A Look at Schillings of the Free Imperial City of Riga by Charles Calkins
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania Chapter 1. The Origin of the Polish Nation.................................3 Chapter 2. The Piast Dynasty...................................................4 Chapter 3. Lithuania until the Union with Poland.........................7 Chapter 4. The Personal Union of Poland and Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty. ..................................................8 Chapter 5. The Full Union of Poland and Lithuania. ................... 11 Chapter 6. The Decline of Poland-Lithuania.............................. 13 Chapter 7. The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania : The Napoleonic Interlude............................................................. 16 Chapter 8. Divided Poland-Lithuania in the 19th Century. .......... 18 Chapter 9. The Early 20th Century : The First World War and The Revival of Poland and Lithuania. ............................. 21 Chapter 10. Independent Poland and Lithuania between the bTwo World Wars.......................................................... 25 Chapter 11. The Second World War. ......................................... 28 Appendix. Some Population Statistics..................................... 33 Map 1: Early Times ......................................................... 35 Map 2: Poland Lithuania in the 15th Century........................ 36 Map 3: The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania ........................... 38 Map 4: Modern North-east Europe ..................................... 40 1 Foreword. Poland and Lithuania have been linked together in this history because -
The Chronicle Henry of Livonia
THE CHRONICLE of HENRY OF LIVONIA HENRICUS LETTUS TRANSLATED WITH A NEW INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY James A. Brundage � COLUMBIA UNIVERSI'IY PRESS NEW YORK Columbia University Press RECORDS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION is a series published under the aus Publishers Since 1893 pices of the InterdepartmentalCommittee on Medieval and Renaissance New York Chichester,West Sussex Studies of the Columbia University Graduate School. The Western Records are, in fact, a new incarnation of a venerable series, the Co Copyright© University ofWisconsin Press, 1961 lumbia Records of Civilization, which, for more than half a century, New introduction,notes, and bibliography© 2003 Columbia University Press published sources and studies concerning great literary and historical All rights reserved landmarks. Many of the volumes of that series retain value, especially for their translations into English of primary sources, and the Medieval and Renaissance Studies Committee is pleased to cooperate with Co Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationData lumbia University Press in reissuing a selection of those works in pa Henricus, de Lettis, ca. II 87-ca. 12 59. perback editions, especially suited for classroom use, and in limited [Origines Livoniae sacrae et civilis. English] clothbound editions. The chronicle of Henry of Livonia / Henricus Lettus ; translatedwith a new introduction and notes by James A. Brundage. Committee for the Records of Western Civilization p. cm. - (Records of Western civilization) Originally published: Madison : University of Wisconsin Press, 1961. Caroline Walker Bynum With new introd. Joan M. Ferrante Includes bibliographical references and index. CarmelaVircillo Franklin Robert Hanning ISBN 978-0-231-12888-9 (cloth: alk. paper)---ISBN 978-0-231-12889-6 (pbk.: alk. -
From Tribe to Nation a Brief History of Latvia
