DOCSLIB.ORG

Reform and Human Rights the Gorbachev Record

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reform and Human Rights the Gorbachev Record 100TH-CONGRESS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES [ 1023 REFORM AND HUMAN RIGHTS THE GORBACHEV RECORD REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES BY THE COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE MAY 1988 Printed for the use of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1988 84-979 = For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE STENY H. HOYER, Maryland, Chairman DENNIS DeCONCINI, Arizona, Cochairman DANTE B. FASCELL, Florida FRANK LAUTENBERG, New Jersey EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts TIMOTHY WIRTH, Colorado BILL RICHARDSON, New Mexico WYCHE FOWLER, Georgia EDWARD FEIGHAN, Ohio HARRY REED, Nevada DON RITTER, Pennslyvania ALFONSE M. D'AMATO, New York CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey JOHN HEINZ, Pennsylvania JACK F. KEMP, New York JAMES McCLURE, Idaho JOHN EDWARD PORTER, Illinois MALCOLM WALLOP, Wyoming EXECUTIvR BRANCH HON. RICHARD SCHIFIER, Department of State Vacancy, Department of Defense Vacancy, Department of Commerce Samuel G. Wise, Staff Director Mary Sue Hafner, Deputy Staff Director and General Counsel Jane S. Fisher, Senior Staff Consultant Michael Amitay, Staff Assistant Catherine Cosman, Staff Assistant Orest Deychakiwsky, Staff Assistant Josh Dorosin, Staff Assistant John Finerty, Staff Assistant Robert Hand, Staff Assistant Gina M. Harner, Administrative Assistant Judy Ingram, Staff Assistant Jesse L. Jacobs, Staff Assistant Judi Kerns, Ofrice Manager Ronald McNamara, Staff Assistant Michael Ochs, Staff Assistant Spencer Oliver, Consultant Erika B. Schlager, Staff Assistant Thomas Warner, Pinting Clerk (11) CONTENTS Page Summary Letter of Transmittal .................... V........................................V Reform and Human Rights: The Gorbachev Record ................................................. IX REFORMING FROM ABOVE ............................................................ 1 Democratization Soviet Style ............................................................ 3 Rebuilding the Soviet Economy ............................................................ 11 RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS ............................................................ 23 Liberties and the Law ............................................................ 25 Expressing National Identities .................................. .......................... 37 Professing Religious Beliefs ............................................................ 49 Freedom of Movement ............................................................ 57 THE FLOW OF INFORMATION AND IDEAS ............................................... 61 Media Policies ............................................................ 63 Cultural Policies ............................................................ 73 AFTERWORD........................................................................................................ 85 The Meaning of Gorbachev's Reforms: Yuri F. Orlov. * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~(111) LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL The Commission report, in the pages that follow, is based on the Commission's continuing, professional contacts with a wide range of experts on Soviet affairs in this country and abroad. It is a sober, factual survey of Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts during his first three years as General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party to promote significant reforms in the politics, economy and society of his country. As an afterword to the Commission report, we publish a com- mentary by Dr. Yuri Orlov, who founded the first Soviet Helsinki Watch group in Moscow in May 1976, and who was imprisoned from March 1977 to October 1986 as punishment for his courageous efforts to monitor and encourage Soviet compliance with the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. His commentary - "The Meaning of Gorbachev's Reforms" - provides a critical analysis of the motives of perestroika and glasnost. While we do not necessarily concur with all of Dr. Orlov's obser- vations, he makes one point with which we completely agree: (T)he most constructive thing to do during this period of change in the Soviet Union is not, as some in the West think, simply to sit back and encouragingly ap- plaud Gorbachev's words and reforms. The applause needs to be combined with pressure on the Soviet leader to back their liberal words with more action and to expand their reforms in accordance with international human rights agreements they themselves have signed. This Commission report is designed to contribute to that consist- ent pressure, for in describing how much has changed or seems to be in the process of changing, it also documents how many funda- mental rights of Soviet citizens to freedom of expression, of belief, of movement and of national character remain restricted and un- protected. There has been much to applaud in the three years of Gorba- chev's rule, especially compared to the repressive actions of his predecessors. The release of many political prisoners from camps and psychiatric prison-hospitals, the rise in the numbers of Soviet citizens permitted to emigrate and to travel, the increasing candor of the official Soviet press and the increasing tolerance shown to unofficial groups and unorthodox points of view are all welcome first steps in the right direction. They are, however, no more than first steps. And as our report documents, they