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Home , Duchy of Lithuania, Enlightenment in Poland, Habsburg Monarchy, Partitions of Poland, Poland, Sandomierz

The Polish-Lithuanian in European Context, c.1500–1795

The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, c.1500–1795

Edited by

Richard Butterwick in Modern European History Queen’s University Belfast Editorial matter, selection and Introduction © Richard Butterwick 2001 Chapter 10 © Richard Butterwick 2001 Chapters 1–9 © Palgrave Publishers Ltd 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001 978-0-333-77382-6 All rights . No reproduction, copy or of this publication be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2001 by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, . Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin’s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 978-1-349-41618-9 ISBN 978-0-333-99380-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780333993804 This book is printed on paper suitable for and made from fully managed and sustained sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Polish-Lithuanian monarchy in European context : c[a]. 1500–1795 / [edited by] Richard Butterwick. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. —Politics and government. 2. Monarchy—Poland. 3. Poland—Politics and government—1763–1796. I. Butterwick, Richard. DK4179.2 .P65 2001 943.8’02—dc21 00–054533

10987654321 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 Contents

Preface vii Notes on the Contributors ix Pronunciation Guide xiii

Maps The Jagiellonian territories, c. 1500 xv The Polish±Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Union of xvi The Polish±Lithuanian Commonwealth in the seventeenth centuryxvii The ± xviii Gazetteer xix

Introduction Richard Butterwick 1 1 The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchyin International Context R. J. W. Evans 25 2 The Development of in Western , c. 1500±1800 Ian Green 39 3 The Formation of the Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century Almut Bues 58

4 The Grand Duchyand the Grand of Lithuania in the Sixteenth Century: Reflections on the Lithuanian Political and the Union of Lublin JuÅrateÇ KiaupieneÇ 82 5 Nobles, Burghers and the Monarchyin Poland-Lithuania: the Case of Royal , 1454±1772/93 Karin Friedrich 93

6 Polish Views on European Monarchies Anna GrzesÂkowiak-Krwawicz 116 vi Contents

7 The and the Monarchy: Reflections on the Struggle inter maiestatem ac libertatem Jerzy Lukowski 132 8 Obsequious Disrespect: the Problem of Royal Power in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the Vasas, 1587±1668 Robert I. Frost 150 9 The Functioning of the Monarchyduring the Reigns of the Electors of , 1697±1763 Mariusz Markiewicz 172 10 The Enlightened Monarchyof Stanisøaw August Poniatowski (1764±1795) Richard Butterwick 193

Chronology of Polish-Lithuanian Monarchs 219 Genealogical Table 221

AGuide to Further Reading 222 Glossary 229 Index 233 Preface

The articles collected in this volume have grown out of the papers presented to the II Wiles Colloquium, held at the Queen's University of Belfast on 24±26 1999. The contributors and participants would like to express their deep gratitude to the Wiles Trust, and, in particular, to paytribute to the late Mrs Janet Boydfor making possible such an illuminating and enjoyable occasion. Thanks are also due to the Queen's Universityof Belfast, and especiallyto the academic and secre- tarial staff of the School of Modern Historyfor their help in staging the colloquium. The discussions benefited from the insights of Dr David Hayton, Professor Peter Jupp, Dr Richard Middleton, Dr Ian Packer and Dr Rowe. The difficulties inherent in rendering terminology, personal and place names connected with the multilingual Polish-Lithuanian Common- wealth are extreme, particularlyin a collective work covering three centuries. National sensitivities are still raw in the , but the aims here are to avoid anachronism while maximizing accessibility. The con- tributors have all been consulted, and it is hoped that the volume will be a step towards an emerging consensus, but the final decisions are the editor's. In rendering terminology, where there is an established English form, such as `', it has been used, but `' is preferred to `' or `', and `' to `dietine'. However, the Royal Prussian Landtag has been accorded the dignityof `diet' rather than that of the `general sejmik' which some Polish nobles wished to impose on it. Wherever possible, Polish terms such as Sejm and have been anglicized. The glossarygives brief explanations of the keyinstitutions and offices. The names of rulers and the members of ruling families have been anglicized where there is a recognized form, so we have Casimir rather than or Kazimieras, Sigismund rather than Zygmunt or ZÏygi- mantas. On the other hand Stanisla(u)s and Ladisla(u)s are not accepted as English forms, so theyremain Stanisøaw and Wøadysøaw(except in the case of the eldest son of Casimir IV, who was II of and UlaÂszlo II of ). August becomes Augustus, with the exception, for the sake of euphony, of Stanisøaw August. The names of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania before 1432, none of which have an English equiva- , are given in Lithuanian. Otherwise, personal names have been left

