A Short History of Poland and Lithuania
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Bydgoszcz–Toruń
Świat Idei i Polityki Kamila Sierzputowska Bydgoszcz–Toruń. Historyczne podłoże konfliktu Streszczenie: Antagonizm Bydgoszczy i Torunia stanowi jeden z przykładów trwania sporu posiadającego wielowiekową historię. Pograniczne położenie oraz burzliwy rozwój gospodarczy miast regionu stanowią, w miar ę postępu współczesnych warunków politycznych oraz społeczno-gospodarczych, przyczyny podziałów, nietracących na aktualności. Dlatego historyczne związki obu miast, okoliczności ich powstania i rozwoju stanowią świadectwo niejednolitego charakteru wzajemnych relacji Bydgoszczy i Torunia. Jakkolwiek wiedza na te- mat genezy do dziś istniejącego antagonizmu bydgosko-toruńskiego posiada ważne znaczenie dla zrozumienia charakteru tego osobliwego sąsiedztwa, a dodatkowo stanowi istotny kapitał o znaczeniu poznaw- czym procesu kształtowania się aktualnych podziałów politycznych w regionie. Słowa kluczowe: Bydgoszcz, Toruń, rywalizacja, relacje polsko-krzy- żackie, prawo składu, polityka handlowa. Historyczne uwarunkowania stosunków bydgosko-toruńskich mają istotny wpływ na kształt wzajemnych relacji miast, w pew- nym sensie warunkują ich charakter oraz nasilenie, jak również dają jednoznaczną odpowiedź o podłoże zasadniczych powiązań, dysproporcji oraz różnic pomiędzy nimi. Podstawowym założeniem badawczym artykułu jest ustalenie historycznych przyczyn kon- fl iktu pomiędzy dwoma miastami, który stanowi jeden z głównych Kamila Sierzputowska: Bydgoszcz–Toruń. Historyczne podłoże konfl iktu 449 przykładów wielowiekowego funkcjonowania trwałych podziałów -
The Oder-Neisse Line As Poland's Western Border
Piotr Eberhardt Piotr Eberhardt 2015 88 1 77 http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/ GPol.0007 April 2014 September 2014 Geographia Polonica 2015, Volume 88, Issue 1, pp. 77-105 http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0007 INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES www.igipz.pan.pl www.geographiapolonica.pl THE ODER-NEISSE LINE AS POLAND’S WESTERN BORDER: AS POSTULATED AND MADE A REALITY Piotr Eberhardt Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw: Poland e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This article presents the historical and political conditioning leading to the establishment of the contemporary Polish-German border along the ‘Oder-Neisse Line’ (formed by the rivers known in Poland as the Odra and Nysa Łużycka). It is recalled how – at the moment a Polish state first came into being in the 10th century – its western border also followed a course more or less coinciding with these same two rivers. In subsequent cen- turies, the political limits of the Polish and German spheres of influence shifted markedly to the east. However, as a result of the drastic reverse suffered by Nazi Germany, the western border of Poland was re-set at the Oder-Neisse Line. Consideration is given to both the causes and consequences of this far-reaching geopolitical decision taken at the Potsdam Conference by the victorious Three Powers of the USSR, UK and USA. Key words Oder-Neisse Line • western border of Poland • Potsdam Conference • international boundaries Introduction districts – one for each successor – brought the loss, at first periodically and then irrevo- At the end of the 10th century, the Western cably, of the whole of Silesia and of Western border of Poland coincided approximately Pomerania. -
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth As a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity*
Chapter 8 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity* Satoshi Koyama Introduction The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) was one of the largest states in early modern Europe. In the second half of the sixteenth century, after the union of Lublin (1569), the Polish-Lithuanian state covered an area of 815,000 square kilometres. It attained its greatest extent (990,000 square kilometres) in the first half of the seventeenth century. On the European continent there were only two larger countries than Poland-Lithuania: the Grand Duchy of Moscow (c.5,400,000 square kilometres) and the European territories of the Ottoman