Ex Injuria Jus Non Oritur

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Ex Injuria Jus Non Oritur Ex injuria jus non oritur Periaatteet ja käytäntö Viron tasavallan palauttamisessa Veikko Johannes Jarmala Helsingin yliopisto Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Poliittinen historia Pro gradu -tutkielma toukokuu 2017 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Politiikan ja talouden tutkimuksen laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Veikko Jarmala Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Ex injuria jus non oritur – Periaatteet ja käytäntö Viron tasavallan palauttamisessa Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Poliittinen historia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages pro gradu-tutkielma toukokuu 2017 136 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Oikeudellinen jatkuvuus (vir. õiguslik järjepidevus) on Viron tasavallan valtioidentiteetin perusta. Vuodesta 1944 lähtien pakolaisyhteisö oli haaveillut Viron vapauttamisesta ja tasavallan palauttamisesta. Se piti yllä pakolaistoiminnassaan oikeudellista jatkuvuutta, vaikkakin sen määrittelyprosessi ei ollut lainkaan sovinnollista pakolaisuuden alkuvuosina. Ulko-Viro ja koti-Viro olivat etäällä toisistaan aina 1980-luvun loppuun asti, jolloin Neuvostoliiton uudistuspolitiikka avasi mahdollisuuden yhteydenpitoon. Perestroika nosti ensin vaatimukset Eestin SNT:n suuremmasta itsehallinnosta, jota alkoi ajaa perestroikan tueksi perustettu Viron kansanrintama johtajanaan Edgar Savisaar. IME-ohjelman (Isemajandav Eesti) tuli pelastaa neuvosto-Eesti, mutta kansanrintaman vastustajaksi perustettu Interliike alkoi taistella kaikkia uudis- tussuunnitelmia vastaan. Vuoden 1989 alussa tasavallan palauttamista tavoitelleet restitutionistit keksivät idean rekiste- röidä kaikki jäljellä olevat Viron tasavallan kansalaiset. Ennen miehitystä voimassa olleen vuoden 1938 perustuslain mukaan valta Virossa kuului Viron kansalle eli kansalaisille. Se oli ainoa legitimiteetin lähde, joka Viron tasavallasta oli jäljellä. Tuli siis rekisteröidä Viron kansalaiset ja palauttaa tasavalta sen kansalaisten kautta. Näin syntyi kansalaiskomi- tealiike, joka syksystä 1989 alkaen käänsi Eestin SNT:n itsehallintosuunnitelmat kohti itsenäisyyttä ja hyvin pian kohti tasavallan palauttamista. Kyse oli maailmanhistoriassa ainutlaatuisesta tapahtumasta, että de facto hävitetyn valtion kansalaiset palauttivat oman kansalaisyhteisönsä ja valitsivat oman edustuslaitoksensa. Maaliskuun 30. päivänä Eestin SNT:n korkein neuvosto ja kansalaisten edustuslaitos Viron kongressi päättivät tehdä yhteistyötä ja maahan julistettiin siirtymäaika, jonka tuli päättyä Viron tasavallan perustuslaillisen tilan palauttamiseen. Vuonna 1991 Neuvostoliitto yritti väkisin pitää Baltian maat osana itseään, vaikka käytännössä ne olivat jo itsenäisiä. Tasavallan palauttajat korostivat, että neuvostomiehityksen jättämää perintöä ei saa legitimoida. Samaan aikaan Neu- vostoliiton paineen alla käytiin kamppailua palauttajien ja kansanrintaman sekä muiden enemmän tai vähemmän Eestin SNT:n itsenäisyyttä ajaneiden välillä. Lopulta elokuun vallankaappausyritys 1991 pakotti osapuolet sopuun ja julista- maan Viron tasavallan itsenäisyyden palautetuksi. Siirtymäkausi kuitenkin jatkui aina syksyyn 1992, joten palautetun itsenäisyyden ensimmäinen vuosi maata johdettiin neuvostoaikana valitun parlamentin kautta. Tasavallan palauttamisen varmisti vuoden 1938 kansalaisuuslain palauttaminen voimaan. Viron tasavallan kansalaisuus palautettiin henkilöille, jotka olivat olleet Viron kansalaisia 16.6.1940, ja heidän jälkeläisilleen. Kesäkuussa 1992 aikana kansalaiset hyväksyivät kansanäänestyksessä 90 %:n osuudella maan uuden perustuslain ja syksyllä palautettiin vaaleissa kaikki perustuslailli- set instituutiot. Viron ulkopuolella sen kansalaisuuslegalismia ei ole aina kunnolla ymmärretty, kuten ei myöskään sitä, kuinka radikaale- ja muutoksia neuvostoaika Viron väestöön jätti. Tästä huolimatta maa on kyennyt oikeudelliseen jatkuvuuteen nojaten toteuttamaan maaassa omaisuusreformin ja myöntämään kansalaisuuksia vierasmaalaisille lähes Ison-Britannian tahtiin. Virolaisessa nationalismissa kansalaisuuslegalismiin pohjautuvan kansalaisnationalismin (civic nationalism) asema on merkittävä, ja se yhdistyy omalaatuisella tavalla perustuslain asettamaan velvoitteiseen säilyttää viron kieli, kansa ja kulttuuri läpi aikojen. Samoin periaate ”vääryydestä ei seuraa oikeutta” on ollut keskeinen periaate, joka on taannut Viron nopean kehittymisen länsimaiseksi liberaalidemokratiaksi. Historiasta kumpuava jatkuvuus yhdistyy nyky-Viron identi- teettiin niin voimakkaasti, että palauttamisesta on tullut edelleen jatkuva prosessi. Viron tasavalta on ollut nyt kauemmin itsenäinen kuin se ehti olla vuosina 1918–1940, mutta silti tasavaltaa tavallaan palautetaan joka päivä. Historiaan perus- tuvalla periaatteella on yhteiskuntaa eteenpäin työntävä vaikutus. Restitutionistien pelkäämää ns. kolmatta tasavaltaa ei tullut, mutta valtiota ei voi täydellisesti palauttaa samanlaiseksi kuin kuin se ennen miehitystä oli, eikä se ole ollut tarkoituskaan. Tärkeintä on ollut oikeudellinen jatkuvuus ja periaate, ettei vääryydestä seuraa oikeutta. Virossa käydään jatkuvasti keskustelua historiasta ja jatkuvuudesta; ja ennen kaikkea siitä, mikä mahdollisesti heikentää jatkuvuutta. Tähän teemaan liittyen on tutkielman lopussa osuus, joka käsittelee Viron ensimmäisestä presidentistä Konstantin Pätsistä käytyä keskustelua. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Viro, Viron poliittinen historia, lähihistoria, virolainen nationalismi Sisällysluettelo 1. Johdanto .................................................................................................................................. 1 2. EW maanpaossa – restitutionismin alku ................................................................................... 5 2.1. Pakolaispolitiikka ja oikeudellinen jatkuvuus .................................................................... 6 2.2. Pakolaishallitus ja oikeudellinen jatkuvuus ..................................................................... 13 3. ENSV – kansalaislegalistinen palautuspolitiikka haastaa neuvostovallan................................ 15 3.1. Viron tasavallan kansalaisten rekisteröiminen ................................................................. 15 3.2. Muutos kohti tasavallan palauttamista ............................................................................. 20 3.3. Kommunisteista kansallisia ............................................................................................. 22 3.4. Tasavallan palauttaminen vai ”Kolmas tasavalta”? .......................................................... 25 3.5. Viron kongressin vaalit ................................................................................................... 30 3.6. Eestin SNT:n XII korkein neuvosto ................................................................................. 32 3.7. Neuvostohallinnon purkaminen ....................................................................................... 35 3.8. 1991 – Tilanteen kärjistymisen vuosi .............................................................................. 44 3.9. Augustiputš ja elokuun 20. päivä 1991 ............................................................................ 47 4. EV – palautettu tasavalta ........................................................................................................ 49 4.1. Kuka palautti tasavallan? ................................................................................................ 49 4.2. ”Elokuun 20. päivän tirkistysaukko” .............................................................................. 59 4.3. Toteutumattomat suunnitelmat ja diplomaattiset tunnustukset ......................................... 62 4.4. Uusi perustuslaki ............................................................................................................ 69 5. Väestömuutokset, kansalaisuus ja omaisuusreformi ............................................................... 73 5.1. Väestömuutokset ............................................................................................................. 73 5.2. Vuoden 1938 kansalaisuuslain palauttaminen.................................................................. 75 5.3. Kansalaisuuslait 1938 ja 1995 ......................................................................................... 80 5.4. Kansalaisuuslaki sisäpoliittisen vastakkainasettelun ytimessä vuonna 1992 ..................... 81 5.5. Virolainen kansalaisuuslegalismi .................................................................................... 87 5.6. Naturalisaatio Viron kansalaisuuden pitkänä linjana ........................................................ 93 5.7. Etninen demokratia? ....................................................................................................... 97 5.8. Omaisuusreformi (Omandireform) ................................................................................ 100 5.9. Omaisuuden palauttaminen ........................................................................................... 101 5.10. Tiloja ei saatukaan takaisin ........................................................................................... 106 6. Jatkuvuus ja Konstantin Päts-historiakeskustelu nyky-Virossa............................................ 109 6.1. Konstantin Päts ............................................................................................................. 109 6.2. Nykynäkemykset Pätsistä .............................................................................................
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