Part 2: the First Partition of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1772 – Its Description and Depiction in Maps Andrew Kapochunas, Jersey City, New Jersey EN
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“Terra Incognita in the Heart of Europe” Representation of Belarusian National Identity in Tourism Advertisements
“Terra Incognita in the Heart of Europe” Representation of Belarusian National Identity in Tourism Advertisements Alina Lind Master’s Thesis Intercultural Encounters Faculty of Arts University of Helsinki April 2021 Tiedekunta – Fakultet – Faculty Koulutusohjelma – Utbildningsprogram – Degree Programme Faculty of Arts Intercultural Encounters Opintosuunta – Studieinriktning – Study Track Humanities Track Tekijä – Författare – Author Alina Lind Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title “Terra Incognita in the heart of Europe”. Representation of Belarusian national identity in tourism advertisements Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Master’s Thesis April 2021 62+23 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Due to historical and political reasons, a lot of Belarusians face a challenge regarding the understanding of their national identity. This thesis aims at analysing the ways tourism advertisements contribute to the nation’s representation to Belarusians. The study’s objectives concentrate on the formulation of the most recurring cultural representations of Belarusian nation portrayed in the advertisements and evaluation of their contribution to nation-building processes. In the following thesis, I am answering the research questions regarding the markers of cultural representation (e.g., signs, symbols) seen in tourism advertising contributing to Belarusian identity, their cultural connotations, and the differences in the representation of such symbols in governmental and private Belarusian tourist advertisements. Since the thesis is analysing Belarusian national identity features, I also provide a historical and political background of the republic since the thirteenth century. By doing so, the reader gets a comprehensive picture of the events that influenced the problem of national identity and the topicality of this issue nowadays. -
The Baltic Republics
FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1994 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College. Editor: Kalevi Ruhala Editorial Assistant: Matti Hongisto Editorial Board: Chairman Prof. Mikko Viitasalo, National Defence College Dr. Pauli Järvenpää, Ministry of Defence Col. Antti Numminen, General Headquarters Dr., Lt.Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri, Finnish Institute of International Affairs Dr. Matti Vuorio, Scientific Committee for National Defence Published by NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE P.O. Box 266 FIN - 00171 Helsinki FINLAND FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 6 THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1992 ISBN 951-25-0709-9 ISSN 0788-5571 © Copyright 1994: National Defence College All rights reserved Painatuskeskus Oy Pasilan pikapaino Helsinki 1994 Preface Until the end of the First World War, the Baltic region was understood as a geographical area comprising the coastal strip of the Baltic Sea from the Gulf of Danzig to the Gulf of Finland. In the years between the two World Wars the concept became more political in nature: after Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania obtained their independence in 1918 the region gradually became understood as the geographical entity made up of these three republics. Although the Baltic region is geographically fairly homogeneous, each of the newly restored republics possesses unique geographical and strategic features. -
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania Chapter 1. The Origin of the Polish Nation.................................3 Chapter 2. The Piast Dynasty...................................................4 Chapter 3. Lithuania until the Union with Poland.........................7 Chapter 4. The Personal Union of Poland and Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty. ..................................................8 Chapter 5. The Full Union of Poland and Lithuania. ................... 11 Chapter 6. The Decline of Poland-Lithuania.............................. 13 Chapter 7. The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania : The Napoleonic Interlude............................................................. 16 Chapter 8. Divided Poland-Lithuania in the 19th Century. .......... 18 Chapter 9. The Early 20th Century : The First World War and The Revival of Poland and Lithuania. ............................. 21 Chapter 10. Independent Poland and Lithuania between the bTwo World Wars.......................................................... 25 Chapter 11. The Second World War. ......................................... 28 Appendix. Some Population Statistics..................................... 33 Map 1: Early Times ......................................................... 35 Map 2: Poland Lithuania in the 15th Century........................ 36 Map 3: The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania ........................... 38 Map 4: Modern North-east Europe ..................................... 40 1 Foreword. Poland and Lithuania have been linked together in this history because -