were taken slowly and could be retracted almost overnight. Until the rule of law establishes a decent balance be- tween the power of the Soviet state and the human dignity of indi- vidual Soviet citizens, the latter will always be at risk. (v) vi Risk-taking has seemed to be very much the Gorbachev style in internal and external affairs. It is also the departure from the past he has most fervently pressed his subjects - as workers, managers, bureaucrats and engaged citizens - to embrace. But millions of them have shown, largely by acts of omission, by their passivity and indifference, that they fear to follow where he seeks to lead. Gorbachev has taken risks in his foreign policy: in reversing long-standing positions on arms control and on the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan - issues the report does not address. At home he has taken the risk - and sometimes gotten ahead of his support at various levels of the party - of promoting a measure of competi- tion in elections to party and local government posts, in allocation of economic resources and in the conduct of civic discourse in the media and the world of culture. He sets an example that only the brave or the frustrated seem eager to emulate. Indeed, the mediocre performers, those threat- ened by competition in all walks of life, could constitute the largest group in society made uncomfortable by reform and likely to resist it. Workers, with reason, fear that their secure jobs will be casual- ties of his economic reforms. Managers fear failure in trying to im- plement new techniques. Bureaucrats and party officials fear loss of authority and perquisites. Editors, writers, artists and ordinary citizens fear that today's tolerance of freer expression will turn to- morrow, if Gorbachev fails, to penalties for those whose views and experiments win acclaim today. Soviets, as they long have, fear going too far, too fast. Veteran Izvestiya commentator Alexander Bovin said as much last Novem- ber and traced the roots of the psychosis to the total disregard for law of the still-vivid Stalinist past. "The most terrible thing Stalin succeeded in achieving was to frighten people. .. People were ter- rorized, and this feeling is still alive today," he wrote. "Only legal guarantees," he continued can establish "what we want - a consti- tutional state." His is an old refrain in his nation's history. It was heard in 1825 on the squares of St. Petersburg where the Decembrists confronted the supporters of a new autocrat. It was heard in the debates after that Czar's death in 1855 brought a reform monarch to the throne. And it was voiced by Russia's last articulate civil society in pre-rev- olution appeal after fruitless appeal to Nicholas II. If Mikhail Gorbachev cannot answer that cry to secure the liber- ty he says his people need to rebuild their society, their economy, their initiative and their self-confidence, he will be just another Russian reformer, remembered more for his proclaimed intentions than his achievements. Because we are certain that his innovations cannot take root without a foundation of assured justice, we have titled this report on the Gorbachev record, "Reform and Human Rights." The two must go together. After three years of Gorbachev's rule, however, that essential connection has yet to be made and main- tained. Western pressure can help to a degree in cementing respect for human rights to the progress of perestroika. Our Commission exists to promote that pressure and to assist in its wise and effective ap- vii plication, not just in dealings with the Soviet Union, but with all the Participating States of the 1975 Helsinki Accords. The following joint, bipartisan congressional report is the Com- mission's latest addition to the documentation it has long provided in support of international pressure for full implementation of the Accord's principles and its signatories' undertakings. We hope that you will agree that the result is an objective record of Mikhail Gor- bachev's first three years in power, the record, as Yuri Orlov says, of the "several positive changes" Gorbachev
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Correspondence
    Election to the Fellowship: Dr Anatoly Koryagin Dr Anotoly Koryagin. who is on hunger strike in prison. Is a and to the Secretary General of the World Psychiatric Association Soviet psychiatrist who took a firm and principled stand to draw to the attention of the authorities our very grave concern against the misuse of psychiatry in the USSR. He received a about your condition. sentence of seven years' imprisonment and five years in exile I can only end by saying that your stand for human rights and your actions to prevent abuses of psychiatry command the admira in February 1981. He was elected to the Membership of the College as a medical graduate of 'exceptional distinction' in tion of your professional colleagues far beyond the boundaries of the USSR. February 1983. He was first eligible to be elected a Fellow this year and it was Dr Koryagin's professional standing that has now led to his election. When the President wrote to him to The President has also written to The Times (6 March 1985). The College remains extremely concerned about Dr inform him of his election, he stated: Koryagin's plight and will continue to use its best endeavours The Court of Electors of the Royal College of Psychiatrists elected to see that it is ameliorated. One way that this can be done is you to the Fellowship of the College on Monday 11 February. With for individual members of the College to write to Dr Koryagin my personal congratulations. I enclose a copy of the formal Certifi himself at USSR 422950.
