How to Speak Japanese Gtly

P R E FA E C .

T H E little vo lu m e i s i n te nded fo r th e u s e o f — E n gl ish s peaking fo re igners travellers and — res id en t s i n Japan who m ay ﬁn d it t o be co n ven ie nt t o h ave s o m e kno wle dge o f the J apan e s e an u a e and at t he s am e t iin e fo r a e l g g , , , h lp t o J apan es e s tu de nt s o f the E n glis h l an gu age in s u gges ti n g to th em h o w t o e x pre s s the J apanes e

d ea i n th e o e E n s fo m o r ho w t he i pr p r gli h r , fu n dam en t ally differen t co n s tru cti o n s and the vario u s u s e s o f parti cles i n Japane s e can be e x

l a ed i u va n E n s h e x es s o ns p in n eq i le t gli pr i .

T he wo ds a c es and as e s co n a ned r , p rti l , phr t i i n the bo o ar e rea u s efu o nes w c we k lly l , hi h h ave s pecially ch o s en t o enable fo re igners t o m a e co e u s o f m T o a e m k rr ct e th e . tt pt a t h o ro u gh and s ys t em atic treatm en t o n s o ir

e u a and co m ca e d a an u a e as a an r g l r pli t l g g J p es e ,

e u es ea o na an d wo u d be an ex r q ir gr t , rigi lity , l h au s t i ng and we ari s o m e t as k n o t o nly fo r th e

w e s bu t a s o fo r the eade s . Fo r t he r e rit r , l r r p s e n al l a i s needed i s to e x l a n b e h t , th t p i ri ﬂy t e gram m ati cal re lati o ns and pro per u s es o f parti cle s a nd wo rds o f th e cu rren t J apan es e l an gu age with

act ca ex am pr i l ples .

A n d a s o we o e th - a e a n . l h p th t J p. E g and

tran s l atio n o f s o me u s efu l phr as es a nd c au s e s an d t he s m a vo cabu a l , ll l ry o f u s efu l w o ds w s e ve th e eade s r ill r r r . 200496 5 R A E P E F C .

W e m u s t e x pres s o u r th anks t o the au th o rs o f the fo o w n bo o k s fo r e va u ab e w o s t o ll i g th ir l l rk , w hich we ar e m u ch i ndebt ed i n preparing t he pre s e n t h andbo o k . Re fe ren ce s ar e m ade thro u gh o u t the bo o k t o

. M R I E a D R W . I B H ndbo o k o f E ngli s h

J apan es e E tym o lo gy .

’ K E LLY A N D W A L s u s Handbo o k o f the J apan

s e n e L a gu age .

R A l N A P O F . N B U K A D Highe r E nglis h Gram

m ar .

I n termedi ate E nglis h

amma Gr r .

A K A P T . H A M anu a o f L an u C C C S a e . SL , l g g

u I RP U R N n D . I B E glis h J ap anes e and

J apanes e - E ngli s h Di c

i r t o na y.

‘

B u t N C K I L Y C A T . , P A n u nabridged J apanes e

E ngli s h Di c ti o nary .

'I ‘ A A K A I A K A D ,

A N D

J U N K I CH I S A T O M I .

T o o u 1 0 . ky , J ly , 9 3 C O N T E N T S .

T he J apanes e A l phabet , o r the

S i mpl es t S yl l abl es .

P A G E .

T e F f o u nds o f the a anese A l I . h i ty S J p

ph abet .

e a anes e A abe o f l m u r e H . T h J p lph t p

So u nds .

I I . F o m the m e o u nds u e o r I m I r Si pl S , P r

v M x ed o n . u e ar e d e ed the u ds . p r , ri i S 2

I ° " ’ car di nal N u mberS 0 0 0 0 O N 3

1 1 O r dinal 5

o no o a ea ( a) Fo r chr l gic l y rs . S

b a es . ( ) g 6.

c the m o n s o f a ear . ( ) th y 7 .

da s : o f a m o (d) y nth . 7 ’ o o m nu e d s e o e c c s an c nds . g ) l k, i t 8 I I I . Car di nal N u mber s 9

(a) Fo r years . 9

m o n s . 1 0 th .

’

d a s . ( c ) y t o .

he du a o n o f m e d t . I ( ) r ti ti I .

e s o ns . 2 (e) p r 1 .

ma e n o e an be s . I gf ) th r i t i g 2.

an s s c s c a s e nc s (g) pl t , ti k , ig r , p il

es etc. bo ttl , CO N TE N TS .

o s . 1 (h) Fo r b o k 4.

n fee 1 . ( i ) anythi g wo rn o n the t . 4

o u s 1 . ( j ) h es . 4

ca a es i n s a bi c c es (k) rri g , j riki h , y l ,

wa o ns etc. 1 . g , 5

l e e s ce ti ca es and o e ( ) l tt r , r ﬁ t th r

1 . writings . 5

m s s bo ats and o e fo m s ( ) hip , , th r r 1 o f ves s el s . 5.

n a er c o n a e mo ne ( ) p p . l thi g. p p r y,

ess es do o s etc. 1 6. m attr , r ,

cu s o f tea wa e o r wine 1 6. ( o ) p , t r

s e s s u s o r a es . 1 6. ( p) t , it p rti

a s do zens 1 . (q) p ir , , 7 1 ( r) 8.

s canno ns . Fo r u ns 1 8. ( ) g .

m 1 8. ( t ) ti es .

1 . ( u ) fracti o nal nu mbers . 9

W ercent o 20 0 ( ) p 0 0 0 0 0 0 o n n A P R T I .

T he Us es o f Par ti cl es o r o s t o s i i P p t o ns .

- CHA PT E R I . T H E PO S TPO S I T I O N S DB; N O TI N G T H E C A S E S O F N o s A N D

RO N O U N S . P 2 1 . ” I . T he N o m na ve P o s t o s r i o n W t ar . 2 Q i ti p 2 . ” I I . T he N o m na ve o s o s o n G a 2 a i ti P tp iti . 3.

“ ” “ I I I . T he o s s es s ve o s o s o n N . Q P i P tp iti o 5. ” i v. T he O b ec ve o s o s o n Q j ti P tp iti W 0. 2 5. ” V . T he O b ec ve o s o s i o n M l 2 Q j ti P tp ti 6. — T H E O N O U N . 28. C HA PT E R I l . PR

1 er s o na o no u n . 2 . 3 . P l Pr 9

e ns o o f th e s o na o n u ns 2 . D cle i n e P r l Pr o . 9

I A d ec ve r o no u ns 3 Q I . j ti P “ [fo r e A re and S o r e.

” K o ko S o éo and A s a /60 o r “ ” A s o ka.

I I nte o a ive o no u ns 6I I . rr g t Pr ” D ar e o r

” D o r e ea .

D o r e m o D ar e demo D ar;

721 t o . t o . 0 0 0 0 0 0

” D o éo o r D o c/l i r a.

N an i .

N a ni ea .

' N ani mo N anm mo c m

” D o r e. “ D o r e éo .

D or e mo D o r e demo D o r e

' ” m mo .

” D oc/rim ka .

' D o c/l i r a mo o cﬁzm demo ;

' D o cﬁzm 2 4 .

N u mbe o f I n e o a ve o The r t rr g ti Pro n u ns . 43. — CH A PT E R I I I . I N T E RR00 A T 1 V E A D

"RE O K S 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0

G ‘ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

‘6 ” s u o 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0

I fm k“. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . C O N T E N T S .

” [ts u m o [1 m de . ; mo 45. ” . N azeO 0 6 0 0 0 0 . C O . C O . 4 ,

N d ﬂfo O l ‘ 0 0 3 0 0 0 o o 46.

H A T E R I V —VE RB S N D A I E C . A A U XI . P LI R S . 47

’ “ ” I . T he Co n u a o n o f D em . Q j g ti 47 .

“ ” l l . Co n u a o n o f M s u . 0 ﬁ j g ti o 5 .

. “ t he N egative Form o f Dem and

M as u .

o r 1 o n o n

D e zo o o r : mas o n ( ) .

” ' I I . o m and é I m O m mam .

Q T he U s es o f Pri ncipal A u x ili arie s ' ” K n m s /z r e s o z ma o n . 59 ,’ K u das ai o 0 0 . 0 0 . 60 . 63 “ ' D e/ez mam . 67

‘f f G o r a n and [I/i . 68

” 72 r 1 324 o 70 .

o r 7 1 ” “ e o r Yi n/co was fzz 2 A g , . 7 . ' ” e .S as frz ag . 73

N ar i mas o n o r I ke mam a. 74

rzz m m. G o z a o 75

/ T he U s e o f H az and bj e. 75

' ' - P o s | O S I T I O N S A N D C O N CHA PT E R V . P

J U N CT I V E S . “ ” 8 M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 t o . 7

” 0 T o . 0 0 0 u s e 0 0 0 c c o 0 0 0 0 0 0 o n 8 “ 8 0 0 0 0 0 T o and 0 0 0 0 0 6 ! ' T he Co njugati o n o f a V erb i n co nnectta ” ” with to and oa z “ ” t o .

” oa.

’ ” K o eao o r “ o r mo g .

D o n o .

” T o r i an d D ar i .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

” ’ K ar o o r Yar z.

” 5‘ M arla ,

T he U s e s o f D e.

' ” T e o r M as ﬁzfe.

D e T e- mo

' “ A or z m .

“ ’ N o m .

' ” N o m and N i zo o .

N a am

f‘

M o M ' ’ o s a kas h ao . “ ” M o tto .

T a m o r D o f a.

4‘ ” 5 K i r i o r - S CO N TE N T .

' S ﬁzka m o as n . ” and S ag a . ” ” T ru ffl e and C ake.

' ”

K u r o z o r G u m i .

’ ” “ ” o m o r D or i . " ” B ake

' ” be: aake o or: 7:o do 1 r . 45.

m “ ” S at .

Yo no .

Yadam .

0 1 . . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 55 ” 550 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .

D o r e. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 59

0 5 mo . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

“ ‘ ” 0 5 sfmc mo . ” D 5 l ea s u m: to . ” H O dO O t o . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

T O kO VO O t o . 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 T al eo r o gal ” Wake. ” Mo no .

P A R T I I .

Gr ammati cal Pri nci pl es and Fr ac ti cal Us es o f S o me Pri nci pal h Parts o f S peec . — L T rm L I S T O F PRO N O U N S .

[ e na P I O DO U c u . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 P rso l H S I 0 I o no u and Re I . T i tles o f H r

e s p ct .

I . o no u ns deno n T n s I I Pr ti g hi g ,

aces and Pl ,

I n o a ve P o no u ns . I V . terr g ti r

— E E S I L A DJ CTI V .

C s a o n o f A d ec ves . Q I . las iﬁc ti j ti

ﬂ i f d ve I I n ex o n o A ec s . 5I . j ti

I I I A d ec va N o u n . é . j ti l

I V Co m a so n o f D e ee. 5 . p ri gr — E BS . I I I . A DV R

- C O N U N C I O N S . 1 V . J T — V . VE RBS .

o n u a o é l . C j g ti n o f

l he s e o a l . T U f A u x ili ari es and Po s tpo s itio ns with each Fo rm o f

a ver b. 0 0 .

V e I I I ba N o u n . Q . r l — VL A U XI LI A R I E S .

T he A bb ev a o n o f mo I . r i ti m .

] . é Verbs i n the Firs t C o nj u ga. t o n i .

Q 1 1 V erbs i n the S ecend Co n

o n ju gati .

Q 1 1 1 . Verbs i n the Third C o n

T he Fo u Co n u a o n. é I V . rth j g ti

V T he F f C o n u a o n. g . i th j g ti ’ ” e A bb ev a o n o f D e am mo m I I . T h r i ti ” o r dam .

I I V o ce. I . i CO N E T N TS .

P A R T U L

ha r - ~ a an e a C pte I . J p s e nd E ng l i h s Co nver s ati o n.

( I . S écho . E a n 2 ( rly M o rni g. ) I I i H o m o n . V s . 2 . ( A i t )

m . e a . T o n o du ce a F end . 2 6. a, Sh k i ( i tr ri ) 5

I V. M c wo T adzu neru T o i A s n Q i hi k . ( ki g W 2 th e a . 60 y ) .

. Co mfo and E n av I s eki t o Shere i . ( rt

o em t c u r ag en . )

V I K s a o o T avel n b Rail é . i h Ry k . ( r li g y 2 67 . V Y i I o e . . n a Q I I ado ya n to . ( H t l — Chapter I L A Li s t o f S o me I di o m E x r es s i ns ati c p o .

s n s (Japane e E gli h . )

- ~ i s t o f S o me s efu l Chapter I I I . A L U

Phr as es and Cl au s es .

— n ( E nglis h Japa es e . )

A P P E N DI X b E ngl i s h and J apanes e Vo ca u l ar y . T H E J A PA NE S E A LPH A BE T OR E T H E S I MPLE S T S YLLA B L S .

T H E I FT Y O U N S O F T H E I . F S D N E A A B E JA PA E S LPH T .

A 7 I 4 U 71 19 $ 0 ?

a S a S a fi S hr s/ S u x S e ‘h S Q y — T a 7 T a y Cht t f- T s u v e i T o — — — K T N aj fi m fie E fi

H a H a . H i E r a H e « H o ) —7 - W Ma v Mi s Mi l I Me 3 Mo =e _ T E : I 4 Y u m Ve x Y o a

T hes e ar e the s imples t s yllables o f pu re s o u nds w c ar e at the s am e me the al . , hi h , ti ,

f a anes e an u a e B es e phabet o the J p l g g . id s t h ere ar e 2 5 o f impu re s o u nds derived fro m the

abo x e, T H E JA PA N E S E A LPHA B E T O F

I MPU RE SO U N D .

' G a jf’ C u y

: Za A) Zu y:

’ l Da ﬁ Dz u y De

‘ Ba rx Bi 8 B e as

° e P a ) P i w P u 7 P e A . i ,

R M T H E S I M E S O U N S U RE O R H I . F O PL D , P

, P RE A R E E RI E T H E M I XE S O U N S A S l M U , D V D D D , ( 3 )

T H E PRON UNCI A T I ON O F

NUMBE RS .

‘ O 2 g 5 s 8 a

N i jﬁ .

S an jfi .

o G 0 jﬁ g .

’ ' a Shichi jﬁ h achi . ( b l ﬂ

H yaku .

N i hy aku ;

S a n oy o ku . A A V

bh ichi byaku . was

' I VE?

K u byaku . ﬁ ﬁ

S en o r 1 35m .

N i s en .

“ ?v

s en Shi . EB?

o en 5 : G s . 31 i

o u s en R k .

s en 1 Shi chi . {7 1

l ? H o me/z. A }

K u s en .

‘ a —o I chi m n. 7j

‘ i m n N a . 73

S an m an . m JG an . + 75

l l aku m an y . 7i 7i

S en m an .

I chi o ku .

T o s e w ar e en i n a s are h hich writt it lic , irregu larly pro no u nced i n o rder t o m ake them

nd be s o u tt e r .

I n o d na co nve s a o n the nu mbe s f o m r i ry r ti , r r o ne to ten ar e pro no u nced as fo l lo ws

Mu s u u . . M u . H i t o ts u (Hii . ) 1 tt . ( ) 6 t ( F . ana s u . N ana F tats u . u u 2 . N u ( ) ) 7 .

Y a ts u . i t Y a . . a Mitt en ( Mi . ) 3. ( ) 8

Y o tts u . Y o o . . K o ko no ts u . K o no [ ) 4 ( 9.

l ts u ts u . I tsu . . T O . 1 0 ( ) 5 .

A nd nu mbers abo ve t en mu s t be p ro no u nced

( 6 )

1 . ﬁ c i nen. 1 J i h 1 .

2 . R ni J 1 2 .

' N i ti 2 3 j 0 .

. S an ﬁ 0 4 j 3 .

‘ S hi ti 5. j 40 .

6. I I ak u 1 0 0 .

N i h ak u nen. 200 7 . y .

o s an b ak l l S y o 300 .

0 I s s en 9 nen .

1 0. S an zen nen

z Me iji s an ju ro ku nen T he 36th o f Meiji .

S en ku byaku s an nen no nats u z T hc s u mm er

1 o f the year 90 3.

( A Fo r A ges

“ ” Simply S ai i s added afte r cardinal nu m~

s i n o no u n n the a e o f s cer pr ci g g a p er o n .

1 . ti i s s i a . I s s ai . J

i 2 ii i . N i s a . . J u i s a

an . N i i s s a S 3 j i .

S hi 4 . S an

G o 5. Shi i Ro u s a 6. G o k .

7 . Ro ku j i es ai .

H as s ai. 8 . Shichi

K u s at . 9. H achi

s i . J is a H yak u s ai .

H i to tsu fu tats u mi tts u etc. m a be u s e , , , , y d ” ns ead wi o u t s ai . i t , th ( e ) Fo r Me mo wles of a y ear

ho u a u a . I chi gatsu o r S gats . J n ry

0 6 0

S an March. S hi

Ro ku

h c S i hi , ,

Hachi o 0 0 . c o . 0 0 0

K “ 0 c S e t t o . o . p emb

J u O c to ber .

d c i 0 . N o vembe 5 i h o 0 t o . r .

ii Di De embe . I O 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 c r

’ a ) Fo r day s of a mo m’fz

‘ ’ - io hi n hi u i I chi n ichi ( c j o r ts t achi .

