From Tribe to Nation a Brief History of Latvia
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Mūzikas Un Mākslas Festivāls “Bildes 2019”
DĀRGIE RĪDZINIEKI UN PILSĒTAS VIESI! DEAR RIGA RESIDENTS AND CITY GUESTS! Rīgas kultūras dzīve vairs nav iedomājama bez mākslas, Riga’s cultural life can no longer be imagined without the art, mūzikas, teātra, dejas un citu mākslas veidu festivāliem, kuri music, theatre, dance and other art form festivals, which take top ar Rīgas domes atbalstu. Šogad, Rīgas svētkos svinot place with the support of the Riga City Council. This year, as we Rīgas 818. dzimšanas dienu, atcerēsimies senas un ne tik senas celebrate Riga’s 818th birthday during the Riga City Festival, we leģendas par pilsētas pagātni un pilsētai nozīmīgas personības, will remember old and not so old legends from the city’s past kas veidojušas tās vēsturi. Arī vairāki no Rīgas festivāliem kļuvuši and noteworthy persons who have formed its history. Several of leģendāri, jau gadu desmitiem regulāri pulcējot apmeklētājus. the Riga festivals have become legendary, attracting visitors for Pie tādiem var pieskaitīt mūzikas festivālu “Rīgas Ritmi”, Baltijas several decades. Among those are the music festival Rīgas Ritmi, Baleta festivālu, Dzejas dienas, arī nacionālā kino balvu “Lielais the Baltic Ballet Festival, Poetry Days and the national film award Kristaps”. Šo festivālu ilglaicības noslēpums ir to spējā atjaunoties Lielais Kristaps. The secret of the longevity of these festivals is un piesaistīt jaunas paaudzes gan dalībnieku, gan skatītāju vidū. their ability to reinvent themselves and attract new generations Vēlam veiksmi arī tiem festivāliem, kuri šogad pirmo reizi nonāk of both participants and visitors. We also wish success to the plašākas publikas redzes lokā. Lai izdodas! festivals which are starting out for the first time with such an extensive audience. -
Health Systems in Transition
61575 Latvia HiT_2_WEB.pdf 1 03/03/2020 09:55 Vol. 21 No. 4 2019 Vol. Health Systems in Transition Vol. 21 No. 4 2019 Health Systems in Transition: in Transition: Health Systems C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Latvia Latvia Health system review Daiga Behmane Alina Dudele Anita Villerusa Janis Misins The Observatory is a partnership, hosted by WHO/Europe, which includes other international organizations (the European Commission, the World Bank); national and regional governments (Austria, Belgium, Finland, Kristine Klavina Ireland, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the Veneto Region of Italy); other health system organizations (the French National Union of Health Insurance Funds (UNCAM), the Dzintars Mozgis Health Foundation); and academia (the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and the Giada Scarpetti London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM)). The Observatory has a secretariat in Brussels and it has hubs in London at LSE and LSHTM) and at the Berlin University of Technology. HiTs are in-depth profiles of health systems and policies, produced using a standardized approach that allows comparison across countries. They provide facts, figures and analysis and highlight reform initiatives in progress. Print ISSN 1817-6119 Web ISSN 1817-6127 61575 Latvia HiT_2_WEB.pdf 2 03/03/2020 09:55 Giada Scarpetti (Editor), and Ewout van Ginneken (Series editor) were responsible for this HiT Editorial Board Series editors Reinhard Busse, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Josep Figueras, European -
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ESUKA – JEFUL 2014, 5–1: 27–36 LIVONIAN LANDSCAPES IN THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF LIVONIA AND THE DIVISION OF THE LIVONIAN TRIBES Urmas Sutrop Institute of the Estonian Language, Tallinn, and the University of Tartu Abstract. There is no exact consensus on the division and sub-division of the former Livonian territories at the end of the ancient independence period in the 12th century. Even the question of the Coastal Livonians in Courland – were they an indigenous Livonian tribe or a replaced eastern Livonian tribe – remains unsolved. In this paper the anonymously published treatise on the historical geography of Livonia by Johann Christoph Schwartz (1792) will