    [Show full text]
  • Queer As Alla: Subversion And/Or Re-Affirmation of the Homophobic Nationalist Discourse of Normality in Post-Soviet Vilnius
    RASA NAVICKAITE Queer as Alla: Subversion and/or re-affirmation of the homophobic nationalist discourse of normality in post-Soviet Vilnius IF YOU ARE non-heterosexual and you live in Vilnius, then gay- friendly options for going out are pretty limited for you. You would probably end up in the same place each weekend – a little under- ground gay club, called Soho. While for the gay community it is a well-known place to have drinks, to dance and to flirt, those who do not clearly identify as lesbian, gay, bi or trans usually have never even heard about this place. And those who do hear about it tend to imagine it as a place ”outside” the boundaries of normality and mo- rality, a place for those who live on the margins of society, delimited according to the axis of sexuality, or, to put it in a coarse language – a ”nest of whores” (Tereškinas 2004, 32). Although the times of the totalitarian Communist regime are gone since more than twenty years, the strict boundaries between what is normal and what is not, persist and in some cases have be- come even more rigid (Stukuls 1999, 537). The high level of soci- etal homophobia,1 encouraged by nationalist discourse is a perfect example of this boundary control. Although LGBT organisations present visibility and openness of non-heteronormative sexualities lambda nordica 4/2012 127 © Föreningen Lambda Nordica 2012 Queer as Alla as their main goal, it does not change the situation, where the ma- jority of gays are ”in the closet” (Atviri.lt 2012a).
    [Show full text]
  • Computers and Economic Democracy
    Rev.econ.inst. vol.1 no.se Bogotá 2008 COMPUTERS AND ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY Computadores y democracia económica Allin Cottrell; Paul Cockshott Ph.D. in Economics, professor of Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, USA, [[email protected]]. Ph.D. in Computer Science, researcher of the Glasgow University, Glasgow, United Kingdom, [[email protected]].. The collapse of previously existing socialism was due to causes embedded in its economic mechanism, which are not inherent in all possible socialisms. The article argues that Marxist economic theory, in conjunction with information technology, provides the basis on which a viable socialist economic program can be advanced, and that the development of computer technology and the Internet makes economic planning possible. In addition, it argues that the socialist movement has never developed a correct constitutional program, and that modern technology opens up opportunities for democracy. Finally, it reviews the Austrian arguments against the possibility of socialist calculation in the light of modern computational capacity and the constraints of the Kyoto Protocol. [Keywords: socialist planning, economic calculation, environmental constraints; JEL: P21, P27, P28] El colapso del socialismo anteriormente existente obedeció a causas integradas en su mecanismo económico, que no son inherentes a todos los socialismos posibles. El artículo muestra que la teoría económica marxista, junto con la informática, proporciona el fundamento para adelantar un programa económico socialista viable y que el desarrollo de la informática y de Internet hace posible la planificación económica. Además, argumenta que el movimiento socialista nunca desarrolló un programa constitucional correcto y que la tecnología moderna abre nuevas oportunidades para la democracia.
    [Show full text]
  • Full Results of Survey of Songs
    Existential Songs Full results Supplementary material for Mick Cooper’s Existential psychotherapy and counselling: Contributions to a pluralistic practice (Sage, 2015), Appendix. One of the great strengths of existential philosophy is that it stretches far beyond psychotherapy and counselling; into art, literature and many other forms of popular culture. This means that there are many – including films, novels and songs that convey the key messages of existentialism. These may be useful for trainees of existential therapy, and also as recommendations for clients to deepen an understanding of this way of seeing the world. In order to identify the most helpful resources, an online survey was conducted in the summer of 2014 to identify the key existential films, books and novels. Invites were sent out via email to existential training institutes and societies, and through social media. Participants were invited to nominate up to three of each art media that ‘most strongly communicate the core messages of existentialism’. In total, 119 people took part in the survey (i.e., gave one or more response). Approximately half were female (n = 57) and half were male (n = 56), with one of other gender. The average age was 47 years old (range 26–89). The participants were primarily distributed across the UK (n = 37), continental Europe (n = 34), North America (n = 24), Australia (n = 15) and Asia (n = 6). Around 90% of the respondents were either qualified therapists (n = 78) or in training (n = 26). Of these, around two-thirds (n = 69) considered themselves existential therapists, and one third (n = 32) did not. There were 235 nominations for the key existential song, with enormous variation across the different respondents.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Soviet Political Party Development in Russia: Obstacles to Democratic Consolidation
    POST-SOVIET POLITICAL PARTY DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA: OBSTACLES TO DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION Evguenia Lenkevitch Bachelor of Arts (Honours), SFU 2005 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of Political Science O Evguenia Lenkevitch 2007 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY 2007 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Evguenia Lenkevitch Degree: Master of Arts, Department of Political Science Title of Thesis: Post-Soviet Political Party Development in Russia: Obstacles to Democratic Consolidation Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Lynda Erickson, Professor Department of Political Science Dr. Lenard Cohen, Professor Senior Supervisor Department of Political Science Dr. Alexander Moens, Professor Supervisor Department of Political Science Dr. llya Vinkovetsky, Assistant Professor External Examiner Department of History Date DefendedlApproved: August loth,2007 The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection (currently available to the public at the 'Institutional Repository" link of the SFU Library website <www.lib.sfu.ca> at: <http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/112>) and, without changing the content, to translate the thesis/project or extended essays, if technically possible, to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation of the digital work.
