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Baltic Tribunal Against the Soviet Union in Copenhagen, July 25 Ahd 26, 1985

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Baltic Tribunal Against the Soviet Union in Copenhagen, July 25 Ahd 26, 1985 PUBLISHED BY THENWORLD FEDERATION OF FREE LATVLANS Rockville, Maryland 20850 Edited by Ingrida Kalnins Cover Design by Teodors Liliensteins Photographs by Liutas Grinius Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 85 - 63678 TABLE OF CONTENTS * Preface .... ..... 1 by Olg'erts R. Pavlovskis, Ph.D. Chairman, Baltic World Conference * Introductory Remarks at the Baltic Tribunal . 2 by Olgerts R. Pavlovskis, Ph.D. Chairman, Baltic World Conference * The Indictment Against the Soviet Union . 3 Introduction .... 5 Indictment .... 6 -Conspiracy, aggression, and the illegal annexation of the Baltic States . 6 -Exploitation of the Baltic States . 7 -Deportation and systematic Russification of Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians with the purpose of eliminating their national identities, cultures, and languages . 8 -Violations of human rights . 9 Illegal actions of the Soviet Union . 9 -Soviet conspiracy against peace in Europe . 9 -Annexation of the Baltic States . 11 Intervention . 11 Occupation . 17 Annexation . 19 -Sovietization of the Baltic States . 24 Subjugation through terror . 25 Political subjugation . 27 Expropriation . 30 Colonization . 31 Economic exploitation . 38 TABLE OF CONTENTS Militarization . 45 Russification . 47 Genocide . 52 Violations of human rights 56 The Helsinki Agreement and the Baltic States 60 Summary . 62 References . .. 64 * The Panel of Judges Dr. Theodor Veiter, Chairman . 72 Per Ahlmark . 73 The Rev. Michael Bourdeaux . 74 Jean-Marie Daillet . 75 Sir James Fawcett . 76 * The Witnesses Kenneth Carter Benton Biography . 78 Testimony . .................................... 79 Rita Bruvere Biography . 83 Testimony . 84 Helena Celmina Biography . .. 92 Testimony . 94. Kestutis Jokubynas Biography . 100. Testimony . * . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 102 Imants Lesinskis Biography . 108 Testimony . : .. : : : : : : '. '. ., '. .. '. '. .. 1 0 9 Leila Miller Biography . 120 Testimony . .: . .. .. ., 121 TABLE OF CONTENTS Valdo Randpere Biography . 125 . Testimony . '. '. 126 Gunars Rode Biography . 130 Testimony . 131 . Aleksandras Shtromas Biography . 139 . Testimony . .~~~ . 140 Violeta Shtromas nee Rakauskaite Biography 151 Testimony . : : .' : .' .' .' 1 5 2 Heiman Silpert Biography . .. .. 15 6 Testimony . .. 157 Sergei Soldatov Biography . .. 160 Testimony Bronius Venclova Biography . .165 Testimony . .166 Tomas Venclova Biography Testimony . 175 Boris Weil Biography . 180 Testimony . 181 Sergei Zamascikov Biography . .. 184 Testimony . .185 * Concluding Remarks at the Baltic Tribunal . 192 by Olgerts R. Pavlovskis, Ph.D. Chairman, Baltic World Conference * The Verdict of the Jurists: The Copenhagen Manifesto. 194 TABLE OF CONTENTS * A Profile of the Baltic World Conference . 196 * Appendix Photographs The Panel of Judges . 71 Witnesses, the press and spectators . 77 The Executive Board of the Baltic World Conference . 195 1 PREFACE On July 25 and 26, 1985 the Baltic World Conference, representing the three central Baltic organizations in the free world - the Estonian World Council, the World Federation of Free Latvians and the Supreme Committee for Liberation of Lithuania - held a Tribunal against the government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The purpose of the Tribunal was threefold: to bring to the attention of the world the illegal Soviet occupation of the once free and independent Republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania; to document the atrocities and genocide committed against the Baltic people; and to condemn the Soviet Union for these acts against humanity. As evidenced by the materials presented in this publication, the objectives were accomplished beyond any reasonable doubt. A panel of internationally known authorities in the field of human rights served as judges: Per Ahlmark, the Rev. Michael Bourdeaux, Jean-Marie Daillet, Sir James Fawcett and Dr. Theodor Veiter, who as Chairman presided over the proceedings. After listening to the testimony of sixteen witnesses, the jurists assembled and weighed the evidence and at the conclusion of the Baltic Tribunal issued their verdict: The Copenhagen Manifesto. This publication is the result of numerous requests made by public officials, libraries, journalists, private citizens and others, for the information and testimonies given at the Tribunal. We have included in this publication the indictment, background information, the testimonies of the witnesses, and the Copenhagen Manifesto as well as brief biographies of the jurists and witnesses. It is our hope that this publication will serve not only as an historical document, but also as a source of information to all who are interested in the realization of human rights and freedom for all people. Olgerts R. Pavlovskis, Ph.D. Chairman Baltic World Conference INTRODUCTORY REMARKS at th e BALTIC TRIBUNAL by Olgerts R. Pavlovskis, Ph.D. Chairman, Baltic World Conference 2 BALTIC WORLD CONFERENCE Estonian World Council Olgerts R. Pavlovskis, Ph.D. World Federation of Free Latvians Chairman Supreme Committee for Liberation of Lithuania All we ask is FREEDOM. For almost 4,000 years the Baltic people have lived on the shores of the Baltic Sea. For 4,000 years Balts have tilled the land and prospered. For 4,000 years Balts have been able to repulse attempts at foreign domination, in order to further the development of their culture. 