DOCSLIB.ORG

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Aleksandr Isayevich[a] Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Solzhenitsyn (/ˌsoʊlʒәˈniːtsɪn, ˌsɔːl­/;[2] Russian: Алекса́ндр Иса́евич Солжени́ цын, pronounced [ɐlʲɪ ˈksandr ɪˈsaɪvʲɪtɕ sәlʐɨˈnʲitsɨn]; 11 December 1918 – 3 August 2008)[3] (often Romanized to Alexandr or Alexander)[4][5] was a Russian novelist, historian, and short story writer. He was an outspoken critic of the Soviet Union and communism and helped to raise global awareness of its Gulag forced labor camp system. Solzhenitsyn in 1974 He was allowed to publish only Born Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn one work in the Soviet Union, One 11 December 1918 Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Kislovodsk, Russian SFSR (1962), in the periodical Novy Mir. After this he had to publish in the Died 3 August 2008 (aged 89) West, most notably Cancer Ward Moscow, Russia (1968), August 1914 (1971), and Occupation Novelist · essayist The Gulag Archipelago (1973). Ethnicity Russian­Ukrainian Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Citizenship Soviet Russia (1918–1922) 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature "for Soviet Union (1922–1974) the ethical force with which he has [1] pursued the indispensable Stateless (1974–1990) Soviet Union (1990–1991) traditions of Russian literature".[6] Russia (1991–2008) Solzhenitsyn was afraid to go to Stockholm to receive his award for Alma mater Rostov State University fear that he would not be allowed Notable One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich to reenter. He was eventually works The First Circle expelled from the Soviet Union in Cancer Ward 1974, but returned to Russia in The Gulag Archipelago 1994 after the state's dissolution. Two Hundred Years Together The Red Wheel Contents Notable Nobel Prize in Literature (1970) awards Templeton Prize (1983) 1 Biography Lomonosov Gold Medal (1998) 1.1 Early years State Prize of the Russian Federation 1.2 World War II (2007) 1.3 Imprisonment International Botev Prize (2008) 1.4 Marriages and Spouse Natalia Alekseyevna Reshetovskaya children (married 1940–52 and 1957–72) 1.5 After prison Natalia Dmitrievna Svetlova (married 1.6 Later years in the 1973–2008, his death) Soviet Union Children Yermolai Solzhenitsyn (born 1970) 1.7 Expulsion from the Soviet Union Ignat Solzhenitsyn (born 1972) 1.8 In the West Stepan Solzhenitsyn (born 1973) 1.9 Return to Russia (all with Natalia Svetlova) 2 Death Website 3 Legacy www.solzhenitsyn.ru (http://www.solzhenitsyn.ru/) 4 KGB operations against Solzhenitsyn 5 Views on history and politics 5.1 "Men have forgotten God" 5.2 On Russia and the Jews 5.3 On Post­Soviet Russia 5.4 The West 5.5 Communism, Russia, and nationalism 5.6 The Holodomor 5.7 World War II 5.8 Vietnam War 6 Published works and speeches 7 Popular media 7.1 TV documentaries on Solzhenitsyn 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 11.1 Biographies 11.2 Reference works 12 External links Biography Early years Solzhenitsyn was born in Kislovodsk, RSFSR (now in Stavropol Krai, Russia). His mother, Taisiya Zakharovna (née Shcherbak) was of Ukrainian descent.[7][8] Her father had risen from humble beginnings to become a wealthy landowner, acquiring a large estate in the Kuban region in the northern foothills of the Caucasus.[9] During World War I, Taisiya went to Moscow to study. While there she met and married Isaakiy Solzhenitsyn, a young officer in the Imperial Russian Army of Cossack origins and fellow native of the Caucasus region. The family background of his parents is vividly brought to life in the opening chapters of August 1914, and in the later Red Wheel novels.[10] In 1918, Taisia became pregnant with Aleksandr. On 15 June, shortly after her pregnancy was confirmed, Isaakiy was killed in a hunting accident. Aleksandr was raised by his widowed mother and aunt in lowly circumstances. His earliest years coincided with the Russian Civil War. By 1930 the family property had been turned into a collective farm. Later, Solzhenitsyn recalled that his mother had fought for survival and that they had to keep his father's background in the old Imperial Army a secret. His educated mother (who never remarried) encouraged his literary and scientific learnings and raised him in the Russian Orthodox faith;[11][12] she died in 1944.[13] As early as 1936, Solzhenitsyn began developing the characters and concepts for a planned epic work on World War I and the Russian Revolution. This eventually led to the novel August 1914 – some of the chapters he wrote then still survive. Solzhenitsyn studied mathematics at Rostov State University. At the same time he took correspondence courses from the Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History, at this time heavily ideological in scope. As he himself makes clear, he did not question the state ideology or the superiority of the Soviet Union until he spent time in the camps. World War II During the war Solzhenitsyn served as the commander of a sound­ranging battery in the Red Army,[14] was involved in major action at the front, and twice decorated. He was awarded the Order of the Red Star on 8 July 1944 for sound­ranging two German artillery batteries and adjusting counterbattery fire onto them, resulting in their destruction.