Empire (840,000 square kilometres). Therefore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the largest country in Latin-Christian Europe in the early modern period (Wyczański 1973: 17–8). In this paper I discuss the internal diversity of the Commonwealth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and consider how such a huge territorial complex was politically organised and integrated. * This paper is a part of the results of the research which is grant-aided by the ‘Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research’ program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in 2005–2007. - 137 - SATOSHI KOYAMA 1. The Internal Diversity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Poland-Lithuania before the union of Lublin was a typical example of a composite monarchy in early modern Europe. ‘Composite state’ is the term used by H. G. Koenigsberger, who argued that most states in early modern Europe had been ‘composite states, including more than one country under the sovereignty of one ruler’ (Koenigsberger, 1978: 202). -
The Archives of Poland and Where to Find Online Genealogy Records for Each - Sheet1
The Archives of Poland and where to find Online Genealogy Records for each - Sheet1 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License Archives of Poland Territorial coverage Search theGenBaza ArchivesGenetekaJRI-PolandAGAD Przodek.plGesher Archeion.netGalicia LubgensGenealogyPoznan in the BaSIAProject ArchivesPomGenBaseSzpejankowskisPodlaskaUpper and Digital Szpejenkowski SilesianSilesian Library Genealogical Digital Library Society Central Archives of Historical Records All Poland ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ National Digital Archive All Poland ✓ ✓ Central Archives of Modern Records All Poland ✓ ✓ Podlaskie (primarily), State Archive in Bialystok Masovia ✓ ✓ ✓ The Archives of Poland and where to find Online Genealogy Records for each - Sheet1 Branch in Lomza Podlaskie ✓ ✓ Kuyavian-Pomerania (primarily), Pomerania State Archive in Bydgoszcz and Greater Poland ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Kuyavian-Pomerania (primarily), Greater Branch in Inowrocław Poland ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Silesia (primarily), Świetokrzyskie, Łódz, National Archives in Częstochowa and Opole ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Pomerania (primarily), State Archive in Elbląg with the Warmia-Masuria, Seat in Malbork Kuyavian-Pomerania ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ State Archive in Gdansk Pomerania ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Gdynia Branch Pomerania ✓ ✓ ✓ State Archive in Gorzow Lubusz (primarily), Wielkopolski Greater Poland ✓ ✓ ✓ Greater Poland (primarily), Łódz, State Archive in Kalisz Lower Silesia ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Silesia (primarily), State Archive in Katowice Lesser Poland ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Branch in Bielsko-Biala Silesia ✓ ✓ ✓ Branch in Cieszyn Silesia ✓ ✓ ✓ Branch -
Stony Brook University
SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Invasions, Insurgency and Interventions: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark 1654 - 1658. A Dissertation Presented by Christopher Adam Gennari to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University May 2010 Copyright by Christopher Adam Gennari 2010 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Christopher Adam Gennari We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Ian Roxborough – Dissertation Advisor, Professor, Department of Sociology. Michael Barnhart - Chairperson of Defense, Distinguished Teaching Professor, Department of History. Gary Marker, Professor, Department of History. Alix Cooper, Associate Professor, Department of History. Daniel Levy, Department of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook. This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School """"""""" """"""""""Lawrence Martin "" """""""Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Invasions, Insurgency and Intervention: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark. by Christopher Adam Gennari Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University 2010 "In 1655 Sweden was the premier military power in northern Europe. When Sweden invaded Poland, in June 1655, it went to war with an army which reflected not only the state’s military and cultural strengths but also its fiscal weaknesses. During 1655 the Swedes won great successes in Poland and captured most of the country. But a series of military decisions transformed the Swedish army from a concentrated, combined-arms force into a mobile but widely dispersed force. -