0 0 0 0 0 0

Y o kka.

l ts u k a .

Mu a. ik Q , 0

N ano e . k "Q 3)

Y o ka.

o k o no k a. K o o o 0 "

T O k a.

ﬁ i c i n c i . J h i h 1 ,

ﬁ ni n i c . I hi 0 0 . ’ u s an . Jﬁ s an n ichi . (J chi )

J u yo kk a. ’ u o n . Jfi go ni chi . (J g chi ) ’ u r o ku n chi . J u ro ku n ichi . (J ) ‘ i ’ i u s h chi n chi . J 11 s hichi n ich . (J ) ’ i u a hi n i . 1 Jfi h achi nich . (J h c ch ) 8th ’ fi u n c . l th Jfi k u n ichi . (J k hi ) g

/ o N i jfi n ichi (ni ju n chi) r h e t su ka. ’ N i fi hi ’ hi . i N i jtt i chi nichi ( j c n c . ) ’ N i fi n n c . N i jfi ni nichi. ( j i hi ) N i fi N i jfi s an nichi . ( j

N i jﬁ yo kk a.

T he as da o f a m o n w e e i t be o th l t y th , h th r 3 , ' ” l s o r 2 8th i s ca ed m esaka and h 3 t , ll , t e las t o f

ea vi z . the r s t o f Decembe i s ca . a y r, , 3 r, lled a ” A nd he x s da o f u mis c/ea . t t y Jan ary is called ' ” G anj zts u .

T he pr o no u nci ati o n o f the car di na l member of da s i s u s s ame as the abo ve ex ce n o n y j t , pti g ly

metro /Eu and a.

’ ' e Fo r o l k nu l e: an s e ( c oc , mz d co nd:

’ i S hicht o c o I chi j 7 l ck .

a N i ji . H chi 8 i S an j . K u ji . 9 Ju j h 1 0 G o j 1 5 Jﬁ leh r

ﬁ n i J i j . ( 9 )

n . m i n 1 m i u te Ro ppu n . 6 u tes 2 Shichi fu n . 7

am u n . S p 3 Hachi fu n . 8

4 K u fu n .

5 Jippu n .

I s o nd R e chi 1 ec . o ku 6 s co nds i O 2 N by Shichi byO . 7

S an b O . y 3 Hachi byO . 8

K u O . Shi byG . 4 by 9

G o ii 1 0 5 J .

n u mbers I I I . Car di al N

( 5 )

I chi nen o r l kk a

N i N i k a

S an S an g a Yo Shi k a G 0 G o o oo o o o Ro ku Ro kka

c c a Shi hi ,, Shi hi k Hachi Hakk a

K u K u k a

Jfi Jikk a Jfi i chi Jfi ikka i a n ka 0 0 0 0 I a ni I 0 0

i ﬁ N i ha t N j jik ,,

e etc tc. , etc. 1 t o l

( o ) Fo r mo tel /t s

I - I i to ts u k i o I a u r kk gets . Fu t a N i k a

Mi o r S an ka ge ts u (o r S an ga

Y o Shi . 4.

I tsu G o

Mu R o kka N ana Shichi k a

Y a a a H kk 8. K o ko no K u k a 9 T o J ikk a J ﬁ ikka Jﬁ ni k a N i jikk a

e etc. , tc.

( e ) Fo r day :

’ I c n c o r I chi n chi . hi i hi 1 .

’ 2 Fu tsu ka o r N i ri chi . . / Mikk a San chi . 3.

’ I ts u k a o r G o n chi . 5 ’ i 6. M u ika Ro ku n ch . ’ N no k a c - n c . . a ,, Shi hi hl 7 ’ 8 Y o ka o r H achi n chi . / K o ko no k a o r K i m chi . 9

1 0 . T O k a .

‘ ’ 1 J t1 ichi n chi (Ju ichi n ichi) 1 . ’ Ft n in chi (1 6 h i ni chi) . ’ i Ft s an chi (Jﬁ s an n chi). ( 1 1 )

Jﬁ yo kk a

’ 1 Jfi go n chi (Jfi go 5. ’ JR mku n chi (Jfi ro ku ni chi) . ’ ichi chi a s c n c . 1 I E sh n (J hi hi i hi) 7 . ’ 1 Jfi hachin chi (Jfi h achi n ichi) . 8. Jfi ku n/ chi (J u ku ni chi) ’ N i ju n chi ( N i jii nichi) o r H ats u

’ ﬁ 0 S an j u n chi (S an j 3 .

i u n’ hi ﬁ n S h j c (Shi j ichi) .

u n’ hi H ak n 1 00 H yak c ( y u ichi) . ’ N i h aku n chi a u n 200 y (N i by k ichi) .

etc. , etc.

d T he du at o n o f me i s ex es s ed b ( ) r i ti pr y, “ ” adding K evan after the cardinal nu mbers fo r ea s m o n s da s o u s mi nu es y r , th , y , h r , t ,

seco nds .

Fo r ex ampl es

o n r: G ne kwan o r G o k a n en kwan 5 years .

I ts z u tsu ki G o gets u }; mo nths.

K z u jikwan g ho u rs .

S an i u n wa : 0 m nu es j pp k n 3 i t .

N i ﬁ b 6 wan : 20 s n j y k eco ds . S an nen (o r S an ga nen) to ku k a getsu

: n s k wan 3 years and 9 mo th . N I k a gets u ( o r Fu t a ts u ki ) to y ) kka

wan : 2 m o n s d d a k th an 4 ys .

I chi n ichi to s an ji kwan : 1 d ay and 3 o h u r s . 1 2

e ) Fo r per s o n:

i H al n . I chi ni n 1 . y m n 1 00

i i a . m 2 . a n n P u N 1 b u 200 . N ( t ri) m . y k

S an n in . . . S an b a u 0 0 3 y k 3 .

l 0 mi n Y o ta i . 00 t r b a u . ( ) . 4 Shi y k 4

G o ni n . ; . Ro aku 60 0 . . 5 ppy

Ro u ni n . 6. c b a u n i n. 0 k Shi hi y k 70 .

H a aku 800 . Shi chi 7 . ppy

i S en n i n . H achi n n. 8

N i s en n in.

i z e i ii n n I O s an n n n 0 0 I . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o . 0 0 0 0 I a c s en ni n 0 0 l hi Shi 0 0 0 0 0

N i ti 20 . i j I chi m an n n.

’ f Fo r o fber ammaze bei ng:

I lkl . 1 . N i i iki pp n o o n -n o u n . j pp . n o . ”

N i i 2 G 0 i iki hik . j pp

S an b . . c 0 iki 3 Shi hi 7 .

h H a iki . 00 Shi iki 4. y pp 1 .

G o S an b a iki 00 hiki y pp o 3 ‘

Ro i u h ik Ro iki . G 0 h a iki . 0 0 k ( pp ) 6 y pp 5 .

c . S en b Shi hi hiki iki . Hachi 8 N i s en

K u S an z e b i hiki n ik . J ippiki 1 0 G O s en biki ﬁ i iki J pp . 1 1 I chi m an il i J u hiki 1 2 S an man biki

( 1 4 ) M W “ \ v

( k ) Fo r bo o ks

s s at 1 . H aku 1 00 . I su . y

s a s u 2 . N i b a u sa s u . 200 N i t y k t .

S an b a u s a su 00 3 y k t . 3 .

en s a su . Shi 4. S t 8 N i s en

i s s a ts u 0 . J . 1 S an zen

i 0 S an s satsu . I j 3 chi man s atsu .

1 m G o j ss ats u 50 . J ﬁ an

' z Fo r any Mi ng wo r n o n I ke f eet

H ak s I s s o ku . 1 . u o u I O O y k . .

N i s o u 2 N i b a u s o u 2 00 k y k k .

an k an z o ku . S b a u s o u . S y k 300 . h s o u . h i u so u Shi k Shi y k . 400 . k G o s o u . Ro a u s o u . k ppy k 600 .

R o u s o u . H a aku o u k k 6 ppy s k . 80 0 .

s o u en I s n zo Shi chi k S ( s e ) ku .

k u e H ass o . 8 S an z n z o ku .

K u s o u I c m an k . hi 1 0 Shi m an

( j Fo r l zo u s es

l kk en o 1 ac k en (ikk ) . H hi 8 .

N i k en ko . 2 . K u k en ko . ( ) ( ) 9.

S an en k o . ikken ikko g ( ) 3 J (j ) 1 0 .

k en ko Shi ( ) 4. H yakk en

G o k en k o . . N i h akk en k o 200 . ( ) 5 y ( ).

en . 00 . Ro kk (ro kko ) 6 S an byakk e n (k o ) . 3

c ken ko . 00 Shi hi ( ) 7 Shi hy akken ( k o ) . 4 . ko . . o Ro ppyakken ( ) 600 S an zcn gen (k ).

a akken k o . 800 . m an en ko 1 0 o o H ppy ( ) I chi g ( ) , o

man en ko o 00 Shi g ( )4 , 0

' k Fo r car ma es m r ikis ka oi e c/es wa o ns ( ) g , j , y , g ,

I chi d ai (r yO ) o r N i

S an

o Y n 1 1 Shi

G 0 n v

Hachi

K t] n n

I ii u

l Fo r l o l l er s cer tiﬁcates an d o zlzer t o r i!

I tts ﬁ . 1 ac ts u H hi 8 .

i tsu 2 K s u N u t 9.

S an tﬁs i ﬁ tts 0 . 3 J . 1

S hi ts ﬁ u i tt ﬁ 4 J s . 1 1 .

G o ts u . k s u H a u t . 5 y 1 00 . Ro ku ts ﬁ 6 S en t s ﬁ

S hichi ts aO I c m an ts u 7 . hi

’ m Fo r s k s k l s a n a afizer o r ms ( ) ip , o a , f of ( 1 5 )

K u S O . I s S O . 9

is s O 1 0 . N i S O . J

1 1 . S an zO Jﬁ i s s o

is s o 0 . Shi S O G o j 5

ak u s o o Q 1 0 0 . G o 55 H y o Q Q Q Q r Q

e zO S O 0 Ro ku I s e n ( ) 0 0 . N i s en z O (50)

I c m an H as s O . hi

Fo r a er n . cl o t/ri n a er mo ne m ay . ( p p g , p p y ,

I c Ro u m ai hi k e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

N i mai . c m a1 Shi hi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S an ma H achi m ai

m i . K u i Shi a m a .

G 0 m ai . ﬁ mai O O O J O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

o Fo i‘ cu s o tea water o r wi ne f p f , .

i l a . 1 . pp . J ippai 0

i ai i i 20 N h N i a . e . j pp c o 0 0 0 h i i i a 0 . S an a . G o j pp 0 0 5

i 0 0 . H a a . 1 y pp o oo o o o oo o

0 0 G o hai . S an 3 .

0 o i i O . R a h a a O 0 . pp . Shi y pp 4 Shi chi S en bai

H achi hai . G o s en bai

K u hai .

Fo r s ets s it: o r ar tie (P ) , u p s ( 1 7 )

F r c o k Fo r ﬁll i s o o er s . ng

I i k u m 0 1 s o ro i . I tchaku . 1 chi n n m ae. H ito i

N i Fu ta N i chak o

S an Mi S an 3.

Yo Shi o 4

l ts u G o

Mu R o 6 ku , ,

N ana c . Shi hi ,, 7

Y a H atch aku . 8 .

K o o n K u a k o ch ku . 9.

T o c a u . 3, Jit h k

u at t ' J n! Jﬁ ai ch l u .

r i r s Fo r do ze s . g ) Fo f a . n

I i I tts u . chi Hito

S hi chi Shi chi N ana

a i H H a H ch ( atts u i) . chi

K u K n ( o 0 11 o l k , , ( 1 8 )

’

i r déi s T o a o . J u . h k

G c di s 1 J i hi u . I ii ichi h ak o 1 .

‘ r Fo r ckai rs .

a tkk u . ic i k ak y k Sh h y u 7.

N i kyaku

a S an ky k u K u kyaku .

S hi a u ikk ak u ky k . J y ’

Ro kk k u i kk a u ya u . y

Fo r u ns s Fo r ca nn o ns . g

I m Cbi o no I tc ?) 0 0 0 0 0 0 h Q

N i 0 N i cho 0 o o o o oo 0 0 . o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

S an Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

S hi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S hl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

G 0 0 0 0 p, 0

‘ J tr mo n.

J ﬁ ichi mo n .

t Fo r times eu

I c do l kkwai o tab hi , Hit i .

r wa N i (o k i). Fu ta

S an Mi

Yo o r shi kwai . Yo I 1 1 9 )

G o d o o r G o ab l tsu ( t i ( S .

o u Ro u b M R a u ab . 6 k k t i ( t i) .

c N ana Shi chi Shi hi ( 7. .

H ac i Y a Hachi h ( 8.

K 1 : K u 9.

ﬁ tkkwai . ittabi T o J , j J (

a c ab 1 i hi t i . 1 1 .

( u Fo r f r act i o nal nnmoer s

N i bu n nO c H ambu n. 3 I :2 i hic 0 . o o o o o e t c . / 0

s S an Mi t u wari hito bu n .

Shi Y o tsu

G o I tsu

Ro u Mu k ,, ttsu

c i N anats u wa to bu n. Shi h ,, ri hi

Hachi Y ats u

K u K o ko no

ﬁ 0 I I O . J 9, 0 o oo o o o o 0 0 0 0 o o o o o o o o /

n bu n m e bu dO r i S a ( ).

Shi n n

K u ,

i . N i» ba

851 ) bai .

Y o Shi ( bai).

' G o

0 0 0 0 0 0

I Cn 0

“ J ” a

( 70 )

I chi wari .

S an Shi

G o

I chi bu o r

N i u i S hi .

1 s an S an ” 5,

Shi S hi

o G 0 55 1 1 g 1 1

I chi war i i chi bu

' o o o o N i I I I c o o - o o o o o o o o o o o o o

etc. etc.

( 2 2 )

A nata n o h o n wa kirei y o u bo o i s e r k pr tty.

o m o o n o m as _ J 1 . K do ga h zo o y i m u . A d eads a 0 0 011 chil r .

2 a a o n n o a e m as hO . . A n t ni h g ’ I l l v u gi e yo a bo o k.

A N o u n o r a P r o no u n is i n

1 ) T /ze N o mi nati ve Cas e when fo l lo wed by ” e th p o s tpo s itio n wa o r ga. ( 2) T ke P o s s es s i ve Cas e wh en fo llo wed by

‘ ” o s o s o n p tp iti no .

(3) T ke O bj ec/i ve Cas e wh en fo llo wed by the ” ' o s o s o n o r the fo m e p tp iti wo ni , r r d eno ting the direct o bj ec t and the l atter

the nd ec i ir t .

A s the u s e o f po s tpo s itio ns i s the h ardes t and the m o s t imp o rtan t p art o f the Japan es e l an

u a e we s a be n w e u s e w no u ns g g , h ll , gi ith th ir ith o r o no u ns and ex a n e u s e w the pr , pl i th ir ith

s s o ther p art o f p eech o ne after ano ther.

T H E N O M t N A T tV E P O S T I ‘O S I T I O N Q I .

” Vi a

“ T he po s tp o s iti o n W 3 is u s ed 1 n o rder to d eno te th at the preceedi ng no u n o r pro no u n i s

' i n a . nd s e t a i n the rt o m at ve c s e A a n ence, as

u e be ns w 1 th a no u n o r a r o no u n . r l , gi p 23

( 2) ( 3) ( 1 ) ( 4) a W a i s K o re wa nan i d es u k . h t this

K o r e z thi s n an : w a desu r z i s ( , i h t, ,

T his fu ndam en tal d i ffer ence o f the co ns tru c tio n o f a s entence makes it har der fo r fo reigners

i n a anes e to ex pres s the idea J p .

Mo re ex amples

n des u a s K o re zo a an nani) (ka) . W h t i s thi P

o zo o n des u a S re o h . T h t i s a bo o k.

A r e nan des u Ira W a i s a ? wa ( ) . h t th t

A r e wa i e des u . T a is a o u s e y h t h ,

o i s he A no hito zo a dare des u (ka). W h

o T d s u . H e i s T a a A no hit t o o e r .

an des u ka I H a 70a kirci . s the ﬂo wer beau tifu l

an ki ei T h e o e is H a wa r desu . ﬂ w r

beau tifu l.

na a a O ki desu k A r e o u i ll A t w by a. y

I i e ataku s hi zo o b o N o I am no t y , w y ki ,

dewa ar imas en. i ll .

Q - 3 0 2

T H E N O M I N A I E O S P O S I I O N 41 1 . T V P T T

” G a.

I n i ts amm a ca e a o n is u s ed i n gr ti l r l ti , ga, ” u s the s ame wa as bu t the i deas ex j t y wa,

s ea me pre sed by ch differ s o what. ( 24 )

W en i s u s ed th e s u b ec o f the n h ga, , j t t ence i s co mp arati vely o r s peci ally em ph atic and “ i s u s d i n a s en ence the e c e O f W 3 e t , pr di at w c i s co m a a ve o r s ec a e m ati hi h p r ti ly p i lly ph c. W ‘ Dare g o y u ki m asu (ka) . ho will go i i W ataku s hi o u m as u . s a o g y k I h ll g ,

o e ( th rs need no t go . )

na u m as u a W o u A t a zo o y ki k . ill y g o ?