[15] A series of writings published late in his life, including the early uncompleted novel Love the Revolution!, chronicles his wartime experience and his growing doubts about the moral foundations of the Soviet regime.[16] While serving as an artillery officer in East Prussia, Solzhenitsyn witnessed war crimes against local German civilians by Soviet military personnel. The noncombatants and the elderly were robbed of their meager possessions and women and girls were gang­raped to death. A few years later, in the forced labor camp, he memorized a poem entitled "Prussian Nights" about these incidents. In this poem, which describes the gang­rape of a Polish woman whom the Red Army soldiers mistakenly thought to be a German, the first­person narrator comments on the events with sarcasm and refers to the responsibility of official Soviet writers like Ilya Ehrenburg. In The Gulag Archipelago, Solzhenitsyn wrote, "There is nothing that so assists the awakening of omniscience within us as insistent thoughts about one's own transgressions, errors, mistakes. After the difficult cycles of such ponderings over many years, whenever I mentioned the heartlessness of our highest­ranking bureaucrats, the cruelty of our executioners, I remember myself in my Captain's shoulder boards and the forward march of my battery through East Prussia, enshrouded in fire, and I say: 'So were we any better?'"[17] Imprisonment In February 1945, while serving in East Prussia, Solzhenitsyn was arrested for writing derogatory comments in private letters to a friend, Nikolai Vitkevich,[18] about the conduct of the war by Joseph Stalin, whom he called "Khozyain" ("the boss"), and "Balabos" (Yiddish rendering of Hebrew baal ha­bayit for "master of the house").[19] He was accused of anti­Soviet propaganda under Article 58 paragraph 10 of the Soviet criminal code, and of "founding a hostile organization" under paragraph 11.[20][21] Solzhenitsyn was taken to the Lubyanka prison in Moscow, where he was interrogated. On 7 July 1945, he was sentenced in his absence by Special Council of the NKVD to an eight­year term in a labour camp. This was the normal sentence for most crimes under Article 58 at the time.[22] The first part of Solzhenitsyn's sentence was served in several different work camps; the "middle phase," as he later referred to it, was spent in a sharashka (i.e., a special scientific research facility run by Ministry of State Security), where he met Lev Kopelev, upon whom he based the character of Lev Rubin in his book The First Circle, published in a self­ censored or "distorted" version in the West in 1968 (an English translation of the full version was eventually published by Harper Perennial in October 2009).[23] In 1950, he was sent to a "Special Camp" for political prisoners. During his imprisonment at the camp in the town of Ekibastuz in Kazakhstan, he worked as a miner, bricklayer, and foundry foreman. His experiences at Ekibastuz formed the basis for the book One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. One of his fellow political prisoners, Ion Moraru, remembers that Solzhenitsyn spent some of his time at Ekibastuz writing.[24] While there Solzhenitsyn had a tumor removed. His cancer was not diagnosed at the time. In March 1953, after his sentence ended, Solzhenitsyn was sent to internal exile for life at Birlik[25], a village in Baidibek district of South Kazakhstan region of Kazakhstan (Kok­ terek rural district).[26][27] His undiagnosed cancer spread until, by the end of the year, he was close to death. In 1954, he was permitted to be treated in a hospital in Tashkent, where his tumor went into remission. His experiences there became the basis of his novel Cancer Ward and also found an echo in the short story "The Right Hand." It was during this decade of imprisonment and exile that Solzhenitsyn abandoned Marxism and developed the philosophical and religious positions of his later life, gradually becoming a philosophically­ minded Christian as a result of his experience in prison and the camps.[28][29][30] He repented for some of his actions as a Red Army captain, and in prison compared himself to the perpetrators of the Gulag: "I remember myself in my captain's shoulder boards and the forward march of my battery through East Prussia, enshrouded in fire, and I say: 'So were we any better?'" His transformation is described at some length in the fourth part of The Gulag Archipelago ("The Soul and Barbed Wire").