be analysed and compared with the historical modern views. There is an agreement on the division of the Eastern Livonian territories into four counties: Daugava, Gauja, Metsepole, and Idumea. Idumea had a mixed Livo- nian-Baltic population. There is no consensus on the parochial sub-division of these counties. Keywords: Johann Christoph Schwartz, historical geography, Livonian tribes, Livonians DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2014.5.1.02 1. Introduction It is commonly believed that Livonians (like Estonians) did not form either territorial or political unity at the end of the ancient independence period in the 12th century (see e.g. Koski 1997: 45). The first longer document where Livonians are described is the Livonian Chronicle (Heinrici Cronicon Lyvoniae) for the period 1180 to 1227 written by Henry of Livonia, an eyewitness of these events. Modern ideas on the division of Eastern Livonian peoples and territories go back to the cartographic work of Heinrich Laakmann, who divided Livonians into three territories – Daugava, Thoreida, and Metsepole; and added that there was a mixed Livonian-Baltic population at the end of the 12th century in Idumea (see the map Baltic Lands: population about 1200 AD and explanation to this map in Laakmann 1954). -
Personal Names and Denomination of Livonians in Early Written Sources
ESUKA – JEFUL 2014, 5–1: 13–26 PERSONAL NAMES AND DENOMINATION OF LIVONIANS IN EARLY WRITTEN SOURCES Enn Ernits Estonian University of Life Sciences Abstract. This paper presents the timeline of ethnonyms denoting Livonians; specifies their chronology; and analyses the names used for this ethnos and possible personal names. If we consider the dating of the event, the earliest sources mentioning Livonians are Gesta Danorum and the Tale of Bygone Years (both 10th century), but both sources present rather dubious information: in the first the battle of Bråvalla itself or the date are dubious (6th, 8th or 10th century); in the latter we cannot be sure that the member of the Rus delegation was really a Livonian. If we consider the time of recording, the earliest sources are two rune inscriptions from Sweden (11th century), and the next is the list of neighbouring peoples of the Russians from the Tale of Bygone Years (12th century). The personal names Bicco and Ger referred in Gesta Danorum, and Либи Аръфастовъ in Tale of Bygone Years are very problematic. The first certain personal name of a Livonian is *Mustakka, *Mustukka or *Mustoikka (from Finnic *musta ‘black’) written in 1040–1050s on a strip of birch bark in Novgorod. Keywords: Livs, Finnic peoples, ethnonyms, anthroponyms, onomastics DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2014.5.1.01 1. Introduction This paper (1) seeks to present the timeline of ethnonyms denoting Livonians; (2) to specify their chronology; (3) and to analyse the names used for this ethnos and possible personal names. It is supple- mental to the paper by Mauno Koski on words denoting Livonians (Koski 2011). -
Apskates Objekti Muzeji Skatu Laukumi Iepirkšanās
24 ANNAS IELA GRODŅAS IELA BRĪVĪBAS IELA SPORTA IELA DAGMĀRAS IELA VIĻŅAS IELA 3 11 PALĪDZĪBAS IELA VIESTURA DĀRZS ARISTIDA BRIĀNA IELA 16 HANZAS IELA 3 TALLINAS IELA HANZAS IELA ŠARLOTES IELA 1 BUĻĻU IELA VIĻŅAS IELA HANZAS IELA 19 EMBŪTES IELA ANDREJSALA VALKAS IELA VAŠINGTONA ZAUBES IELA LAUKUMS 24 VESETAS IELA 5 LENČU IELA MAIZNĪCAS IELA RŪPNIECĪBAS IELA VERU IELA MATROŽU IELA DZEGUŽKALNS VIDUS IELA GANU IELA HANZAS IELA SALDUS IELA LOČU IELA 16 BUĻĻU IELA SAKARU IELA MEDNIEKU IELA 3 STRĒLNIEKU IELA 1 MIERA IELA DAUGAVGRĪVAS IELA EMIĻA MELNGAIĻA IELA STABU IELA BRUŅINIEKU IELA DZEGUŽU IELA DZIRNAVU IELA KR. BARONA IELA APSKATES OBJEKTI 36 Kristus Piedzimšanas 31 Rīgas Jūgendstila muzejs SKOLAS IELA SIGHTSEEING pareizticīgo katedrāle Art Nouveau Museum 1 TĒRBATAS IELA TALLINAS IELA ДОСТОПРИМЕЧАТЕЛЬНОСТИ Nativity of Christ Cathedral Рижский музей югендстиля IELA AUSEKĻA 11 Кафедральный собор Jugendstilmuseum Riga VĪLANDES IELA SEHENSWÜRDIGKEITEN 31 ĢERTRŪDES IELA CENTRS ĢIPŠA IELA Рождества Христова ELIZABETES IELA RŪPNIECĪBAS IELA 32 33 P. Stradiņa Medicīnas vēstures EKSPORTA IELA ALBERTA IELA CENTER 1 Rīgas pils Christi-Geburt-Kathedrale muzejs PULKVEŽA BRIEŽA IELA Riga Castle ЦЕНТР Vecā Sv. Ģertrūdes baznīca P. Stradins Museum of the STRĒLNIEKU IELA Рижский замок 38 Old St. Gertrude’s Church History of Medicine ANTONIJAS IELA ZAĻĀ IELA ZENTRUM Rigaer Schloss A.ČAKA IELA Старая Гертрудинская Музей истории медицины RĪGABAZNĪCAS IELA ELIZABETES IELA 2 Lielais Kristaps церковь им. П. Страдыня 39 Great Kristaps ENKURU IELA Alte St. Gertrude-Kirche -
