List of Prime Ministers of Estonia
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Ardo Hansson: Working Together for the Good of the EU and Estonia
Ardo Hansson: Working together for the good of the EU and Estonia Opening speech by Mr Ardo Hansson, Governor of the Bank of Estonia (Eesti Pank), to the Ragnar Nurkse Lecture for the 95th Anniversary of Eesti Pank, Tallinn, 4 November 2014. * * * Professor Balcerowicz, President of the Riigikogu, Chair of the Supervisory Board of Eesti Pank, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, Thank you for being here today to mark the 95th anniversary of Eesti Pank and to honour Ragnar Nurkse, the world's best-known economist from Estonia to date. Eesti Pank was founded when the Republic of Estonia was only a year old and Ragnar Nurkse was a model eleven-year-old pupil at the Tallinn Cathedral School. In the words of Juhan Kukk, the Minister of Finance of the time, founding Eesti Pank as the issuer of the national currency and tying the currency to gold showed the same great “bravery and belief in national and economic independence” as engaging in the War of Independence did. Ragnar Nurkse started his studies in the University of Tartu, but he soon moved to continue them in the School of Economics of the University of Edinburgh and later in Vienna. He was recognised in his home country for his work, as is shown by the worried letter that Jüri Jaakson, Governor of Eesti Pank at the time, sent him in spring 1938. Nurkse was working in Geneva at the time for the League of Nations, the forerunner of the United Nations. The letter says: “The rise in the cost of living in the past three years has been larger than has been seen in many other countries that compete with us in foreign markets. -
Country Background Report Estonia
OECD Review of Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Resource Use in Schools Country Background Report Estonia This report was prepared by the Ministry of Education and Research of the Republic of Estonia, as an input to the OECD Review of Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Resource Use in Schools (School Resources Review). The participation of the Republic of Estonia in the project was organised with the support of the European Commission (EC) in the context of the partnership established between the OECD and the EC. The partnership partly covered participation costs of countries which are part of the European Union’s Erasmus+ programme. The document was prepared in response to guidelines the OECD provided to all countries. The opinions expressed are not those of the OECD or its Member countries. Further information about the OECD Review is available at www.oecd.org/edu/school/schoolresourcesreview.htm Ministry of Education and Research, 2015 Table of Content Table of Content ....................................................................................................................................................2 List of acronyms ....................................................................................................................................................7 Executive summary ...............................................................................................................................................9 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................10 -
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Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2016, 3/4 (157/158), 477–511 Historical consciousness, personal life experiences and the orientation of Estonian foreign policy toward the West, 1988–1991 Kaarel Piirimäe and Pertti Grönholm ABSTRACT The years 1988 to 1991 were a critical juncture in the history of Estonia. Crucial steps were taken during this time to assure that Estonian foreign policy would not be directed toward the East but primarily toward the integration with the West. In times of uncertainty and institutional flux, strong individuals with ideational power matter the most. This article examines the influence of For- eign Minister Lennart Meri’s and Prime Minister Edgar Savisaar’s experienc- es and historical consciousness on their visions of Estonia’s future position in international affairs. Life stories help understand differences in their horizons of