Federal Research Division Country Profile: Tajikistan, January 2007
Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Tajikistan, January 2007 COUNTRY PROFILE: TAJIKISTAN January 2007 COUNTRY Formal Name: Republic of Tajikistan (Jumhurii Tojikiston). Short Form: Tajikistan. Term for Citizen(s): Tajikistani(s). Capital: Dushanbe. Other Major Cities: Istravshan, Khujand, Kulob, and Qurghonteppa. Independence: The official date of independence is September 9, 1991, the date on which Tajikistan withdrew from the Soviet Union. Public Holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1), International Women’s Day (March 8), Navruz (Persian New Year, March 20, 21, or 22), International Labor Day (May 1), Victory Day (May 9), Independence Day (September 9), Constitution Day (November 6), and National Reconciliation Day (November 9). Flag: The flag features three horizontal stripes: a wide middle white stripe with narrower red (top) and green stripes. Centered in the white stripe is a golden crown topped by seven gold, five-pointed stars. The red is taken from the flag of the Soviet Union; the green represents agriculture and the white, cotton. The crown and stars represent the Click to Enlarge Image country’s sovereignty and the friendship of nationalities. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Early History: Iranian peoples such as the Soghdians and the Bactrians are the ethnic forbears of the modern Tajiks. They have inhabited parts of Central Asia for at least 2,500 years, assimilating with Turkic and Mongol groups. Between the sixth and fourth centuries B.C., present-day Tajikistan was part of the Persian Achaemenian Empire, which was conquered by Alexander the Great in the fourth century B.C. After that conquest, Tajikistan was part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state to Alexander’s empire. -
Charniauski the Excavation of Kryvina Peatbog Settlements In
THE EXCAVATION OF KRYVINA PEATBOG SETTLEMENTS IN NORTHERN BELARUS BETWEEN 2000 AND 2009 MICHAL CHARNIAUSKI, MAXIM CHARNIAUSKI The Excavation of Kryvina The Excavation of Kryvina Peatbog Settlements in Northern Belarus between 2000 and 2009 Abstract Between 2000 and 2010, the Asaviec 2 and Asaviec 7 settlements of Kryvina peatbog (Vitebsk region) were excavated. At MICHAL MICHAL CHARNIAUSKI, MAXIM CHARNIAUSKI Asaviec 2 the excavations concentrated on the northern part, where pure materials of Usvyatian culture were found, and also several fragments of a Globular Amphora culture vessel. The excavations of the new Asaviec 7 settlement (up till 2007) gave us pure materials of Northern Belarusian culture, too. Among them are bone, antler and flint items, made mainly according to local Neolithic traditions. There are two 14C dates for this settlement: 3770±90 ВР and 3870±40 ВР. Key words: Late Neolithic, Bronze Age, peatbog settlements, northern Belarus, Usviaty culture, Northern Belarusian culture. Kryvina peatbog is situated on the border of the Sianno one metre was discovered under the peat. Up to and Beshankovichy districts in the Vitebsk region. Ten 0.5 metres deep, it contained artefacts of Northern Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements, Asaviec 1, 2, 3, Belarusian culture. Lower, down to the bedrock, the 4, 5, 6, 7 and Kryvina 1, 2, 3, as well as several other remains of an Usvyatian culture settlement were bed- sites, are known here (Fig. 1). ded in situ. Specific artefacts were found here that rep- resent comprehensively local Usvyatian culture. They Between 2000 and 2009 the settlements of Asaviec 2 comprise ceramics, tools and hunting weapons made (by Michal Charniauski) and Asaviec 7 (by Maxim from flint, horn and bone, household tools, decora- Charniauski) were investigated. -
The Chronicle Henry of Livonia
THE CHRONICLE of HENRY OF LIVONIA HENRICUS LETTUS TRANSLATED WITH A NEW INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY James A. Brundage � COLUMBIA UNIVERSI'IY PRESS NEW YORK Columbia University Press RECORDS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION is a series published under the aus Publishers Since 1893 pices of the InterdepartmentalCommittee on Medieval and Renaissance New York Chichester,West Sussex Studies of the Columbia University Graduate School. The Western Records are, in fact, a new incarnation of a venerable series, the Co Copyright© University ofWisconsin Press, 1961 lumbia Records of Civilization, which, for more than half a century, New introduction,notes, and bibliography© 2003 Columbia University Press published sources and studies concerning great literary and historical All rights reserved landmarks. Many of the volumes of that series retain value, especially for their translations into English of primary sources, and the Medieval and Renaissance Studies Committee is pleased to cooperate with Co Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationData lumbia University Press in reissuing a selection of those works in pa Henricus, de Lettis, ca. II 87-ca. 12 59. perback editions, especially suited for classroom use, and in limited [Origines Livoniae sacrae et civilis. English] clothbound editions. The chronicle of Henry of Livonia / Henricus Lettus ; translatedwith a new introduction and notes by James A. Brundage. Committee for the Records of Western Civilization p. cm. - (Records of Western civilization) Originally published: Madison : University of Wisconsin Press, 1961. Caroline Walker Bynum With new introd. Joan M. Ferrante Includes bibliographical references and index. CarmelaVircillo Franklin Robert Hanning ISBN 978-0-231-12888-9 (cloth: alk. paper)---ISBN 978-0-231-12889-6 (pbk.: alk. -