’ atak u s hi o u mas en . I l l o e s W zo y ki n o t g o . ( th r

m a o r m a y y no t go . )

o e i Wki e/z i s beau t nu l ? D r go k r ei des u ka .

' K o e o ki r ei d s T /zi s i s beau ti ru l r g e u . .

K o e c k I s s oeo ntz nw r zo o kir i des u a. thi f

o e T a i s eau ti zo o c es . l S r kir i d u h t b fu .

A n n e o a ve o no u n w en beco mes i t rr g ti pr , h it

the s u b ec o f a s en ence mu s be fo o wed .) j t t , t ll y ” w e i n a s en ence w c co n a ns t n ga, hil , t hi h t i ' l n ter r o gati ve pro no u n as a no mi native co mp e

m en o i n o e cas es he s u b ec f the sen t r th r , t j t o ” ence i s to be d no ed b t e t y W 3 .

“ ” — 1 N an a w a Da e o z - who ( ) i g h t, r g , “ ” “ l D o chi r a a : which Do e g , r ge s w hich . — ( 2) A n ata zo o ( no t g a) W ho ar e r es ?

dar e d es u ( k a).

K o e zo o no t z— s r ( g a) W ho s e ha . i s d ar e no bO s hi d es u t hi s r k a ( ).

da r e n o z who s e. 1 T H E O S S E s e E O S T O S I T I O N 4 1 1 . P P P

“ ” N o ,

N 0 i s u s ed to den o te that the pr eceedmg

o o no u n i s i n the o s s es s ve cas e as no u n r pr p i , Dare no bO S hi wh o s e h at W ataku s hi " i t no ho n my bo o k ; Hi ro n o karada : ’ b d A m an s o y 850,

K o re wa d are n o ho n des u W h o s e bo o k i s this? (kai f e a W ataku s hi no T a i s m n S o r w ) h t i e.

d esu .

i e m Wa aku s h o a w a es M . nam e i s ames . t n , n J y J

desu .

A n o hito no iye wa do ko W here i s his ho u s e ?

d s k a e u ( ).

l ’ Wil i am wa is ha no mu s u W illi am i s a d o cto r s

k o des u . s o n.

K ano h o n wa wataku shi no T his bo o k belo ngs

d h de t o f e W a c i no su . a ri nd o f

Q I V T H E O BJ E CTI VE PO S T PO S I TI O N

“ ” W o o

W0 i s u s ed t o deno te th at the preceedi ng no u n o r pro no u n i s Me di r ect o bj ect o f the pre dicate ve b fo r ex r , ample A nata wa ko no ho n zo o Have yo u ever read

y o m i m as hita k a this bo o k

T adaim a u wagi zo o kit e I am pu tti ng o n my

o i m as u . co a no w r t .

E igo wo o - h anas hi d es u Do yo u s peak E ng.

k a. lis h

N eko ga nan i zo o to ri Wh at di d the cat

ca c m as hita (k a). t h

m S he cau a r at. N ed zu m i zo o to ri as hita. ght ? A nata wa nan i zo o s hite W hat ar e yo u do ing

k o r i m as u ( a).

W atak u s hi wa s himbu n I am reading a news

a e . zo o yo nde o r i m as u . p p r

T H E O B E C TI E P O S T P o sr r ro N é V . J V

cc ” N i .

“ N i i s u s e d to d eno t e th at the preceeding

t o he no u n o r pro no u n i s the i n di r ect o bj ec f t

m e predicat e verb ; fo r ex a pl

’ K o no to k e i wo ana t a n i I l l pres en t yo u thi s

wa c . age mas hO . t h

nd s K o n o s h as him wo Smith Pl eas e s e thi

i c u e to M r . sen u i agete ku das a . pi t r

Smith . ( 2 7 )

D are ga k o no h o n W e W ho gave x o u this

’ ana ta m ku re m as hit a bo o k

' O jl ga w ataku s hi m ko no My u ncle gave me

w s bo o . ho n o ku re m as hit a. thi k

n n u es o n a s o the s en ence be ns I as ki g a q ti l , t gi

m n ve no u n o r o no u n bu t neve with a no i ati pr , r with verbs no r with i nte r ro gative pro n o u ns i n the o h s es t he no m in t t i ve u nl ess a t er ca than , no m na v no u n o r o no u n i s u nde s o o d i ti e pr r t .

’ d Jam es am no m zo o s h i te W h at i J a m es o i o r m as u (ka) . ing

' K o re zo o dare no ho n W ho s e bm k i s

desu ka s ( ). thi

(A nata zo o ) K yo no s him Have yo u read to

’ bu n wo yo mi mas hita d ay s news - paper?

ka.

ana em ki r ei des k I s he o e H u a. t ﬂ w r

beau tifu l

A na a dar e d esu k a W ho ta zy ( ). are yo u

Dare go 56 ii m as hita W ho s aid s o ?

(kal

“ I n . o d na co nve s a o n fo r the in. r i ry r ti , ka, ter r o gati ve s ign i s general l y o m itted i n a s en tence co n tain ing an in te rro gative adver b o r pr o ( 23 )

no n i i s to be s ec a acc nt d w l e u wh ch p i ll y e e ; hi , i n a s en t ence with o u t any i nterro gative adverb

o r o no u n m u s a wa s be u s ed . pr , it t l y

S ee ex am es ven t e o ( pl gi hi h rt . )

— ha ter 1 . h r n u C p 1 T e P o o n.

Pro n o u ns ar e no t s o mu ch u s ed i n Japanese as i n the wes tern langu ages .

K o no ho n wo yo mi H ave y o u (o r Did yo u )

m ashit a ka. r ead this bo o k

- i I I ai o m m as t a Y e s 1 e o . av r 1 did . , y i h , h ( )

t m i a m - K o ban wa atataka 1 1 s w r zo ni ght .

des u .

am ada san ni ai ave o et r Y Y t H y u m M . a

mas a m ada ? N o hit , I ” ad ai m e ave no t et m m a as n . h y et

o e de wa o o W e en S r , k k ll, th , ’ ” n i o b m as ?) ka. s 1 a r y i h hall c ll di m. h ere ?

ende is no t im o rt nt in a a es m G r p a J p n e gram ar. and the cas e o f pro no u ns as well as that o f no u ns i s ex es s ed b o s o o ns pr y p tp s iti .

T e e are ee c as s es o f o no u n — h r thr l pr s z I . P er

so n a I I . A d ec ve and I l l . I n e o a v l , j ti , t rr g ti e .

” t we t e o s o s i i o n o r ml h p tp t ( ,

3RD PE RS O N .

- im o o r o . o m he o r H e . A no h zo N . S g

o s s H er o r H is no . P .

er o r H i m. zo o o r O bj. H

Fl u .

' — r T hey A l t o kil o to o kzgo o zo o .

T e n o . h ir.

' m r T e . zo o o h m.

T he s ame idea as that d eno ted by the po s s e:

’ s zvc’ pr o n o u n: i n E ngli s h i s e x pres s ed by addi ng ano th er po s tpo s iti o n to th at d eno ti ng the po s s es

v o f a e s o na o no u n s i e cas e p r l pr .

' “ 0 ’ W — _ g “t er M ne. Wo l o éu rbz p . i

700 o r ”2.

r g o o zo o .

— - er Y o u s . n a/ n o z u d p . r A o ’

zo o o r m .

— — ga o r zo o 3r d pen H er o r H i s A na [ I nfo n o 200 o r 1 m .

P i a .

PV o ( 107720 o r ' tacﬁz n o

zo o o r m . r go o zo o . ’ - o o o o r o co z n Y o u r s . A n to g t l o

700 G t ﬁg.

o r g o zo o . — ' H is o r Hers A na Ii i/o taco r no

zo o o r ni .

' o i s m n K o no ho n wa zo o fo éns/l s t hi s bo k i e.

u A n ata no I t i s no t o u s . no des . y r

de wa ar imas en.

' A na lzzto no wa o no /o no H is (o r he rs ) i s ﬁner

* yo ri r i ppa des u th an yo u rs .

l A no /o go fo n o wa zo o fo Y o u rs i s th e s ame as

’ bi - o nzo n o tO o u K nu o T o rs .

naji des u .

T he Pe rs o nal Pro no u n is always o f neu ter

ende i n a an es e amme nd the E n s g r J p gr s , a gli h pe r s o nal pro no u n o f the 3r d pers o n and neu ter

e n e r i s s u bs i u e d fo r b an ad ec ve r o g d , t t t y j ti p

DO U D .

i t A E C TI E RO N O U N S . g . DJ V P

’ ad e ve o no u ns ar e K o r e T he pri ncipal j cti pr ,

' ” ” 7‘ ” ” r e S o r e J il znno R olzo ﬁ x i dm A , , , y , ,

f w c i s co n u a ed wi o s t o s i t . ea o e c , ch hi h j g t th p p

i e tio ns to ex pres s ts cas .

“ ’ “ ” K o r e ; A r e ; and S o r e.

( l ) K o r e deno tes a thin g o r thi ngs o n t he

tt ” r z ha s ee the o s o s i o n f r l o yo i t n T p tp it o . ( 32 )

’ “ ” S peaker s o wn s ide ; s o r e the s ame o n the

‘ s ide o f the pers o ns s po ken to ; and dfé de no tes wh at i s far fro m bo th the s peaker and the

pers o n s po k en to . ( T hes e pro no u ns co me fro m

and a a e o f the natu e o f the adec i s p rt k r j t ve , ' ” ” K o no A na and S ana , , )

E x amples

o e wa watak u shi no T i s i s m bo k K r h y o .

ho n desu .

S o r e wa anat a; no béshi I s that yo u r hat

des u k a.

A r e wa ento ts u no T hat i s the s mo ke fro m

k emu ri desu . the chi mni es .

’ n ni l l i t o u K or e wo a ata age I g ve this o y .

z mas ho . ( ho l ding

s o methi ng i n hi s

hand)

“ ” B es des i s a wa s u s ed to men i , s o r e l y tio n an th n wh c tli é e s o n w w o m o ne i s i n y i g i h p r , ith h

’ co nve s a n ken f r es o has s o o . Fo n an r ti , p i s t c

: A . W ataku s hi wa Y o o A l av ho u é k . h e a s

* am a u i i e wo mo e at Y o o a ma h y tt k h .

o r i m as u .

s ee the po s tpo s itio n fo r — B S o re no t z A re wo B . W o u . ( ) ill y no t

* r i C s an ni u mas en ka. s e to Mr ll it . C ?

W ataku s hi wa o no . I ave beco me A . k A h

* go ro taihen jo bu u i very h ealthy late

mas a l . nari hit . y

‘ ‘ B. S o r e wa kekkc) d u B . T a i s es . h t very

go o d.

” “ K o ko , S o ko , and A s u ko “ o r A s o ko .

K o ko this place) and s o k o ( z that pl ace) ar e pro perly to be regarded as pro no u ns

a adve bs w c be n fo o wed b rather than s r , hi h i g ll y ’ ” s t o n ae &c. ar e us ed a a po s tpo i i , , s adverbial phras es .

A s ak o o r A so ka i s u s ed to deno te a

d s an a mo re o r less i t t pl ce.

' K o éo nz wataku shi no He re is my

r t o ke i ga a i mas u .

’ S o éo n z A s an a o r i T h g er e i s Mr .

mas u . A yo nde r.

' ' K o éo ao a t be mas ho . L e t u s eat

see the po s t po s itio n fo r ( 34 )

' K o éo o ana a no I s . g t s thi yo u r

i ye desu k a. h o me h ere

— ’ (C o mpare z K o o o go anata no i e des y u k a. )

S o éo zo o i tami m as en I fee l no pai n

* a éo ko o tam e e g , g i i th r , bu t

mas u . here .

' K o o o zo o o mo chi na T ake h o ld o f

s ai . s a thi p rt .

‘ K o /éo mo f s o ko ff m I h ave pas s

i chid o t6ri mas hi ed alo ng

ta. this part

and t at t h o o .

I I I N E RRO G A I E R O N O U N S . 5I . T T V P

“ T he I nt erro gative Pro no u ns are dar e ; “ do k o nani do r e and do o hi r a T he c as e o f thes e i s ex p res s e d by po s tpo s i tio ns. “ T he wo rd do ko ( z what pl ace) i s to be

’ e a ded no t as an n e o a ve o o o er o bu t as r g r i t rr g ti ,

‘ an n e o a ve r o n o u n and m a be adve b a i t rr g ti p , y r i l l y u s ed i n a clau s e with a po s tpo s iti o n fo l lo w

i n . e . g S e pp . 37

' ” a zz s ee the s o s i o n fo r mo . g bu t. 1 po tp ti ( 3S )

Dar e o n Do nat a.

o r i s an n e o a ve Dar e do nata, i t rr g ti

m l e e s o na o no u n. i s a o e o p r l pr Do nata, r p it f o rm .

N o n o s s . O b . . P j

Da Da e n o o r o f. o . Dare g re no . r

D o n a a zoo o r nz. o na o o na a n o . D ta g . D t t

D o r e ga 56 1 1 W ho s aid s o ?

m ashita (k a) .

D o r e (do n o to ) ga yu ki W ho will go ? k mas u ( a) .

So no han ashi wo da r e B y wh o m were yo u

* (do no l o ) ni kiki m a to ld o f that matter?

a s hita (k ) .

’ So re WO o o r e (do no to ) n i T o who m are yo u

O ku ri m as u no desu go i ng to s e nd k a. th at

’ ’ K o no ku ts u wa o o r e (ao W h o s e are these k no to ) no des u ( a) . s ho es

’ ( do no to K o re wa o o r e )

no ku ts u d es u

' A r e wa o o r e (do no /o ) de W ho i s h e ?

u k s ( a).

ni z b y. Do re éo heya u i o ri m as u I s there anybo dy i n

ﬁr e m ka. ro o .

‘ o r e .éo o r i masu T e i D . h re s s o me o ne

there .

o r u z o ma D o r e .é o ( ri I t s eems as i f so me

* o ne i s i n e e o r d su th r , s u ) y6 e . So m e o ne seems t o b e there.

' ‘ ' a A D o r e L o m O kl kl i nas ai . sk s o mebo dy e ls e

o ab u t that .

’ D o r e ko zo o o nde ki W e I l l s end fo r y ll, m mas ho . s o ebo dy.

’ ’ D o m éo zo i s s hO - ni yu ki I l l ﬁnd s o me o ne t o

o w t m g i h e .

’ ’ K o ko u i o o r e ko no b65hi Here i s s o me o ne s

r hat . ga a i mas u .

D o r o ko go m ite o r i So mebo dy was lo o k

mas a. i n o hit g n.

” “ “ “ Dar e mo i ? Dar e demo ? “ ” Dar e u i mo .

a e k a i a I s e e an bo d e e D r o r m s u ka. th r y y th r

” s ee the s o s n fo r “ a po tp itio y . ” " O - ki i s the o e fo m o f k 1 ki p lit r iki . “ ” ” s e t e s o fo r “ e e h po tp s itio n mo and d mo .

( 33 )

[) o éo k ara O - i de W here are yo u c o me

des u ka ( ) .

D o o o ye o - ide W here are yo u go

des u ka n ( ). i g ?

' A s an wa o o o o (do c/ri m ) O f wh at co u ntry ( o r

no o d es u ka . ro mince i M r hit ( ) p ) s . A ?

Do éo ni mo m ie I t can be s een no

m as en. whe e r .

* D o é o ka u i aru I t o u ght to be s o me

azu d e e. h es u . W h r

D o éo u i -demo I t i s fo u nd every

ar i mas u . w e e h r .

Nani .

“ i s an i nter o at ve o no u n e u ival N ani r g i pr , q ” cu t to wo o f.

N o n i wo m ite o r i mas u W hat ar e yo u lo o k

k n at ? ( a) . i g

’ So no malta ni n o nz ga ari W hat i s i n it

m as u Ira .

" s ee the o s o n fo r i p s tpo iti n . ( 39 )

k Nani a.

' ’ o n z éo s hiro i m o no ga T he re was s o mething

u i a w e . s o ko ar i m as hit . hit

K o no h ako no n aka n i I s there anythi ng i n

’ o n z é ar i m as u k a s bo x n o . thi

” Nani mo ; N anni mo g

N andemo . " t u h no n t n i t Wa ak s i wa no n z mo I k w o hi g o f .

s hiri m as en.

’ r i s no n N o nn m a m en . z o i as T here thi g.

A no ve A s an wa no ndemo s hitte M r . k ws e ry

o r i mas u . thi ng .

N o n demo o r o shii de u A n n do . y s . ythi g will

' N o nnzm o yaku ni tachi I t i s go o d fo r no

ma en n o r I is o f s . thi g ( t

no u s e).

Do r e.

“ i Do r e s equ ival e nt t o th e i nterro gati ve no u ’ pro n bu t i t s u s e i s li mited to u es i o ns e a n t q t r l ti g o o ne a m o ng mo re th an t wo

n s thi g . Do r e a O - u d u W c do o u l i e g s ki es ka. hi h y k

bes t ?