expectation, and their choices in conducting Estonian diplomacy. Keywords: historical imagination, critical junctures, foreign policy analysis, So- viet Union, Baltic states, Lennart Meri Much has been written about the Baltic states’ success in breaking away from Eastern Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, and their decisive “return to the West”1 via radical economic, social and politi- Research for this article was supported by the “Reimagining Futures in the European North at the End of the Cold War” project which was financed by the Academy of Finland. Funding was also obtained from the “Estonia, the Baltic states and the Collapse of the Soviet Union: New Perspectives on the End of the Cold War” project, financed by the Estonian Research Council, and the “Myths, Cultural Tools and Functions – Historical Narratives in Constructing and Consolidating National Identity in 20th and 21st Century Estonia” project, which was financed by the Turku Institute for Advanced Studies (TIAS, University of Turku). -
Ex Injuria Jus Non Oritur
Ex injuria jus non oritur Periaatteet ja käytäntö Viron tasavallan palauttamisessa Veikko Johannes Jarmala Helsingin yliopisto Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Poliittinen historia Pro gradu -tutkielma toukokuu 2017 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Politiikan ja talouden tutkimuksen laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Veikko Jarmala Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Ex injuria jus non oritur – Periaatteet ja käytäntö Viron tasavallan palauttamisessa Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Poliittinen historia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages pro gradu-tutkielma toukokuu 2017 136 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Oikeudellinen jatkuvuus (vir. õiguslik järjepidevus) on Viron tasavallan valtioidentiteetin perusta. Vuodesta 1944 lähtien pakolaisyhteisö oli haaveillut Viron vapauttamisesta ja tasavallan palauttamisesta. Se piti yllä pakolaistoiminnassaan oikeudellista jatkuvuutta, vaikkakin sen määrittelyprosessi ei ollut lainkaan sovinnollista pakolaisuuden alkuvuosina. Ulko-Viro ja koti-Viro olivat etäällä toisistaan aina 1980-luvun loppuun asti, jolloin Neuvostoliiton uudistuspolitiikka avasi mahdollisuuden yhteydenpitoon. Perestroika nosti ensin vaatimukset Eestin SNT:n suuremmasta itsehallinnosta, jota alkoi ajaa perestroikan tueksi perustettu Viron kansanrintama johtajanaan Edgar Savisaar. IME-ohjelman (Isemajandav Eesti) tuli pelastaa neuvosto-Eesti, mutta kansanrintaman vastustajaksi perustettu Interliike -
UAL-110 the Estonian Straits
UAL-110 The Estonian Straits Exceptions to the Strait Regime ofInnocent or Transit Passage By Alexander Lott BRILL NIJHOFF LEIDEN I BOSTON UAL-110 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Lott, Alexander, author. Title: The Estonian Straits: Exceptions to the Strait Regime of Innocent or Transit Passage / by Alexander Lott. Description: Leiden; Boston : Koninklijke Brill NV, 2018. I Series: International Straits of the World; Volwne 17 I Based on author's thesis ( doctoral - Tartu Olikool, 2017) issued under title: The Estonian Straits: Exceptions to the Strait Regime of Innocent or Transit Passage. I Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018001850 (print) I LCCN 201800201s (ebook) I ISBN 9789004365049 (e-book) I ISBN 9789004363861 (hardback: alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Straits-Baltic Sea, I Straits--Finland, Gulf of. I Straits--Riga, Gulf of (Latvia and Estonia), I Straits- Estonia, I Straits, I Innocent passage (Law of the sea) I Finland, Gulf of--Intemational status. I Riga, Gulf of (Latvia and Estonia)--Intemational status. Classification: LCC KZ3810 (ehook) I LCC KZ38IO .L68 2018 (print) I DOC 34I.4/48--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018001850 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: "Brill". See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0924-4867 ISBN 978-90-04-36386-l (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-36504-9 ( e-book) Copyright 2018 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. -
Draws the Crowds