vii viii Preface in the original language ± generallyPolish or German. Persons from the eastern territories of the Commonwealth present particular dilemmas ± during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the elites adopted Pol- ish, at different times in different places, in preference to Lithuanian and Ruthenian. The probablyencountered resist- ance in the . The names of Lithuanian nobles in the sixteenth centuryare given in Polish, but the Ukrainian Khmelnytskyisused instead of the Polish Chmielnicki to give the name of the leader of the 1648 Cossack revolt. Names of and cities are given in the nearest modern equivalent of the language of their dominant population; thus (German) rather than Gdan sk (Polish); LwoÂw (Polish) rather than (Ukrain- ian). However, what is appropriate for the sixteenth centuryis not always so for the eighteenth. The capital of the of Lithu- ania is rendered as (Lithuanian) in the sixteenth centuryand as Wilno (Polish) in the seventeenth and eighteenth. Fortunately, there are no other cases of having to give the same place in different forms. In cases of possible confusion, and where a source gives a different version, alternative forms are given in parentheses. Where familiar English forms exist, theyare used: , Cracow and perhaps more controversially Kiev and Brest. The names of and regions are anglicized wherever possible: thus Great Poland, rather than Wielkopolska; Volhy- nia, rather than Woøyn or Volyn; is used for the Palatinate of RusÂ, but Rus refers to the lands forming part of Kievan Rus and so claimed bythe Grand Dukes of Muscovyas ` of all Rus'. The Gazetteer gives alternative versions. Needless to say, no verdict is intended on the justice or injustice of current frontiers. The work of editing and introducing the volume would have been far more daunting were it not for the supportive advice and comments of myfellow contributors and mycolleagues at Queen's ± I would like to single out David Hayton and Peter Jupp. I also extend my thanks to the Staff and editors at Palgrave for their helpfulness.

Richard Butterwick Belfast, May2000 Notes on the Contributors

Almut Bues is DeputyDirector of the German Historical Institute in Warsaw. She is the editor of Eine schwierige Erbschaft. Die Verhandlungen nach dem Tode Herzog Jakobs Kurland 1682/83 (, 1995), co- editor of Die Testamente Herzog Albrechts von Preu en aus den sechziger Jahren des 16. Jahrhunderts (Wiesbaden, 1999) and author of Historia Niemiec XVI±XVIII wieku [Historyof Germanyfrom the 16th to the 18th Centuries] (Warsaw, 1998). Her research includes Austro-Polish relations and the Commonwealth's fiefs ± and Ducal Prussia.

Richard Butterwick is Lecturer in Modern European Historyat the Queen's Universityof Belfast. He is the author of Poland's Last King and English Culture: Stanisøaw August Poniatowski, 1732±1798 (Oxford, 1998) and articles on eighteenth-centuryPoland-Lithuania. He is currently working on studies of the Polish Revolution and the , 1788±1792, and the and Lithuania, c. 1730± 1830.

Robert J. W. Evans is Regius Professor of Modern Historyat the Uni- versityof Oxford and Fellow of Oriel College. His publications include Rudolf II and his World: a Study in Intellectual History 1576±1612 (1st edn, Oxford, 1973), and The Making of the 1550±1700: An Interpretation (1st edn, Oxford, 1979). His current research interests cover the historyof the Habsburg lands from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries, especiallyHungaryin the eighteenth and nine- teenth centuries.

Karin Friedrich is Lecturer in Historyat the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, UniversityCollege London. She is the author of The Other Prussia: , Poland and Liberty, 1569±1772 (Cambridge, 2000), and other studies. Her research includes Polish and Prussian urban history, issues of early modern national identities and the Enlight- enment.

Robert I. Frost is Lecturer in EarlyModern Historyat King's College London. His publications are After the : Poland-Lithuania and the , 1655±1660 (Cambridge, 1993) and The

ix Notes on the Contributors

Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe, 1558±1721 (London, 2000). He is currentlyworking on the Oxford Historyof Early Modern Poland-Lithuania, 1385±1815.