Crusading, the Military Orders, and Sacred Landscapes in the Baltic, 13Th – 14Th Centuries ______
TERRA MATRIS: CRUSADING, THE MILITARY ORDERS, AND SACRED LANDSCAPES IN THE BALTIC, 13TH – 14TH CENTURIES ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the School of History, Archaeology and Religion Cardiff University ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in History & Welsh History (2018) ____________________________________ by Gregory Leighton Abstract Crusading and the military orders have, at their roots, a strong focus on place, namely the Holy Land and the shrines associated with the life of Christ on Earth. Both concepts spread to other frontiers in Europe (notably Spain and the Baltic) in a very quick fashion. Therefore, this thesis investigates the ways that this focus on place and landscape changed over time, when crusading and the military orders emerged in the Baltic region, a land with no Christian holy places. Taking this fact as a point of departure, the following thesis focuses on the crusades to the Baltic Sea Region during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It considers the role of the military orders in the region (primarily the Order of the Teutonic Knights), and how their participation in the conversion-led crusading missions there helped to shape a distinct perception of the Baltic region as a new sacred (i.e. Christian) landscape. Structured around four chapters, the thesis discusses the emergence of a new sacred landscape thematically. Following an overview of the military orders and the role of sacred landscpaes in their ideology, and an overview of the historiographical debates on the Baltic crusades, it addresses the paganism of the landscape in the written sources predating the crusades, in addition to the narrative, legal, and visual evidence of the crusade period (Chapter 1). -
East Baltic Vikings - with Particular Consideration to the Ctrronians
East Baltic Vikings - with particular consideration to the Ctrronians Swedish Allies in the Saga World EAST BALTIC At the mythical battlefield of Bravellir (Sw. VIKINGS - WITH Bnl.vallama), Danes and the Swedes clashed in a PARTICULAR fight of epic dimensions. The over-aged Danish king Harald Hildetand finally lost his life, and CONSIDERA his nephew king Sigurdr hringr won Denmark TION TO THE for the Swedes. The story appears in a fragment CURONIANS of a Norse saga from around 1300. But since Sa xo Grammaticus tells it, the written tradition Nils Blornkvist must go back at least to the late 12th century. Wri ting in Latin he prefers to call it bellum Suetici, 'the Swedish war'. It's for several reasons ob vious that Saxo has built his text on a Norse text that must have been quite similar to the preser ved fragment. The battle of Bravellir- the Norse fragment claims - was noteworthy in ancient tales for having be en the greatest, the hardest and the most even and uncertain of the wars that had been fought in the Nordic countries.1 Both sources give long lists of the famous heroes that joined the two armies in a way that recalls the list of ships in Homer's Iliad. These champions are the knight errants of Germanic epics, to some degree rela ted with those of chansons de geste. They are pre sented with characteristic epithets and eponyms that point out their origins in a town, a tribe or a country. When summed up they communicate a geographic vision of the northern World in the 11 th and 12th centuries. -
The Chronicle Henry of Livonia