Volume 102, No. 3, June 2010 The National Philatelic Society Draws the crowds In this issue Regulars Letters Meeting Reports: Thatcham, Isle of Man, Churchill, President’s Display New Members Book Reviews New Issues Stamp Fairs Diary plus all the other National news Features More Philippines Prisoner Mail The Archaeologist Abroad Ocean Penny Post and the JPS Slovakia The Falklands Publication Checklist Don’t Forget our AGM and Chelmsford Meeting....see page 66. Stamp Lover The Journal of the National Philatelic Society © 2009 National Philatelic Society & Individual Authors/Contributors What’s Inside ISSN 0038-9277 Vol. 102 No. 3 June 2010 The National Philatelic Society One of the largest general philatelic societies, it was founded as the Junior Philatelic Society by Fred Melville in 1899. UK Membership £27 a year (or £23 if living 60 miles or more from London). President’s Message Overseas Membership £19. ................................................................. For further details including our £15 Chris Oliver 63 introductory offer and application contact the Secretary at the General address given Editor’s column - first impressions of London 2010.......... 65 below or visit the Society website www.ukphilately.org.uk/nps General, including Membership Letters ................................................................................. 65 and “Shop Window” National Philatelic Society, c/o The British Postal Museum & Archive, Freeling House, National PS News Phoenix Place, London WC1X 0DL ................................................................ 66 [email protected] Tel: 020 7239 2571 Peter Mellor. Library: National Philatelic Society Library As above address. Email: Meetings Report: Thatcham, Isle of Man, Churchill and the [email protected] President’s displays Circulating Packets: NPS Unit CP, as above Tel: 0792 514 9048 (Thursdays only 10am – 3pm) by the Editor, photos by Chris Oliver..................................68 (Callers re Packets by prior arrangement only) Auctions and Literature Sales Features Michael R. -
Challenges Facing Estonian Economy in the European Union
Vahur Kraft: Challenges facing Estonian economy in the European Union Speech by Mr Vahur Kraft, Governor of the Bank of Estonia, at the Roundtable “Has social market economy a future?”, organised by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Tallinn, 19 August 2002. * * * A. Introduction, review of the early 1990s and comparison with the present day First of all, allow me to thank Konrad Adenauer Foundation for the organisation of this interesting roundtable and for the honourable invitation to speak about “Challenges of Estonian economy in the European Union”. Today’s event shows yet again how serious is the respected organisers’ interest towards the EU applicant countries. I personally appreciate highly your support to our reforms and convergence in the society and economy. From the outside it may seem that the transformation and convergence process in Estonia has been easy and smooth, but against this background there still exist numerous hidden problems. One should not forget that for two generations half of Europe was deprived of civil society, private ownership, market economy. This is truth and it has to be reckoned with. It is also clear that the reflections of the “shadows of the past” can still be observed. They are of different kind. If people want the state to ensure their well-being but are reluctant to take themselves any responsibility for their own future, it is the effect of the shadows of the past. If people are reluctant to pay taxes but demand social security and good roads, it is the shadow of the past. In brief, if people do not understand why elections are held and what is the state’s role, it is the shadow of the past. -
Culture and Sports