A Look at Schillings of the Free Imperial City of Riga by Charles Calkins
A Look at Schillings of the Free Imperial City of Riga by Charles Calkins The seaport of Riga is the capital of Latvia and the largest city of the Balkan states. It is located on the Gulf of Riga, a bay of the Baltic Sea, at the mouth of the Daugava river. The area was settled in ancient times by the Livs, a Finnic tribe, giving the area its name of Livonia. Riga began developing economically due to the Daugava being used as a Viking trade route to Byzantium. By the 12th century, German traders were visiting Riga, establishing an outpost near Riga in 1158. After a failed attempt at Christianization in the late 1100s, Bishop Albert landed with a force of crusaders in 1200, and transferred the Livonian bishopric to Riga in 1201, which became the Archbishopric of Riga in 1255. Albert established the Order of Livonian Brothers of the Sword in 1202 to defend territory and commerce, and Emperor Philip of Swabia caused Livonia to become a principality of the Holy Roman Empire. The Order of Livonian Brothers was given one-third of Livonia, and the Church the other two-thirds, which included Riga. In 1211, Riga minted its first coinage, and gradually gained more independence through the 1200s. In 1236, the Order of Livonian Brothers was defeated in battle with the Samogitians of Lithuania. The remaining Brothers were incorporated into the Teutonic Knights as a branch known as the Livonian Order. The Livonian Order subsequently gained control of Livonia. In 1282, Riga became a member of the Hanseatic League, a confederation of towns and merchant guilds which provided legal and military protection. -
The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, C.1500–1795
The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, c.1500–1795 The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, c.1500–1795 Edited by Richard Butterwick Lecturer in Modern European History Queen’s University Belfast Northern Ireland Editorial matter, selection and Introduction © Richard Butterwick 2001 Chapter 10 © Richard Butterwick 2001 Chapters 1–9 © Palgrave Publishers Ltd 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001 978-0-333-77382-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2001 by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin’s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 978-1-349-41618-9 ISBN 978-0-333-99380-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780333993804 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. -
First Russian Schools for Muslims in Tbilisi (Georgia)
First Russian Schools for Muslims in Tbilisi (Georgia) Nani Gelovani Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Oriental Studies, Associated professor; Georgia ABSTRACT The city of Tbilisi (its pre-1936 international designation – Tiflis), which became a center of Russian Administration in the Caucasus region since 1801, a residence of the Caucasus Viceroy (Namestnik) since 1845 and an administrative center of Tbilisi Governorate since 1846, was gradually established as an administrative, trade and industrial center of the South Caucasus (Transcaucasia). Through Tbilisi, Russia established diplomatic and trade relations with Eastern countries. In 1847-1849, the first Russian schools for Muslims in the South Caucasus, separately for Shiites and Sunnis, were opened in Tbilisi specifically, where the Caucasus Viceroy could closely supervise “the progress and success of this establishment”. This first experience of Muslim schools was a success: the population, who refrained from sending their children to parochial schools for religious reasons, showed sympathy to them. Opening educational establishments for Muslims controlled by the Tsarist Administration in the South Caucasus can be explained by Russia’s interest to promote the swift adaptation of the Muslims of the South Caucasus to Russian legal and cultural environment and by the need for training clerks among local residents to work at the Administration. The present report will consider the history of the first Russian Muslim schools in the South Caucasus, in Tbilisi in particular (charter, educational program, teaching aids, pedagogical staff, privileges for the graduates, estimate, etc.) based on the materials found in the archival documents and periodicals. Key words: Archival documents; Education; Russian Empire; South Caucasus; Tbilisi. -
How History Matters for Student Performance. Lessons from the Partitions of Poland Ú Job Market Paper Latest Version: HERE