From Tribe to Nation A Brief History of Latvia 1 Cover photo: Popular People of Latvia are very proud of their history. It demonstration on is a history of the birth and development of the Dome Square, 1989 idea of an independent nation, and a consequent struggle to attain it, maintain it, and renew it. Above: A Zeppelin above Rīga in 1930 Albeit important, Latvian history is not entirely unique. The changes which swept through the ter- Below: Participants ritory of Latvia over the last two dozen centuries of the XXV Nationwide were tied to the ever changing map of Europe, Song and Dance and the shifting balance of power. From the Viking Celebration in 2013 conquests and German Crusades, to the recent World Wars, the territory of Latvia, strategically lo- cated on the Baltic Sea between the Scandinavian region and Russia, was very much part of these events, and shared their impact especially closely with its Baltic neighbours. What is unique and also attests to the importance of history in Latvia today, is how the growth and development of a nation, initially as a mere idea, permeated all these events through the centuries up to Latvian independence in 1918. In this brief history of Latvia you can read how Latvia grew from tribe to nation, how its history intertwined with changes throughout Europe, and how through them, or perhaps despite them, Lat- via came to be a country with such a proud and distinct national identity 2 1 3 Incredible Historical Landmarks Left: People of The Baltic Way – this was one of the most crea- Latvia united in the tive non-violent protest activities in history. -
17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia
Madis Maasing 17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia 17.1 Introduction At the beginning of the sixteenth century, political rhetoric in Livonia was shaped by the threat posed by an alien power: Following a significant deterio- ration in the relations between the Catholic Livonian territories and their mighty Eastern Orthodox neighbour – the Grand Duchy of Moscow – war broke out, lasting from 1501 to 1503, with renewed armed conflict remaining an immi- nent threat until 1509. During this period of confrontation, and afterwards, the Livonians (i.e., the political elite of Livonia) fulminated in their political writ- ings about the gruesome, schismatic, and even infidel Russians, who posed a threat not only to Livonia, but to Western Christendom in general. In the Holy Roman Empire and at the Roman Curia, these allegations were quite favoura- bly received. Arguably, the Livonians’ greatest success took the form of a papal provision for two financially profitable anti-Russian indulgence campaigns (1503–1510). For various political reasons, the motif of a permanent and general ‘Russian threat’ had ongoing currency in Livonia up until the Livonian War (1558–1583). Even after the collapse of the Livonian territories, the Russian threat motif continued to be quite effectively used by other adversaries of Mos- cow – e.g., Poland-Lithuania and Sweden. I will focus here first and foremost on what was behind the initial success of the Russian threat motif in Livonia, but I will also address why it persisted for as long as it did. A large part of its success was the fact that it drew upon a similar phenomenon – the ‘Turkish threat’,1 which played a significant role in the political rhetoric of Early Modern Europe, especially in south-eastern 1 This research was supported by the Estonian Research Council’s PUT 107 programme, “Me- dieval Livonia: European Periphery and its Centres (Twelfth–Sixteenth Centuries)”, and by the European Social Fund’s Doctoral Studies and Internationalization Programme DoRa, which is carried out by Foundation Archimedes. -
Part 2: the First Partition of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1772 – Its Description and Depiction in Maps Andrew Kapochunas, Jersey City, New Jersey EN
Historical research article / Lietuvos istorijos tematika The Maps and Mapmakers that Helped Define 20th-Century Lithuanian Boundaries - Part 2: The First Partition of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1772 – Its Description and Depiction in Maps Andrew Kapochunas, Jersey City, New Jersey EN In the previous – and first – installment of this influence of Russia’s military on Empress Catherine II series, we established a geographical starting point for is primary: the dismemberment of the 11 provinces (vaivadijų) “…the military party was openly in favor of direct annexa- of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji tions. They believed that Russia’s interests could best be Kunigaikštystė) by the Empire of Russia. My inten- served by seizing the territory of her neighbors on every tion was to then focus on the Russian