Ian Green is Professor of EarlyModern Historyand Head of the School of Modern Historyat the Queen's Universityof Belfast. He is the author of The Re-establishment of the Church of England 1660±1663 (Oxford, 1978), The Christian's ABC (Oxford, 1996), Print and (Oxford, 2000) and articles on aspects of the historyof the clergyin the earlymodern period. His research interests include the historyof established churches in the earlymodern period, and in particular of the English clergyand their techniques of instruction.

Anna GrzesÂkowiak-Krwawicz is Adijunkt at the Institute of Literary Research of the Polish Academyof . She is the author of Pub- licystyka stanisøawowska o modelu rzaÎdoÂw monarchii francuskiej [Stanisla- vian political journalism on the constitutional model of the French monarchy] (Wrocøaw, 1990), O formeÎrzaÎdu czy o rzaÎd dusz? Publicystyka polityczna Sejmu Czteroletniego [For the form of government or the gov- ernment of souls? The political journalism of Years Sejm] (War- saw, 2000) and articles on eighteenth-centuryPolish political thought. She is now working on a studyof the Polish idea of freedom.

JuÅrateÇ KiaupieneÇ is Senior Research Officer at the Institute of Lithu- anian Historyin Vilnius and Senior Lecturer ( Dozent) in Lithuanian and European Historyat the VytautasMagnus Universityof . She is the author of Kaimas ir dvaras ZÏemaitijoje XVI±XVIII a. [The Countryside and the Estate in in the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries] (Vilnius, 1988) and, with Zigmantas Kiaupa and Albinas KuncevicÏius, of The History of Lithuania before 1795 (Vilnius, 2000), as well as articles on the Grand Duchyof Lithuania from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries. She is currentlyworking on studies of the private and public life of the nobilityof the Grand Duchyof Lithuania in the sixteenth century, and preparing the document of KreÇ va (14 August 1385) for publication.

Jerzy Lukowski is Senior Lecturer in Modern Historyat the University of Birmingham. His publications include Liberty's Folly: The Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1991), The Partitions of Poland: 1772, 1793, 1795 (London, 1999) and articles on Notes on the Contributors xi eighteenth-centuryPolish history.He is co-author of AConcise for Cambridge UniversityPress (November 2001).

Mariusz Markiewicz is Associate Professor in Modern European History at the Jagiellonian Universityin Cracow. His publications include Rady Senatorskie Augusta II [The Senate Councils of Augustus II] (Wrocøaw, 1988), Polityka spoøeczna i gospodarcza Privy Council podczas panowania Karola II 1660±1685 [The Social and Economic Policyof the PrivyCoun- cil during the Reign of Charles II] (Cracow, 1990) and articles on the structure of political power in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. He is currentlyworking on studies of the Polish administra- tive system in 1697±1763.

Pronunciation Guide

Of the languages used in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish occurs most often in this book. Polish pronunciation, although regular, looks daunting. The following notes, not intended for philologists, may help beginners to cope. Stress falls almost invariablyon the penultimate syllable. aÎ A nasal sound similar to the French `on', but usuallyreduced before consonants to the English `on' or `om'. ch Like the `ch' in the Scottish `loch'. This sound is transliterated from the Cyrillic alphabet as `kh'. ci, c A soft `ch' sound as in `'. cz A hard `ch' sound as in `snatch'. eÎ A nasal sound similar to the French `en', but as with `aÎ', usually reduced before consonants to the English `en' or `em'. i Like `ee' as in `sheet'. j Like `y' as in `yard'. ø Like `w' as in `wood'. n Like the soft `n' in `new'. oÂ, u Like `oo' in `book'. rz, zÇ `Zh', like the French `je' but harsher. si, s A soft `sh' sound as in `sheen'. sz A hard `sh' as in `shot'. szcz The combination of `sh' and `ch', produced byrunning together `bush chat'. sÂc A softer version of the above. w Like the `v' in `valiant'. yLike the `i' in `twit'. zi, z Slightlysofter than the French `je'.

