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The Oder-Neisse Line As Poland's Western Border
Piotr Eberhardt Piotr Eberhardt 2015 88 1 77 http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/ GPol.0007 April 2014 September 2014 Geographia Polonica 2015, Volume 88, Issue 1, pp. 77-105 http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0007 INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES www.igipz.pan.pl www.geographiapolonica.pl THE ODER-NEISSE LINE AS POLAND’S WESTERN BORDER: AS POSTULATED AND MADE A REALITY Piotr Eberhardt Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw: Poland e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This article presents the historical and political conditioning leading to the establishment of the contemporary Polish-German border along the ‘Oder-Neisse Line’ (formed by the rivers known in Poland as the Odra and Nysa Łużycka). It is recalled how – at the moment a Polish state first came into being in the 10th century – its western border also followed a course more or less coinciding with these same two rivers. In subsequent cen- turies, the political limits of the Polish and German spheres of influence shifted markedly to the east. However, as a result of the drastic reverse suffered by Nazi Germany, the western border of Poland was re-set at the Oder-Neisse Line. Consideration is given to both the causes and consequences of this far-reaching geopolitical decision taken at the Potsdam Conference by the victorious Three Powers of the USSR, UK and USA. Key words Oder-Neisse Line • western border of Poland • Potsdam Conference • international boundaries Introduction districts – one for each successor – brought the loss, at first periodically and then irrevo- At the end of the 10th century, the Western cably, of the whole of Silesia and of Western border of Poland coincided approximately Pomerania. -
Stony Brook University
SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Invasions, Insurgency and Interventions: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark 1654 - 1658. A Dissertation Presented by Christopher Adam Gennari to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University May 2010 Copyright by Christopher Adam Gennari 2010 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Christopher Adam Gennari We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Ian Roxborough – Dissertation Advisor, Professor, Department of Sociology. Michael Barnhart - Chairperson of Defense, Distinguished Teaching Professor, Department of History. Gary Marker, Professor, Department of History. Alix Cooper, Associate Professor, Department of History. Daniel Levy, Department of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook. This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School """"""""" """"""""""Lawrence Martin "" """""""Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Invasions, Insurgency and Intervention: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark. by Christopher Adam Gennari Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University 2010 "In 1655 Sweden was the premier military power in northern Europe. When Sweden invaded Poland, in June 1655, it went to war with an army which reflected not only the state’s military and cultural strengths but also its fiscal weaknesses. During 1655 the Swedes won great successes in Poland and captured most of the country. But a series of military decisions transformed the Swedish army from a concentrated, combined-arms force into a mobile but widely dispersed force. -
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania Chapter 1. The Origin of the Polish Nation.................................3 Chapter 2. The Piast Dynasty...................................................4 Chapter 3. Lithuania until the Union with Poland.........................7 Chapter 4. The Personal Union of Poland and Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty. ..................................................8 Chapter 5. The Full Union of Poland and Lithuania. ................... 11 Chapter 6. The Decline of Poland-Lithuania.............................. 13 Chapter 7. The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania : The Napoleonic Interlude............................................................. 16 Chapter 8. Divided Poland-Lithuania in the 19th Century. .......... 18 Chapter 9. The Early 20th Century : The First World War and The Revival of Poland and Lithuania. ............................. 21 Chapter 10. Independent Poland and Lithuania between the bTwo World Wars.......................................................... 25 Chapter 11. The Second World War. ......................................... 28 Appendix. Some Population Statistics..................................... 33 Map 1: Early Times ......................................................... 35 Map 2: Poland Lithuania in the 15th Century........................ 36 Map 3: The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania ........................... 38 Map 4: Modern North-east Europe ..................................... 40 1 Foreword. Poland and Lithuania have been linked together in this history because -
The Lessons of the Last Romanovs: Neither Bolshevism Nor Tsarism