THE CHRONICLE of HENRY OF LIVONIA HENRICUS LETTUS TRANSLATED WITH A NEW INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY James A. Brundage � COLUMBIA UNIVERSI'IY PRESS NEW YORK Columbia University Press RECORDS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION is a series published under the aus Publishers Since 1893 pices of the InterdepartmentalCommittee on Medieval and Renaissance New York Chichester,West Sussex Studies of the Columbia University Graduate School. The Western Records are, in fact, a new incarnation of a venerable series, the Co Copyright© University ofWisconsin Press, 1961 lumbia Records of Civilization, which, for more than half a century, New introduction,notes, and bibliography© 2003 Columbia University Press published sources and studies concerning great literary and historical All rights reserved landmarks. Many of the volumes of that series retain value, especially for their translations into English of primary sources, and the Medieval and Renaissance Studies Committee is pleased to cooperate with Co Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationData lumbia University Press in reissuing a selection of those works in pa Henricus, de Lettis, ca. II 87-ca. 12 59. perback editions, especially suited for classroom use, and in limited [Origines Livoniae sacrae et civilis. English] clothbound editions. The chronicle of Henry of Livonia / Henricus Lettus ; translatedwith a new introduction and notes by James A. Brundage. Committee for the Records of Western Civilization p. cm. - (Records of Western civilization) Originally published: Madison : University of Wisconsin Press, 1961. Caroline Walker Bynum With new introd. Joan M. Ferrante Includes bibliographical references and index. CarmelaVircillo Franklin Robert Hanning ISBN 978-0-231-12888-9 (cloth: alk. paper)---ISBN 978-0-231-12889-6 (pbk.: alk. -
A Look at Schillings of the Free Imperial City of Riga by Charles Calkins
A Look at Schillings of the Free Imperial City of Riga by Charles Calkins The seaport of Riga is the capital of Latvia and the largest city of the Balkan states. It is located on the Gulf of Riga, a bay of the Baltic Sea, at the mouth of the Daugava river. The area was settled in ancient times by the Livs, a Finnic tribe, giving the area its name of Livonia. Riga began developing economically due to the Daugava being used as a Viking trade route to Byzantium. By the 12th century, German traders were visiting Riga, establishing an outpost near Riga in 1158. After a failed attempt at Christianization in the late 1100s, Bishop Albert landed with a force of crusaders in 1200, and transferred the Livonian bishopric to Riga in 1201, which became the Archbishopric of Riga in 1255. Albert established the Order of Livonian Brothers of the Sword in 1202 to defend territory and commerce, and Emperor Philip of Swabia caused Livonia to become a principality of the Holy Roman Empire. The Order of Livonian Brothers was given one-third of Livonia, and the Church the other two-thirds, which included Riga. In 1211, Riga minted its first coinage, and gradually gained more independence through the 1200s. In 1236, the Order of Livonian Brothers was defeated in battle with the Samogitians of Lithuania. The remaining Brothers were incorporated into the Teutonic Knights as a branch known as the Livonian Order. The Livonian Order subsequently gained control of Livonia. In 1282, Riga became a member of the Hanseatic League, a confederation of towns and merchant guilds which provided legal and military protection. -
The Courlander Experience in Tobago
THE COURLANDER EXPERIENCE IN TOBAGO THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA: A maritime nation on the Baltic sea with excellent ports, 64.589km2 in area and a population of nearly 2.000.000 inhabitants. There are apx. 1.500.000 Latvians living in Latvia and the rest of the world. 2018 marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of Latvia. COURLANDERS: Latvians from the province of Courland (Kurzeme). In the days of the Duchy of Courland and Semgallia, a “Courlander” could also be an inhabitant of the province of Semgallia. “Courlander” is a literal translation of the Latvian kurzemnieks. The academic word for anything pertaining to Courland is Couronian. THE DUCHY OF COURLAND AND SEMGALLIA: A de facto independent nation formed in 1561 and existing until 1795, comprised of 2 modern day provinces of Latvia, and ruled by the German-Baltic dukes of Courland, although officially a part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The flags of Courland consisted of a red and white 2 band flag and the red and black “crab” flag which originated in Tobago, as there are no crabs of this type in Latvia. As such, it can be considered the first flag of Tobago. CHRONOLOGY 1639 Sent by Duke Jacob, probably involuntarily, 212 Courlanders arrive in Tobago. Unprepared for tropical conditions, they eventually perish. 1642 (possibly 1640) Duke Jacob engages a Brazilian, capt. Cornelis Caroon (later, Caron) to lead a colony comprised basically of Dutch Zealanders, that probably establishes itself in the flat, southwestern portion of the island. Under attack by the Caribs, 70 remaining members of the original 310 colonists are evacuated to Pomeron, Guyana, by the Arawaks. -