    [Show full text]
  • Network Map of Knowledge And
    Humphry Davy George Grosz Patrick Galvin August Wilhelm von Hofmann Mervyn Gotsman Peter Blake Willa Cather Norman Vincent Peale Hans Holbein the Elder David Bomberg Hans Lewy Mark Ryden Juan Gris Ian Stevenson Charles Coleman (English painter) Mauritz de Haas David Drake Donald E. Westlake John Morton Blum Yehuda Amichai Stephen Smale Bernd and Hilla Becher Vitsentzos Kornaros Maxfield Parrish L. Sprague de Camp Derek Jarman Baron Carl von Rokitansky John LaFarge Richard Francis Burton Jamie Hewlett George Sterling Sergei Winogradsky Federico Halbherr Jean-Léon Gérôme William M. Bass Roy Lichtenstein Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruisdael Tony Cliff Julia Margaret Cameron Arnold Sommerfeld Adrian Willaert Olga Arsenievna Oleinik LeMoine Fitzgerald Christian Krohg Wilfred Thesiger Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant Eva Hesse `Abd Allah ibn `Abbas Him Mark Lai Clark Ashton Smith Clint Eastwood Therkel Mathiassen Bettie Page Frank DuMond Peter Whittle Salvador Espriu Gaetano Fichera William Cubley Jean Tinguely Amado Nervo Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Ferdinand Hodler Françoise Sagan Dave Meltzer Anton Julius Carlson Bela Cikoš Sesija John Cleese Kan Nyunt Charlotte Lamb Benjamin Silliman Howard Hendricks Jim Russell (cartoonist) Kate Chopin Gary Becker Harvey Kurtzman Michel Tapié John C. Maxwell Stan Pitt Henry Lawson Gustave Boulanger Wayne Shorter Irshad Kamil Joseph Greenberg Dungeons & Dragons Serbian epic poetry Adrian Ludwig Richter Eliseu Visconti Albert Maignan Syed Nazeer Husain Hakushu Kitahara Lim Cheng Hoe David Brin Bernard Ogilvie Dodge Star Wars Karel Capek Hudson River School Alfred Hitchcock Vladimir Colin Robert Kroetsch Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai Stephen Sondheim Robert Ludlum Frank Frazetta Walter Tevis Sax Rohmer Rafael Sabatini Ralph Nader Manon Gropius Aristide Maillol Ed Roth Jonathan Dordick Abdur Razzaq (Professor) John W.
    [Show full text]
  • Rock in the Reservation: Songs from the Leningrad Rock Club 1981-86 (1St Edition)
    R O C K i n t h e R E S E R V A T I O N Songs from the Leningrad Rock Club 1981-86 Yngvar Bordewich Steinholt Rock in the Reservation: Songs from the Leningrad Rock Club 1981-86 (1st edition). (text, 2004) Yngvar B. Steinholt. New York and Bergen, Mass Media Music Scholars’ Press, Inc. viii + 230 pages + 14 photo pages. Delivered in pdf format for printing in March 2005. ISBN 0-9701684-3-8 Yngvar Bordewich Steinholt (b. 1969) currently teaches Russian Cultural History at the Department of Russian Studies, Bergen University (http://www.hf.uib.no/i/russisk/steinholt). The text is a revised and corrected version of the identically entitled doctoral thesis, publicly defended on 12. November 2004 at the Humanistics Faculty, Bergen University, in partial fulfilment of the Doctor Artium degree. Opponents were Associate Professor Finn Sivert Nielsen, Institute of Anthropology, Copenhagen University, and Professor Stan Hawkins, Institute of Musicology, Oslo University. The pagination, numbering, format, size, and page layout of the original thesis do not correspond to the present edition. Photographs by Andrei ‘Villi’ Usov ( A. Usov) are used with kind permission. Cover illustrations by Nikolai Kopeikin were made exclusively for RiR. Published by Mass Media Music Scholars’ Press, Inc. 401 West End Avenue # 3B New York, NY 10024 USA Preface i Acknowledgements This study has been completed with the generous financial support of The Research Council of Norway (Norges Forskningsråd). It was conducted at the Department of Russian Studies in the friendly atmosphere of the Institute of Classical Philology, Religion and Russian Studies (IKRR), Bergen University.