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Questions to Russian Archives – Short
    The Raoul Wallenberg Research Initiative RWI-70 Formal Request to the Russian Government and Archival Authorities on the Raoul Wallenberg Case Pending Questions about Documentation on the 1 Raoul Wallenberg Case in the Russian Archives Photo Credit: Raoul Wallenberg’s photo on a visa application he filed in June 1943 with the Hungarian Legation, Stockholm. Source: The Hungarian National Archives, Budapest. 1 This text is authored by Dr. Vadim Birstein and Susanne Berger. It is based on the paper by V. Birstein and S. Berger, entitled “Das Schicksal Raoul Wallenbergs – Die Wissenslücken.” Auf den Spuren Wallenbergs, Stefan Karner (Hg.). Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2015. S. 117-141; the English version of the paper with the title “The Fate of Raoul Wallenberg: Gaps in Our Current Knowledge” is available at http://www.vbirstein.com. Previously many of the questions cited in this document were raised in some form by various experts and researchers. Some have received partial answers, but not to the degree that they could be removed from this list of open questions. 1 I. FSB (Russian Federal Security Service) Archival Materials 1. Interrogation Registers and “Prisoner no. 7”2 1) The key question is: What happened to Raoul Wallenberg after his last known presence in Lubyanka Prison (also known as Inner Prison – the main investigation prison of the Soviet State Security Ministry, MGB, in Moscow) allegedly on March 11, 1947? At the time, Wallenberg was investigated by the 4th Department of the 3rd MGB Main Directorate (military counterintelligence);
    [Show full text]
  • Exorcising Stalin's Ghost
    TURNING BACK TOTALITARIANISM: Exorcising Stalin’s Ghost Matthew R. Newton The Evergreen State College N e w t o n | 1 "During times of universal deceit, telling the truth becomes a revolutionary act." --George Orwell The death of Joseph Stalin left the Soviet Union in a state of dynastic confusion, and the most repressive elements of the society he established remained. After Nikita Khrushchev secured power in the mid-1950s, he embarked on a campaign to vanquish these elements. While boldly denouncing Stalin’s cult of personality and individual authority in his ‘Secret Speech’ of 1956, he failed to address the problems of a system that allowed Stalin to take power and empowered legions of Stalin-enablers. Khrushchev’s problem was complex in that he wanted to appease the entire Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1956 and yet legitimize his position of power. The level of embeddedness of Stalinism in the Soviet Union was the biggest obstacle for Khrushchev. Characterized with the “permanent” infrastructure of the Soviet Union, Stalin’s autocratic rule was intertwined with virtually all aspects of Soviet life. These aspects can be broken down into four elements: Stalin’s status as an absolute champion of Communism, and his cult of personality; the enormous amount of propaganda in all forms that underlined Stalin as the “protector” of the Soviet Union during threat and impact of foreign war, and the censorship of any content that was not aligned with this mindset; the necessity and place of the Gulag prison camp in the Soviet economy, and how it sustained itself; and the transformation of Soviet society into something horrifically uniform and populated with citizens whom were universally fearful of arrest and arbitrary repression.