Guide to COP 24 Katowice, Poland December 2018
Guide to COP 24 Katowice, Poland December 2018 Climate Action Network (CAN) is the world's largest civil society organization, with more than 1300 members in over 120 countries, working together to promote government action to address the climate crisis. CAN Guide to COP 24 Katowice, Poland - 2018 For further information on the CAN International, please visit our website at www.climatenetwork.org CAN-International Secretariat in Katowice Sarah Strack leads the CAN Delegation at COP 24. Lina Dabbagh leads CAN’s policy advocacy. Dharini Parthasarathy coordinates CAN’s communication. Both weeks: Stephan Singer – Senior Advisor on Global Energy Policies Sarah Strack – Deputy Executive Director and Support Systems Director Leanna Dakik – Executive Officer Hamza Tber - Program Director Lina Dabbagh – Head of Political Advocacy Andreas Sieber – Junior Policy Coordinator Agathe Jean-Alexis - Step-Up Intern Elise Buckle - Special Projects Director Marianne Toftgaard - 2018 Project Manager Lasse Bruun – Head of Energy Transition Barbara Rubim – Campaigns Coordinator Santiago Lorenzo - Head of Sustainable Finance Jana Merkelbach – Head of Network Development Janet Kachinga – Network Development Officer François Rogers - Head of Communications Hala Kilani – Communications Coordinator Dharini Parthasarathy – Communications Coordinator Farah Atyyat – Communications Officer – Arab World Tatiana Shauro – Communications Officer - EECCA Karla Maass Wolfenson- Communications Officer – Latin America Charlene Ruell – Operations Manager Nina Gabrych – Operations -
Polish German Peace Treaty
Polish German Peace Treaty Luke side-slip his ugli pupate stormily, but fanged Morton never methodises so rearwards. Diamantine and ectozoan Nestor evert her negotiatress despair photomechanically or naphthalizes bloodlessly, is Wait faded? Cagiest Sidney reverences moltenly. Hitler said that tens of thousands of Germans had been slaughtered but memory still sought an understanding with Poland After nail Polish victory Hitler said I. The unification of nations, germany is difficult times, shall receive permission. A Treaty abuse which Poland is a signatory certain portions of and former German. This demilitarised zone. The eventual extinction of nations having involve a strong personality is a historical tragedy that every Balt consciously feels, however nobody seems to handle able to subtract it. Germany, as advocate as actual fear. This civil and taking it was also endeavouring to give his views of four or single state further south, and associated powers such modification in democracy. Nor break the expulsion of millions of Germans be justified by an aggression against Poland and crimes committed during the Nazi rule in Poland. What extent it is polish corridor and german? This reduction will commence on the entry into force of the first CFE agreement. WWI Centenary 7 peace treaties that ended the nutrient world war. Greater poland disappears from german peace treaties german reich was polish legion of. The why and German Governments hereby respectively bind. West German capital, Bonn. Over 750000 Polish citizens now grave and dash in Germany where you form. Russia, The Ukraine, and America, New York: Columbia Univ. However, he insisted that include treaty must punish Germany because he grasp that Germany was conserve for instance war. -
Twenty Years After the Iron Curtain: the Czech Republic in Transition Zdeněk Janík March 25, 2010
