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Vincas Kudirka, Martynas Jankus, Jonas Šliūpas and the Making of Modern Lithuania Charles C
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Dissertations Department of History Summer 2013 Lithuanians in the Shadow of Three Eagles: Vincas Kudirka, Martynas Jankus, Jonas Šliūpas and the Making of Modern Lithuania Charles C. Perrin Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss Recommended Citation Perrin, Charles C., "Lithuanians in the Shadow of Three Eagles: Vincas Kudirka, Martynas Jankus, Jonas Šliūpas and the Making of Modern Lithuania." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2013. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/35 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LITHUANIANS IN THE SHADOW OF THREE EAGLES: VINCAS KUDIRKA, MARTYNAS JANKUS, JONAS ŠLIŪPAS AND THE MAKING OF MODERN LITHUANIA by CHARLES PERRIN Under the Direction of Hugh Hudson ABSTRACT The Lithuanian national movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was an international phenomenon involving Lithuanian communities in three countries: Russia, Germany and the United States. To capture the international dimension of the Lithuanian na- tional movement this study offers biographies of three activists in the movement, each of whom spent a significant amount of time living in one of -
Lithuanians and Poles Against Communism After 1956. Parallel Ways to Freedom?
Lithuanians and Poles against Communism after 1956. Parallel Ways to Freedom? The project has been co-financed by the Department of Public and Cultural Diplomacy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs within the competition ‘Cooperation in the field of public diplomacy 2013.’ The publication expresses only the views of the author and must not be identified with the official stance of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The book is available under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0, Poland. Some rights have been reserved to the authors and the Faculty of International and Po- litical Studies of the Jagiellonian University. This piece has been created as a part of the competition ‘Cooperation in the Field of Public Diplomacy in 2013,’ implemented by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 2013. It is permitted to use this work, provided that the above information, including the information on the applicable license, holders of rights and competition ‘Cooperation in the field of public diplomacy 2013’ is included. Translated from Polish by Anna Sekułowicz and Łukasz Moskała Translated from Lithuanian by Aldona Matulytė Copy-edited by Keith Horeschka Cover designe by Bartłomiej Klepiński ISBN 978-609-8086-05-8 © PI Bernardinai.lt, 2015 © Jagiellonian University, 2015 Lithuanians and Poles against Communism after 1956. Parallel Ways to Freedom? Editet by Katarzyna Korzeniewska, Adam Mielczarek, Monika Kareniauskaitė, and Małgorzata Stefanowicz Vilnius 2015 Table of Contents 7 Katarzyna Korzeniewska, Adam Mielczarek, Monika Kareniauskaitė, Małgorzata -
LITUANUS Cumulative Index 1954-2004 (PDF)