    [Show full text]
  • Ex Injuria Jus Non Oritur
    Ex injuria jus non oritur Periaatteet ja käytäntö Viron tasavallan palauttamisessa Veikko Johannes Jarmala Helsingin yliopisto Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Poliittinen historia Pro gradu -tutkielma toukokuu 2017 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Politiikan ja talouden tutkimuksen laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Veikko Jarmala Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Ex injuria jus non oritur – Periaatteet ja käytäntö Viron tasavallan palauttamisessa Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Poliittinen historia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages pro gradu-tutkielma toukokuu 2017 136 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Oikeudellinen jatkuvuus (vir. õiguslik järjepidevus) on Viron tasavallan valtioidentiteetin perusta. Vuodesta 1944 lähtien pakolaisyhteisö oli haaveillut Viron vapauttamisesta ja tasavallan palauttamisesta. Se piti yllä pakolaistoiminnassaan oikeudellista jatkuvuutta, vaikkakin sen määrittelyprosessi ei ollut lainkaan sovinnollista pakolaisuuden alkuvuosina. Ulko-Viro ja koti-Viro olivat etäällä toisistaan aina 1980-luvun loppuun asti, jolloin Neuvostoliiton uudistuspolitiikka avasi mahdollisuuden yhteydenpitoon. Perestroika nosti ensin vaatimukset Eestin SNT:n suuremmasta itsehallinnosta, jota alkoi ajaa perestroikan tueksi perustettu Viron kansanrintama johtajanaan Edgar Savisaar. IME-ohjelman (Isemajandav Eesti) tuli pelastaa neuvosto-Eesti, mutta kansanrintaman vastustajaksi perustettu Interliike
    [Show full text]
  • Boris Pasternak - Poems
    Classic Poetry Series Boris Pasternak - poems - Publication Date: 2012 Publisher: Poemhunter.com - The World's Poetry Archive Boris Pasternak(10 February 1890 - 30 May 1960) Boris Leonidovich Pasternak was a Russian language poet, novelist, and literary translator. In his native Russia, Pasternak's anthology My Sister Life, is one of the most influential collections ever published in the Russian language. Furthermore, Pasternak's theatrical translations of Goethe, Schiller, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, and William Shakespeare remain deeply popular with Russian audiences. Outside Russia, Pasternak is best known for authoring Doctor Zhivago, a novel which spans the last years of Czarist Russia and the earliest days of the Soviet Union. Banned in the USSR, Doctor Zhivago was smuggled to Milan and published in 1957. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature the following year, an event which both humiliated and enraged the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In the midst of a massive campaign against him by both the KGB and the Union of Soviet Writers, Pasternak reluctantly agreed to decline the Prize. In his resignation letter to the Nobel Committee, Pasternak stated the reaction of the Soviet State was the only reason for his decision. By the time of his death from lung cancer in 1960, the campaign against Pasternak had severely damaged the international credibility of the U.S.S.R. He remains a major figure in Russian literature to this day. Furthermore, tactics pioneered by Pasternak were later continued, expanded, and refined by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and other Soviet dissidents. <b>Early Life</b> Pasternak was born in Moscow on 10 February, (Gregorian), 1890 (Julian 29 January) into a wealthy Russian Jewish family which had been received into the Russian Orthodox Church.
    [Show full text]
  • Solzh 19-20 Short
    IGNAT SOLZHENITSYN 2019-20 SHORT BIO {206 WORDS} IGNAT SOLZHENITSYN Recognized as one of today's most gifted artists, and enjoying an active career as both conductor and pianist, Ignat Solzhenitsyn's lyrical and poignant interpretations have won him critical acclaim throughout the world. Principal Guest Conductor of the Moscow Symphony Orchestra and Conductor Laureate of the Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia, Ignat Solzhenitsyn has recently led the symphonies of Baltimore, Cincinnati, Dallas, Indianapolis, Milwaukee, Seattle, and Toronto, the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie, the Czech National Symphony, as well as the Mariinsky Orchestra and the St. Petersburg Philharmonic. He has partnered with such world-renowned soloists as Richard Goode, Gary Graffman, Gidon Kremer, Anne-Sophie Mutter, Garrick Ohlsson, Mstislav Rostropovich, and Mitsuko Uchida. His extensive touring schedule in the United States and Europe has included concerto performances with numerous major orchestras, including those of Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Seattle, Baltimore, Montreal, Toronto, London, Paris, Israel, and Sydney, and collaborations with such distinguished conductors as Herbert Blomstedt, James Conlon, Charles Dutoit, Valery Gergiev, André Previn, Gerard Schwarz, Wolfgang Sawallisch, Yuri Temirkanov and David Zinman. A winner of the Avery Fisher Career Grant, Ignat Solzhenitsyn serves on the faculty of the Curtis Institute of Music. He has been featured on many radio and television specials, including CBS Sunday Morning and ABC’s Nightline. CURRENT AS OF: 18 NOVEMBER 2019 PLEASE DESTROY ANY PREVIOUS BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS. PLEASE MAKE NO CHANGES, EDITS, OR CUTS OF ANY KIND WITHOUT SPECIFIC PERMISSION..