— ' (Co mpare z D o co zr o ga W hi ch do yo u like

- u a be e ? o su ki des (k ) . tt r )

K o o ni s a e to aba o e e ar e wi ne to bac k k , t k H r ,

’ o h tﬁ t a o ff e n t , c a to , k o i to , co , e , c e , a d

kas hi to ga ar i m as u cake whi ch o f them

dar e wo age m as h?) do yo u prefer

ka..

’ ' k i s o I l l bu ei e o ne 01 Do r e l o a ma h . y ( th r) m th e .

07? no atte k u das ai l ease bu s o me o ne 0 k . P y

f e o th m.

2 0

“ “ " Do r e m o Do r e demo ;

“ Do r e u i mo .

D o re ga wataku shi mi Wh ich o f thes e will

s u m n i ai m as u (k a). it e bes t ?

n a m as en N o n f e u Do r e m o i i . e o th m s its

yo u .

e o f e m w Do r e demo niai mas u . E ith r th ill

u o s it y u . ( 41 )

- n ma av w ch Do r e do me su ki na o . Y o u y h e hi

- o u e wo o to ri nasai ever y lik .

T s u k u e no hikidashi wo Search al l the drawers

m nn o s a as hi na o f the des i a g k .

s ai .

' ' ’ e o o r e n zmo ar i ma N O I can ﬁnd i t i n I iy , , t

an o f the d awe s . s en. y r r

Do chi r a.

” means w i c o f the two . Do chi r a, h h

' ar e to do clzzr o W c i s ne i s o r K o re to , hi h ﬁ r, th

ka a ? ga r ippa desu ( ). th t

K s a to itens ha to W c wo u d r u n i h j , hi h l

’ ' o c/zzr o a ba a de fas e the a n o r a o g y i t r, tr i

“ s he) (k n) bicycle

' ’ o o rr o a ha ai - k a I an w c B r g y , c t t ell hi h

a m as en wo u d ru n fas e . wak ri . l t r

D o c/l i r a wo yo m i mas ho W hich (o f th ese two )

k s a I ead ? ( a) . h ll r

— - (C o mpare z D o r e wo yo m i mas ho VVhi ch (o f s everal bo o ks ) s h all I read

Do chi r a k a.

' ’ Do cﬁzr o éo age I l l s end yo u o ne o r th f h m e o ther o t e . ( 42 )

' Do co o e m zr . o o tte kite ku B rin g me o ne o r t he

d as ai . o ther.

” D hir m D h r o c a o o c i a demo .

' ' D o co zr o d s b I e o . m o s u ki e u . lik th

. ' D r u I e ne e s o c/zz o m o s ki m as en . lik ith r (thi

a o r th t) .

' ’ o o Do c/zzr o o /n o y r o s h n de E ither will d o .

’ C o m a e — - n ( p r to D o r e o em o yo r o s hn des u . A y

o ne will do . )

” D o c/r i m m ay be u s ed i ns t ead o f do ko

s ee i n m o e ( pp . 37) r po lite ex pres s io n.

Do chi r a u i .

m a e ns w a d ec o n. Do chi r a, u i h t ir ti

' D o c/ri m n z m i ve m as u I n what d irecti o n i s it

Ir s een ? ( a ).

' ' U e no wa do c/zzr o n z atat W hat directi o n i s it

i ka f o m e e to U eno ? te o r masu ( ) . r h r ( 43 )

A no hito no iye wa do I n wh at di r ecn o n do es ' ' ? co zr o n z mu ite o r i hi s h o u s e face

mas u (k a) .

' ' K awa wa do oo zr o n z I n wh at d irecti o n is n agare t e o r i m as u the riv er ru nning ? (kal o

T H E N U MB E R O F I N T E RRO G A TI VE

PRO N O U N S .

D o r o . N o ni . D o éo . D o r e o r Do co zr o .

' ’ ' Do e- e - r dar . A anz nan z.

ha er I I - I n rr C pt I . te o gati ve

A dver bs .

T he principal I nt erro gative A dverbs ar e ” ” dB3 i tsu naze nanto .

D6.

” D6 m eans ho w what .

A nat a wa do ( s n o n/o ) W hat do y o u thi nk

m o o o i m as u (k a) . f it P — (N o t A nat a wa nan i wo o m o i m as u A san wa do to 1 1 W d d A s at i .Mr. . s a ) h . y

m ashit a (k a). abo u t it ?

n as a m as a k a W a i s he m D o i hit ( ). h t t atter

with yo u

D o S hi mashO ka . Wha s a I do ? ( ) t h ll .

(H o w s hall I manage

' Do s i te ko shi rae a H o w di d o u ma e . h mashit y k

(k a) . it

B o d e o r o n de u I t do e no mo y sh s . s t matter

ho i s w it .

z d mo I t has as; demo ( nan e ) .

ar i mas en .

’ D o naru nari masu ) k a I can t tell what wil l

waka . mas en. fo o w ri , ll .

‘ = W h t o f a m an DO ﬁ DO ri hito . a s o r y , h ; y

- k o . W at m a e . o t . h tt r

3 0 3

I ts a.

” s e u va ent to w en I tsu i q i l h .

1 1 m ko ko ni k i m as hi ta W h en d id yo u co me

e e ? (k a) . h r

1 1 m k ara N iho n u i o ide H o w l o ng h ave yo u k des u ( a).

( 46 )

' A s an wa zt sn em an A i s i n s o m d o n i M r . g e

k a s e o r i m u . n l e hit as thi g a l the tim .

az N e.

m eans fo r e n N aze why what r as o .

N o zo ki mas en deshi ta W hy did yo u no t me? (ka) . co

’ N o s e des u ka wakari I can t tell what i s

m n the eas o n . as e . r

N o s e ame ga fu ri mas u W hy do es it rain ?

z me fu (ka). ( A ga ri

m as u no wa no ze des u

N o s e d emo yo i de wa ar i D o es it m ake any

mas en d ffe ence w a i s ka. i r h t

the reas o n why ?

“ n r D Na to o Omo .

‘ J Vo m o yo i t enki de wa ar i W hat beau tifu l

’ n k a. wea e s n ? m as e th r, i t it

' Do l no hirei na h ana des u W h at: a beau tifu l

n o we i s e . ﬂ r it

K o no i nu wa n o n/o 61 m H o w big thi s do g

d s u nE K o e w a i s ! = W a a e . ( = r ( h t

no n /o O k i na i nu d es u big do g this i s

ne . ) ( 47 )

Chapter I SL — Ver bs and

E u x i l i ari es .

' Q I . The Co nju gat o n o f

” Desu .

' “ ” Des u i s an i nco mpl et e intrans itive verb

v e b t o be i n E n s . I t equ ivalent to the. r gli h ” is th e s o en ed fo m o f w o s e h rt r de ar i mas u , h co nju gat i o n i s as fo ll o ws

P r es o r do o r z mo m .

nzo so zfo .

g , ”1 0565.

‘ '

P o st do s /1 5. mo s /zzfo des fio .

o r o r

nzo s/zzfo r d.

N either nu mber n o r ge nde r m akes any d if

ference i n i ts co nj u gat i o n .

~ e s en n I . T h Pre t T e s e deno tes (a) pr et ex t fo o l s and (b) gen er a! {m l /z.

K o e wa wataku s hi no h o n T s i s m r hi y bo o k .

des u .

A no hito no h aha m byo ki H i s ( H er ) m o th er

de s u . i s ill .

o wa s nu m o no des u . M an i s m o Hit hi rt al .

' o T wa ane du n . l i m e i s mo ne ki k y . Mo ne i s o wer , K ane wa ﬁbikara des u . y p

T he as T ens e d eno es as t ad s . I I . P t t p f

N n e i g n wa baj ame s aru W as a m an a m o nkey

' ' aemm i n hi s o g n z ka. ri i

no an Mr B was a c e i n B s an wa ho nya b . l rk

' - s a bo o s e. t o de hzm. k to r

A s an wa h as an su ru m ae M r . A was a very rich wa t aihen kane mo chi m an befo re he be

came ban u . des l zzl a . kr pt

’ ’

I I I . T he Fu tu e T ens e deno es r o ﬁaézl z r t p év, ' " s m /i o n o r lzel z a r es en t act o r do u bt (” u p q/ q p / , cf

e /z gen r al {m i .

’ wa n K o re gakko aeslzo . I thi k this is a

s cho o l .

e a u o m as T T he o u s e i s m l y g g ki u . a h o vi ng ;

’ bu n i s hi n esM e e i s j a . th r pr o babl y an

ea u a rthq ke .

B es des the Fu u e T ens e o f m a i , t r desu y be u sed o n the o ne h and after a verb as an au x i l i

’ ' ar d eno n r o éabzl zl o f an ac o n es en y , ti g p y ti pr t , pas t o r fu tu re ; and o n the o th e r h and it may be

' ' u s ed s m as an zl z/er r o al z ex /d i i ply g w p ve. ( l ) r s an a i m e a i s A w a t g Mr . A writing

’ m i wo k a i te o n a e e l tt r no w, I — m am 0 7 u e n ) d thi k .

356.

' E s an wa k c) u c M B i y hi r . s per

' n i o r z mas u ( z o r u ) h aps at ho m e

- dai /46. t o d a y . ( 49 )

A no hit o wa s hojiki H e will wo rk

' / ma ones I u i l za am kz m h tly,

n . ( z ﬁcimm ku ) des ba. thi k

H aku rank wai wa T he ex po s i t i o n

' '

r ai etsu .sbzm az w be c o s ed pr o ba g ill l

' bzl z/y . mas u ( z sﬁzmau ) nex t m o ntn

perh aps . — (C o mpare to H aku r ankwai wa r ai

e m z T he ex o s o n g ts u s hi ai m as u . p iti

be n x m o n will clo s ed e t th . )

2 A : a i n er at e ex /d i e ( ) n t r og iv p v .

k a u a no ana w ki r ei C e b o s so ms are S r h a. h rry l

A r e e beau tifu l . th y

no t ?

A r e wa anata no tebu = Th ey ar e yo u r glo ves

’ ’ u o e a k r a sﬁ . A ren t th ey

‘ A nat a wa ki nc) kit a Y o u came here y es ter

ki m as a desﬁb. da di d o u no t hit ) y, y

s a m 8 n wa (o r ga) as hit a Mr . B will co e to

u u z: ki mas u de m o o w w be k r ( ) rr , ill

511 5. no t

M6 d eki agatta ag ari I t i s co mple ted ai

f ’ rnas hi ta aa /1 5. e d I s n ? ) r r a y . t it

I V . T he Pas t Su ppo s iti o nal Fo rm deno te: s os iti o n o t a upp r u ncer tamqy of a pas / ct. e m a be . qu ak , y

H e h as been ill, I

thi nk .

f a

‘ m f dc ar z s o tened fo r o D em bei ng the h r

’ i s w/zo s e co vzﬁtga tzo n

“mas u s ee . negati vef o r m of ( pp

” m . Q 1 1 Co nju gati o n o f Ma

ve b u s ed o nl i n Masu is an au x iliary r , y c the o n b th e co n u a o n o f w co nvers ati , y j g ti hi h ve ex ess o ns are l ens es o f a verbs and negati pr i

neno ted .

P f éf u u u o o u o u

P u f f. "0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0

f [ t / 0 0 0 0 0 0 i o 0 0 0 0 0 0

’ P as t Masﬁftd des kb o r M as bzl ar b. ( 51 )

“ ” e e t T ens e mam deno es a I . T he Pr s n t ( ) ﬁr went fad s o r d efi ant (b) j u mr e events o r ac ' ' ti o n: j aw- kno wn o r pr edes l zned ; ( c) geneml

ﬁr m/z.

l s a do r uns . nu ga ﬁa lzzr i m su . A g

Me- u s hi ga m i dz u T he co w drin ks

’

o o m z m m. w w n a ater.

' I m a kaji ga ar z ma T h er e i s ﬁr e

1 1 0W .

W at aku s hi wa r ai I 51 . al l go a

nen yaku wo rid bro ad ne x t

am no t z m ( y ear .

T su gi no do yobi ni T here will be a

‘ o ngakkwai ga a n co ncert n ex t

m a m o —m s ﬁ n t z a é a u a . ( ) . S t rd y

' ' F o H ana wa ckzr z ma m. l wers will

fall.

Y o ku hatar aku hito O ne who wo rks

wa ane- m o c i ni a d il be k h h r , w l

' nar z mam . co me a rich

man .

‘ " I I T he as t T ense mas ﬁi za . . P

' ' '

nu a ﬁas lzzr z m as /zzfa. d o r an l g A g .

‘ K o ko m ho n ga a n ma T h ere was a

£13270 . her e. ( 52 )

’ ' ' o at o o ck K es a go j i ni o kz mas/zzta. I g t u p 5 cl

thi s m o rni ng .

Ct hl wa kes a Y o k o ha Fath e r we n t t o Y o k o .

ma e u ki mas ﬁi/a . am a s m o r n n . y y h , thi i g

Speci a l m e o f ga (o r wa) ar i m as hit a

K o ko n i ho n ga ar i m as hita m eans o ften " e I ﬁnd the bo o k h er .

I I I . T he Fu tu e T ens e m as /1 5 d n r , e o t es

' ' (A ) P r o éabzl zzy (f acti o ns a nd f ar /5 bo th

es ent and fu u e w en u s ed w t he pr t r , h ith 3 r d

e s p r o n .

O to tts an wa t adaim a I s yo u r fath er

- o u chi des u k a. at ho m e no w

H ai O r z mas /25. , Y es , I dri nk he “ ' Co m a e t o - r i ( p r o z s . ”

mam .

O to to wa ima tegami My y o u nger

wo k ai te cr i me s/$5 b o e . r th r i s

z o r u d es ho n ( ) . writi g a

l e e no w 1 tt r , M i n k .

' T ara wa as hita h T aro will co m e

m /1 t o - mo o w ar 5 k u r u de rr ,

r b l f o aby .

I s shukwan no u chi I t will be m ade l u i ae/lei m ama. withi n a week —“ d d / (Co mp are t o z d mo w y . ” mane )

( 54 )

A P o s s u o s iti o n ( ) t. pp

Mo s hi k ane ga attara (ar i I f I had had m o ney

‘ m as a n a aba ka i t en I s ho u l d ave hit r ) h , h

/2 o u . mar/ri m do s 5. b ght it

I sha ga hayaku ko nak at I f the do ct o r had

a a k i m as en des i o t o m e s o s o o n t r ( h ta n c ,

' ' d ave na aba A s an a s z Mr . wo u r ) , w é m A l h

d d e . mas /1 174 0 9555. i

i s aw S enj ts u B s an wa ano I think M r . B

° ' w d a hito u i az mas o zl zr de him the o th er y .

311 5.

' (B ) T he s ame i n an i nfer r ogafzw ex pr es

s i o n .

A no o wa i e o u r i e has s o d is o u se hit y w H l h h ,

’ has n t he

A nat a wa s aku nen no Y o u were at H ako ne

e W nats u H ako n yey u ki las t s u m mer . ere

yo u no t ?

B s an wa mo B as o me A merika Mr . h g ne ho

ni éaer i m /zit r o t o A mer ca a ead . at e . i lr y

’ H as n t he

“ t o : o H

T he Negati ve Fo r m o f desu

” and mas u . t ss )

MM ?

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 mas en. k y . . o o o e o o o des z a.

a - J a na, o r m s need .

’ ' t do s/55 f a P as t aes nz a ( ).

De (ma) ari mas en.

n de (u m) ar i mas e .

E l l . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . , r

P a”. b 5

P as t n o , n

“ “ ” H T nd . Q . A r i mas u a O r r masu

W hen t he wo ds ar e u s ed as ve bs r r , ar i ma, ” " 811 o r ar u deno t es the po s iti o n 9 thi ngs ” i n an im ate w e o r de , hil o r i mas u o r u no es t /i at t of men and an i mal s .

i K i no eda ni to ri g: T here i s a bird o n the bo u gh o f the

tree . e b S akana wa midzu no Fish es l ive in e t a ” nakI a ﬁ i i wa e . o f ! m a n . t r

W ataku s hi no ane My el der s is ter is

wa G s ak a u i o r i i n G s aka.

m am . ( 56 )

T s u ku e no u e ni ho n T here i s a bo o k

a a i mas o n the des . g r u . k

S anfu r ans hi su ko wa S an Francisco is

’ f K ar iho ru ni a ni an i n Cali o rnia.

s no t o r i m as u . ma u . ( , )

K ippu wa k ak u shi u i T he ticket i s i n

the o c et . ar i masu . p k

W hen they are u s ed as au x ili ari es

“ ” ( I ) A r i masu o r ar u i s the fo rm

n b deno ti g t/ze P ass i ve Vo ice of a ver .

s s o ne i s aced o n I hi ga o i te ar i masu . A t pl

it .

no to a ite ar i ma H e i s co me A hi w k .

s n .

S o r e wa k o no ho n u i T hat i s written i n

k ai te ar s u s bo o i ma . thi kl

T o k ei wa o to to ni kas hi T he watch i s lent to

’ t a m o u n e br o , o n as u . my y g r

th er .

