The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, c.1500–1795 The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, c.1500–1795 Edited by Richard Butterwick Lecturer in Modern European History Queen’s University Belfast Northern Ireland Editorial matter, selection and Introduction © Richard Butterwick 2001 Chapter 10 © Richard Butterwick 2001 Chapters 1–9 © Palgrave Publishers Ltd 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001 978-0-333-77382-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2001 by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin’s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 978-1-349-41618-9 ISBN 978-0-333-99380-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780333993804 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Polish-Lithuanian monarchy in European context : c[a]. 1500–1795 / [edited by] Richard Butterwick. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Poland—Politics and government. 2. Monarchy—Poland. 3. Poland—Politics and government—1763–1796. I. Butterwick, Richard. DK4179.2 .P65 2001 943.8’02—dc21 00–054533 10987654321 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 Contents Preface vii Notes on the Contributors ix Pronunciation Guide xiii Maps The Jagiellonian territories, c. 1500 xv The Polish±Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Union of Lublin xvi The Polish±Lithuanian Commonwealth in the seventeenth centuryxvii The partitions of Poland±Lithuania xviii Gazetteer xix Introduction Richard Butterwick 1 1 The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchyin International Context R. J. W. Evans 25 2 The Development of Monarchies in Western Europe, c. 1500±1800 Ian Green 39 3 The Formation of the Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century Almut Bues 58 4 The Grand Duchyand the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in the Sixteenth Century: Reflections on the Lithuanian Political Nation and the Union of Lublin JuÅrateÇ KiaupieneÇ 82 5 Nobles, Burghers and the Monarchyin Poland-Lithuania: the Case of Royal Prussia, 1454±1772/93 Karin Friedrich 93 6 Polish Views on European Monarchies Anna GrzesÂkowiak-Krwawicz 116 vi Contents 7 The Szlachta and the Monarchy: Reflections on the Struggle inter maiestatem ac libertatem Jerzy Lukowski 132 8 Obsequious Disrespect: the Problem of Royal Power in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the Vasas, 1587±1668 Robert I. Frost 150 9 The Functioning of the Monarchyduring the Reigns of the Electors of Saxony, 1697±1763 Mariusz Markiewicz 172 10 The Enlightened Monarchyof Stanisøaw August Poniatowski (1764±1795) Richard Butterwick 193 Chronology of Polish-Lithuanian Monarchs 219 Genealogical Table 221 AGuide to Further Reading 222 Glossary 229 Index 233 Preface The articles collected in this volume have grown out of the papers presented to the II Wiles Colloquium, held at the Queen's University of Belfast on 24±26 September 1999. The contributors and participants would like to express their deep gratitude to the Wiles Trust, and, in particular, to paytribute to the late Mrs Janet Boydfor making possible such an illuminating and enjoyable occasion. Thanks are also due to the Queen's Universityof Belfast, and especiallyto the academic and secre- tarial staff of the School of Modern Historyfor their help in staging the colloquium. The discussions benefited from the insights of Dr David Hayton, Professor Peter Jupp, Dr Richard Middleton, Dr Ian Packer and Dr Michael Rowe. The difficulties inherent in rendering terminology, personal and place names connected with the multilingual Polish-Lithuanian Common- wealth are extreme, particularlyin a collective work covering three centuries. National sensitivities are still raw in the region, but the aims here are to avoid anachronism while maximizing accessibility. The con- tributors have all been consulted, and it is hoped that the volume will be a step towards an emerging consensus, but the final decisions are the editor's. In rendering terminology, where there is an established English form, such as `palatine', it has been used, but `Sejm' is preferred to `Diet' or `Parliament', and `sejmik' to `dietine'. However, the Royal Prussian Landtag has been accorded the dignityof `diet' rather than that of the `general sejmik' which some Polish nobles wished to impose on it. Wherever possible, Polish terms such as Sejm and starosta have been anglicized. The glossarygives brief explanations of the keyinstitutions and offices. The names of rulers and the members of ruling families have been anglicized where there is a recognized form, so we have Casimir rather than Kazimierz or Kazimieras, Sigismund