Click here for Full Issue of EIR Volume 19, Number 43, October 30, 1992 The lessons of the last Romanovs: neither Bolshevism nor tsarism by Denise Henderson Cheka (secret police) of the Urals in 1917 and therefore responsible for the captive Romanovs, a "proletarian Jacob The LastTsar: The Life and Death of in." Lenin himself proclaimed: "At least a hundred Ra Nicholas II ped by Edward Radzinsky, trans. by Marian Schwartz manovs must have their heads chop off in order to unlearn their descendants of crimes." And Trotsky, speakinggeneral Doubleday, New York, 1992 ly, added, "We must put an end once and for all to the Papish 462 pages, hardbound, $25 Quaker babble about the sanctity of human life." The turning point for the 'ancien regime' The downfall of a regime usually leads to an outpouring of There is no doubt that both the secret way in which the memoirs, analysis, romance, and other sorts of history, and Romanovs were executed, without trial, and the fact that for the fall of the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty in 1915, when 70 years the Bolsheviks practiced state terrorism against the Nicholas II abdicated for himself and his son, has been no Soviet population, thereby making open discussion about exception. This year, Edward Radzinsky, a Russian play the ancien regime taboo, have contributed to the fascination wright and historian, who began his researches on Nicholas Russians and others have with the death of Nicholas II and II 20 years ago, has added The Last Tsar: The Lifeand Death his family.But more important than Radzinsky's description of Nicholas II to that literature. -
A Brief Outline of Polish and Polish American History - Part 1
A Brief Outline of Polish and Polish American History - Part 1 120,000 B.C. - First records of Protoslavic cultures in the 1683 - John Sobieski defeats the Turks at Vienna. Ojcow region of Poland. 1745 - Casimir Pulaski is born in Poland. 1300 B.C. - First evidence of Lusatian culture, the progenitor of modern Polish and Slavic cultures. 1746 - Thaddeus Kosciuszko is born in Poland. He attended school in Lubieszow and later the Cadet 700 B.C. - Biskupin Settlement is built in central Poland Academy in Warsaw and then undertook engineering in what is now the voivodeship of Torun. It is now a studies in Paris. museum in Poland featuring the oldest settlement. 1776 - Thaddeus Kosciuszko came to America to offer 100 A.D. - Contact with Roman Danubian provinces his services to General George Washington. He was made by Slavic peoples, although Rome never expands appointed engineer of the Continental Army with the into their territories. rank of Colonel. He distinguished himself throughout the American Revolutionary War. His engineering and 500 - West Slavic tribal federations begin to form. fortification skills along the Delaware River and at 850 - Polanie and Wislanie tribal groups appear, Saratoga, N.Y., helped win battles for the Continental eventually merging together into the first state of Poland. Army. Kosciuszko is well known for his fortification at West Point, which is the site of West Point Military 966 - Duke Mieszko accepts Christianity for himself and Academy. The name General Thaddeus Kosciuszko is for Poland and the documented history of Poland begins. listed on organizations, bridges, schools, and other local and national landmarks. -
The Paradigm of Geopolitics Lost Its Homogeneous Character and Therefore This Thesis Deliberates the Key Concepts of Geopolitical Theories
Beata Kamila Maczka (DE-)SECURITIZING EAST POLISH DISCOURSE ON EASTERN PARTNERSHIP University of Tampere Department of Political Science and International Relations International School of Social Sciences Master in European Studies: Europeanization of Politics and Governance International Politics Master’s Thesis May 2010 University of Tampere Department of Political Science and International Relations International School of Social Sciences MACZKA, BEATA KAMILA: (De-) Securitizing East - Polish Discourse on Eastern Dimension Master’s Thesis, 102 pages Master in European Studies: Europeanization of Politics and Governance International Relations May 2010 Abstract The subject of this thesis is Polish discourse concerning the Eastern Partnership. The subject creates an opportunity to analyze security policy under current geopolitical conditions in the context of Poland’s membership in the EU. Polish literature concerning eastern issues is dominated by classical geopolitical thinking and numerous references to grand narratives. Therefore, the study explores the critical geopolitics theoretical approach. The theory provides a tool for understanding how identity, security discourses and geographical reasoning are being constructed. Security issues, especially those concerning Russia, are in Polish literature and public debates discussed by means of political realism, i.e. a fight over dominance, a sense of threat, and the need of power maximization. The aim of this thesis is to analyze arguments, which are used in Poland to justify the development of the Eastern Partnership Project. Relying on extensive studies on Estonia’s situation, I want to follow through correlations between geopolitics and identity and its influence on Poland’s perception of Polish and European security. The aim of the thesis was to show the construction of threats in Poland. -