2003 PILK PEEGLISSE • GLANCE AT THE MIRROR Kultuur ja sport Culture and Sports IMEPÄRANE EESTI MUUSIKA AMAZING ESTONIAN MUSIC Millist imepärast mõju avaldab soome-ugri What marvellous influence does the Finno-Ugric keelkond selle kõnelejate muusikaandele? language family have on the musical talent of Selles väikeses perekonnas on märkimisväär- their speakers? In this small family, Hungarians seid saavutusi juba ungarlastel ja soomlastel. and Finns have already made significant achieve- Ka mikroskoopilise Eesti muusikaline produk- ments. Also the microscopic Estonia stuns with its tiivsus on lausa harukordne. musical productivity. Erkki-Sven Tüür on vaid üks neist Tallinnast Erkki-Sven Tüür is only one of those voices coming tulevatest häältest, kellest kõige kuulsamaks from Tallinn, the most famous of whom is regarded võib pidada Arvo Pärti. Dirigent, kes Tüüri to be Arvo Pärt. The conductor of the Birmingham symphony orchestra who performed on Tüür's plaadil "Exodus" juhatab Birminghami süm- record "Exodus" is his compatriot Paavo Järvi, fooniaorkestrit, on nende kaasmaalane Paavo regarded as one of the most promising conductors. Järvi, keda peetakse üheks paljulubavamaks (Libération, 17.10) dirigendiks. (Libération, 17.10) "People often talk about us as being calm and cold. "Meist räägitakse tavaliselt, et oleme rahulik ja This is not so. There is just a different kind of fire külm rahvas. See ei vasta tõele. Meis põleb teist- burning in us," decleares Paavo Järvi, the new sugune tuli," ütles Bremeni Kammerfilharmoo- conductor of the Bremen Chamber Philharmonic. nia uus dirigent Paavo Järvi. Tõepoolest, Paavo Indeed, Paavo Järvi charmed the audience with Järvi võlus publikut ettevaatlike käeliigutuste, careful hand gestures, mimic sprinkled with winks silmapilgutusterohke miimika ja hiljem temaga and with a dry sense of humour, which became vesteldes avaldunud kuiva huumoriga. -
Ettekande Fail
Põhiseaduse tegijad Hannes Vallikivi ja nende päritolu 1919 1920 märts aprill mai juuni juuli august sept okt nov dets jaan veebr märts aprill mai juuni MNK APSK VAK PSK I PSK II PSK III PS Uluotsa APS eelnõu Uluotsa II PS eelnõu Uluotsa I PS eelnõu Riigikohtu, kohtunike, riigikontrolöri, peastaabi, ministrite jt kommentaarid MNK APSK PSK § Palvadre § Asson, Jans, Kurs-Olesk, Oinas, Vain § Ast, Kartau, Kurs-Olesk, Neps, Vain jt § Ruubel § Anderkopp, Kalbus, Olesk, Tomberg § Anderkopp, Kalbus, Olesk, Ruubel, Strandman, Talts jt § Maim, Parts § Parts, Poska, Tõnisson, Westholm § Kuusner, Maim, Parts, Poska jt § Linnamägi § Kann § Kann, Leesment § Uluots § Uluots § Uluots § Pezold, Koch § Kruus § Loorits, Kruus § Sorokin MNK = Maanõukogu juristide komisjon; APSK = ajutise põhiseaduse komisjon; PSK = põhiseaduskomisjon; VAK = valitsemise ajutine kord; PS = põhiseadus © Hannes Vallikivi 2020 Erakondade aktiivsus (VAK) Erakondade aktiivsus (PS) kristlik rahvaerakond tööerakond rahvaerakond rahvaerakond 4% 21% 11% 34% kristlik rahvaerakond 4% maaliit 21% maaliit 12% sakslased 1% sakslased 4% venelased tööerakond 3% venelased 15% 1% sotsiaaldemokraadid esseerid 42% esseerid sotsiaaldemokraadid 0% 5% 22% Saadikute aktiivsus (VAK) Saadikute aktiivsus (PS) Tõnisson Uluots Einbund Päts Olesk Ast Vain Seljamaa Jans Sorokin Ast Jans Päts Tõnisson* Strandman Olesk Oinas Anderkopp Vain Kruus © Hannes Vallikivi 2020 MNK APSK VAK PSK PS PM KM Koht. MNK APSK VAK PSK PS PM KM Koht. Anderkopp, Ado Olesk, Lui Asson, Emma Palvadre, Anton Ast, Karl Parts, Kaarel -
Estonia Today Estonia’S Blue-Black-White Tricolour Flag 120
Fact Sheet June 2004 Estonia Today Estonia’s Blue-Black-White Tricolour Flag 120 The year of the Estonian National Flag was declared at the 84th celebration of the signing of the Tartu Peace Treaty. The declaration was made by President Arnold Rüütel, Chairman of the Riigikogu Ene Ergma, Prime Minister Juhan Parts. 4 June 2004 will mark 120 years since the blessing of the tricolour in Otepää. 2004 is the official year of the Estonian National Flag and 4 June is now an official National Holiday, National Flag Day. The blue-black-white tricolour has been adopted by Following the occupation of Estonia by Soviet forces the Estonian people, and has become the most in 1940, Estonia’s national symbols were forcibly important and loved national symbol. The tricolour replaced by Soviet symbols. The raising of the has been one of the most important factors in the Estonian flag or even the possession of the tricolour independence, consciousness and solidarity of the was considered a crime for which some people were Estonian people. even sent to prison camps or killed. Expatriate Estonian organisations and societies must be The idea of the blue-black-white colour combination commended for upholding the honour of the Estonian was born from the Estonian Awakening Period at the National Flag during the difficult period of Soviet founding of the “Vironia” Society (now Eesti occupation. The 100th anniversary of the Estonian Üliõpilaste Selts, Estonian Students Society) on Flag was celebrated in exile. The Singing Revolution 29 September 1881. of the late 1980s paved the way for the raising of the The first blue-black-white flag was made in the spring blue-black-white Estonian flag to the top of the Pikk of 1884. -