administrative possible occasion. Chernyshev, the Vice-President of the War boundary changes of the lands they acquired. But, as I College, expressed this view when, at the new [as of 1762] reviewed the literature and maps describing the First, Empress Catherine’s council called to discuss the [1763] death 1772, Partition, I was struck by the disparate descrip- of the King of Poland [Augustus III], he proposed an invasion tions and cartographic depictions of that seemingly of Polish Livonia and the palatinates of Polotsk, Witebsk, and straight-forward event. I decided to present a sum- Mscislaw.”2 mary of that event and its immediate aftermath in the annexed regions. The next two articles, then, will Nine years later, those were the areas annexed – and cover the Second (1793) and Third (1795) Partitions. -
Read Transcript
History of the Crusades. Episode 237. The Baltic Crusades. The Livonian Crusade Part XXX. The Southern Push Part 2. Hello again. Last week we started off by noting that the Teutonic Order wished to establish a land link between their territory in Livonia and their territory in Prussia, which pretty much entailed conquering the lands currently located between Prussia and Livonia, which were: Semigallia, Kurland and Samogitia. However we got sidetracked by other goings on in the surrounding regions. We saw King Valdemar II’s son, King Eric, struggle to make Denmark great again. We saw Pope Innocent IV appoint Albert Suerbeer to the position of Archbishop of Prussia. We saw William of Modena be rewarded for his years of service as the Church’s Mister Fix-it, as he rose to the position of Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina, and we saw Dietrich von Gruningen replace Hermann Balk as the Master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia. Right, so now we are all set to examine the push south by the Teutonic Order in Livonia through the lands of the pagans. The new Master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia, Dietrich von Gruningen, had done a pretty good job of both motivating the members of the Teutonic Order in Livonia, and of establishing ties between the Order and members of the local Church hierarchy. As a result the Bishops of Riga, Osel and Dorpat voiced their support for the push south by the Order, and provided both men and financial assistance. Due to this support by the local Church hierarchy, a fairly impressive force of Christians, including Letts and Livonians, mustered alongside Knights from the Teutonic Order in Riga. -
(C. 1165 – 1229) Albert Was the Third Bishop of Riga in Livonia Who
Albert of Riga (c. 1165 – 1229) Albert was the third Bishop of Riga in Livonia who founded Riga in 1201, and built the city's cathedral twenty years later. Albert headed the armed forces that forcibly converted the eastern Baltic region to Christianity, in the nature of a crusade that was undertaken while the Fourth Crusade was sacking Constantinople. Albert was a canon in Bremen when his uncle, the Archbishop of Bremen and Hamburg, named him Bishop of Livonia, provided that he could conquer and hold it, and convince the pagan inhabitants to become Christians. In 1200 he embarked with a Baltic fleet of 23 vessels and more than 1,500 armed crusaders. He had the support of the Hohenstaufen German King, Philip of Swabia, and the more distant blessing of Pope Innocent III. Together with merchants from the Baltic island of Gotland, Albert founded Riga in 1201, where a small community of Hanseatic traders from Lübeck held a tentative trading encampment. He successfully converted many Livs under their leader Caupo, offering them protection against neighboring Lithuanian and Estonian tribes; Albert also converted some Latvians later on. He spent almost 39 years in the conquest of Livonia. Albert created a military order, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. King Philip made him a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, with Livonia for a fief, and thus Albert became a "Prince-Bishop". Albert declared his diocese independent of Bremen, and later Riga was raised to an archbishopric. Albert died in Riga in 1229, and was venerated as a Catholic saint until the Protestant Reformation. -