ON the EFFECTIVE USE of PROXY WARFARE by Andrew Lewis Peek Baltimore, Maryland May 2021 © 2021 Andrew Peek All Rights Reserved
ON THE EFFECTIVE USE OF PROXY WARFARE by Andrew Lewis Peek A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland May 2021 2021 Andrew Peek All rights reserved Abstract This dissertation asks a simple question: how are states most effectively conducting proxy warfare in the modern international system? It answers this question by conducting a comparative study of the sponsorship of proxy forces. It uses process tracing to examine five cases of proxy warfare and predicts that the differentiation in support for each proxy impacts their utility. In particular, it proposes that increasing the principal-agent distance between sponsors and proxies might correlate with strategic effectiveness. That is, the less directly a proxy is supported and controlled by a sponsor, the more effective the proxy becomes. Strategic effectiveness here is conceptualized as consisting of two key parts: a proxy’s operational capability and a sponsor’s plausible deniability. These should be in inverse relation to each other: the greater and more overt a sponsor’s support is to a proxy, the more capable – better armed, better trained – its proxies should be on the battlefield. However, this close support to such proxies should also make the sponsor’s influence less deniable, and thus incur strategic costs against both it and the proxy. These costs primarily consist of external balancing by rival states, the same way such states would balance against conventional aggression. Conversely, the more deniable such support is – the more indirect and less overt – the less balancing occurs. -
Polish Coins Depicting Martial Arts and the Art of War
© Idōkan Poland Association “IDO MOVEMENT FOR CULTURE. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology”, Vol. 15, no. 1 (2015), pp. 1–10 DOI: 10.14589/ido.15.1.1 Wojciech J. Cynarski1(ABDEFG), Łukasz R. Cynarski2(B) 1 University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów (Poland) 2 Idokan Poland Association, Rzeszów (Poland) e-mail: [email protected] Polish coins depicting martial arts and the art of war Submission:16.08.2014; acceptance: 1.09.2014 Key words: martial arts, military culture, numismatics, Polish coins, symbolism Abstract Aim. The subject of the research is Polish coins which represent military or martial arts culture. The authors, using a multi-disci- plinary approach attempt to show how national heritage in a specific area of culture, is promoted by the issuing of commemorative coins This is their description along with their attempts to explain the phenomenon. Material and Methods. The research material comprises Polish coins and in addition, some selected foreign coins (issued between 1923 and 2013) excluding test coins. The content of the drawings (the graphics) and the inscriptions are discussed and subsequently interpreted. Subject literature and National Bank of Poland advertising material is also included. Results. The use of symbolism, Polish historical military formations, weapons and armour, famous battles of the Polish army and fortifications were successively considered. Reference was also made to the presence of the theme of martial arts on ”sport and the Olympics” coins. The analysis is illustrated with photographs of selected coins. Conclusions. Some countries promote their own traditions of physical culture, others promote the combat sports, in which they are most successful. -
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Institute of National Remembrance https://ipn.gov.pl/en/news/4377,The-Polish-Soviet-War-of-1920.html 2021-10-04, 09:59 03.08.2020 The Polish-Soviet War of 1920 Reasons The main reason for the outbreak of the Polish-Soviet war the threat to Poland’s independence by Soviet Russia, as well as the attempt to implement the idea of a permanent revolution, and the export of the communist revolution Europe-wide. The Bolsheviks began carrying out this plan immediately after seizing power in Russia in October of 1917. They undertook the first attempts in Finland already in 1918, where civil war had broken out, as well as in the Baltic nations. In 1919 an attempt was made at provoking an uprising in Berlin, in March of the same year a government coalition was formed in Hungary with the participation communists, and in June of 1919 an attempt was made at a coup in Vienna. With the aim of transferring the revolution to other European countries, in March 1919, the Bolsheviks founded Comintern – the Third International, which was formally an independent organisation, but in practise functioned according to the guidelines of the Political Office of the communist party. One of its “branches” was the Communist Polish Workers Party (later: the Communist Party of Poland), which originated even earlier – in December 1918. From the perspective of Poland’s independence, a highly significant issue in relations with the eastern neighbour, was determining the course of the eastern border. During this time Central Europe was occupied along the belt from the Baltic Sea to the Sea of Azov, by the German army, which only began retreating after entering into a ceasefire in Compiegne on 11 November 1918. -
Revisiting Fred Iklé's 1961 Question, “After Detection—What?”