    [Show full text]
  • The S.A. Institute of International Affairs to Be
    THE S.A. INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS TO BE REMOVED Africa 1979: Myths, Miracles and Mirrors LI' Peter CJ. Vale After Brehznev: Who and What? Robin Knight The Arabs in Africa: Islamic Philanthropy or Petro-Colonialism? Philip Frankel A Constellation of States: Regional Co-operation in Southern Africa Deon Geldenhuys and Denis Venter Book Review Namibia Old and New: Traditional and Modem Leaders in Ovamboland by Gerhard Totemeyer VOL 3 NO 3 DEC 1979 DIE SUID-AFRIKAAJVSE INSTITIM Wi IMTERNASEOMALE AAMGELEEPJTHEDE THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE INST1TUUTVAN INTERNASIONALE AANGELEENTHEDE THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (fountted/geslig: 1934) NATIONAL OFFICE-BEARERS/NASIONALE AMPSDRAERS CHAIRMAN/VOORSITTER Dr Leif F.geland DEPUTY CHAIRMAN/ADJUNK-VOORSITTER Gideon Rons, Sr VICE-CHAIRMEN/VISE-VOORSITTERS H.F. Oppenheimer Dr C.B. Strauss and all Chairmen of the Institute's Branches ex efficio en alle Voorsitters van die Instituut se Takke ampshalwe (Cape Town/Kaapstad, Witwatersrand, Natal, Eastern Province/Oostclike Frovinsie, Pretoria, Stelienbosch, Border/Grens, Transkei and/en SWA/Namibia) TREASUREH/TESOURIER J.C. Williams DIRECTOR/DIREKTEUR John Barratt INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS BULLETIN Published by the South African Institute of Internationa] Affairs and supplied free of charge to members. Three issues per year. Subscription rate for non-members R.5,00 per annum (surface mail); R7,00 per annum (overseas airmail). Price per copy R.1,50 plus postage. Uitgegee deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Instituut van Internasionale Aangeleemhede en gratis a«n lede verskaf. Drie uitgawes per jaar. lntekengeld vir nic-lede R5.00 perjaar (landpos); R7,00 per jaar (buitelandse lugpos).
    [Show full text]
  • Zhuk Outcover.Indd
    The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies Sergei I. Zhuk Number 1906 Popular Culture, Identity, and Soviet Youth in Dniepropetrovsk, 1959–84 The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies Number 1906 Sergei I. Zhuk Popular Culture, Identity, and Soviet Youth in Dniepropetrovsk, 1959–84 Sergei I. Zhuk is Associate Professor of Russian and East European History at Ball State University. His paper is part of a new research project, “The West in the ‘Closed City’: Cultural Consumption, Identities, and Ideology of Late Socialism in Soviet Ukraine, 1964–84.” Formerly a Professor of American History at Dniepropetrovsk University in Ukraine, he completed his doctorate degree in Russian History at the Johns Hopkins University in 2002 and recently published Russia’s Lost Reformation: Peasants, Millennialism, and Radical Sects in Southern Russia and Ukraine, 1830–1917 (2004). No. 1906, June 2008 © 2008 by The Center for Russian and East European Studies, a program of the University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh ISSN 0889-275X Image from cover: Rock performance by Dniepriane near the main building of Dniepropetrovsk University, August 31, 1980. Photograph taken by author. The Carl Beck Papers Editors: William Chase, Bob Donnorummo, Ronald H. Linden Managing Editor: Eileen O’Malley Editorial Assistant: Vera Dorosh Sebulsky Submissions to The Carl Beck Papers are welcome. Manuscripts must be in English, double-spaced throughout, and between 40 and 90 pages in length. Acceptance is based on anonymous review. Mail submissions to: Editor, The Carl Beck Papers, Center for Russian and East European Studies, 4400 Wesley W. Posvar Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260.