    [Show full text]
  • Remembering Guides Us Forward” – Imbi Paju
    “Remembering guides us forward” – Imbi Paju Remembering guides us forward Speech by Imbi Paju at the ceremony for the Heli and Arnold Susi Mission Award for the Courage to Speak Out on 4 January 2019. Esteemed Minister of Justice Urmas Reinsalu, honourable Heli Susi, representatives of the Memorial Union for the Estonian Fight for Liberation and Resistance Movement [Eesti Vabadusvõitluse ja Vastupanuliikumise Mälestusliit] and Estonian Memento Association, organisers of the event, dear guests. Firstly, I am grateful for the exceptional honour of being the first to receive the Heli and Arnold Susi Mission Award for the Courage to Speak Out. Behind the actions of every person is a story which is, on closer examination, related to our collective sub-consciousness, the life, life-stories, achievements and contradictions of society. In order to see this all more clearly and to perceive the impact that certain people have on us and our actions, we must keep these stories constantly in our minds, especially now that the world is wavering again. The examples that these people and their stories set, creates and reinforces the identity and understanding of oneself – on a country level as well – keeping our heads clear and helping us to stay on the democratic path at a time when populism, ideological stigmas, fake news and other noise cause uneasiness, to the point of people talking about a post-truth era. We need a compass right now. When preparing this speech, I talked to many people who have a deep interest in the actions and stories of Arnold Susi, Sworn Advocate, Minister of Education during the government of Otto Tief, and Arnold’s daughter Heli.
    [Show full text]
  • Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
    SPECIAL REPORT AMERICA, WE EG YOU TO INTERFER by Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn ARTHUR R/\OTKE PRESIDENT lhe Cincinnati Air Conditioning Co. • CHURCH LEAGUE OF AMERICA 422 NORTH PROSPECT STREET WHEATON, ILLINOIS 60187 AUGUST 1975 . First Printing August 1975 Second Printing October 1975 INTRODUCTION The Church League of America believes it is imperative that the two major addresses which Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn made re­ cently in Washington, D.C., and in New York City under the spon­ sorship of AFL-CIO be distributed as widely as possible across the nation and be digested by every American who has one grain of common sense left in his brain, and one spark of patriotism left in his soul, that each one communicate these two messages to every­ one who lives within the same block in his community, and get others to do the same, so that Solzhenitsyn:'s warnings may be spread to millions across America. This warning must shake our nation out of its lethargy until its teeth rattle and bring about a change in our present disastrous national policy of detente; and give hope to the millions of enslaved behind the Iron and Bamboo Curtains as America rises and says: "We oppose Communism in all of its forms and devices and will not give one cent or one speck of technological know-how to any Communist nation from this momenton. We will re-assume the anti-Communist leadership of the Free World re­ gardless of the hypocritical critics, the cowards and the mentally sick intelligensia!" 'America, We Beg You to Interfere' by Aleksandr I.
    [Show full text]
  • Áé( Áfý%¯Ð¨Ý Ñ˛
    559281bk Hersch 1/8/06 5:27 pm Page 8 AMERICAN CLASSICS MICHAEL HERSCH Symphonies Nos. 1 and 2 Fracta Arraché Michael Hersch would like to thank the Argosy Foundation, Fran Richard, the staff and musicians of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, Andrew Walton, Bournemouth Symphony Ignat Solzhenitsyn, George and Gene Rochberg, Jamie Hersch, Christopher Middleton, Orchestra Jessica Lustig, Michael Lutz, Glenn Petry, Albert Imperato, Louise Barder, and his wife Karen and daughter Abigail Hersch. Marin Alsop 8.559281 8 559281bk Hersch 1/8/06 5:27 pm Page 2 Michael Hersch (b.1971): Symphonies Nos. 1 and 2 • Fracta • Arraché ierten Wiederholung der Anfangslinien überleitet. Eine choralartige, dunkel gefärbte Figur in Fagotten und Klari- Reihe sich steigernder Codas führt zum Augenblick der netten. Ist das vielleicht ein Gebet um Kraft gegen das Intensity and passion always increasing… conductor consistently programmed Hersch’s music Wahrheit: Tatsächlich endet die Symphonie mit einem Böse, das gleich ausgestrahlt werden wird? Auf jeden Fall This marking found in Michael Hersch’s Symphony No. 1 and helped to instill confidence that his voice was a Unisono-C der Glocken. Mag das Leben auch noch so wird der Hörer tatsächlich von dieser sorgenvollen Re- best sums up the American composer’s music. His worthy one. That relationship has continued to this day, düster sein, die Ausdauer wird doch belohnt. flexion durch ein kantiges, hüpfendes Thema „weggeris- output abounds with extreme shifts in dynamics and leading to the present disc of definitive recordings with Arraché, das jüngste Werk auf dieser CD, zeigt deut- sen“, das zu einem dichten, stachligen Allegro führt.