EESTI OMARIIKLUSE PÕHIDOKUMENDID Vabadusrist II/3 Eesti Sõjamuuseum – Kindral Laidoneri Muuseum EESTI OMARIIKLUSE PÕHIDOKUMENDID
EESTI OMARIIKLUSE PÕHIDOKUMENDID Vabadusrist II/3 Eesti Sõjamuuseum – Kindral Laidoneri Muuseum EESTI OMARIIKLUSE PÕHIDOKUMENDID EELKONSTITUTSIOONILISED AKTID JA PÕHISEADUSED LÜHIKOMMENTAARIDEGA EESTI TEADUSTE AKADEEMIA RIIGIÕIGUSE SIHTKAPITAL SISSEJUHATUS Iga riik rajaneb rahva püüdlusi toestavatel sündmustel ja otsustel. Viimased, vormistatuna õigusaktideks, saavad riigi vundamen diks ning ühte koondatult omakorda põhiseaduseks ehk konsti tutsiooniks. Põhiseadus on riigi telg, selgroog, millel põhineb kogu riigikorraldus ja ühiskondlik elu. Riikluse kujunemine on protsess – pikaajalise ja pingelise Koostanud ja kommenteerinud Rait Maruste kultuurilise, sotsiaalse, majandusliku ja poliitilise arengu ning Keeletoimetanud Killu Mei geopoliitiliste võimaluste tulem. Rahva saamine riigirahvaks on Kujundanud Endla Toots ainukordne. Maailmas on tuhandeid rahvaid, sh neid, kes Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia riigiõiguse sihtkapital on eestlastest kümneid kordi suurema rahvaarvuga, kuid kel 1 Tallinn 2020 puudub oma riik . ISBN 9789949735419 Oma riigi saamislugu on rahva kultuuri, eneseteadvuse ja © Rait Maruste ja Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia riigiõiguse sihtkapital identiteedi lahutamatu osa. Me peame seda teadma ja tundma ning selle eest hoolt kandma. Kui seda ei tee me ise, siis teevad Kõik õigused on kaitstud. Ilma autoriõiguse omanike seda meie eest teised ning siis juba enda arusaamiste kohaselt. eelneva kirjaliku loata pole lubatud ühtki selle teose osa paljundada ei elektroonilisel, mehaanilisel ega muul viisil. Trükikoda Greif 1 2020. aasta seisuga on ÜROl 193 liikmesriiki. 7 Eesti omariikluse kujunemise kultuuriline, sotsiaalne ja tekstide valik on autoripoolne ja esitatud Eesti Teaduste poliitiline käekäik on praeguseks päris hästi uuritud ja doku Akadeemia riigiõiguse sihtkapitali teadmisel. menteeritud, peamiselt on seda teinud ajaloolased ja sotsiaal Justiitsministeeriumi poolt loodud ja Teaduste Akadeemia teadlased. Omariikluse kujunemise uurimise mõne näitena võib egiidi all toimiv riigiõiguse sihtkapital peab üheks oma tuua 1937. -
Présidential Election in Estonia
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN ESTONIA 29th and 30th August 2011 European Elections monitor President of the Republic Toomas Hendrik Ilves is running for re-election as Head of Estonia from Corinne Deloy Translated by Helen Levy The presidential election will take place on 29th and 30th August next in Estonia. The 101 members of the Riigikogu, the only chamber in Parliament, are being invi- ANALYSIS ted to appoint the new Head of State. Toomas Hendrik Ilves, the Head of State in 1 month before office, announced last December that he would be running for re-election. He has the poll the support of the Reform Party (ER) led by Prime Minister Andrus Ansip, the Pro Patria Union-Res Publica (IRL), member of the government coalition and the Social Democratic Party (SDE), T. Ilves’s party. The 23 MPs of the Pro Patria Union-Res Publica have 7) by the main opposition party, the Centre Party already signed a document expressing their support (KE), on 18th June last. Indrek Tarand is the son to the outgoing Head of State. “From our point of of former Prime Minister (1994-1995) and former view, thanks to his work, Toomas Hendrik Ilves, has MEP (2004-2009), Social Democrat, Andres Tarand. helped towards the development of civil society and In the last European elections on 4th-7th June 2009 has encouraged debate over problems that Estonia he stood as an independent and came second with has to face. The President of the Republic also suc- 25.81% of the vote, i.e. just behind the Centre Party ceeded in taking firm decisions during the crises that (26.07%) rallying a great number of protest votes the country experienced, such as for example, the to his name.