Twenty Years after the Iron Curtain: The Czech Republic in Transition Zdeněk Janík March 25, 2010 Assistant Professor at Masaryk University in the Czech Republic n November of last year, the Czech Republic commemorated the fall of the communist regime in I Czechoslovakia, which occurred twenty years prior.1 The twentieth anniversary invites thoughts, many times troubling, on how far the Czechs have advanced on their path from a totalitarian regime to a pluralistic democracy. This lecture summarizes and evaluates the process of democratization of the Czech Republic’s political institutions, its transition from a centrally planned economy to a free market economy, and the transformation of its civil society. Although the political and economic transitions have been largely accomplished, democratization of Czech civil society is a road yet to be successfully traveled. This lecture primarily focuses on why this transformation from a closed to a truly open and autonomous civil society unburdened with the communist past has failed, been incomplete, or faced numerous roadblocks. HISTORY The Czech Republic was formerly the Czechoslovak Republic. It was established in 1918 thanks to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and his strong advocacy for the self-determination of new nations coming out of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after the World War I. Although Czechoslovakia was based on the concept of Czech nationhood, the new nation-state of fifteen-million people was actually multi- ethnic, consisting of people from the Czech lands (Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia), Slovakia, Subcarpathian Ruthenia (today’s Ukraine), and approximately three million ethnic Germans. Since especially the Sudeten Germans did not join Czechoslovakia by means of self-determination, the nation- state endorsed the policy of cultural pluralism, granting recognition to the various ethnicities present on its soil. -
Volume 10 (2020)
ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF MODERN PHILOLOGY ACADEMIC JOURNAL MODERN PHILOLOGY OF Table of Contents e-ISSN 2353–3218 ISSN 2299–7164 Vol. 10 (2020) Andrei A. Avram, Substrate and Adstrate Influence on (Ki)Nubi: Evidence from Early Records .......7 Małgorzata Baran-Łucarz, Anna Klimas, Developing 21st Century Skills in a Foreign Language Classroom: EFL Student Teachers’ Beliefs and Self-Awareness..........................23 Magdalena Bator, Marta Sylwanowicz, Noun Phrase Modification in Middle English Culinary and Medical Recipes..................................................................39 Anna Budziak, T.S. Eliot’s Anti-Elitist View of Education ..........................................57 Academic Piotr P. Chruszczewski, O procesach tłumaczenia tekstu literackiego – część druga. Na przykładzie „Emeryta” Brunona Schulza [1892–1942] (opis ćwiczenia) . 65 Natalia Chrzanowska, Bilingualism in Malta: Preferences and Attitudes of Maltese University Students ...........................................................................91 Michał Dzikon, Berlińskie studia Stanisława Przybyszewskiego...................................111 Matteo Iacovella, The “Po-ethical Turn” in Post-War Austrian Literature Through Ilse Journal Aichinger’s Texts .............................................................................125 John M. Jeep, Reinhard Fuchs: Stabreimende Wortpaare in der Überlieferung unter Einbeziehung rechtssprachlicher Aspekte ......................................................137 Ewa Kębłowska-Ławniczak, From Roots to Routes: Women -
Political Visions and Historical Scores
Founded in 1944, the Institute for Western Affairs is an interdis- Political visions ciplinary research centre carrying out research in history, political and historical scores science, sociology, and economics. The Institute’s projects are typi- cally related to German studies and international relations, focusing Political transformations on Polish-German and European issues and transatlantic relations. in the European Union by 2025 The Institute’s history and achievements make it one of the most German response to reform important Polish research institution well-known internationally. in the euro area Since the 1990s, the watchwords of research have been Poland– Ger- many – Europe and the main themes are: Crisis or a search for a new formula • political, social, economic and cultural changes in Germany; for the Humboldtian university • international role of the Federal Republic of Germany; The end of the Great War and Stanisław • past, present, and future of Polish-German relations; Hubert’s