    [Show full text]
  • Reform and Human Rights the Gorbachev Record
    100TH-CONGRESS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES [ 1023 REFORM AND HUMAN RIGHTS THE GORBACHEV RECORD REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES BY THE COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE MAY 1988 Printed for the use of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1988 84-979 = For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE STENY H. HOYER, Maryland, Chairman DENNIS DeCONCINI, Arizona, Cochairman DANTE B. FASCELL, Florida FRANK LAUTENBERG, New Jersey EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts TIMOTHY WIRTH, Colorado BILL RICHARDSON, New Mexico WYCHE FOWLER, Georgia EDWARD FEIGHAN, Ohio HARRY REED, Nevada DON RITTER, Pennslyvania ALFONSE M. D'AMATO, New York CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey JOHN HEINZ, Pennsylvania JACK F. KEMP, New York JAMES McCLURE, Idaho JOHN EDWARD PORTER, Illinois MALCOLM WALLOP, Wyoming EXECUTIvR BRANCH HON. RICHARD SCHIFIER, Department of State Vacancy, Department of Defense Vacancy, Department of Commerce Samuel G. Wise, Staff Director Mary Sue Hafner, Deputy Staff Director and General Counsel Jane S. Fisher, Senior Staff Consultant Michael Amitay, Staff Assistant Catherine Cosman, Staff Assistant Orest Deychakiwsky, Staff Assistant Josh Dorosin, Staff Assistant John Finerty, Staff Assistant Robert Hand, Staff Assistant Gina M. Harner, Administrative Assistant Judy Ingram, Staff Assistant Jesse L. Jacobs, Staff Assistant Judi Kerns, Ofrice Manager Ronald McNamara, Staff Assistant Michael Ochs, Staff Assistant Spencer Oliver, Consultant Erika B. Schlager, Staff Assistant Thomas Warner, Pinting Clerk (11) CONTENTS Page Summary Letter of Transmittal .................... V........................................V Reform and Human Rights: The Gorbachev Record ................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Protest and Dissent in the Soviet Union: the Unofficial Moscow • Journal, a Chronicle of Current Events, (American Heritage Press, 1972), 18
    •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••r• Glasnost as Speaking TruthisPower: In partialfulfillmentoftherequirements Submitted toProfessorLindaGerstein In LateSovietRussia For theBachelorsinArtsHistory, By ElizabethHeld Haverford College a WeaponofDissent April 20,2012 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••►•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS flour, andeggs. To ProfessorLindaGerstein,whotaughtmethattobakeacakeyouneedbutter,sugar, ii •• iii •• ABSTRACT ••• In 1968, a group of Soviet dissidents began to print their own newspaper, the •• Chronicle of Current Events, and to work with western reporters to spread their message about the illegality of the ruling regime. By using their own media forms, the dissidents •• were able to break the government's monopoly on information. More importantly, they •• used the media technologies to advocate for their two key, interconnected goals of •• glasnost, or openness, and the rule of law. The dissidents made two main arguments. •• First, that glasnost was integral to creating an equitable and fair justice system. Second, that speaking truth was legal and not something the government could prosecute. •• • Glasnost served as both a rallying cry and as a weapon. The dissidents called for openness, but also used their media outlets to expose events the government wished to ••• keep quiet. • In choosing the two mantras of legality and glasnost, the dissidents consciously put themselves in the shadow of previous groups of Russian reformers who had the same ••• demands. They placed themselves in a historical debate. The dissidents also sought to •• differentiate their version of glasnost, complete openness, from various government •• leaders' definitions of the term. •• This thesis seeks to explore the way dissident media outlets forced the dual goals •• of glasnost and respect for the rule of law. It will examine the causes and forms of dissident media, and their relationship to the idea of legality.