A no hito u i o shiel e a r i H e has been t au ght

as me a ea . m u . by lr dy

A nat a no k i mas u (ku ru ) H e was to ld by me o f

o l o m n k wa ano hit o u i yo u r co i g.

hanas hi te ar i masu . ( 57 )

“ “ ( 2) O ri masu o r o r u i s u s ed to de no t e tlze P r o r es s ive Fo r m o r tbe P r es ent P ee eet g , f

/ s o b YZn e / a ver .

jo hn wa teg am i wo To hn i s writ ing l a e a e e . k t o r i m as u . l tt r

’ I ye ga m o ete o n A ho u se is

bu n n r i g.

A no o a a W en he came hit g kit h ,

(k i m as hita) t o ki I was readi ng

n i wataku s hi wa a bo o k .

ho n wo yo nde o r i

mo s nita .

Go n en - kwan ko no I have tau ght

gakko ni o s hi ete i n this scho o l

o r i m as u . fo r ea s 5 y r .

A no hito wa A m e H e has vi s ited

rika mi n ido i tte A m erica

o r i as m u . twice

S o nna t u r u ku s ai ko ( ) h ! I have

t o wa to ni kii re heard s u ch

o r : 1720524. 0 1 d news al

e d r a y. ( 58 )

“ T h co nj u gati o n of ar j masu and a O I I

' ‘ masu Zs ts t t /ze s am e as {bat of Me au x i l i ary “ mas u ( s ee P P 50 )

m as u . (Pres ent pas s ive vo ice . )

as m as a as P t hit . (P t

r Fu t u re m as ho . (Su ppo s iti o nal o fu tu re

ens e t . )

e m as u . (Pro gres s i v o r prese nt

pe rfect . )

as m as a. as o es s ve o r P t ,, hit (P t pr gr i

f pas t per ect . )

o a o r m as ho . ( T he s u pp s iti o n l

s imple fu tu re t ense o i

the pro gres s ive and

pres e nt p erfect . )

“ Mada mas en .

“ ” n o t et and m eans y ,

di r te i s e nerall u t befo re the pre c maﬁa, g y p ve b bu t m a be u t be fo e t he s u b ec o r Cb r , y p r j t ject.

t e has no t o n e H i wa t am/a k ie mas en . T he ir g

o u t ye t .

he ﬁr e has n o t o ne 1 11 .2c I n wa k w: mas en . T g

o u t ye t. ’ W ataku shi W‘ a maaa as a I have no t had break

mes o w abe mas e fas et . hi t n . t y

Wataku s hi wa as a- mes hi I have no t had break

W 0 m an/a abe mas en fast et t . y . ' (s ttd wataku s hi

wa etc. )

S himbu n wo rn s da yo m i I h ave no t read the

' - mas en . z Maaa s m n ( hi ews p aper yet .

b o e un w tc. )

So nna ko to wa mafi a kiki I have no t heard

’ mas en z M aaa s o nna s u c a t n et . . ( h hi g y

o to k wa etc. )

I V T H E U s es o n RI N CI P A 5 . P L

I I A E S A U X L RI .

“ mo s hi r K a e mas en.

i s an au x ar K a, mo shi r e mas en ili y

s e deno in u nce tai n u s ed i m h o en phra t g r ty, t e p t tial mo o d

A no hito wa m o t s u k i H e may have arri ved

i a ,éa mas hit a (tsu t ) mo already.

s /zi r e mas en .

w Watak u s hl a an o hi to I may h a ve see n him

r n i ai m as hita ( atta) A a o efo re .

m o s bi r e m as en . ( 60 >

K o nya ame ga fu ri masu I t may rai n to - night

(fu ru ) ka mo s lzi re ma~

sen .

Mo s s o 1 1 mas itar a I f I s o u d s a s o h e hi h , h l y ,

ano o wa o o ma m hit k ri igh t get angry.

s hit a (o k o tta) ba mo

Mi r e masen .

Mo s hi wataku shi no chﬁ~ Y o u might h ave s u c

‘ o u u i shi ta ai ma~ ceeded if o u had k k g , y

s a a ana a wa s ei fo o wed m ad hit r , t ll y

‘ kc) s a s hi as a v e hit ( m hit ) ic .

ba mo sbi re masen .

K u das ai .

“ ” “ ( I ) K u das ai i s a ver b m eaning gi ve “ me o r g ive u s wh en it co m es after a no u n as

A nat a no s has hin wo i chi Give m e yo u r pictu re

m ai ku das ai . eas e pl .

A s an a o no ho n wo bn a m g k Mr . A g ve e this m as ai as . d hita bo o k .

* 620 mo i to s u da eas e D , h t bn Pl give me o ne

. o e S u i m r .

1 a i ( 1 ) K u dasai i s an au x ili ry u s ed. n the

m e ti o n e u es t when i p r a ve m o o d den ti g a r q , it

me a co s fte r a verb .

ee fo r o s o n s the po s tp iti mo.

( 62 )

K o no ko to wa dare Pleas e do no t t el l

nim o hanas hi te this m atter t o 0

n m . an o d u aas ai as u na yb y.

W amku o mo tte bu Do no t thi nk A nx z ’ bad eas e . aas az mas u n a . ly pl

' Mo kite bnaasai Pleas e co me no

mo e. 77205“ ”d o r

Wasu r ete bu riasai Do no t fo rget

77 no eas e. 24 524 . pl

I V i s an au x a as we l as ( ) K u das ai , ili ry l

a ve b and m a be u s ed i th nd a ve mo o d r , y n e i ic ti ' i n a o l ite ex es s o n fo o wed b ea o n p pr i , ll y ch c ” u a o n o f j g ti mas u .

A s a ver b.

- Mr w i tes me A s an wa to ki do ki tega . A r

s o me m es . mi wo ku das ai mas u . ti

B do es no t w t e B s an wa s u ko s himo te Mr . ri

me at al l . gami wo bu das ai ma to

38 72.

A s ivl enme A s an wa manimo levdas ai Mr . ha g

no n . mas en des /zita . thi g

r A s an au x il ia y .

- - ca o n me n wa tabi tabi o tazn Mr . A s A . s a ll

f en . ne ku das ai masr very o t ( 53 )

‘ ' B san wa J a m s rt e ﬁnder. Mr . B d o e s no t ex

m e cu s e .

’ A s an a bntte h g o bu aas ai Mr . A as s ent i t

a o e aw y f r m .

A as n o t s n A s an wa o bntte bu dasai Mr . h e t

t i aw fo mas en desbi a. t ay r me. — (Co mpare to A s an A has

o s n to m n t e t it e. )

—: o :

N asal .

( I ) N asal m ay be u s ed as an au x ili ary d n n r a vice and i s u s ed o n i n e no ti g co mma d o d , ly

h I m M o d t e per ative o .

me W atak u s hi no u chi n i 0 C o me to my h o .

i de n as ai .

So nna ko to wa o -y aski Give u p su ch a

nas ai . n thi g .

l O asu mi nas ai . G o to be d g ; take res t .

S hidzu k i as a n n ai . B e u e q i t .

Y u o - a w o izaki nasai . wee k S p the ﬂo o r .

I t i s a m o e o e ex es s o n e r p lit pr i , wh n o o r

0 go i s added befo re the verb o r the no u n and ” « aft e as Fo mashi r n ai . r ex ample

’ O -sﬁzhzu éa u i nasai ma Be u e ( q i t. G o o benby o W 0 nas ai (nza Stu dy o n ; o r Be

d n sfi i ilige t .

~ 7 za r i n as a1 Co m e i n eas e . 0 . i , pl

0 - daij i ni nas al T ake care o f yo u rs el f

f ( I I ) T /ze n ega ti ve / o r m of n a sai i s na ” o r and u s ed as sal masu na, nasar u na,

‘ fo l o ws

- s him i i s no Do pa n as a m a u . v i N e er m nd. him S pai nas ar zt na .

- wasu r e nas ai mas u na. Do no t fo rge W asu as r e n am na.

A nna to ko ro ni wa m6 o - ide

n asai mas u na . Do no t go t o v s u ch a place - o - m o A nna to k ro u i wa m6 o i de any r e .

nas am na .

* Do no t a m a o - asu b s s na pl y A ri i na a i ma u . to o mu ch . o no t be a i u b s a D A m r as i n a am n . d e t o o i l .

Yo fu k as hi wo nasai m as u na. Do no t be u p l ate at nigh Yo fu kas hi wo nasaou na .

N asam n o i s u s ed to i nferi o rs. while M sai masu na to s u p erio rs .

: u A m ar r to o m ch . ( 65 )

I I I B o ( ) the o s ve and ne a th p iti g tive fo rms o f the abo ve ma be u s ed af e y , t r a verb i n t he i n di cative m o o d i n a po lite ex es s o n fo l pr i , lo wed B eac co n u a o n o f n ” y h j g ti o s es .

Fo r ex amples

O - ide nas a mas i u . H e i s s he i s ( o r

th ey ar e here;

H e ( s he o r

they) will go ;

H e (s he o r

they) will

co m e .

O - ide nas a ma i s en . H e i s ( s he i s o r

th ey ar e) no t

h ere ; H e (s he

o r they) will

no t go ; H e

(s he o r they)

. will no t co me

A nat a wa niku wo Do yo u eat

o - agari as ai a u m e at

k a.

H ai i tadaki mas u Y s , . e , I (I O . — (N o t 0 agari nao MES o - haj i m e nas ai Have yo u beg ur ? mas /zita k a. already

A s an es a o - ide r A ca . ga k M . m

i n as a mas /1 i/ . s mo i a th rning.

s an a o - i d nas B did no t B w e ai M r .

mas en des bi/a . co me .

O - td- s am a ga o - yo ro Y o u r father will

o b n as i r/l be k i a ma b.

- be A san ga o o ko ri na Mr . A will

s bo an r . s ai ma . g y

B no B s an wa ko mban o Mr . will t

k aeri nas ai m as ts be back to

i i t m ai ( z mas en de n g .

a s A T abu n A s an wa Perh p Mr .

ko no ho n wo o - yo has read this

m i nasai mas /rim bo o k already

des lzb ( 1 7 nzas/zit s

t B s an wa m ada s o no Mr . l l has no

ko t o wo o - kiki na heard o f th at

a et 3 s ai masen des/zita m tt er y ,

s u o s e . des /zo des/ nta r o). pp ( 67 )

Deki masu .

w ic o na m eans o Deki mas u , h h rigi lly t ” t “ be do ne o r to be ade as ve b be o u ; t o m a r , may be u s ed as a po t enti al au x iliary m eani ng i f to be abl e .

( I ) E x amples in the o riginal meaning as a verb

K o no iye wa i ts u deki W hen was thi s ho u s e

maslzi ta (k a) bu ilt ?

o o i ts do o W en and w e e was A n h n wa u , k h h r

* de deki mas /l i te: a bo o u b s h ( k n) . th t k p li

A no kwas hi wa chichi t o T h at cake i s m ade o f

* u ko na t o de deki mas/zi m ilk and ﬂo r .

ta .

I o M6 jikini deki masu . t will s o n be o u t

o n ( r ﬁ is hed) .

n- a N a i ga de/éi mas n (k a). W h t ar e yo u go ing

’ t o m ake 1 o r W h at

i s y o u r (hi s ) s p eci al

ability

( 1 1 ) E x ampl es in the s peci al u s e as an au x il iaz‘ y ;

A nat a wa mo go nen - kwan C an yo u s tay i n

” s ee the s o po tp siti o n fo r de. ( 68 )

N iho n ni o r i masu (o ru ) J apan 5 years

m o e as u . k o to ga delei m ka. r

i i no des u a o r i I s o u d i e to s a O r ta g ,T h l l k t y,

m asu ko to ga ( l elfi ma bu t I can no t .

s en .

Mae ni T o kyo u i k l ma~ I co u ld no t s peak

s ta o i wa N iho n o a anes e w en I hi t k , g j p h

wo banas u ko to ga debt was i n T o kyo l as t

masen des bi ta .

S enji ts u wa B 5311 u i ai I was no t able to see

s k o B e o er ma u ( an) to ga debi M r . th th

s n . ma sen de i ca day .

A nat a wa N iho ngo de to Can yo u write a

gam i wo kaki m asu l etter i n Japa

(kaku ) ko to ga delei nes e

mas u ka.

* f o u s e I an De/ei mas en to m o . c c O r ,

no t .

“ ” “ Go r an and M1 .

B o th go r an and mi ar e verbs m ean i ng ex actly the s am e thi ng ; the f o r mer bei ng a

es s i o n fo r the l atter and co ns e u en po l i te ex pr , q tly u s ed to o r o f s u e o s neve be n p ri r , r i g u s ed i n the

s T e ﬁr t pers o n . h y ar e

" — G a to m o _ o f co u l rs e .

” K u r e o r K u das ai .

K u dasai i s the r espectfu l fo r m o f ku . ” and i ts u s e i n the m e a ve m o o d has r e, i p r ti

n been already ex plai ed .

B m a b e u s ed i n the di at o o d u t they y i n c i ve m , ” n o bei g fo ll wed by mas u .

(1 ) Meani ng to give me (o r when u s ed

e as a v rb. K o e wa A s an a ba r e Mr . A a e m r g g v e this .

(bu das ai ) mas /i il a .

' ’ K nre m as u ka ba r e ma I d n t n , o k o w wheth er

sen k a wa a m as en e ve k ri . h will gi it to

m e o r u s o r n t ( ) o .

“ cc ” Mean n o r me o r ki ndl (H) i g f ( y , when u s ed as an au x ili ary.

P A e ba r e ba a/7 1 r A o fo me S an ga itt ( M . will g r

i /1 5 o r u s s a ) mas ( ) .

K o no ho n wa B s an ga T his bo o k i s th at

' z e b e s i M B as é as/ zte h er ( e da a ) which r . h

s /l te n d nd en m e. ma i r o es u . ki ly l t

a i a s nb t r e I t i s ver eas as C s r g ta e e l u y y,

* ’ ‘ bu das asu a a M r . C ind el s ( ai ) m k r , k ly h p

m e. l ai ben raku des u .

M D s o d at fo r D s an ga u t/e ba r e (bn r . l th

das i mas kita me. a ) .

ka r a s ee the po s tpo s itio n fo r . ( 7 1 )

“ “ ” Mo m o r I t adaki .

f ; c i tadaki is a po l ite f or m qt mo ra1 A nd th ey mean

( I ) T o r eceive to get ene to do in the

es en nd as ens pr t a p t t es .

' (a) K o re wa A s an ni T hi s was presdﬁtéd liy

Mr . A .

— K o re war A s an

ga e m m i nis . )

i l I ku tsu moral ( r i ita H o w m any have for:

i mas /tit a e v d dab ) ci (k ). rec i e ?

' s ’ ﬂ Maits uki gekkyﬁ we I receive a s al ary

i tadaki a mo r ai )

”262511 .

(b) W atak u s hi ga yu ke A s I was no t abl e to

‘ m as en a a A s an o I Mr . A to k r , g , go t

go .

K o no tsu ku e - B T s des i s he we. hi k t o ne

se e u i natte mo r ai t a hi l o t ( h t) w ch - g

mas /ri m Mr B to bu . . y ( 7 2 )

iho n o no te am a wa s e M B o N g g i I l y g t r . t

ad a wa watak u s hi ni we. re J panes e l et

o m e mes en a a e s fo r me as I y k r , t r ,

’ s u m o B s an ni o n can ead it y t r .

' de mo r az

ma m.

( II) T o as k o r r equ es t o t/zr r s t o gi ve o r to do ” o etﬁi n i n the fu u e ens e . s m g , t r t

s an u i m6 hi to ts u mo s a k M A as . r I h ll . A to

mas /35. ve m e gi o ne mo re.

’ K anjc) wa m yo nichi o I requ es t yo u to s ettle

’ t aku d e itadakz i r z mw the acco u n t when

'' s o I o m e to u m t) ma ﬁ . c yo r

o u s e to - m o o h rr w.

' A no hi to ni katte mam z I will ( o r l et u s) ask

s h im to bu fo r ma /1 5. y it (

me o r u s ) .

e Vo l u ntar z. By r qu est. zé

' ’ ’ ' s o rzae ( r e a zm. Yo nde mo r az maski ta . I u m sft

i e ead m e H fo . I go t h m to read it . r it r

' ' ' 51 K at te mo m z mas /Zita . K a i /e éw e mar/3 4 .

o t him to w e . H e w o e fo r me I g rit it r t it .

“ ” “ “ ” A am r u ka ge, Y o T s was hi .

T es e wo ds m ean t he s ame n and h r thi g, ' " is 561 age is po l ztef o r m . T s u kawashi do m u s ed a T e m ean l tely . h y

” I T o i ve w en u s ed as a ver b ( ) g , h .

K o e wo ana a u i a r ma s a ve o u t r t g I h ll gi y his.

G ejo ni kyﬁki n wo yaw Have yo u given the

as /1 27 0 ka no t A e s al a to the ma d m ( , g ry i

t k a a ead ? m as hi a ). lr y

So re wo A s an u i agate Pleas e s end that to

’ l maas az. Mr . A .

' ” T o do s o met/zzn ar o r t o o tﬁers w en (II) gf , h

ed s a u s a an au x ili ry .

K o no kas a wo A s an ni I s h all lend this u m .

' s 5 Mr s zte e /2 . b a to A . éa /z ag ma rell .

N o chiho do o éu t/e age m I s h all s end it to yo u

af e a w t r hile.

A no hito wo B s an n i [will intro du ce him

' ’

kaz s an ma to M B . s i zy b lzite y r .

I s h all bu y i t fo r

yo u .