How History Matters for Student Performance. Lessons from the Partitions of Poland ú Job Market Paper Latest Version: HERE. Pawe≥Bukowski † This paper examines the effect on current student performance of the 19th century Partitions of Poland among Austria, Prussia and Russia. Despite the modern similarities of the three regions, using a regression discontinuity design I show that student test scores are 0.6 standard deviation higher on the Austrian side of the former Austrian-Russian border. This magnitude is comparable to the black vs. white test score gap in the US. On the other hand, I do not find evidence for differences on the Prussian-Russian border. Using a theoretical model and indirect evidence I argue that the Partitions have persisted through their impact on social norms toward local schools. Nevertheless, the persistent effect of Austria is puzzling given the histori- cal similarities of the Austrian and Prussian educational systems. I argue that the differential legacy of Austria and Prussia originates from the Aus- trian Empire’s policy to promote Polish identity in schools and the Prussian Empire’s efforts to Germanize the Poles through education. JEL Classification: N30, I20, O15, J24 úI thank Sascha O. Becker, Volha Charnysh, Gregory Clark, Tomas Cvrcek, John S. Earle, Irena Grosfeld, Hedvig Horvát, Gábor Kézdi, Jacek Kochanowicz, Attila Lindner, Christina Romer, Ruth M. Schüler, Tamás Vonyó, Jacob Weisdorf, Agnieszka WysokiÒska, Noam Yuchtman, the partici- pants of seminars at Central European University, University of California at Berkeley, University of California at Davis, Warsaw School of Economics, Ifo Center for the Economics of Education and FRESH workshops in Warsaw and Canterbury, WEast workshop in Belgrade, European Historical Economics Society Summer School in Berlin for their comments and suggestions. -
17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia
Madis Maasing 17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia 17.1 Introduction At the beginning of the sixteenth century, political rhetoric in Livonia was shaped by the threat posed by an alien power: Following a significant deterio- ration in the relations between the Catholic Livonian territories and their mighty Eastern Orthodox neighbour – the Grand Duchy of Moscow – war broke out, lasting from 1501 to 1503, with renewed armed conflict remaining an immi- nent threat until 1509. During this period of confrontation, and afterwards, the Livonians (i.e., the political elite of Livonia) fulminated in their political writ- ings about the gruesome, schismatic, and even infidel Russians, who posed a threat not only to Livonia, but to Western Christendom in general. In the Holy Roman Empire and at the Roman Curia, these allegations were quite favoura- bly received. Arguably, the Livonians’ greatest success took the form of a papal provision for two financially profitable anti-Russian indulgence campaigns (1503–1510). For various political reasons, the motif of a permanent and general ‘Russian threat’ had ongoing currency in Livonia up until the Livonian War (1558–1583). Even after the collapse of the Livonian territories, the Russian threat motif continued to be quite effectively used by other adversaries of Mos- cow – e.g., Poland-Lithuania and Sweden. I will focus here first and foremost on what was behind the initial success of the Russian threat motif in Livonia, but I will also address why it persisted for as long as it did. A large part of its success was the fact that it drew upon a similar phenomenon – the ‘Turkish threat’,1 which played a significant role in the political rhetoric of Early Modern Europe, especially in south-eastern 1 This research was supported by the Estonian Research Council’s PUT 107 programme, “Me- dieval Livonia: European Periphery and its Centres (Twelfth–Sixteenth Centuries)”, and by the European Social Fund’s Doctoral Studies and Internationalization Programme DoRa, which is carried out by Foundation Archimedes. -
February 14Th 10.00 Sedov Vladimir Valentinovich (Moscow IA RAS
February 14th 10.00 Sedov Vladimir Valentinovich (Moscow IA RAS) Principal outcomes of the excavation of the church of the Annunciation at Gorodishche near Novgorod in 2016-2017: archeology and architecture The paper presents the main results of the extensive architectural and archaeological excavation of the stone church of the Annunciation at Gorodishche, built in 1103 by Prince Mstislav the Great and rebuilt in 1342-1343. This latter church, having survived in part, was conserved, and the current plans for the museumification of the 1103 church allowed for its complete excavation, which provided an opportunity to assess the architecture of this second oldest stone church building of Novgorod (the Sophia of Novgorod being the earliest). We now see this monument as a transitive point in local architectural history. Its large size, common type and architectural details firmly link it to the south Russian tradition of Kiev. At the same time, it stands at the very beginning of the Novgorod architectural tradition. The paper also covers some of the most vivid details of the monument and the traces of its rebuilding, as well as information on the pre- church layers unearthed during the excavation. Gippius Alexey Alexeevich (Moscow, HSE, ISS RAS), Mikheev Savva Mikhailovich (Moscow, ISS RAS) Complex of the Glagolitic graffiti of the church of the Annunciation at Gorodishche The paper discusses ten 12th- century Glagolitic graffiti, one of them being the longest old Russian Glagolitic text. The inscriptions are of interest both in terms of their content and of their paleography, which has allowed us to presume the existence of a specific Novgorod school of Glagolitic writing in the 11th and 12th centuries.