    [Show full text]
  • Vatra Veche 8, 2019
    8 Români din toate ţă rile, uni ţi-vă! Lunar de cultur ă * Serie veche nou ă* Anul XI, nr. 8 (128) august 2019 *ISSN 2066-0952 VATRA, Foaie ilustrat ă pentru familie (1894) *Fondatori I. Slavici, I. L. Caragiale, G. Co şbuc VATRA, 1971 *Redactor-şef fondator Romulus Guga* VATRA VECHE, 2009, Redactor-şef Nicolae B ăciu ţ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ INSCRIP ȚIE Tot ce se poate-nțelege E f ără speran ță și lege Și cre ște dospind din eres Tot ce e f ără-nțeles. ANA BLANDIANA Marcel Lup șe, Buzduganul florilor de in _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Inscrip ție, de Ana Blandiana/1 Vatra veche dialog cu Ana Blandiana, de Nicolae B ăciu ț/3 Cununa de Aur a Serilor de Poezie de la Struga, de Nicolae Băciu ț/4 Cuvântul de acceptare al laureatului, de Ana Blandiana,/5 Cununa de Aur, 2019, de Nicolae Băciu ț/5 Eseu. Staulul Miori ței, de A.I. Brumaru/6 Mai altfel, despre Veronica Micle, de Dumitru Hurubă/ 9 Eminescum, de Răzvan Ducan/10 Remember -30. N. Steinhardt, de Veronica Pavel Lerner/11 Poeme de Dumitru Ichim/12 Ognean Stamboliev, Premiul pentru traducerea lui Eminescu/12 Elisabeta Bo țan, Premiul European Clemente Rebora 2018- 2019/12 Să ne reamintim de… Valentin Silvestru, de Dumitru Hurub ă/13 Coresponden ţa lui Dimitrie Stelaru, de Gheorghe Sar ău/14 Inedit. Blestemul chinezesc, de Francisc P ăcurariu/15 Vremea întreb ărilor (Octavian Paler), de Nicolae Postolache/17 Text și context în diarismul românesc (Eugen Simion), de Florian Copcea/20 Poeme de Tania Nicolescu/23 Scrisori deschise, de Constantin Stancu/24 Ochean întors.
    [Show full text]
  • Sakhalin As Cause Célèbre the Re-Signification of Tsarist Russia's
    Acta Slavica Iaponica, Tomus 32, pp. 55‒72 Sakhalin as Cause Célèbre The Re-signification of Tsarist Russia’s Penal Colony Andrew Gentes INTRODUCTION During the mid-1860s Russia’s penal labor institution known as katorga entered what Alexander II’s government recognized was a “state of collapse.”1 Established by Peter the Great, katorga had for most of its existence been cen- tered among the mines and smelteries of the Nerchinsk Mining District east of Lake Baikal. However, these mines’ exhaustion, poor management and mainte- nance, and a surfeit of convicts (particularly from the mass deportations follow- ing the 1863 Polish Uprising) had transformed katorga into a losing proposition in both fiscal and penological terms. By the late 1860s Petersburg decided new arrangements were needed for its 14,000 penal laborers (katorzhane). The island of Sakhalin seemed a solution. Eastern Siberia’s Governor-general Nikolai N. Murav’ev dispatched reconnaissance expeditions there during the 1850s; and following annexation of the Amur region, Sakhalin attracted official interest as a natural fortress guarding the mouth of the Amur River. But not until 1875, when the Treaty of St Petersburg eliminated Japan’s competing claims, did Russia formally annex the island.2 Writers began speculating early on about Sakhalin’s role in the imperium. In 1874, state councilor Iakov N. Butkovskii wrote in Naval Articles (Morskoi sbornik): Sakhalin is the same as Kotlin [in the Finnish Straits, on which Kronshtadt was built], only on a Siberian scale. To fortify it with cannons is expensive, and inconvenient; it will be more soundly secured for us if it is populated by a 1 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������As reported in Biblioteka Irkutskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta (BIGU), fond staro- pechatnykh i redkikh knig, no.
    [Show full text]