S ashi age i s the mo r e r espect/ u ! f o r m o f and is u S ed a m o s a wa s i n age, age l t l y th s d e s o e eco n p r n. ( 74 )

‘ “ T h e general ru le fo r dis tinctio n o f the th ree ’ ‘ l different ex pres s io ns o f the s ame actio nf-

Shite ku re do fo r o ne

mo rai o ne ge ts o th ers to do .

age o r yari do es fo r o th ers .

“ “ r Nari mas en o I ke mas en.

“ “ ” N ar i masen o r i ke masen fi g 5b l il i ar i es deno n ne a i ve o b a o n e u i va x , ti g g t lig ti , q

‘ ' t ” eii t o mas t fi at .

Dare ni mo s hi r as ete wa Y o u m u s t l et no bo dy

' 27 a asen z m no i m ( m ma k w t .

s en).

' ' ‘ ‘ ’ U s o wo {suite Wa zée O rie (o r yo u ) mu st

z l i s r . n a ma en ( n ar i ma en) o t tell e . " ' ' ’ ' ; Mite Wa zlce ( z i t ar i ti l a Y o u mu st no t s ee i t

rm .

S hojiki u i hatar aki ma Y o u m u s t work

' ‘ z o s en de Wa flee ( ﬂar z) l i neS tl y.

mas en .

h o n m i naker eba O f co u se o u mu s t Mo c ir , r , y

' ' é s ee it ( z mi naku te wa) z e .

( z nar z) masen . W a—taku s hi wato mo dachi I mus t go to Yo ko :

’ t o Y o k o hama made ki ani a with afr iend

' ' ' o yuk a naker eba n ar t f m i ne.

n ‘ o

G o zaj mas u .

‘ ” “ G o zai mas u i s t he po l ite fo r m of ari ” “ masu O r to o w

' ‘ N Eho ngo wa yo h o do mu T he Japanes e l afn

' ‘ ’ tsu lras hfi go zcn 77mm gu age i s very dif

s ﬁcu l t . ( mu t su k as hii desu }.

' ' ’ : i A nata no go - s ho bai wa O f what trade are

' nan ( s nani) de go zo z y o u ?

' m e: ( z z desu ) k a.

' Wataku shi wa ki ito s ho I am a si ll? met .

“

de am z des u . an g ozm m ( ) ch t.

' Sayo de go zm mam ka. A r e yo u ?

desu ka.)

2 K yo wa t aihen s amu g o I t is very col d £0

‘ ' ' ex m z s amui dé . (

su ) .

“ “ “ ” T he u s e o f H al and i I ye,

‘ N ' l ’ ” ﬁl ho il h ‘ an t g ﬁaf d n fye ex actly m ean

b “ ’ “ ” ' ' and u o I l l l n i s h e t the r i nci l e y es g , y p p ( 76 )

' o n which they are u s ed i s qu i te d iﬁer ent fro m ” a o n “ d th t which y es an no ar e u s ed .

nd e m H ai i icat es agr e ent to the qu es tio n

as ed w o u co nce n w e e the ans we i k , ith t r h th r r s

m ad e i n the n e a ve fo m o r the o s ve o n g ti r , p iti e, while by I i ye the o ppo s it e idea t o the qu es o n as ed i s ex es s ed o u co nce n e e ti k pr , with t r wh th r the ans wer may be given i n negative o r po s itive f o rm .

A na a wa I gi r isu - i n desu A r e o u an E ng s ' t J y li h

k a. m an ?

’ 7ai I ir is u - i Y es I m E n s 2. n desu . an , g J , gli h

m an .

’ I e I i r i su - i n de wa ar i N 0 I m no t an E n iy , g J , g

. s m m as en li h an .

’ A nat a wa gakko u i m airi Do n t yo u go to

sc o o ? m as en k a. h l

’ ' / Ma as n A o . d o n o t. L az. m e iri . I

I z e M m u Yes . o . a as . y . iri I g

A nata wa gaiko ku - J i n de A r e yo u no t a fo r

wa ar i m as en k a. ei gner

’ u i G aik o ku - i n d e we I m no t: a to r H . j

i mas en e ne . ar . ig r

' - b e. G aiko ku m de u Y es . I m a fo e n y J s . r ig

er .

( aze wa fu it e o r i mas en T he wi nd is go t

e b o w n . I s ? n . l i g it

’ A me ga tu tte wa o ri mac I s n t rai ning no w .

s en k a.

ﬁ e ch tto o fet e w N o no a l l ° y , i m t a , t t a bu t

o r i m as en ; ho s hi ga s t ars i ns tead o f

n fu ri 56 d es u . rai !

W ataku s hi ga itto ( yu ki May I no t go there

m ashite) wa ike m as u

mai ka.

' ' ' I i e zz e an i e a a a tt , o o o n y , y , t g wa N , n , y u ca t

ko mari masu ; anat a go away ; I want

k o i i te o - te su o u to be e e and wa o k u , t y h r

nas ku i el me. dai u tte das a . h p

— d Chapt er El f Po s tpo s i ti o ns an

Co nju ncti ves .

Mo .

M0 i s u s ed i n the s ens e o f

’ ” nezt/zer n o r af e no u ns aga in o r , t r ,

/z ar e nn ected it . pro no u ns o r phras es wﬁie co by

6‘ ( a ) I n the sens e o f

[l il o mo s aru mo do bu B o th a m an and a m o n

k e ar e an ma . tsu des u . y i ls ( 79 )

i xva to ku s ho am ve fo nd o f bo VVatak u s h. I ry th

- m o d anwa mo dai su ks f ading and t alking.

d esu .

O ba san wa anata mo A u n t invited bo th y o u

s watak u hi mo m aneki and m e .

m as hit a .

A no hito wa eigo wo H e can bo th read and

o mu o o a u e i n n sh y k t mo k k writ E gli .

o o k t m o deki m as u .

( b ) I n the s ens e o f

N iku m o s akana mo ki I am fo nd o f neither

r ai des u . mea no r ﬁs t h .

‘ A no hit o wa yo mu ko to H e can n either read

mo a u o o m o d k k k t eki no r write .

m as en.

W ataku s hi wa ano hit o I neith er fear no r

wo o s o ze mo anado r i d s i e pis e h m.

mo s hi m as en .

( c ) I n th e s ens e at again

A s hit a mo ame ga fu r l I t will rain agai n

m as o . to - m o o w h rr .

A san a k o mo k i ma e a g y M r . A cam gai n to

s a. d hit ay .

A no hit o tachi wa tsu gi T hey will a tt end

ai n at th no kwai n i mo s hu s s ekj ag e nex t

s m as o m e t i . hi h . e m ( 80 )

T o .

“ “ ” (I) T o i s u s ed i n the s ens e o f and o r ” to 'et/zer wi t/z be ween no u ns o r o no u ns g , t pr

m T e to as hi to at am a to I feel p ain i n y

ds fee and as u . an ga itam i m h , t,

head .

W atak u s hi wa Do i tsu go I h ave s tu died G erman

t o N iho ngo t o wo na and Japanes e.

s a r ai m a hit .

l t o ba to L et u s fo u o u and A nat a to o i o r, y

wat aku s hi to yo nin u ncle and au nt an d

d e m a I o al l o e iri , g t g ther .

’ W ataku shi to s ampo wo W o n t yo u t ake a walk

m e s hi m as en k a. with ?

I l l ) T o i s u sed to i ntr o du ce qu o tati o ns ei tﬁer di r ect o r i n di r ect

k o m as M s a d a A s an wa y hi u r . A i th t he 1 0 - m as a. wo u d co m e to d a ii hit l y .

“ “ ’ s an wa o as a Mr . A s a d I l l o A kitt hit i , g " yu ki m asu to ii m a t o - m o rro w any

” s a . hit a. w y

N ih o n no s aku ra no I t i s s aid th at the

hana wa taihen k i rei ﬂo wers o f the Japa

des u to mo s mas u n e hi . es cherry ar e very

eau f b ti u l . ( at )

W ataku s hi no s ens e i wa My teacher i s named

m u . A to m o s hi as A .

f M o s /i i mas u i s the po l ite/ o r m of cc mas u .

' S enst) ga hajim ar i m a I am to ld th at the

s a to i m as a. wa has be u n hit k ki hit r g .

W ataku s hi wa anat a wo I tho u ght yo u were

z n i s h a da ( des u ) to a phys ici a .

o mo m as a i hit .

Speci al u s es

A nat a no bo s hi to wat a Co mp are y o u r hat

u s no to ku r abete m ne k hi with i .

o as g ran n ai .

O r

K o hii to cha to do chi ra W hi ch do y o u prefer

a o r o s hi i d s g y e u k a. co ﬂee o r tea

B s an to s an to mac i I m s o o M o r A h i t k r . A f

a e m as a. Mr . g y hit B .

I n t o o r y5i m

N anatsu t o yatts u de J u Se ven plu s eight

o i n m m a s ﬁf een. g n ari as u . ke t

and

B o th O and ar e u s ed as co l» ( 8 2 ) l o qu i al s u bo rdinate co nj u nctives equ ival en t to " ” if and co nn ect a dependent cl au s e with a

o u A d o princip al o ne ( r cl a s e) . n the verb fo ll w ” ed by to mu s t be co nj u ga ted s o as to end i n “ ” ” h d u n es s a “ e t e a s o u n l it t kes mas u , whil th at fo llo wed by u 50 m u s t end i n the c ” n o mu s a a - e so u d r t t k e m su r .

’ me fu mas u to I f i t ai ns I l l n t o A ga ri r , o g

fu e- oa o r fu a t o wa r r ),

t aku s hi wa m airi m a

s en .

So n o ku s u ri wo no mi I f yo u t ake th at

am to z n o m e- tza o r med c ne o u w l m ( i i , y il

no m a t o s u u nao s o o n eco ve . ), g ri r r

m asu .

i u t I f I had mo ne I K ane ga ar mas o ( y,

- d bu i au t o o r arzt to ) k ai s h o u l y t.

T he Co nju gati o n o f a ver b i n co n

“ “ ” n e i o w ct n i th t o and be .

A san u i h e- ou o r ki I f o u as k M ik ( y r . A , he

ku - to wa }, jiki kari will t ell yo u ( o r

mas u. ex ai n fo r o u pl it y ) .

85 )

P as t e e t ns .

Chl chi ga kiki mas /zi ta - r a I f fath er h eard o f

5a s azo o r o ko bi m a a he wo u d be ( ) y th t , l

very g lad .

A s an ni as ﬁ ta - I f m Mr ai nz i r a t o I ee . A I ( ) t ,

s o mas m hi as 6. s a te m hi h h ll ll so .

B s an a < mas /zi ta - r a Jif M r B co me he e g l i . r ,

oa s i ras e t l m h e ku das ai . ease l et e ( ), p

kno w.

I n a s u b u nc ve de endent c au s e w c i s j ti p l , hi h " co nnec ed b nar aba w a nci a c au s e t y ith pri p l l , ” ” “ a e and “ o desu m y o o mitted, n ar a a comes

e ate t r a m em e t imm di iy af e co pl n .

E x amples

A merika-ji n nar aoa (des u I f he were an A mer

ar aoa E o wo ha » i can he co u d n ) , ig , l

d u s ea E n s . nas eru h azu es . p k gli h

A nata ga go - shﬁchi na r a I t yo u c o ns ent to

a /J wa a a I ave no ba (des u n r a a) t th t, h

ku shi wa i z o n wa ar i o bj ecti o n.

m as en.

de u n ar a I f we e a white o ne S hiro nar aéa ( s it r ,

o h en o s s en wo u co s o e n) ic i y g ji it ld t , n

en and ﬁf s en. d es u . y ty ( 87 )

“ ” K er eba.

A fter an adj ective co mplim ent and with a verb ” i n th e ne a ve fo m i s u s ed i n g ti r , ker eba ” e o st ad f n ar d oo .

‘

A a c ve co N o u . ye ti mp. n co mp

A k a é er eoa z I f i t be A k a nar aoa z l f i t be a

r ed. r ed o ne.

K as hiko ker eoa z l f Rik?) n a ra ﬁa z z l f be

. . be w s e . a w s e m an i i .

B imbo n ar aoa z l f

be o o . be o o m p r a p r an.

U ts u ku shi é er eba : K i rei nar a oa z l f be

beau iful . a beau fu t ti l o ne.

” u c a fo m as t a i nar a oa é as ﬁi /éo i S h r a , ” nar d oo maz /zi i nar aoa i s amma ca , ns gr ti lly ” co ec bu t d s n t s o u nd we and rr t , o e o ll, ker eba

’

- - Y u a no éer eoa z Y u - Y u e- k ( l k ba ( = Y u ki mas k

k i mas en n a r aoa I f na r aoa I f ) | ) .

do no t go ( 88 )

- Mi - na éer eoa = M - ( i ma Mi eeoa ( z Mi mas u

sen

d o no t s ee. — - a - - - Shir n a éer eoa S hi Shi r e 6a . Shiri mas u

r i — mas en nar aba) __ I f

no t no w. k kno w.

” ” E i e ker eba n ar aba o r to m a b th r , , y e u s ed with the negati ve f o r m qf t/ze an x i /i ary ” ” “ a u o r m s , mas en .

“ “ ” m o o - K er d mo r e o o ga.

o r is a co n u ncti ve K er edo mo ga, j ” f equ i vale nt to ont ; ro /ci te.

o o wa u m a H e wen bu t I e ma n A n hit y ki t, r i

s d sl i yta gee ( t er edo e .

mo wataku shi wa ),

m r m as a to do a i hit .

ar e m as a o I was e u es ed bu t ] T ano m hit g r q t ,

z ker edo m o o o r efu s ed . ( ) , k t

wari m as hita .

e wa c h t i s ai d es u T s i s s ma bu t ve K o r hi ll . ry

o h a z é cr ed nzo tai eav . g ), y

o hen o m i des u .

“ K o no m is e u i o mo s hi T h ere are many i n

r o i h o n ga tahu s an ar i ter es ti ng bo o ks i n

’ m as u o i s s atsu k ai s s o e wo n g . thi t r ; t

u bu m o e ? m as en k a. y o y s o e ( n )

Y o ko h am a n i iye wo ik I have a ho u se at

k en m o e o r i m asu Y o am w c tt ko h a, hi h

a u r o u r i m as d to I am i end n to g , ( h ) nt i g

m i c r i m a e . o o t o s u . s ll

“ ( G a m ay be u sed i n th e s ens e o f t/zo ng/z ” o r n s ite o . ee i p f S pp.

n u n o

K a.

i s a co n u nc ve e u va ent to eitlzer K a, j ti , q i l

’ K o re t o are (lea) wo k ai I l l bu y e ith er this o r

a . m as h6. th t

N ikka ka H ako ne t o L et u s go e ith er to

' u i kkc) o r n ye y ki N Hako e.

’ u a é u i m I do n no w w e e Y ki m s u , a y k a t k h th r

s en a ma en I s a he w o : wakari s . h ll ( ill) g

o r no t .

” a N r i .

N an may be u s ed i ns tead o f ea in the

m n sa e meani g. Chichi nar i wataku s hi Plea se tell e ither mv

nar n hanashi te ku fa e o r m i i th r e.

dasai .

Y u ku nar i yameru n ar i I s h all d eci de whe

‘ ban m ade ni kl m l l o o r no t ete ther I g . i ek m as o befo e eveni n . h . r g

‘ ’

i a.

i s a co n u nc ve co nnec n no u ns Y a, j ti , ti g ,

o no u s o r no u n c au s es o r as es and w c pr n , l phr , hi h m eans o r o r

“ ” etc.

W at aku s hi w a s ake y a I h ave no pl easu r e i n

tabako wa no m i ma s u ch a thi ng as

en s e o r o a o s . al t b cc . — ( Co mpare to \Vatal< u s hi wa s ake m o t aba ko

_- I e n r m o no mi nei th e r s mo k o dri nk . )

am es a o n wa mada A re ames o n and J y J h J , J h (

e s e r hi mu s en ka. o th r ) no t h e

y et ?

James to Jo hn to W J ames and Jo hn ar e

' ko o u i o r i m as u et e e bu t ne e k g , h r , ith r

Frank y a W illi am in Frank no r W illi am

? m a d a o r s n a r e h e e e t . ma e . r y S aku ra no hana wa u m e T he ch erry blo s s o m s

y a kiku yo ri yo ho do are m u ch m o re

hade aka d e u w n the y s . s h o y tha

pl u m and the

s n e mu m Chry a th .

H o n wo yo m u ko to y a S u ch wo rk as read

teg ami wo k aku ko to i ng bo o ks o r writ

wa raku des u ga ro do i ng le tters i s r athet l

wa tama mas en eas bu t s ca ri . y, phy i

labo u r is i nto l er

able .

Da no .

“ ” Da no m ay be u s ed i ns t ead o f y a .

’ Watak u s hi wa A s an aaz~ I am go i ng to N ikko

n o z a s an draw w Mess s . A B ( y ) , B ith r , ,

’ C s an aa n o C , etc.

' ‘ y a ) to N ikk c) ye m airi

masu .

f Ko ko n i ak ai no J an a He re are pape rs o

ku ro i no da m? var io u s co lo u rs

’ zm o W A b an e l l o w ki i ro i no a , l k . y ,

- k ml etc . ( : y a) i ro i ro no a

v g a a i mas u .