4,000 years of heritage. Until the two greatest tyrannies of modern times - the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany - joined forces. 46 years ago, in the fall of 1939, the Soviet Union and the German Reich signed a secret protocol. Within a few months, between June 15-17, 1940, while the Western world was stunned by Hitler's actions in the West, in Eastern Europe Soviet armored divisions quietly crossed the borders of the Baltic countries and occupied Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Today the Baltic countries - once free and independent republics - are under Soviet military occupation. The Soviet government has eliminated almost all human, national and religious rights of the Latvian people. To the mass arrests and deportations in the 1940's, 50's and early 60's, new tactics and methods have been added in order to carry out the Soviet government's destructive Russification and genocide policies against the Baltic peoples. Incarceration in psychiatric institutions and mind control by drugs are only two of the latest and most insidious developments in the Soviet prison system. Today, after 4,000 years of existence, only 53% of the population in occupied Latvia is Latvian - a direct result of the Soviet government's policies. Balts have been made second class citizens in their own countries. Their culture, their land and their industry are exploited and subjugated to the goals of the Soviet empire. Baltic youths are forced to fight and die in Afghanistan for Soviet interests. The Baltic Sea, once peaceful and prosperous, has been turned into a huge Soviet nuclear naval base for its growing armada, where boarding of foreign vessels and intrusions in foreign waters by the Soviet navy has become almost commonplace. We, the Baltic people, do not ask for territorial gains. We do not ask for power. But we DO DEMAND for Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians, the right to live as free and peaceful people in our lands and to exercise our God-given rights. ALL WE ASK IS FREEDOM. P.O. Box 4016, Rockville, MD 20850-0002 Tel.: (301] 340-7646 3 BALTIC WORLD CONFERENCE VERSUS THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Baltic World Conference, 1985. Rockville, Maryland 20850, U.S.A. 4 I. Introduction II. Indictment A. Conspiracy, aggression, and the illegal annexation of the Baltic States B. Exploitation of the Baltic States C. Deportation and systematic Russification of Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians with the purpose of eliminating their national identities, cultures, and languages D. Violations of human rights III. Illegal actions of the Soviet Union A. Soviet conspiracy against peace in Europe B. Annexation of the Baltic States 1. Intervention 2. Occupation 3. Annexation C. Sovietization of the Baltic States 1. Subjugation through terror 2. Political subjugation 3. Expropriation 4. Colonization 5. Economic exploitation 6. Militarization 7. Russification 8. Genocide 9. Violations of human rights IV. The Helsinki Agreement and the Baltic States V. Summary References 5 BALTIC WORLD CONFERENCE VERSUS THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS I. INTRODUCTION WHEREAS the armed forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (hereinafter referred to as the U.S.S.R. or the Soviet Union) have occupied Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and WHEREAS the U.S.S.R. has established a totalitarian dictatorship in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania and has deprived the peoples of these Baltic States of the possibility of expressing their will and managing their own affairs in political, economic, cultural, and religious fields, this indictment is submitted on behalf of the Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian nations by the Baltic World Conference (hereinafter referred to as the BWC). The BWC is a federation of the three Supreme Executive bodies of each of the Baltic nationalities and their representative organizations in the Free World, namely, the Estonian World Council, the World Federation of Free Latvians, and the Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania. Each of these three central organizations defends, respectively, as negotiorum gestor the interests of the Estonian nation, the Latvian nation, and the Lithuanian nation, in concurrence with the diplomatic representatives of the independent republics
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