LITUANUS Cumulative Index 1954-2004 Art and Artists [Aleksa, Petras]. See Jautokas. 23:3 (1977) 59-65. [Algminas, Arvydas]. See Matranga. 31:2 (1985) 27-32. Anderson, Donald J. “Lithuanian Bookplates Ex Libris.” 26:4 (1980) 42-49. ——. “The Art of Algimantas Kezys.” 27:1 (1981) 49-62. ——. “Lithuanian Art: Exhibition 90 ‘My Religious Beliefs’.” 36:4 (1990) 16-26. ——. “Lithuanian Artists in North America.” 40:2 (1994) 43-57. Andriußyt∂, Rasa. “Rimvydas Jankauskas (Kampas).” 45:3 (1999) 48-56. Artists in Lithuania. “The Younger Generation of Graphic Artists in Lithuania: Eleven Reproductions.” 19:2 (1973) 55-66. [Augius, Paulius]. See Jurkus. 5:4 (1959) 118-120. See Kuraus- kas. 14:1 (1968) 40-64. Außrien∂, Nora. “Außrin∂ Marcinkeviçi∆t∂-Kerr.” 50:3 (2004) 33-34. Bagdonas, Juozas. “Profile of an Artist.” 29:4 (1983) 50-62. Bakßys Richardson, Milda. ”Juozas Jakßtas: A Lithuanian Carv- er Confronts the Venerable Oak.” 47:2 (2001) 4, 19-53. Baltrußaitis, Jurgis. “Arts and Crafts in the Lithuanian Home- stead.” 7:1 (1961) 18-21. ——. “Distinguishing Inner Marks of Roerich’s Painting.” Translated by W. Edward Brown. 20:1 (1974) 38-48. [Balukas, Vanda 1923–2004]. “The Canvas is the Message.” 28:3 (1982) 33-36. [Banys, Nijol∂]. See Kezys. 43:4 (1997) 55-61. [Barysait∂, DΩoja]. See Kuç∂nas-Foti. 44:4 (1998) 11-22. 13 ART AND ARTISTS [Bookplates and small art works]. Augusts, Gvido. 46:3 (2000) 20. Daukßait∂-Katinien∂, Irena. 26:4 (1980) 47. Eidrigeviçius, Stasys 26:4 (1980) 48. Indraßius, Algirdas. 44:1 (1998) 44. Ivanauskait∂, Jurga. 48:4 (2002) 39. -
Kazio Griniaus Politinės Etikos Ir Praktikos Bruožai 1920–1926 M.: Didelė Asmenybė Mažoje Politikoje
ISTORIJA KAZIO GRINIAUS POLITINĖS ETIKOS IR PRAKTIKOS BRUOŽAI 1920–1926 M.: DIDELĖ ASMENYBĖ MAŽOJE POLITIKOJE Dr. Algimantas Kasparavičius Lietuvos istorijos institutas Lithuanian Institute of History Kražių g. 5, LT-01108 Vilnius El. paštas [email protected] Santrauka Remiantis istoriografija ir istoriniais šaltiniais straipsnyje analizuo- jama liaudininko socialisto Kazio Griniaus – 1920–1922 m. Ministrų kabineto pirmininko, o 1926 m. birželį–gruodį trečiojo pirmosios Lietu- vos Respublikos Prezidento – politinės veiklos problematika ir bruožai. Pirmiausia aptariamos istoriografijoje ligi šiol plačiau nenagrinėtos jo paskyrimo premjeru 1920 m. birželį gana netradicinės aplinkybės. Ti- riami K. Griniaus vadovaujamo kabineto principiniai vidaus ir užsienio politikos vektoriai, jo politinės etikos ir pragmatizmo atvejai politinėje praktikoje, akcentuojama K. Griniaus Vyriausybės 1920–1922 m. nu- veiktų darbų ir pasiektų rezultatų istorinė reikšmė. Taip pat apžvelgiama ir verifikuojama Lietuvos Respublikos politinės modernizacijos programa 1926 m. vasarą–rudenį, kurios vienas ryškiausių iniciatorių ir ideologų buvo laisvamanis Prezidentas, Lietuvos universiteto garbės daktaras Ka- zys Grinius. Parlamento studijos 21 | 2016 Mokslo 90 darbai istorija Reikšminiai žodžiai: Kazys Grinius; Ministras Pirmininkas; Pre- zidentas; Seimas; tarpukaris; politinė etika; Vilniaus problema; didžio- sios valstybės. I Laisvamanio gydytojo, varpininko ir Vinco Kudirkos bendražygio, Steigiamojo ir visų trijų kitų demokratiškai rinktų 1920–1926 m. Sei- mų deputato, 1920–1922 m. premjero ir, pagaliau, 1926 m. Respubli- kos Prezidento, Lietuvos universiteto (nuo 1930 m. – Vytauto Didžio- jo universitetas) garbės daktaro Kazio Griniaus asmenybė sudėtingo politinio charakterio ir savotiškos politinės faktūros. Išskirtinai įstabi, ryški, daugiaplanė ir daugiašakė. Gyvenime ir politikoje, sau ir ben- dražygiams nepaliaujamai kėlusi aukščiausius humanistinius idealus ir siekusi itin aukštų etinių standartų visur ir bet kokiomis aplinkybėmis. -
Lithuanian Independence Movement That Struggle Did Not Succeed, It Energized the Only Gradually Evolved in the Homeland