concept of postliminum • EU international relations (including transatlantic cooperation); American press reports on anti-Jewish • security policy; incidents in reborn Poland • borderlands: social, political and economic issues. The Institute’s research is both interdisciplinary and multidimension- Anthony J. Drexel Biddle on Poland’s al. Its multidimensionality can be seen in published papers and books situation in 1937-1939 on history, analyses of contemporary events, comparative studies, Memoirs Nasza Podróż (Our Journey) and the use of theoretical models to verify research results. by Ewelina Zaleska On the dispute over the status The Institute houses and participates in international research of the camp in occupied Konstantynów projects, symposia and conferences exploring key European questions and cooperates with many universities and academic research centres. -
Gniezno (Gmina Wiejska)
GMINA WIEJSKA GNIEZNO 32:,$7*1,(ħ1,(ē6., PLHMVFRZRĞFL 37 Liczba 2019 VRáHFWZ 30 /8'12ĝû Powierzchnia w km² 178 /XGQRĞüZHGáXJSáFLLJUXSZLHNXZ2019 r. Powiat Wybrane dane statystyczne 2017 2018 2019 2019 0ĉĩ&=<ħ1, KOBIETY 6098 6170 /XGQRĞü 11614 11951 12268 145418 /XGQRĞü na 1 km² 65 67 69 116 .RELHW\QDPĊĪF]\]Q 101 101 101 104 /XGQRĞüZZLHNXQLHSURGXNF\MQ\PQDRVyE w wieku produkcyjnym 59,9 61,2 62,1 67,2 'RFKRG\RJyáHPEXGĪHWXJPLQ\QDPLHV]NDĔFD Z]á 4538 4679 5207 5103 :\GDWNLRJyáHPEXGĪHWXJPLQ\QDPLHV]NDĔFD Z]á 5158 5427 5395 5139 Turystyczne obiekty noclegowe 2 2 2 49 0LHV]NDQLDRGGDQHGRXĪ\WNRZDQLDQDW\V OXGQRĞFL 131 158 169 57 3UDFXMąF\ QDOXGQRĞFL 114 103 96 198 8G]LDáEH]URERWQ\FK]DUHMHVWURZDQ\FK ZOLF]ELHOXGQRĞFLZZLHNXSURGXNF\MQ\P Z 2,8 2,0 1,6 2,1 /XGQRĞü–ZRJyáXOXGQRĞFL–NRU]\VWDMąFD z instalacji: ZRGRFLąJRZHM 86,5 86,5 88,2 97,3 kanalizacyjnej 27,5 27,6 20,6 75,7 gazowej 41,8 45,1 48,9 51,5 Podmioty gospodarki narodowej w rejestrze 5(*21QDW\VOXGQRĞFLZZLHNX produkcyjnym 1840 1893 1962 1867 Wybrane dane demograficzne 0LJUDFMHOXGQRĞFLQDSRE\WVWDá\ Powiat Gmina Powiat=100 w 2019 r. /XGQRĞü 145418 12268 8,4 w tym kobiety 74258 6170 8,3 8URG]HQLDĪ\ZH 1600 139 8,7 Zgony 1398 74 5,3 Przyrost naturalny 202 65 . 6DOGRPLJUDFMLRJyáHP -113 262 . /XGQRĞüZZLHNX przedprodukcyjnym 28953 2951 10,2 produkcyjnym 86950 7570 8,7 poprodukcyjnym 29515 1747 5,9 D'DQHGRW\F]ąRELHNWyZSRVLDGDMąF\FK10LZLĊFHMPLHMVFQRFOHJRZ\FK6WDQZGQLX31OLSFDE%H]SRGPLRWyZJRVSRGDUF]\FKROLF]ELHSUDFXMąF\FKGR9 osób oraz gospodarstw LQG\ZLGXDOQ\FKZUROQLFWZLHF:SU]\SDGNXPLJUDFML]DJUDQLF]Q\FKGDQHGRW\F]ą2014 r. 1 FINANSE PUBLICZNE 'RFKRG\LZ\GDWNLEXGĪHWXJPLQ\ZHGáXJURG]DMyZZU ĝURGNLZGRFKRGDFKEXGĪHWX gminy na finansowanie LZVSyáILQDQVRZDQLHSURJUDPyZ i projektów unijnych w 2019 r. -
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Institute of National Remembrance https://ipn.gov.pl/en/digital-resources/articles/4397,Battle-of-Warsaw-1920.html 2021-10-01, 13:56 11.08.2020 Battle of Warsaw, 1920 We invite you to read an article by Mirosław Szumiło, D.Sc. on the Battle of Warsaw, 1920. The text is also available in French and Russian (see attached pdf files). The Battle of Warsaw was one of the most important moments of the Polish-Bolshevik war, one of the most decisive events in the history of Poland, Europe and the entire world. However, excluding Poland, this fact is almost completely unknown to the citizens of European countries. This phenomenon was noticed a decade after the battle had taken place by a British diplomat, Lord Edgar Vincent d’Abernon, a direct witness of the events. In his book of 1931 “The Eighteenth Decisive Battle of the World: Warsaw, 1920”, he claimed that in the contemporary history of civilisation there are, in fact, few events of greater importance than the Battle of Warsaw of 1920. There is also no other which has been more overlooked. To better understand the origin and importance of the battle of Warsaw, one needs to become acquainted with a short summary of the Polish-Bolshevik war and, first and foremost, to get to know the goals of both fighting sides. We ought to start with stating the obvious, namely, that the Bolshevik regime, led by Vladimir Lenin, was, from the very beginning, focused on expansion. Prof. Richard Pipes, a prolific American historian, stated: “the Bolsheviks took power not to change Russia, but to use it as a trampoline for world revolution”.