rather than Zygmunt or ZÏygi- mantas. On the other hand Stanisla(u)s and Ladisla(u)s are not accepted as English forms, so theyremain Stanisøaw and Wøadysøaw(except in the case of the eldest son of Casimir IV, who was Vladislav II of Bohemia and UlaÂszlo II of Hungary). August becomes Augustus, with the exception, for the sake of euphony, of Stanisøaw August. The names of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania before 1432, none of which have an English equiva- lent, are given in Lithuanian. Otherwise, personal names have been left vii viii Preface in the original language ± generallyPolish or German. Persons from the eastern territories of the Commonwealth present particular dilemmas ± during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the elites adopted Pol- ish, at different times in different places, in preference to Lithuanian and Ruthenian. The Polish language probablyencountered most resist- ance in the Ukraine. The names of Lithuanian nobles in the sixteenth centuryare given in Polish, but the Ukrainian Khmelnytskyisused instead of the Polish Chmielnicki to give the name of the leader of the 1648 Cossack revolt. Names of towns and cities are given in the nearest modern equivalent of the language of their dominant population; thus Danzig (German) rather than Gdan sk (Polish); LwoÂw (Polish) rather than Lviv (Ukrain- ian). However, what is appropriate for the sixteenth centuryis not always so for the eighteenth. The capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithu- ania is rendered as Vilnius (Lithuanian) in the sixteenth centuryand as Wilno (Polish) in the seventeenth and eighteenth. Fortunately, there are no other cases of having to give the same place in different forms. In cases of possible confusion, and where a source gives a different version, alternative forms are given in parentheses. Where familiar English forms exist, theyare used: Warsaw, Cracow and perhaps more controversially Kiev and Brest. The names of provinces and regions are anglicized wherever possible: thus Great Poland, rather than Wielkopolska; Volhy- nia, rather than Woøyn or Volyn; Ruthenia is used for the Palatinate of RusÂ, but Rus refers to the lands once forming part of Kievan Rus and so claimed bythe Grand Dukes of Muscovyas `Tsars of all Rus'. The Gazetteer gives alternative versions. Needless to say, no verdict is intended on the justice or injustice of current frontiers. The work of editing and introducing the volume would have been far more daunting were it not for the supportive advice and comments of myfellow contributors and mycolleagues at Queen's ± I would like to single out David Hayton and Peter Jupp. I also extend my thanks to the Staff and editors at Palgrave for their helpfulness. Richard Butterwick Belfast, May2000 Notes on the Contributors Almut Bues is DeputyDirector of the German Historical Institute in Warsaw. She is the editor of Eine schwierige Erbschaft. Die Verhandlungen nach dem Tode Herzog Jakobs von Kurland 1682/83 (Wiesbaden, 1995), co- editor of Die Testamente Herzog Albrechts von Preu en aus den sechziger Jahren des 16. Jahrhunderts (Wiesbaden, 1999) and author of Historia Niemiec XVI±XVIII wieku [Historyof Germanyfrom the 16th to the 18th Centuries] (Warsaw, 1998). Her research includes Austro-Polish relations and the Commonwealth's fiefs ± Courland and Ducal Prussia. Richard Butterwick is Lecturer in Modern European Historyat the Queen's Universityof Belfast. He is the author of Poland's Last King and English Culture: Stanisøaw August Poniatowski, 1732±1798 (Oxford, 1998) and articles on eighteenth-centuryPoland-Lithuania. He is currently working on studies of the Polish Revolution and the Catholic Church, 1788±1792, and the Enlightenment in Poland and Lithuania, c. 1730± 1830. Robert J. W. Evans is Regius Professor of Modern Historyat the Uni- versityof Oxford and Fellow of Oriel College. His publications include Rudolf II and his World: a Study in Intellectual History 1576±1612 (1st edn, Oxford, 1973), and The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy 1550±1700: An Interpretation (1st edn, Oxford, 1979). His current research interests cover the historyof the Habsburg lands from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries, especiallyHungaryin the eighteenth and nine- teenth centuries. Karin Friedrich is Lecturer in Historyat the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, UniversityCollege London. She is the author of The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569±1772 (Cambridge, 2000), and other studies. Her research includes Polish and Prussian urban history, issues of early modern national identities and the Enlight- enment.