Special Footprints of Lithuanian Americans in the struggle for Independence Lithuanian American National Council A FREQUENTLY OVERLOOKED HISTORIC Convention, Madison Square FACT IS THAT LITHUANIA’S DECLARATION Garden, New TH York, March 13- OF INDEPENDENCE OF FEBRUARY 16 , 14, 1918. 1918, DID NOT OCCUR OVERNIGHT. IT WAS, Photo above INSTEAD, THE CONSEQUENCE OF A SERIES in the right: OF SIGNIFICANT EVENTS AND POLITICAL Lithuanian American DEVELOPMENTS. THIS, OF COURSE, DOES National NOT DETRACT FROM THE ACHIEVEMENT Council, delegate pin Whitehead WHICH THE DECLARATION’S SIGNATORIES Hoag, New BROUGHT ABOUT. HOWEVER, IT MUST BE Jersey. REMEMBERED THAT THERE WERE MANY OTHERS INVOLVED IN THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE INCLUDING MANY LITHUANIAN AMERICANS WHO ENERGETICALLY JOINED IN AND EFFECTIVELY CONTRIBUTED TO THIS CAMPAIGN. 16 Lithuanian Military Digest Special THE NATIONAL AWAKENING Independence — complete Lithuanian politi- t is generally agreed that the Lithuanian cal sovereignty a year before it was declared in National Awakening of the late 19th centu- Lithuania! ry and the resultant Lithuanian Indepen- Idence movement stemmed from the Polish- A LITHUANIAN MONARCHY? Lithuanian Insurrection of 1863–1864. While The Lithuanian independence movement that struggle did not succeed, it energized the only gradually evolved in the homeland. Initial- nation to continue its efforts to free itself from ly, the leaders of the movement merely sought Czarist rule. The consequent brutal suppres- some modicum of political autonomy, some sion of this insurrection led to an even greater accommodation within the framework of Czar- resolve to resist tyranny. The Russian regime ist Russian Empire. In 1905 the Russians were outlawed the publishing of books in the Lithu- routed in the ill-fated Russo-Japanese War. -
The Anti-Imperialist Empire: Soviet Nationality Policies Under Brezhnev
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2015 The Anti-Imperialist Empire: Soviet Nationality Policies under Brezhnev Jason A. Roberts Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Roberts, Jason A., "The Anti-Imperialist Empire: Soviet Nationality Policies under Brezhnev" (2015). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 6514. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/6514 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Anti-Imperialist Empire: Soviet Nationality Policies under Brezhnev Jason A. Roberts Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Mark B. Tauger, Ph.D., Chair Robert E Blobaum, Ph.D. Joseph M. Hodge, Ph.D. Joshua W. Arthurs, Ph.D. Christian Peterson, Ph.D. -
Ministras Pirmininkas Kazys Grinius Valstiečių Liaudininkų Vidaus Nesutarimų Kontekste (1920 M
ISTORIJA MINISTRAS PIRMININKAS KAZYS GRINIUS VALSTIEČIŲ LIAUDININKŲ VIDAUS NESUTARIMŲ KONTEKSTE (1920 M. GEGUŽĖ – 1921 M. SPALIS) Dr. Danutė Stakeliūnaitė Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Politikos mokslų ir diplomatijos fakul- teto Politologijos katedra Department of Political Sciences, Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy, Vytautas Magnus University Gedimino g. 44, LT-44244 Kaunas El. paštas [email protected] Santrauka 1920 m. birželio 19 d. – 1922 m. vasario 2 d. dirbo pirmoji parla- mentinė ir VI atkurtosios nepriklausomos Lietuvos Respublikos koalicinė krikščionių demokratų ir valstiečių liaudininkų Vyriausybė, vadovau- jama liaudininko Kazio Griniaus. Ši Vyriausybė permanentiškai buvo prie iširimo ribos. Tą lėmė koalicijos partijų kiekybinis santykis Seime, jų pasaulėžiūros skirtumai, liaudininkų vidaus nesutarimai ir jų neap- sisprendimas