    [Show full text]
  • Divided Strategies and Political Crisis in a Soviet Enterprise
    SOVIET STUDIES, Vol. 44, NO. 3, 1992, 37 1-402 Between Perestroika and Privatisation: Divided Strategies and Political Crisis in a Soviet Enterprise MICHAEL BURAWOY & KATHRYN HENDLEY INTHE CLASSIC STUDIES of the Soviet enterprise, the failures of central planning are attributed not to some traditional or 'non-economic' logic but to the enterprise's rational pursuit of its own interests.' Thus, enterprises bargain for loose plan targets by hiding resources, by not overfulfilling plans and by exaggerated underfulfilment of difficult targets. Enterprise performance is evaluated according to plan indicators which, if followed, lead to wasteful use of resources and the production of goods no one wants-heavy machinery, thin glass or large nak2So, the classic studies conclude, within a planned economy it is impossible to create an incentive system that stimulates the production of what is needed. The more recent literature on enterprises in the reformed economies of Eastern Europe, particularly the Hungarian economy, argues that pathologies persist when physical planning gives way to fiscal planning. Janos Kornai argues that soft budget constraints inevitably follow from state ownership of the means of production, and therefore enterprises seek to increase their bargaining power with the state by expanding as rapidly as p~ssible.~This results in a distribution of investment resources which is unrelated to enterprise efficiency or profitability. In a more elaborate bargaining model, Tamas Bauer shows how enterprises entice government sponsorship of new investment schemes by underestimating the costs of new project^.^ Once hooked, the government can be subjected to considerable pressure to continue financing the new project even as costs escalate.
    [Show full text]
  • Sociological Papers the Emerging Second Generation of Immigrant
    Sociological Papers The Emerging Second Generation of Immigrant Israelis Series Editor: Larissa Remennick Managing Editor: Anna Prashizky Volume 16, 2011 Sponsored by the Leon Tamman Foundation for Research into Jewish Communities SOCIOLOGICAL INSTITUTE FOR COMMUNITY STUDIES BAR-ILAN UNIVERSITY Generation 1.5 Russians in Israel: From Vodka to Latte. Maturation and Integration Processes as Reflected in the Recreational Patterns Liza Rozovsky and Oz Almog The Department of Land of Israel Studies University of Haifa Abstract This article reflects on the process of coming of age among Russian Israelis who immigrated as older children or adolescents. It describes the culture of informal youth groups (tusovkas) of the 1990s that transplanted multiple elements of Russian subversive youth culture of the last Soviet and post-Soviet years onto Israeli soil. These groups - that flourished mainly in peripheral towns of Israel - served as both social safety net for alienated Russian teenagers and the bridge to their gradual acculturation. Entering adulthood, most tusovka members left the streets, completed their academic degrees, and moved to Central Israel in search of lucrative jobs and thriving cultural life. Although young Russian Israelis have adopted many elements of the mainstream lifestyle (particularly in the patterns of residence and entertainment), their social preferences and identity remain distinct in lieu of the lingering Russian cultural legacies. Introduction This article sheds light on the recent changes in the recreational patterns of "Generation 1.5" – Russian, Ukrainian and other former Soviet immigrants who immigrated in Israel along with their parents as preteens or young adolescents during the 1990s. Several factors shaped the recreational patterns of these Generation 1.5'ers during their initial years in Israel: the social characteristics of the Russian aliyah; the unique circumstances of their birth and socialization; and the policies of direct immigrant absorption first instituted in Israel during the 1990s.
    [Show full text]
  • THE FUTURE of the WORLD OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 05/07/18, Spi
    OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 05/07/18, SPi OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS NOT FOR SALE DO NOT COPY THE FUTURE OF THE WORLD OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 05/07/18, SPi OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS NOT FOR SALE DO NOT COPY OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 05/07/18, SPi OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS NOT FOR SALE DO NOT COPY The Future of the World Futurology, Futurists, and the Struggle for the Post-Cold War Imagination JENNY ANDERSSON 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 05/07/18, SPi OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS NOT FOR SALE DO NOT COPY 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6D P, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Jenny Andersson 2018 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2018 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2018933809 ISBN 978–0–19–881433–7 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only.
    [Show full text]