The Russian Perception of Livonia in the Book of Degrees of the Tsarian Genealogy (Ca
The Russian perception of Livonia in the Book of Degrees of the Tsarian Genealogy (ca. 1563) Olivier Roqueplo To cite this version: Olivier Roqueplo. The Russian perception of Livonia in the Book of Degrees of the Tsarian Genealogy (ca. 1563). 2016. hal-03289457 HAL Id: hal-03289457 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03289457 Preprint submitted on 17 Jul 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Russian perception of Livonia in the Book of Degrees of the Tsarian Genealogy (ca. 1563) by Olivier Roqueplo Key-words: Livonia, Russia, Teutonic Order, Denmark, Estonia, Russian medieval literature, Ivan IV, Yaroslav the Wise, geopolitics, Dorpat Introduction Livonia (present-day Latvia and Estonia) receives a particular attention in the Russian foreign policy from 1554 on, with the decline of traditional political powers (the Teutonic Order, the four princes-bishops of Riga, Dorpat, Oesel and Pilten), and with the reassertion of Russian historical claims on this territory. Invaded by Russia, Poland-Lithuania, Denmark and Sweden in the 1560ies, Livonia becomes the main issue of the Russian state in the second half of the 16th century under Ivan the Terrible. -
University of Tarty Faculty of Philosophy Department of History
UNIVERSITY OF TARTY FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY LINDA KALJUNDI Waiting for the Barbarians: The Imagery, Dynamics and Functions of the Other in Northern German Missionary Chronicles, 11th – Early 13th Centuries. The Gestae Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum of Adam of Bremen, Chronica Slavorum of Helmold of Bosau, Chronica Slavorum of Arnold of Lübeck, and Chronicon Livoniae of Henry of Livonia Master’s Thesis Supervisor: MA Marek Tamm, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales / University of Tartu Second supervisor: PhD Anti Selart University of Tartu TARTU 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 I HISTORICAL CONTEXTS AND INTERTEXTS 5 I.1 THE SOURCE MATERIAL 5 I.2. THE DILATATIO OF LATIN CHRISTIANITY: THE MISSION TO THE NORTH FROM THE NINTH UNTIL EARLY THIRTEENTH CENTURIES 28 I.3 NATIONAL TRAGEDIES, MISSIONARY WARS, CRUSADES, OR COLONISATION: TRADITIONAL AND MODERN PATTERNS IN HISTORIOGRAPHY 36 I.4 THE LEGATIO IN GENTES IN THE NORTH: THE MAKING OF A TRADITION 39 I.5 THE OTHER 46 II TO DISCOVER 52 I.1 ADAM OF BREMEN, GESTA HAMMABURGENSIS ECCLESIAE PONTIFICUM 52 PERSONAE 55 LOCI 67 II.2 HELMOLD OF BOSAU, CHRONICA SLAVORUM 73 PERSONAE 74 LOCI 81 II.3 ARNOLD OF LÜBECK, CHRONICA SLAVORUM 86 PERSONAE 87 LOCI 89 II.4 HENRY OF LIVONIA, CHRONICON LIVONIAE 93 PERSONAE 93 LOCI 102 III TO CONQUER 105 III.1 ADAM OF BREMEN, GESTA HAMMABURGENSIS ECCLESIAE PONTIFICUM 107 PERSONAE 108 LOCI 128 III.2 HELMOLD OF BOSAU, CHRONICA SLAVORUM 134 PERSONAE 135 LOCI 151 III.3 ARNOLD OF LÜBECK, CHRONICA SLAVORUM 160 PERSONAE 160 LOCI 169 III.4 HENRY OF LIVONIA, CHRONICON LIVONIAE 174 PERSONAE 175 LOCI 197 SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS 207 BIBLIOGRAPHY 210 RESÜMEE 226 APPENDIX 2 Introduction The following thesis discusses the image of the Slavic, Nordic, and Baltic peoples and lands as the Other in the historical writing of the Northern mission. -
Couronians | Semigallians | Selonians
BALTS’ ROAD, THE COURONIAN ROUTE SEGMENT Route: Rucava – Liepāja – Grobiņa – Jūrkalne – Alsunga – Kuldīga – Ventspils – Talsi – Valdemārpils – Sabile – Saldus – Embūte – Mosėdis – Plateliai – Kretinga – Klaipėda – Palanga – Rucava Duration: 3–4 days. Length about 790 km In ancient times, Couronians lived on the coast of the Baltic Sea. At that time, the sea and rivers were an important waterway that inuenced their way of life and interaction with neighbouring nations. You will nd out about this by taking the circular Couronian Route Segment. Peaceful deals were made during trading. Merchants from faraway lands Macaitis, Tērvete Tourism Information Centre, Zemgale Planning Region. Planning Zemgale Centre, Information Tourism Tērvete Macaitis, were tempted to visit the shores of the Baltic Sea looking for the northern gold – Photos: Līva Dāvidsone, Artis Gustovskis, Arvydas