dėl politinio statuso Seime. Vidiniai valstiečių liaudininkų prieštaravimai buvo ypač ryškūs nuo 1920 m. birželio iki 1921 m. spa- lio mėnesio. Tuo metu liaudininkų santykiai su jų deleguotu Ministru Pirmininku K. Griniumi dažniausiai buvo nekonstruktyvūs, vedantys į aklavietę ir liaudininkus, ir koaliciją. K. Griniaus politinė patirtis, at- sakomybė, jo nuosaiki, racionali ir konsoliduojanti pozicija neleido liaudininkams ne tik susiskaldyti, bet ir išlaikė juos koalicijoje, taip pat Mokslo Parlamento studijos 21 | 2016 darbai 31 istorija išsaugojo stabilią Lietuvos VI Vyriausybę valstybei sudėtingiausiu laiko- tarpiu. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Kazys Grinius; valstiečiai liaudininkai; K. Gri- niaus vadovaujama koalicinė Vyriausybė; Steigiamasis Seimas; Mykolas Sleževičius. Įvadas Kazio Girniaus asmenybė įvairiapusė. Gydytojas, visuomenės vei- kėjas, modernios lietuvių kultūros ir politikos kūrėjas, spaudos dar- buotojas, politikas. Kiekvienas K. Griniaus veiklos baras – gydytojo praktika, spaudos leidimas, politinių organizacijų ar partijų kūrimas, lietuviškos kultūros žadinimas, modernios valstybės kūrimas ir taip to- liau – nusipelno būti įprasmintas išsamiais tyrimais. -
Algimantas LIEKIS
Algimantas LIEKIS SÀMOKSLO KRONIKA (20032004 m.) VIII SÀMOKSLO KRONIKA (20032004 m.) Prezidentui Rolandui PAKSUI ir visiems tiems, kurie nepraranda Vilties, siekë ir siekia Tiesos, Teisingumo, Doros, yra iðtikimi Tikëjimo, Meilës idealams ISSN 1392-8465 ISBN 9986-795-38-9 TÆSTINIS, SERIJINIS MOKSLO LEIDINYS LIETUVIØ TAUTOS RAIDOS IR DABARTIES PROBLEMOMS GVILDENTI Leidþiamas nuo 1997 m. Ásteigëjas ir vyriausiasis redaktorius Algimantas LIEKIS Kn. 8 ✧ Li-127 Algimantas LIEKIS. SÀMOKSLO KRONIKA (20032004 m.) DOKUMENTINË APYBRAIÞA 2003 m. rudená 2004 m. pavasará Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidentui buvo organizuota apkalta. Ar jos metu buvo ásiklausyta á Prezidento argumentus, laikytasi Teisës, Teisingumo, Doros principø, ir mëginama atsakyti knygoje remiantis archyviniais ir literatûriniais ðaltiniais. UDK 323.221.28(474.5) ✧ Redagavo ir korektûrà tikrino Vincenta VELÞYTË Grafiná dizainà atliko Lina KLASINSKAITË Nuotraukos ið Prezidentûros, LR Seimo ir autoriaus archyvø ✧ Leidþia VÁ Mokslotyros institutas, Gedimino pr. 3, LMA, 21 k. 01103 Vilnius Tel. 261 36 52, [email protected] Pasiraðyta spausdinti 2004 11 14 Spausdino AB Spauda, Laisvës pr. 60, 2019 Vilnius Uþsakymo Nr. Kaina sutartinë UDK 323.221.28(474.5) © Algimantas Liekis, 2005 Li-127 © Lietuviø tauta“, 2005 Algimantas LIEKIS SÀMOKSLO KRONIKA (20032004 m.) DOKUMENTINË APYBRAIÞA 2005 8 knyga Šeši yra dalykai, kuriø Vieðpats nekenèia, septyni, kurie jam yra pasibaisëtini: išpuikusios akys, melagingas lieþuvis, rankos, liejanèios nekaltà kraujà, širdis, rezganti nedoras pinkles, kojos, skubanèios pikta daryti, melagingas liudytojas, liudijantis neteisingai, ir þmogus, sëjantis vaidus ðeimoje. Ðventasis raðtas. V., 1997. P. 977 ISSN 1392-8465 ISBN 9986-795-38-9 PRATARMË Visai neseniai, vos prieð porà metø, visi buvome vieno skandalingiausio ávy- kio liudininkai. Daug þmoniø tai vadino Prezidento apkaltos spektakliu, kuria- me, rodos, nebuvo antraeiliø vaidmenø, nebuvo lyg ir neiðmananèiø, neþinanèiø ar negalinèiø vilkëti teisëjø togø. -
Peasant Populists in the Political Life of Lithuania 1926–1940
VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LITHUANIAN HISTORY Mindaugas TAMOŠAITIS PEASANT POPULISTS IN THE POLITICAL LIFE OF LITHUANIA 1926–1940 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION HUMANITIES, HISTORY (05 H) KAUNAS, 2011 The dissertation will be defended extramurally. The right to confer doctoral degree was granted to Vytautas Magnus University together with the Institute of Lithuanian History by Resolution No. 926 of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania of 15 July 2003. The dissertation will be defended at the Council of the Humanities Area History Field of Vytautas Magnus University and the Institute of Lithuanian History. Scientific consultant: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pranas Janauskas (Vytautas Magnus University, Humanities, History – 05 H) Chairman: Prof. Dr. Šarūnas Liekis (Vytautas Magnus University, Humanities, History – 05 H) Members: Prof. Dr. Zenonas Butkus (Vilnius University, Humanities, History – 05 H) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Saulius Kaubrys (Vilnius University, Humanities, History – 05 H) Prof. PhD Alfred Erich Senn (University of Wisconsin, Humanities, History – 05 H) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vygantas Vareikis (Klaipėda University, Humanities, History – 05 H) The official defence of the dissertation will be held on 6 May 2011, at 2 p.m. at a public meeting of the Council of the Humanities Area History Field at Vytautas Magnus University, Adolfas Šapoka Auditorium (No. 508), K. Donelaičio str. 52. Address: K. Donelaičio str. 52, LT – 44244, Kaunas, Lithuania Tel: (8-37) 32 78 36 The summary of the dissertation was distributed on 31 March 2011 The dissertation is available at the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, the libraries of Vytautas Magnus University and the Institute of Lithuanian History 2 VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS LIETUVOS ISTORIJOS INSTITUTAS Mindaugas TAMOŠAITIS VALSTIEČIAI LIAUDININKAI LIETUVOS POLITINIAME GYVENIME 1926 -1940 M. -
'Listen, the Jews Are Ruling Us Now': Antisemitism and National Conflict
B02 POLIN 25 TEXT 2/5/12 09:05 Page 305 ccccccccccccccccdxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx ‘Listen, the Jews are Ruling Us Now ’ Antisemitism and National Conflict during the First Soviet Occupation of Lithuania, 1940– 1941 . : O 1940 Ignas Šeinius, one of Lithuania’s prominent writers and the Red Cross representative in Vilnius, returned to Kaunas. The trip proved difficult: ‘As far as the eye can see . the dust rose like smoke from the road, choked with Bolsheviks and their vehicles. It was impossible to get around them, the dust infused with the unbearable smell of petrol and sweat .’ A mounted Red Army officer, ‘himself layered with dust, atop a dust-armoured horse’, helped Šeinius’s official Mercedes-Benz through the log jam —the only bright moment in the depressing montage of the invasion which he painted in his literary memoir Red Deluge .1 Unable to persuade his cabinet to authorize military resistance and determined not to preside over the country’s surrender, President Antanas Smetona opted for exile. The leader of the nation left none too soon. The presidential motorcade set out for the German border on the afternoon of 15 June just as a Soviet aeroplane carrying the Kremlin’s viceroy for Lithuania, Molotov’s deputy Vladimir Dekanozov, touched down at Kaunas airport. 2 Augustinas Voldemaras, Smetona’s long-time arch -rival , foolishly took the opportunity to return from exile in France only to be summarily arrested by the NKVD and sent to Russia. 3 The exile of inter-war Lithuania’s two most prominent politicians, one voluntary, the other forced, signalled the political This chapter includes material from two previous works of mine: ‘Foreign Saviors, Native Disciples: Perspectives on Collaboration in Lithuania, 1940–1945’, in D. -
