T. quadrispinosa , 195 T T. quadrispinosa var. yongxiuensis , 195 Tamarindus indica , 28 T. saissanica , 195 Tenebrio molitor , 408 T. sibirica , 195 Tenoria romana , 36 T. sibirica var. saissanica , 195 Terminalia T. sibirica var. ussuriensis , 195 T. belirica , 65 T. taiwanensis , 195 T. chebula , 49, 199 T. tranzschelii , 195 Thalysia mays , 416 T. tuberculifera , 195 Thea sinensis , 148 Tribolium Thladiantha grosvenorii , 570 T. castaneum , 15, 599, 825 Thymus T. confusum , 487 T. serpyllum , 25 T. destructor , 487 T. vulgaris , 515 Trichinella spiralis , 552 Tilia , 486 Trichoderma spp. , 550 Trachyspermum T. harzianum , 596 T. ammi , 1, 15, 60–69 T. viride , 356, 809 T. copticum , 25, 45, 60 Trichomonas vaginalis , 179 Trapa Trichophyton T. acornis , 195 T. interdigitale , 549 T. amurensis , 195 T. mentagrophytes , 63, 549, 550, 816 T. amurensis var. komarovii , 195 T. rubrum , 26, 173, 549 T. arcuata , 195 T. simii , 25 T.bicornis , 195 Trichosporon beigelii , 199 T. bicornis var. acornis , 195 Triticum T. bicornis var. bispinosa , 195 T. aestivum subsp. hadropyrum , 385 T. bicornis var. cochinchinensis , 195 T. aestivum subsp. in fl atum , 385 T. bicornis var. quadrispinosa , 195 T. aestivum subsp. tibeticum , 385 T. bicornis var. taiwanensis , 195 T. aestivum subsp. transcaucasicum , 385 T. bispinosa , 198, 200 T. aestivum subsp. vavilovii , 385 T. bispinosa var. iinumae , 195 T. aestivum subsp. vulgare , 385 T. chinensis , 195 T. aestivum var. albin fl atocapitatum , 385 T. cochinchinensis , 195 T. aestivum var. australianum , 385 T. dimorphocarpa , 195 T. aestivum var. brezhnevii , 385 T. japonica , 195 T. aestivum var. dorofeevii , 385 T. japonica var. jeholensis , 195 T. aestivum var. erythrospermum , 385 T. japonica var. longicollum , 195 T. aestivum var. ferrugineum , 385 T. japonica var. magnicorona , 195 T. aestivum var. hybernum , 385 T. japonica var. tuberculifera , 195 T. aestivum var. ischkaschimicum , 385 T. jeholensis , 195 T. aestivum var. japschorvi , 385 942 Scientifi c Name Index

Triticum (cont.) T. vulgare var. antiquorum , 386 T. aestivum var. lutescens , 385 T. vulgare var. caesium , 386 T. aestivum var. meridionale-in fl atum , 385 T. vulgare var. erythrospermum , 386 T. aestivum var. milturum , 385 T. vulgare var. ferrugineum , 386 T. aestivum var. quasiheraticum , 385 T. vulgare var. hybernum , 386 T. aestivum var. ramifera , 385 Triticum spp. , 387 T. aestivum var. ruchczianum , 385 T. aestivum , 2, 385–409 T. aestivum var. subfalseerythroleucon , 385 T. aestivum convar. tetraristatum , 385 T. aestivum var. subfalsegraecum , 385 T. aestivum subsp. yunnanense , 385 T. aestivum var. subtadjicorum , 385 T. aestivum var. T. aestivum var. uralicum , 385 quasimeridionale-in fl atum , 385 T. aestivum var. vavilovianum , 385 T. aestivum var. ramosoalborubrum , 385 T. aestivum var. vigorovii , 385 T. aestivum var. ramosomilturum , 385 T. album , 385 T. hiemin fl atum , 385 T. amylosum , 385 T. lutin fl atum , 385 T. antiquorum , 385 T. monococcum , 400 T. antiquorum var. vavilovianum , 385 T. pubescens , 385 T. aristatum , 385 T. pulverulentum , 386 T. arundinaceum , 385 T. quadratum , 386 T. asiaticum , 385 T. siliginum , 386 T. bucharicum , 385 T. vulgare var. lutescens , 386 T. caeruleum , 385 Trollius , 3 T. cereale , 385 Trypanosoma T. clavatum , 385 T. brucei , 407 T. duriusculum , 385 T. cruzi , 127, 575 T. erinaceum , 385 T. horstianum , 385 T. hybernum , 385 U T. imberbe , 385 Urtica dioica , 541 T. in fl atum , 385 T. koeleri , 385 T. labile , 385 V T. linnaeanum , 385 Verticillium dahliae , 111 T. martius , 385 Vibrio T. pilosum , 385 V. alginolyticus , 26 T. poltawense , 385 V. carhiaccae , 6 T. rossicum , 386 V. cholerae , 26, 160, 549, 550 