Gurkšnis, Denisas Nikitenka, Mindaugas Mindaugas Nikitenka, Denisas Gurkšnis, Arvydas Gustovskis, Artis Dāvidsone, Līva Photos: Publisher: Kurzeme Planning Region, Zemgale Planning Region 2019 Region Planning Zemgale Region, Planning Kurzeme Publisher: amber. To nd out more about amber, visit the Palanga Amber Museum (40) Centre, National Regional Development Agency in Lithuania. in Agency Development Regional National Centre, and the Liepāja Crafts House (6). Ancient Couronian boats, the barges, are Authors: Kurzeme Planning Region, Zemgale Planning Region, Šiauliai Tourism Information Information Tourism Šiauliai Region, Planning Zemgale Region, Planning Kurzeme Authors: -
Tsistertslaste Roll 13. Sajandi Eestis
Acta Historica Tallinnensia, 2009, 14, 3–30 doi: 10.3176/hist.2009.1.01 MISJONÄR VÕI MÕISNIK? TSISTERTSLASTE ROLL 13. SAJANDI EESTIS Kersti MARKUS Tallinna Ülikooli Ajaloo Instituut, Rüütli 6, 10130 Tallinn, Eesti; [email protected] Tsistertslaste tegevuse uurimisel on ajalooallikaid kombineeritud maastikuajaloolise teabega, mis avardab oluliselt senist arusaama vendade rollist tolleaegse ühiskonna kujundamises. On analüüsitud Valkena kloostri rajamise põhjusi ja asukohavalikut ning selle maavaldusi Järva- ja Virumaal, samuti Gotlandi Roma ning Daugavgrīva kloostri omandit tänapäevasel Harjumaal. Eesti alal tegutsenud tsistertslasi on ajaloouurijad seostanud peamiselt ristisõja ja misjonitegevusega. Samas esineb neid 13. sajandi esimese poole dokumentides erakordselt vähe, sagedasemaks muutuvad mainimised alles sajandi teisel poolel.1 Selleks ajaks oli aga ristisõda Eesti alal oma aktuaalsuse kaotanud ja tsistertslaste ordu loovutanud oma senise juhtpositsiooni kerjusordudele. Silma torkab ka asja- olu, et tsistertslaste maavaldused jäid Taani kuninga haldusalasse, ainus munga- klooster rajati Tartu piiskopkonda, ja kui eristaatusega Järvamaa kõrvale jätta, siis Saksa Ordu alale 13. sajandil tsistertslasi ei lastud. Selline olukord ärgitab tee- masse rohkem süvenema ja otsima neid põhjusi, miks võõras piirkonnas kanda kin- nitades tehti just selliseid asukohavalikuid ning mis rolli valged mungad 13. sajandi Eesti ühiskonnas mängisid. Kahjuks on allikalised andmed napid, kuid kombinee- rides olemasolevat teavet maastikuajaloolise teabega, võivad avaneda hoopis uued üllatavad perspektiivid. VALKENA2 KLOOSTER Ainsa Eesti alal 13. sajandil asutatud tsistertslaste mungakloostri rajamise asja- olud on üsna segased. Erialakirjanduses figureerivad eri aastaarvud ja pole selgust 1 Mõeldud on Eesti alal koostatud ametlikke dokumente: Kala, T. Dokumendid ja inimesed 13. sajandi Liivimaal. – Rmt: Sõnasse püütud minevik in honorem Enn Tarvel. Koost P. Raudkivi, M. Seppel. Argo, Tallinn, 2009, 107. -
Application of Link Integrity Techniques from Hypermedia to the Semantic Web
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science Department of Electronics and Computer Science A mini-thesis submitted for transfer from MPhil to PhD Supervisor: Prof. Wendy Hall and Dr Les Carr Examiner: Dr Nick Gibbins Application of Link Integrity techniques from Hypermedia to the Semantic Web by Rob Vesse February 10, 2011 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE A mini-thesis submitted for transfer from MPhil to PhD by Rob Vesse As the Web of Linked Data expands it will become increasingly important to preserve data and links such that the data remains available and usable. In this work I present a method for locating linked data to preserve which functions even when the URI the user wishes to preserve does not resolve (i.e. is broken/not RDF) and an application for monitoring and preserving the data. This work is based upon the principle of adapting ideas from hypermedia link integrity in order to apply them to the Semantic Web. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Hypothesis . .2 1.2 Report Overview . .8 2 Literature Review 9 2.1 Problems in Link Integrity . .9 2.1.1 The `Dangling-Link' Problem . .9 2.1.2 The Editing Problem . 10 2.1.3 URI Identity & Meaning . 10 2.1.4 The Coreference Problem . 11 2.2 Hypermedia . 11 2.2.1 Early Hypermedia . 11 2.2.1.1 Halasz's 7 Issues . 12 2.2.2 Open Hypermedia . 14 2.2.2.1 Dexter Model . 14 2.2.3 The World Wide Web .