( 94 )

‘ ' H ax u s no wo shitar z Y o u m u s be bu s y t y ,

wi th trading o n

' bai wo s hitar z 0 the o ne h and and

‘ i s o as nl i d es ho fa m n o n th g . r i g e

o e th r.

N o .

” e f T he o th r u s es o no .

“ ” I N o i s u s ed between 7 no u ns t o ( ) £ 00 ; deno te the fo llo wing relatio ns

a T a s ea n o f n an m a e n s o ne ( ) h t , p ki g i i t thi g , is a ar t o fl u o t/zer o r oel o n s p f g to the o fﬁer .

s u ku e no as hi = the e s o f a ab e - l g t l

ko no iye n o yan e= the ro o f o f thi s h o u s e

ku ni n o ho r i ts u = the l aw o f a co u ntry ;

s mku r a n o hana= the cherry ﬂo we r.

' ' s ( if ; Yﬁat o ne i t/ze at/r zonte of the o l l i er .

K u ni no hi r o s a= the s i ze o f a co u nt ry

as hi n o nagas a= th e l ength o f the l egs

h ana n o i r o = the co lo u r o f the ﬂo wer

i f t nak a no k es hiki z the s cenery o h e co u n

t ry.

' ( c ) T nat o ne is ( be mater i al o f ea zc/z I n:

W ar is made. ( 95 )

ha s ﬁ i K in no yu bi waz a go ld ring ; i s hi n o

i i e= br c = a s to ne bridge ; r enga n o y a k

bu ildi ng .

’ l er d ) l at o ne is i n appo s iti o n wi ck tbe o t z .

il o m Mil to n the o e e o n o Shijin n o M t , p t ; g j

ana= H ana the m ai d o o n o ac H , ; it k J k

ac m co u s n . J k, y i

' e 7 z7at r o ceeded e, a eo r a ai cai ( ) , if p } g g p

me o ne is l o cated i n Me o cner l ace o r i s a n a , p ,

' ’ ’ ’ ' ' r r o a z/cea r e t/zzng aer cenaeaf r o m o p Me .

I gi r i s u n o L o ndo n= L o n do n o f E ngland ; — N iho n n o Fu ji s an M o u n t Fu ji o f Japan ;

N ew Y o rk n o ko en z the park i n N ew

Y o rk ; N agas aki n o hi to : a N agas aki

m an ; I t ar i i n o k inu z s il k pro du ced i n

I taly ; A m erika n o j i tens ha z a bi cyei e

m ade i n A m erica.

l l “ N ” i ( ) o s u s ed be tween a nu nzer i cai o r

' ' u a n/imnw aa ectzve a nd a n n t y ﬁ o u , o

ua n/i c o r mber y y n u .

i n G o n n o o to ko to fu tar i n o o nnazz ﬁve

m en and two w o men ; s u ko s hi n o m l d zu

~ ~ a e wa e taku littl t r ; s an no no n z many

c o o k s ; to no r i ngo : t en appl es ; s an l ak u

no katana t o s an zu n n o fu de : a s wo r d o f

fee and a en o f i n e 3 t p 3 ch s . ( 95 )

” ’ I I I N o i s u s ed as a r o no u n r eceeaed ( ) p , p

b a r o no u n a n a ecti ve o r a ver b. y p , dj ,

Do chi r a ga anata no de W hi ch i s yo u rs ? k s u ( a) .

K u ro n o ga wataku shi T he black o ne is

n o de u . m ne s i .

K o no t egam i wa ano T his letter i s that

hito ga k aki m as hit a whi ch ( the o ne

no desu . a he w o e th t) r t .

W atak u s hi n o wa anata Mi ne i s ch eaper th an

o o asu d es . u n y ri y i u yo rs .

( I V) N o i s u s ed to deno te I nt enti o n o r

A ttem t af e a ve b i n the es e n ens e al p t r r pr t t ,

’ ” ways f o l l o wed by aes n .

W ataku s hi wa i m a s ampo I am go ing to take a

i wa . ni yu k m as u no des u . lk

W ataku s hi wa N ih o n- go I am go ing to s tu dy

’ a anes e. we narau no aesn . J p

N iho n de s ho bai wo s hi I am go i ng to trad e

i n a an . m as u n o dent . J p

A no hit o wa s h o rai s eiji H e in tends to beco me

k a ni nari mas u no a s tates man i n the

dew . fu u e t r .

“ N O i s never u s ed with qu alifyi ng adjeo '

L ves bu t is u s ed w en needed . i , na, h

( 93 )

T he ex cepti o nal u s e o f N o .

3‘ N o m ay be u s ed as a no mi nati ve po s tpo s i

' u b e t o f a c au s e as fio n after th e s j c l ,

W atak u s hi n o (go ) yo m i T h e bo o k which I

ead m as hit a ho n. r .

A no hit o n o (go ) h ana W h at he to ld m e (o r

an as m as W a a d s hita (h hi hi h t he s i ) .

a o o t ) k t .

B s an o o s u m atte W e e M r B ves n (g ) h r . li .

o r u t o ko ro .

' W ataku s hi n o (go ) k ii t a T he s t o ry which I

(kiki m as hit a) h ana heard .

s hi .

W ataku s hi n o o m a W en s aw (g ) it h I .

( m i m as hit a) t o ki .

A nat a no (go ) ku ru (k i W e were waiti ng fo r

m as u no wo m a e o u o m n ) tt y r c i g.

o r m as a i hit .

K es a neko n o (go ) to tta T he r at which the cat

(t o ri m as hita) n edzu l n i cau ght this m o rn

wa 6 no des hi ta. i n was a kii g big o ne.

” N i .

T he o ther u s es o f N i . r ( I ) N i i s u s ed t o deno te po s itio n o pl ace.

Dbbu ts u - en n i s hi s hi ga T h ere i s a lio n in the

z o a a d en o r i m as u . o o l gic l g r .

H o n wa t ana n i ar i m a T h e bo o ks ar e o n the

s u s e f. . h l

(W ataku s hi n o ) A n i wa My elder bro th er i s

i n G s ak a. O s aka n i o r i m as u .

G am agu chi wa do ko n i W here i s the pu rse ?

ar i m as u (k a).

O to tts an wa u chi ni o r i I s yo u r fath er at

m o m e as u ka. h

I s u n o s hita n i neko ga T here i s a cat u nder

r i m as u he c a . o . t h ir

T s u ku e n o u e n i s himbu n T h ere i s a news

e o the des . ga ar i m as u . pap r n k

K awa n o m u k 6 ni iye ga T here i s a h o u s e (o r

e o nd ar i mas u . ar e h o u s es) b y

e ve th ri r .

(U s ed ins tead o f o r i n additi o n to the pre po s i ” ” “ ” o ns u o n 017 ‘6 ti , a , f 5

l ” I I vi i s u s ed to deno te t e. ( ) . i m

n l u m a m as o o S a j i iri h . I ( r we) s h all go at

’ o c o 3 l ck .

‘ l s u gi no nichiyobi no go T h e co ncert will be go ni o ngakkwai ga ar i held o n ne x t S u n

mas u . d ay afterno o n .

K o no n ats u a yas u mi n z W h at were y o u d o

nan i wo nas ai m as hita i ng du ring the

(k a) . l as t s u mm er

vacatio n ?

K o no byo i n wa M eiji go T hi s h o s pital was

n en n i ac m as es ab s e i t hi hita. t li h d n the

ea o f M e 5th y r iji .

‘ ll m I o d J ni ku wa da e des h6. t w u l be no go o d

i n n i ne cases o u t

o f t en .

I chi nen ni s ando s hiken W e h ave ex amina

ar m o ee ga i as u . ti ns thr

t imes a year .

” s r o s (I I I ) N i i s u ed to deno te pu p e.

K o no k am i wa n an i n i W h at i s this pape r

s k u s ed fo r m o c hii m a u ( a).

T egam i wo kaki m asu I t i s u s ed fo r wr it

o (kaku ) n ni m o chii i ng le tter s o n .

mas u .

A n at a wa nanl wo mi ni W hat h ave yo u

co me to s ee he e k i m as hit a (k a). r

A n at a no u chi wo m i n i I have co m e to s ee

m a a k i s hit y o u r h o u se .

( 1 0 2 )

A s an n i N iho ngo W 0 na I am s tu dying Japa

a e i m a es r n e Mr . A . r tt o s u . with

So nna ko t o wo d are ni W ho m h ave yo u

m a k ea d su c n s kiki as hit ( a). h r h thi g

fro m

c I t i s u s ed to deno e di r ecti o n bu t i n a ) t , “ ” s ens e d e t r o /n /z en ﬁ r en / t o t d o ted by y e.

H igas l l i ni (no t ye) yama A m o u ntain s t ands

a ar i n s n i awa a to the eas t and a g , i hi k g

a i e u ns to he n gar ete o r m as u . riv r r t

wes t .

A me a ni u k m as te I n end t o o t o rik y i hi , i t g

no gyo wo S hi m as ho to A merica t o en

a e i n a r icu l o mo i mas u . g g g

t u re .

A no hito wa D o i tsu ni H e has go ne to

e man . yu ki m as hita. G r y

Ye.

i s a o s t o s o n deno n the di r ec Y e p p iti , ti g ” “ ” o n o f an ac o n e u va en to to i n to o r ti ti , q i l t , , “ ” f o r i n E nglis h .

W e e ar e o u o Do chi r a y e o ide des u k a. h r y g

i ng to P ( 1 0 3 )

m - i n d : (Co par e t o z Do ch ra i o i e d esu ka. W here ar e yo u (living)

W atak u shi no u chi ye C o m e to my h o u s e (o r

o m e . o ide n as ai . h )

o m o —W ataku s i o u i o n (C p are t h n chi n ide as ai .

— - _ C o m e and s t ay with u s ; o r Stay at my

s h o u e . )

Y o ko hama y e mai rr ma I am go i ng to Y o ko

am a. s u . h

A s an wa A m e a e B Mr A ef fo r A m e ca rik y , . l t ri

f e ~ s an wa Do i ts u y e and Mr . B o r G r

ac m as a m an . t hi hit . y

A ni wa m yo ni chi i naka My e lde r bro ther i s

e m a m n to y iri as u . go i g the co u ntry

- to mo rro w. — (C o mpare to z N atsu u i naru t o m aito shi inaka — _ _ I S end the s u mm n i m airi m asu . p er i n the

o u n eve ear c try ry y ,)

N o n u ru to chﬁ dc O n the wa o a an ih y e k y t J p ,

f at mas i we met a u ane bo u m h ta. h rri c .

K o en y e i tte as o bi ma L et u s go to the p ark

o and a . s h . pl y — (Co m p are to z K o en n i i tte as o nde o r i m as u T hey are (o r he is ) play i ng i n the p ark ; o r T hey (he) went t o the park and ar e ( i s ) play in g th ere . ) ( m4 )

T he d i s tinctio n o f the u se o f ‘5y e fr o m th at o f u i (the fo rm er deno t i ng di r ecti o n while the l atte r po s i ti mz) has beco me very o bs cu re and no w- a- d ays bo th ar e o ften m ix ed u p i n practi cal co nve s a o n r ti .

o r

” ” o r i s u s ed bo K ar a, yo r i , th “ ” as a o s o s o n e u a en to r o m s i n ce p tp i ti , q iv l t f , , ” and as a co n u nc ve adve b becau se “ n j ti r , , o ” acco u nt et of, c .

’ l) I/Vzt/z a no u n o r a pr o no u n deno ti ng

A nata wa do ko bar o ki W here have yo u co m e

m a k o s hit a ( a). fr m P

Y o k o h ama t ar o ki ma I h ave co m e (o r I am)

s h a. it fro m Y o ko hama.

A m erika kar a N ih o n ni I have co me fro m

ki m as i e z k ite A me ca and am h t ( ) , ri

N ih o n ti ar a Shi na ye go i ng to Ch ina.

yu ki m as u .

K o no ana k ar a kaze ga W i nd co m es thro u gh

s o e . ki m as u . thi h l

K o ko kar a FU j l ga m re Mo u nt I fu jl can be

s een f o m he m as u . r rg

( 1 0 6 )

’ (I I I ) I Vi t/z a no u n o r pr o no u n deno ti ng

time.

I ts u bo r o a i H o n o F o m anat wa. N o w l g ( r r

i ho n p o ide desu (k a) . wh at time) h ave

yo u been i n Japan

G o - nen m ae (zen) kar a Fo r 5years (o r Fro m

- o r G o nen wan ea s a o . ( k ). 5 y r g )

H aku r ankwai wa s hi ga T he E x hibiti o n will

ts u no i chi nichi bar o co mm ence o n the

a im m a l s t o f A . h j ar i s u . pril

A nat a n i ai m as hite T en years h ave pas s

atte) t ar o jﬁ nen ni ed s ince we m et

n m . s ari asu with y o u l a t .

’ K o re bo r o s ake wo yame I l l s to p drinki ng

f m n o m as u . ro w.

W ataku shi wa m ai ni chi I begi n (o r s tart) my

’ hachiji kar a s higo to wo rk at 8 o clo ck

eve m o n n . wo haj l m e m as u . ry r i g

' ( I V) Wi t/z a n o u n o r a pr o no u n den o ti ng

s ed i e ame wa and s am e s ens e t/i i ngs . (U n th s y ” . e n . with de S e pp . o )

“ ” w en co me s af e a ve i s u s ed K ar a, h it t r rb, as a co nj u nctive whi ch co nnect s an adverbi al c au s e den o n cau s e o r a deno n a er i o d l ti g , th t ti g p

t i me w the nc a s en ence. I n the of , ith pri ip l t fo me cas e the r eceed m ve b a wa s ends i n r r , p g r l y ” “ ” u ta n the co n u a o o f mas u w i e , ki g j g ti n , h l , ( 1 07 )

“ ” i n the a te cas e t a wa s ends i n te o r l t r , i l y ( ’ o e

A m e a u r i mas u u A s it a ns o u had g f (f r i , y

r u kar a as a we 0 be e a e the u rn ) , k tt r t k

mo c n a a b e a. hi s i . r ll

B o u i n a /l n e I f i l l a m o s it e c e I ve. y ki ri Si ll , h

z no tte t ar o N i ven u the s u d ( ) , gi p t y

ho n - o no enk o o o f a nes g b y w J pa e . m ya e m as hita.

K o t o ba ga wakari ma A s I can no t u nder

s en kar a m a o o u i s an d the an u a e k t t l g g , i I m fu j yﬁ des u . su ffer u ch i nco n

ven i ence.

T abi - t abi N iho n u i k i A s I h ave vi s it ed

m o s nita t ar o N o n a an s eve a mes , ih J p r l ti

no fﬁzo k shﬁk wan befo e I fee u e u r , l q it

ﬁ i at o m e w th ni ts j te o r i m asu . h ith e

Japanes e cu s to m s

and m anners

H aj l m ete N iho n ni ki Since I ﬁrs t vi s ite d

mas /zite bi te kar a a an s i s m ) , J p , thi y

- - ko nd o de go t abi me sth vis it .

des u .

me a fu r l mas bite nce the as a n A g Si l t r i , it

be ( z /u tte) kar a t ai s o has co m e very

atataka ni nari m a warm . ( 1 0 8 )

Ma de.

Made i s u s ed to d eno te the ﬁnal po i nt o f a mi s tan ce l a ce o f a l i mited du r ti o n l i ted di of p , a o time o r o f a l imited amo u nt o war / s a d f , f 5 n

I I ) S endatte wa do ko H o w far did yo u go

mo de o ide deshi the o ther d ay P

ta (ka) .

N ikko made m airi I ( o r we) wen t to

m as a N o . hit . ikk

K o o a mba I t a es me a f an k k ra. Shi t k h l

shi mo de aru ki ho u r by fo o t fro m

m as h e : a u ite e to mbas i t ( r ) h re Shi hi .

s anjippu n kakari

m asu .

T o kyo kara Y o k o I t i s twenty m iles

h am a m o de n ljﬁ fro m T o kyo to

i m u Y o am r s o a. m a r u ar a . k h

K o no s e nr o wa Y o This line ex t ends t o

x o s u k a o made irte Y o k s u ka.

i m a o r s u .

Y u k e ru u u k o L et u s o as far as we y k g .

to a dek m as u can g i ) .

to ko ro made yu ki

mas ho .

( n o )

T he u s es o f De.

I “ i s u s ed to deno te a the n o u n ( ) De th t , pr o no u n o r adjective fo llo wed by i t i s a s u bj ec t i ve co mpl ement .

K aku hi o s i s m ha o re wa wat s n T hi y t.

bo s hi de ar i masu

d es u ).

i s e l chi ban t ak ai no wa ano T he talles t h .

hit o de ar i m asu

I n o d na co nve s at o n the s o tened fo m r i ry r i , h r r

desu i s u s ed ns ead as i t s o u nds s m o o e . i t , th r (S ee 99 47

“ ” I I w en co mes af e a no u n o r ( ) De, h it t r

o no u n d eno n ace s o ws a o n acti o n pr ti g pl , h th t t akes pl ace to er e and co ns equ en tly mu s t be fo l

e v b deno n a o ns lo w d by a er ti g cti .