BRAD ROBERTS Revisiting Fred Iklé’s 1961 Question, “After Detection—What?” BRAD ROBERTS Dr. Brad Roberts is a Research Staff Member at the Institute for Defense Analyses in Alexandria, Virginia. He is also an Adjunct Professor at George Washington University, Chairman of the research advisory council of the Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute, and a member of The Nonproliferation Review’s editorial board. He is the author of Weapons Proliferation and World Order After the Cold War (Kluwer Press, 1996). riting nearly four decades ago, Fred Iklé violation will not be deterred if it thinks it can penned the fundamental arms control com- discourage, circumvent, or absorb our reaction. Wpliance question: “after detection—what?”1 We must study, therefore, not only what our In an article published in Foreign Affairs magazine in opponent may do to avoid detection, but also January 1961, he framed the issue as follows: what he may do to escape the penalty of being The current debate on arms control and disar- detected.2 mament puts great stress on the problem of If Iklé’s question is remembered at all in the current how to detect violations of whatever agree- arms control debate, it is typically recalled as rhetorical ments may be reached....Yet detecting viola- in nature. Arms control opponents sometimes invoke Iklé tions is not enough. What counts are the to support their arguments that arms control is possible political and military consequences of a vio- only when it is not necessary and that it is a dangerous lation once it has been detected, since these delusion between military adversaries. -
Nestor Makhno in the Russian Civil War.Pdf
NESTOR MAKHNO IN THE RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR Michael Malet THE LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE TeutonicScan €> Michael Malet \982 AU rights reserved. No parI of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, wilhom permission Fim ed/lIOn 1982 Reprinted /985 To my children Published by lain, Saffron, and Jonquil THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London rind BasingSloke Compafl/u rind reprutntatiW!S throughout the warld ISBN 0-333-2S969-6 Pnnted /II Great Bmain Antony Rowe Ltd, Ch/ppenham 5;landort � Signalur RNB 10043 Akz.·N. \d.·N. I, "'i • '. • I I • Contents ... Acknowledgements VIII Preface ox • Chronology XI .. Introduction XVII Glossary xx' PART 1 MILITARY HISTORY 1917-21 1 Relative Peace, 1917-18 3 2 The Rise of the Balko, July 19I5-February 1919 13 3 The Year 1919 29 4 Stalemate, January-October 1920 54 5 The End, October I92O-August 1921 64 PART 2 MAKHNOVSCHYNA-ORGAN1SATION 6 Makhno's Military Organisation and Capabilities 83 7 Civilian Organisation 107 PART 3 IDEOLOGY 8 Peasants and Workers 117 9 Makhno and the Bolsheviks 126 10 Other Enemies and Rivals 138 11 Anarchism and the Anarchists 157 12 Anti-Semitism 168 13 Some Ideological Questions 175 PART 4 EXILE J 4 The Bitter End 183 References 193 Bibliography 198 Index 213 • • '" Acknowledgements Preface My first thanks are due to three university lecturers who have helped Until the appearance of Michael PaJii's book in 1976, the role of and encouraged me over the years: John Erickson and Z. A. B. Nestor Makhno in the events of the Russian civil war was almost Zeman inspired my initial interest in Russian and Soviet history, unknown. -
Personalities and Perceptions: Churchill, De Gaulle, and British-Free French Relations 1940-1941" (2019)
University of Vermont ScholarWorks @ UVM UVM Honors College Senior Theses Undergraduate Theses 2019 Personalities and Perceptions: Churchill, De Gaulle, and British- Free French Relations 1940-1941 Samantha Sullivan Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/hcoltheses Recommended Citation Sullivan, Samantha, "Personalities and Perceptions: Churchill, De Gaulle, and British-Free French Relations 1940-1941" (2019). UVM Honors College Senior Theses. 324. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/hcoltheses/324 This Honors College Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Theses at ScholarWorks @ UVM. It has been accepted for inclusion in UVM Honors College Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UVM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Personalities and Perceptions: Churchill, De Gaulle, and British-Free French Relations 1940-1941 By: Samantha Sullivan Advised by: Drs. Steven Zdatny, Andrew Buchanan, and Meaghan Emery University of Vermont History Department Honors College Thesis April 17, 2019 Acknowledgements: Nearly half of my time at UVM was spent working on this project. Beginning as a seminar paper for Professor Zdatny’s class in Fall 2018, my research on Churchill and De Gaulle slowly grew into the thesis that follows. It was a collaborative effort that allowed me to combine all of my fields of study from my entire university experience. This project took me to London and Cambridge to conduct archival research and made for many late nights on the second floor of the Howe Library. I feel an overwhelming sense of pride and accomplishment for this thesis that is reflective of the work I have done at UVM.