Vilniaus Pedagoginis Universitetas Istorijos Fakultetas Lietuvos Istorijos Katedra Ii Lietuvos Seimas 1923
VILNIAUS PEDAGOGINIS UNIVERSITETAS ISTORIJOS FAKULTETAS LIETUVOS ISTORIJOS KATEDRA Raimundas Trinkūnas Lietuvos lokalinės istorijos specialybės II kurso magistrantas II LIETUVOS SEIMAS 1923 -1926 M. Magistro darbas Magistrantas ___________________ (parašas) Raimundas Trinkūnas Leidžiama ginti: Darbo vadovas __________________ (parašas) IF Dekanas __________________ Prof. habl. dr. Liudas Truska (parašas) Doc. dr. Eugenijus Jovaiša darbo įteikimo data: ______________ Registracijos numeris: _____________ Vilnius, 2007 PATVIRTINIMAS APIE ATLIKTO DARBO SAVARANKIŠKUMĄ Patvirtinu, kad įteikiamas magistro darbas „II Lietuvos Seimas 1923 – 1926 m.“: 1. Autoriaus atliktas savarankiškai, jame nėra pateikta kitų autorių medžiagos kaip savos, nenurodant tikrojo šaltinio. 2. Nebuvo to paties autoriaus pristatytas ir gintas kitoje mokymo įstaigoje Lietuvoje ar užsienyje. 3. Nepateikia nuorodų į kitus darbus, jeigu jų medžiaga nėra naudota darbe. 4. Pateikia visą naudotos literatūros sąrašą. Raimundas_Trinkūnas___ _______________ (studento vardas, pavardė) (parašas) 2 TURINYS ĮVADAS ................................................................................................................. 4 I. POLITINĖ SITUACIJA II SEIMO RINKIMŲ IŠVAKARĖSE ............ 10 II. II. SEIMO RINKIMAI: 1. Rinkimai ............................................................................................ 13 2. Rinkimų rezultatai – balsų pasiskirstymas ...................................... 19 3. Kiekybinė ir kokybinė naujojo Seimo sudėtis ................................. -
An Uncertain Winter IV
IV An Uncertain Winter “We declare that the twaddle about ‘sovietization’ of the Baltic countries is useful only to our common enemies and to all sorts of anti-Soviet provocateurs.” —Molotov, October 31, 1939 “On this occasion I cannot stop without having expressed my satisfaction with the high leadership of the Soviet Union.” —Antanas Merkys, to the Lithuanian Seimas, October 28, 1939 “The need for order is greater and more important that the need for freedom.” —Domas Cesevičius, head of the Tautininkų sąjunga The winter of 1939–1940, between the first and the second intrusion of Soviet forces into Lithuania, constitutes a point d’appui for sharply conflicting interpretations of the subsequent sovietization of the country. At the one extreme Soviet historians celebrated the good behavior of the Red Army units in Lithuania and focused their attention on the authoritarian practices of the Smetona regime as well as on the social and economic troubles of the country. In their interpretation, the Red Army did not compromise Lithuania’s sovereignty; it only strengthened its security. At the other extreme, writers critical of the Soviet system have pictured the Soviet forces as simply biding their time while Lithuanians desperately looked for a way to escape the noose; in their accounts, there would seem to have been little sympathy in Lithuania for the prospects of joining the world of Joseph Stalin. In between these extremes lie all the various denunciations of the Stalin regime and the Smetona regime as well as explanations of the imperatives of Realpolitik in the chaos of the developing World War.