T. ru fi n fl atum , 386 V. fl uvialis , 26 T. sativum , 386 V. furnisi , 26 T. sativum subsp. vulgare , 386 V. mimicus , 26 T. sativum var. aestivum , 386 V. parahaemolyticus , 26 T. sativum var. vulgare , 386 V. proteolyticus , 26 T. segetale , 386 V. vulni fi cus , 26 T. sibiricum , 386 Vitis vinifera , 65, 148 T. spelta subsp. vavilovii , 386 T. sunpanii , 386 T. tustella , 386 W T. vavilovii , 386 Weissella paramesenteroides , 549 T. vavilovii var. lorenze , 386 Wisteria fl oribunda , 199 T. vavilovii var. munuru , 386 Withania somnifera , 810 T. vavilovii var. mupuru , 386 Wuchereria bancrofti , 67 T. vavilovii var. ramocoeruleum , 386 T. vavilovii var. ramomuticum , 386 T. vavilovii var. sisianicum , 386 X T. vavilovii var. vavilovomilturum , 386 Xanthium brasilicum , 12 T. velutinum , 386 Xanthomonas , 14, 32, 611 T. vulgare , 386 X. axonopodis pv. malvacearum , 611 T. vulgare subsp. hadropyrum , 386 Xanthophyllum T. vulgare subsp. irano-asiaticum , 386 X. amoenum , 2, 452–453 T. vulgare subvar. in fl atum , 386 X. stipitatum var. nitidum , 452 T. vulgare var. aestivum , 386 X. stipitatum var. pachyphyllum , 452 Scientifi c Name Index 943

Xanthorhiza , 3 Z. mays var. saccharata , 416 Xylosma borneense , 771 Z. mays var. striatiamylacea , 416 Z. mays var. subnigroviolacea , 416 Z. mays var. tunicata , 416 Y Z. mays var. variegata , 416 Yersinia enterocolitica , 549 Z. mays var. virginica , 416 Z. mexicana subsp. parviglumis , 416 Z. minima , 416 Z Z. minor , 416 Zea Z. mucronata , 416 Z. alba , 416 Z. odontosperma , 416 Z. altissima , 416 Z. oryzoides , 416 Z. americana , 416 Z. praecox , 416 Z. amylacea , 416 Z. rostrata , 416 Z. amyleosaccharata , 416 Z. saccharata , 416 Z. canina , 416 Z. segetalis , 416 Z. cryptosperma , 416 Z. tunicata , 416 Z. curagua , 416 Z. vaginata , 416 Z. erythrolepis , 416 Z. vittata , 416 Z. everta , 416 Z. vulgaris , 416 Z. gigantea , 416 Zingiber Z. glumacea , 416 Z. compactum , 797 Z. gracillima , 416 Z. minus , 818 Z. hirta , 416 Z. of fi cinale , 28, 69 Z. indentata , 416 Zizania Z. indurata , 416 Z. aquatica , 448, 450, 451 Z. japonica , 416 Z. aquatica subsp. angustifolia , 448 Z. macrosperma , 416 Z. aquatica var. angustifolia , 448 Z. mays , 2, 408, 416–441 Z. aquatica var. brevis , 450 Z. mays convar. aorista , 416 Z. aquatica var. subbrevis , 450 Z. mays f. hanakibi , 416 Z. palustris , 2, 448–451 Z. mays f. variegata , 416 Z. palustris fo. purpurea , 448 Z. mays subsp. acuminata , 416 Ziziphus Z. mays subsp. amylacea , 416 Z. abyssinicus , 605 Z. mays subsp. amyleosaccharata , 416 Z. agrestis , 605 Z. mays subsp. aorista , 416 Z. jujuba , 571, 578–599, 605 Z. mays subsp. ceratina , 416 Z. jujuba var. inermis , 583, 593 Z. mays subsp. everta , 416 Z. jujuba var. spinosa , 578, 583–585, 587, Z. mays subsp. huehuetenangensis , 416 595, 597 Z. mays subsp. indentata , 416 Z. mairei , 605 Z. mays subsp. indurata , 416 Z. mauritiana , 3, 605–612 Z. mays subsp. obtusa , 416 Z. nitida , 578 Z. mays subsp. parviglumis , 416 Z. orthacantha , 605 Z. mays subsp. saccharata , 416 Z. rotundata , 605 Z. mays subsp. tunicata , 416 Z. rotundifolia , 605 Z. mays var. ceratina , 416 Z. sativa , 578, 585, 586 Z. mays var. everta , 416 Z. sinensis , 578 Z. mays var. gracillima , 416 Z. soporifer , 578 Z. mays var. hirta , 416 Z. sororia , 605 Z. mays var. huehuetenangensis , 416 Z. spina christi , 584, 594 Z. mays var. indentata , 416 Z. spinosa , 578 Z. mays var. japonica , 416 Z. trinervia , 605 Z. mays var. multicoloramylacea , 416 Z. vulgaris , 578, 584–586, 593 Z. mays var. pensylvanica , 416 Z. vulgaris var. spinosa , 578, 584, 586 Z. mays var. praecox , 416 Z. vulgaris var. spinosus , 584, 593 Z. mays var. rugosa , 416 Z. zizyphus , 578, 599