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Lands of the

Lands of the Lands of the LIVONIAN ORDER Vassals of the Kingdom of Poland Dvina Lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Niemen Lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania conquered by Muscovy, 1492−1514 K nigsberg Vilnius State boundaries Danzig Boundaries of vassal states

Nominal state boundaries GRAND DUCHY Poznan OF LITHUANIA KINGDOM Brest OF Warsaw POLAND

Breslau KINGDOM Kjev OF BOHEMIA Cracow Dnieper Lwow Dniester

CAMPI Kosyce DESERTI Buda Pest

KINGDOM OF HUNGARY CRIMEAN

KHANATE

Belgrade

Danube

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

0 100 200 300 400 km

The Jagiellonian territories, c.1500 Great Poland

Royal Prussia, integrated into the Crown in 1569

Little Poland

Territories transfered to the Crown from Lithuania in 1569 Riga

Livonia: Polish-Lithuanian Condominium Mittau Vassal Duchy of Courland

Vassal

Grand Duchy of Lithuania Smolensk K nigsberg Vilnius (Wilno) Danzig

Poznan Warsaw

Lublin

Kiev Cracow Lwow U K R A I N E

Boundaries of the Commonwealth, and between the Polish Crown, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, , Courland and Ducal Prussia after the Treaty of Yam Zapolskii (1582) Boundary between Great Poland and Little Poland

Nominal boundary

The Polish±Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Union of Lublin State boundaries Boundaries of the component parts of the Commonwealth Riga Boundaries of the Palatinates Mittau MUSCOVY giving its name to a Palatinate: Plock other Palatinates 1 7 Polock 2 Mazovia 3 Podlasia 4 Ruthenia 5 Volynia Wilno Witebsk 6 Smolensk 7 Samogitia Elbing K nigsberg 8 Danzig Troki 1 8 Mscislaw Marienburg Grodno Kulm

nowroclaw Thorn Nowogrodek Blzesc Kujawski Plock 2 3 Poznan Leczyca Warsaw Brest (Litovsk) SAXONY

Chelm Lublin Crown Klev Hadiach Grand Duchy 5 of Lithuania Cracow Poltava Livonia (condominium) Zator (after c. 1621) Oswiecim Lwow Dniepe Courland (fief) Bar t 4 Ducal Prussia Spisz Targowica (fief to 1657) 6 (Zips) HABSBURG LANDS Territory Kamieniec ceded to Muscovy, Podolski 1667−1686 MOLDAVIA Territory 0 200 mls ceded to Ottoman (OTTOMAN TRIBUTARIES) Empire 1672, 0 300 kms restored 1699 The Polish±Lithuanian Commonwealth in the seventeenth century 1 (1772)

To

To Prussia

To

2 Partition (1793)

To Russia

To Prussia Wilno EAST Danzig 2 Partition (1795) PRUSSIA To Russia

Grodno To Prussia PRUSSIA To Austria Thorn

RUSSIAN EMPIRE SAXONY Warsaw

Kiev

Cracow Vistula

Lwow

Bar

Targowica HABSBURG MONARCHY CRIMEAN (AUSTRIA) KHANATE Independent 1773 to Russia 1783 0 200 mls TO AUSTRIA OTTOMAN 1775 TO RUSSIA 0 300 kms LANDS TO RUSSIA 1792 1774

The Partitions of Poland±Lithuania Gazetteer

The italicized version(s) is the one used in the text or maps. This does not indicate that the name is the most appropriate for the entire period covered bythis book. Manyplaces are mentioned onlyonce. In general, Polish would be more appropriate for most place names in the Grand Duchyand Ukraine for the eighteenth century.

German Polish Ukrainian Lithuanian Belarusian English/ Russian Bracøaw Bratslav Breslau Wrocøaw BrzesÂc Litewski Brest Brest Buczacz Kurland Kurlandia Courland KrakoÂw Cracow Kujawy Cujavia CzernichoÂw Chernihiv Chernigov (R.) Danzig Gdan sk Elbing ElblaÎg Gnesen Gniezno Graudenz GrudziaÎdz Wielkopolska Great Poland Grodno Harodna Hadziacz Hadiach Kalisch Kalisz Chocim Khotyn KijoÂw Kyiv Kiev (R.) Kulm Cheømno Maøopolska Little Poland Lemberg LwoÂw Lviv Marienburg Mazowsze Mazovia MsÂcisøaw MstsislauÏ Mstislavl (R.) Podlasie Podlasia Podole Podillia Podolia Poøock Polatsk (R.) Pommerellen Pomorze (Gdan skie) Pomerania Posen Poznan Putzig Puck ZÇ mudz ZÏemaitija Samogitia Troki Wilno Vilnius Vilna (R.) Woøyn Volyn Ermland Warmia Warszawa Warsaw Witebsk Vitsebsk (R.)

xix