АВТОБУСНЫЕ МАРШРУТЫ VAKARBUĻĻI 3 30 56 JAUNCIEMA Mangaļu Pr
29 58 (vasaras sezonā) Rīgas Jūras Līcis VECĀĶI Pludmale Pludmale DAUGAVGRĪVA '' АВТОБУСНЫЕ МАРШРУТЫ VAKARBUĻĻI 3 30 56 JAUNCIEMA Mangaļu pr. la daugava KAPI Pagrieziens ie ec Действует с 16 марта 2020 года 24 uz Mangaļsalus Plēksnes iela Zvīņu iela Daugavgrīvas D/P V. Pikuļa aleja ''V Attīrīšanas iekārtas a 36 Ziemeļupe eja Memmes pļava Dzelmes iela Zēģeļu iela Roņu iela Pludmale Vētras iela v ija ieki Z tn Osta Lielupe ns MANGAĻSALA Stac 11 Aizvēj cāķu Paegles Ska 3 (darba dienās) Parādes iela Daugavgrīvas Ve 30 (brīvdienās, vasaras sezonā) 30 (brīvdienās, vasaras sezonā)DAUGAVGRĪVA cietoksnis Bākas iela iela Jaunciema eiksmes iela prospekts Ķīļu iela Stāvvadu iela V Airu kapi Buļļupe SUŽI Vecdaugavas iela LANGSTIŅI Bolderājas Mangaļu prospekts poliklīnika Pagrieziens Vecmīlgrāvja D/P Atlantijas iela 11 19. vidusskola uz Vecmīlgrāvi Baltāsbaznīcas iela 28 A.DombrovskaKreimeņu iela iela Bukulti Stūrmaņu iela Kultūras pils "Ziemeļblāzma" Ādažu iela VECMĪLGRĀVIS Martas Rinkas iela Bolderājas Jaunciema Spilves pļavas Bumbu kalniņš Kleistu iela tirgus 8. šķērslīnija JAUNCIEMS VECMĪLGRĀVIS e Krievupes iela Vecmīlgr. 5. līnija Gāles iela Emmas iela Ozoli Kalēji Pagrieziens uz Carnikavu Zundagi Ziemeļblāzma Jaunciema gatve 233 Līgeri Langa Āliņģu iela Pagrieziens uz Jaunciema kapiem Niedru iela Jaunciema 1. škērslīnija Jaunciema 2. škērslīnija Jaunciema 4. škērslīnija 2 29 58 Jaunciema 6. škērslīnija Jaunciema gatve VOLERI Mediķu iela iela Milnas Lejasvīganti kapi Silikātu iela Mīlgrāvja tilts ūts DZIRCIEMA IELA Viestura prospekts 97 Jaunie Melīdas iela Kūdras bāz Buļļupe Ziemeļnieki . ži) Lielā iela Platā Guberņciems LēdurgasOstas iela iela Pagrieziens pr Suži Bolderājas 54 Silikātu iela uz Bukultiem Muzejs "Dauderi" Brīvdabas muzejs Lapsukalni Viestura prospekts 38 Klipiņas estura Ozolkalni Berģi ģijas instit Zilā iela Vi MAN-TESS Jaunciema Nordeka Voleru iela 3 Ķīšezers 10. -
The Constitution of the Republic of Latvia
Source: http://www.saeima.lv/Likumdosana_eng/likumdosana_satversme.html (accessed December 2008) THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA The people of Latvia, in freely elected Constitutional Assembly, have adopted the following State Constitution: Chapter I General Provisions 1. Latvia is an independent democratic republic. 2. The sovereign power of the State of Latvia is vested in the people of Latvia. 3. The territory of the State of Latvia, within the borders established by international agreements, consists of Vidzeme, Latgale, Kurzeme and Zemgale. 4. The Latvian language is the official language in the Republic of Latvia. The national flag of Latvia shall be red with a band of white. [15 October 1998] Chapter II The Saeima1 5. The Saeima shall be composed of one hundred representatives of the people. 6. The Saeima shall be elected in general, equal and direct elections, and by secret ballot based on proportional representation. 7. In the division of Latvia into separate electoral districts, provision for the number of members of the Saeima to be elected from each district shall be proportional to the number of electors in each district. 8. All citizens of Latvia who enjoy full rights of citizenship and, who on election day have attained eighteen years of age shall be entitled to vote. 9. Any citizen of Latvia, who enjoys full rights of citizenship and, who is more than twenty-one years of age on the first day of elections may be elected to the Saeima. 10. The Saeima shall be elected for a term of four years. 11. Elections for the Saeima shall be held on the first Saturday in October.