A nata wa d o ko de u ma W h ere were yo u

a bo n ? r e m as hit a (k ) . r

Y o k o h am a de u mare I was bo rn i n Y o ko

m as t a. am hi h a.

S aku l ts u wataku s hi wa I met Mr j . A at the

s u te i s h o n de A s an ni s a o n es e d t ti y t r ay .

ai m as hita. ( r r r )

' Daido ko r o o e neko ga T h e c at cau ght a r at i n e il s u mi wo to ri m a n th e kitch en .

s hit a.

( C o mpare t o z—Daid o k o r o u i k amado ga ar i

z er e i s a e e i n the c en . m as u . T h k ttl kit h )

K o en de k i nenhi wo mi I s aw the m o nu m ent

s i n h e a . ma hit a. t p rk — (C o m pare to z K o en n i kinenhi ga tatte o r i

: d m o n m n i m as u . T her e st an s a u e t n the

a p rk . )

” i s d s n u s ed f o m “ as the D3 i ti g i h r ni ,

' ’ fo rm er d eno t es the p o ce of o n acti o n and the

a e the o s o n o f a ex s n l tt r p iti n i t e ce.

( I I I ) De i s u s ed t o s h o w the cau s es of o n acti o n o r V o t o f e s o ns o n e p r r thi gs .

" o no l i i K ye wa j s h n de T his h o u s e was des.

o war e m as o . k hit a. t r y ed by an earth

qu ake .

A nat a wa go - jo bu de Y o u ar e very fo rt u nate

e o des u. i n be n ea k kk i g h lthy .

Gi nz a wa enni chi de ni T he Gin za i s cro wded

i ak a desu . fo r t he n t fa g y igh ir .

( I V ) D9 i s u s ed to i n tro du ce i n s tr u ments

u s ed.

' K o gat an a o e empit su W e s harpen a pencil

m s w o k ez u r i a u . w i ith a kn fe. ( 1 1 2 )

’ N ibo n - go ac h anas hi L e t u s t alk i n Japa

m as o . n e h es .

’ M e de m i m nn na W e s ee w the e , i kiki , ith ey ,

as i dc a u m m asu . bear w the ear h y i ith ,

an d walk wi th the

fee t .

' K s ha na u m as u k a A r e o u o i n to a e i y ki , y g g t k

ne cze u m as u k a. a a n o r a s eam Tu y ki tr i , t

K o no t egam i wa empi T his le tter I S wri tten

’ ts e k ai t a i m as u w enc . u a e r . ith p il

’ A no t egami wa yiibin ae W as th at le tte r s ent

a m as a a ts u b the o s o r b y ri hit k , y p t, y

k ai dc yari mas hita a mess enger

ka.

(V) D3 i s u s ed to i n tro du ce the mater i al

u s ed.

' P an wa k o na ae ts u ku r i B read i s made 0 1

m as u . o ﬂ u r .

K o na wa ko mu gi dc tsu Flo u r is made o f

m whea . ku ri as u . t

‘ ( o no tatem o no wa is hi T his bu ildi ng i s co n

t o e s u to k i to dc s u c ed co ns s s , t t , tr t ( i t )

nd d ki e o r i m as . o f s o ne o n a e t u t , ir ,

wo o d .

( H 4 )

K no Y o o am a mi ki Y i k h y u es t erday I went to

mas bite bﬁs l l l Y o ko h am a and

wo k i m a a s a . bo u a h hit ght at .

' K o n o ho n wo fea o s z m ai I will bu y this bo o k

2 kai / m to ( e) to o dach i and s end it to my

ni o u i mas o . f end k r h ri .

‘ ' K i nc) wa A s an ga é z Mr . A came yes terday

mas/52k z éifc es a d an Mr . ( ), k B came

wa B s an a k i mas s mo n g hi thi rni g.

ta.

' ' K aze ga f a kt masﬁzl e T he wi nd blo ws and

h ana ga chiri the ﬂowe rs ar e

m asu . s a e c tt red .

W ataku s hi ga y o mi ma. I will read i t and t ell

’ ’ s bzte ( z y o ndc) an ata it to yo u (o r I l l

u i kik as e m as u ead fo r o u . . r it y )

K o no t s u ts u m i wa A s an T his p ack age was

' ga I s u ts zmzz mas ﬁi/c wrapped by M r . A

wataku and tied (bo u nd)

ib a a b e . s hi ga s h ar i m s hit . y m

“ “ d i n the ! . o i s u s e ( I ) T e r mashi te , “ ” the abo ve mean n a ter i n s am e fo rm with , i g f

n s E gli h .

' S higo to wo s /zz mas hite A fter we ( o r I ) ﬁni s h ( 1 1 5 )

' z s bzfe banmes hi wo th e wo we o r ( ) rk , (

I s a a e s u t abe m as u . ) h ll t k p

er p .

W atak u shi wa kane wo I s h all m ake m o ney

' ‘ efo e I o o m e mane mas /zzze (monete) b r g h .

u n n i ae m su k i k ri a .

A no hit o wa gakko wo H e wen t abro ad s o o n

' s o tsu gyo s bz mas/cite after he gradu at ed

s i nce s u u 6k6 wo f o m sc o o . ( ), g y r h l

hi m as s hi ta.

' ' I ye ni kaer z masnzl e A ft er I retu rne d

kaecte ki a tsu ki m a o m e I n o ced ) g h , ti

s a . hit a. th t

“ 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - De m o ’ T e m0 0

T hes e parti cles ar e u s ed ei the r as co nj u nctives o r as s im pl e po s tpo s iti o ns ; de - mo co mes ” a l er no u ns ver bs endi n i n n and ad e ves / , g , j cti ” ex ce o s e end n i n w pt th i g n, hile te ” co m es af e o er os no t endi n i n and mo t r g n, ' ” ecl zves en di n i n a adj g . ( 1 1 6 )

mas en) ko to ga ed m an can n o t

t a u s an ar i m asu u nde s and . k . r t

’ I chi m o n ae- mo y ea I can no t give yo u (o r

r e - a m asu hi m e m even a y ri , th )

ko o wa de m nn t ki) a pe y.

s en .

' I nu e- do is a e d zno o n wo E ven a. g gr t

s hi tte o r i m as u . fu l .

' ( b) zVo c/zo zce o r no dzjfer ence

G yﬁ - n iku de- m o bu I eat e ith er beaf o r

- n u d - b t a ik e 7no ta e po rk .

m as u .

B aka de- nzo riko de W heth er fo o lis h 0 1

mo ito wa to w s e a m an i s a , h hi i ,

des u . m an.

K ne- mo de- nzo \Vhether o r o o a chi rich p r,

bi nbo - nin demo o ne mu st di e at

as ichido wa s hini l t.

m as u .

” ( c ) E x pres s es the feel i ng o f s eco ndary s al t: f act i o n

I wan a am bu t a Rampu ga h o s h u de t l p , ii d o . u a r o s o k u de cand e w s g , l ill (

he e i s no am . mo yo r o s hi i des u t r l p)

d . as e e ( Ho k a u i s u ru k o t o L et u s rea ( th r

( 1 1 8 )

‘ - H a i k aetze o o r o s hﬁ Y es o u ma . , m y , y y

o r o o za mas u ( y ) g i .

B o n i nave- m o ano T o u he o t y ki , h gh g ill , yet

hito wa ku s u ri wo he t akes no medi

no m m asen . n i ci e .

A nata wa i tte- m o an Y o u m a o o r no t ik y g .

- u . de mo yo i no des u . (do as yo cho o s e)

“ “ I I I - o r - w ad e c~ ( ) De mo 139 111 0, ith j “ ti ves means tﬁo n ﬁ “ ne , g zo

K o no i s u wa tak aku fe I bo u ght this ! chair as

mo o r a a u i a- mo t o u ( t k k ) it i s s tro ng . h gh

o bu de su a a kai j k r dear .

a mashit .

A no h ana wa i ma wa A ltho u gh th at ﬂo we r

ki reide-mo c de i ﬁn no w i t wi (kir i s e , ll

ari mashite- m o ) jiki s o o n be u gl y.

i t n ku m s u k a a nari a .

- ve m a o e c i H o s o i no de m o tu to i no Gi e r p ,

- o r h n de mo yo ro shi i des u th er thi ck t i .

kara hi mo wo ku da

s ai .

- i s o nes O r o ka de r/zo s hojiki na I f he h t,

’ ‘ u d u I l l raba yato i mas u . th o gh ll,

emplo y him. ( H 9 )

K o no ko gatana wa chn T his knife i s very

s a u temo o r t o mo s a o u i s k ( ) h rp, th gh it m m o e as u . s a y ku kir ll .

So no hi mo ga do nna u i Ho wever lo ng it may

na aku teJ no o r to be t o e can g ( . hat r p

mo ) s o ko u i wa to do ki no t reach the bo t

mas en. t o m .

- o de o ar i m as en. I t i s n t s o e S m o eith r.

Y o ku te- nzo waru ku fe W hether i t may be

m o aranakereb i ke o o d o r bad I mu s , y a g , t

m n do a an wa . as e . th t y y

“ “ I V - o r — w nte ( ) De mo te mo , ith i r

a ve o no u ns o r ad ect ves m eans a n ro g ti pr , j i , y

“ ‘ ’ “ ” “ every wkazever f wbo s o ever ; so ni c/E

” ever ; wnenever etc.

- u E e bo d s a . Dare de mo 56 n m as . v ry y ys so

’ Dare demo s u ki na hito I ll give it t o any o ne

m o who es i t . u i age as h . lik

A no hi to wa nan demo H e kno ws every (any)

r n . s hi tte o i mas u . thi g

K o no u chi do re de-mo T ake whichever yo u

o o nasa e m n t ri i . lik a o g th ese .

I ts u demo go - ts u g6 no W henever yo u ﬁnd i t

o i o ki ni te u d a co nven en ease y t ki k i t, pl

sa co m e a a n. i . g i ‘ ’ ' Do chi ra de mo yas u i hc) I s h all bu y whichever

J - i W0 k ai m as o . s c ea er h h p .

‘ N an demo anata no I s hall do wha tever

' m eidzu r u o to u i a o u co mm e k w y and th .

s hit i aga masu .

' ' ’ ‘ : D ar e demo benkyo wo A ny o ne who stu di es

s u reba ( z s hi i nasu h ard will be a

‘ ' ' ~‘ ~ nar aba) i ts uk a galcu s ch o l ar some day o r

s ha u i h a e r nar i O er r ( th .

m as u ko to ga deki)

m as u .

M6 has three d ifferent m eanings acco rdi ng i to the cas es i n which t i s u sed .

“ ‘ ' ( I ) N 6 means mo diﬁes

i e e en s e a verb n th pr s t t en .

' ‘ ' f s a a de mas u B u o u t cket M o ki h g y y r i s . as

' ‘ a a ki u wo o o k ai the trai n i s about to k r , pp

‘ a ai s ar . n s . t t

“ ' A no hito wa M kaette H e o u ght to be hack

' — u h u k u ru : k1 mas ) a abo t no w.

zu des u .

5 Mo hi ga ku re m asu k a~ L et u s hu r ry ba ck

( 1 22 )

'‘ Do ka mo i chi nichi mat Please wait a d ay

te ku das ai . m o e r .

1 145 m as en I t i s needed n m iri . o o re .

1 11 5 u m as en . I n y ki will go o mo re .

am m h M o as . I t w s o n e y i o ill l a t no l g r .

’ M 5 o - m at as e mo s hi m a I l l no t keep yo u

s en. wa n an o n e iti g y l g r .

' K o ko u i ku j i l go yen ar i H ere ar e 95yen ; s o 5

m as u a a mo o en en m e m k r , g y y o r will ake

d e c o do b a u en u s u dr d h y k y j t a hu e .

des u .

A mar i .

“ ” adve b e u va ent to to o A mar i i s an r q i l ,

very .

bi (I ) K o re de wa am ar i T hi s i s to o g.

o ku des u .

m a A no bo s hi wa a mar i T hat hat i s to o s ll .

chi is ai des u .

’ K o no kwas hi wa a I do n t like thi s cake

ama ka a i s to o s weet. mo r i i r , it

wataku shi wa k o

no mi m as en .

’ S u tébu ni amar i ta Do n t ( o r Y o u mu s t ( 1 2 3 )

ku s an s ekitan wo no t) pu t to o m u ch

i re t w ik e ma a i e a co l n the s to ve .

s en yo .

’ ' ’ ” n a er ézal a c e n a e u ed i n A dv p r tz / s gz m y b s , ” ﬁ end amar i at e ad ec ves o r verbs . of , t r j ti

' K w na o re a ga su g z T his i s to o lo ng.

' m as u K o re wa

a mar i nagai des u ) .

' O mo szg z ( 2 amar i I t i s to o heavy to car

o u te m o e r o r to ee i o m k ) , t y ( k p n

m and . as en. h )

A no o w a H wo s t hit a h at e rk o o hard.

' raki s u gz m as u

A no hito wa ama

' r z hatar aki mas u ) .

A nata wa ko d o m o Y o u ar e to o ki nd to

' wo k aai ar i sn z the c d n g g hil re .

mas u s A mar z

k aai ar i m u g as ) .

' (B o th amar i and sngz m ay be u s ed to g ether i n the s am e meaning o ne befo re and the

ad e v o r e b o ther after j cti es v r s . )

K o re wa amar i k i I bo u ght thi s as i t is

rei des u a a kai ve beau ifu . k r , ry t l

mas hita. ( 1 24 )

' ' ‘ A ma r z yu ki t aku mo I am no t s o mu ch i n

cl i ned to o . ar i mas en . g

' ‘ A m a r z ho me t a ko t o I t i s no t s u ch a prai s e

d e ar i m as en wo i n . wa . rthy th g

' A mam y o i t enki de A very ﬁne day i t i s ;

s u a a s am o u i l et u s ta e a wa . k r , p k lk

u o y ki mas h .

A san n i wa k o no go I h ave s eld o m s een

t o a mar i ai m M r A a e . a . l t ly

sen.

N o

I i s a co o u a co n u nct ve ( ) N o ni ll q i l j i , ” e u va en to a lt/co n a s i nce o r q i l t g ,

A s an wa s an- i u i u u A o u M r j k r lth gh . A s aid

to ii 'm a he wo u ld co me at 3

' s a no mi mada ki o c o c he has no hit , l k , t

i m as en . o m et c e y .

A no hito wa kane - m o A lth o u gh he i s a rich

' c i da z d es u n o n z m an he d s es to h ( ) , i lik

' - ane wo d as u . d a s end mo ne k ( p y.

s hi m as u ) ko to wo

k i rai mas u .

m —' (Co pare to K ane ga attemo ( z aﬂ m as hite

‘ ' mo su a mas en. : T ho u h he has m o ne ) , t k i g y,

et he do es no t s end y p it . )

( 1 26 )

rai - nen wa n is s ho ku will be a S o l ar ec o

s e nex ea . ga ar i m as u to . lip t y r

S himbu n u i kai te ar i A cco rding to the news

m as u n o 1 25 s e ns ?) wa a e s the war i s , p p r , — 11 1 6 u n _ u mi ah d nde s da s ea ? e d.

m a s hit a) s o des u . — (C o m p are to : S en56 ga mo s u nda to s himbu n

n i kai l e ar i m as u : I t i s writt en i n the news

a e a t he war i s a ad d d p p r th t lre y en e . )

’ ‘ Vt ataku s hi no o mo i m a A cco rd i ng t o my j u dg

' s u n o n z L o no s na m en s a c , hi t, thi rti le

wa A m e r ika d e lt i t to will ﬁnd a go o d

o u u r mas y k e u . market i n A m erica.

W atak u s hi no s hi tte A cco r di ng to my kno w

’

o r u n n z ed . o . l ge

W ataku s h i ga kiki ma A cco rdi ng to wh at I

s hit a no mi h ave heard (o r I n

s o far as I a m i n

s tru ct ed) .

' ’ r u A o d n to o n e s O bo et e o n o m . cc r i g

memo ry.

’ Mil a ( z mi mas hit a) n o A cco rdi ng to o ne s o b

ml s ervatio n (o r A m o ng

the things wh at o ne

en has se ) . ( 1 27 )

“ “ N o m and N i wa .

” B o and m a be u s e d th ni wa, no 11 1 y “ m o s o s o ns e u va en t o o r s i ply as p tp iti , q i l t f ;

to o r i n o r der t o T hev m ean

” I Fo r w en e co m e af e a no u n o r ( ) , h th y t r pro no u n.

K o no k u ts u tabi wa d are Fo r who m h ave yo u

' ' b u es no n z k ai m as hit a ka. o ght th e s to ck

i ngs

A ni no 71 5. F r m e d e b o e o y l r r th r.

K o no k u ts u shi ta ( z hu T hes e s to cki ng s ar e

t s u tabi a w ku s hi to r m e ) w ata o s m all fo .

n z zo a chi i s ai des u .

” I I T o o r i n o r der to w e n e co me ( ) , h th y

af b ter a ver .

G aku s ha u i n aru ( c u ari I n o rder to beco m e a

’ m as u n o nz wa be n . sc o a o ne mus t ) , h l r,

' k c) wo s hi naker eb y a s tu dy h ard .

( z s hi m as en naraba)

i k e m as en .

N ih o n - go wo o bo eru (o H o w can I bes t l ear n

' * bo e m as u ) n z wd do Japanes e (o r What

s hi m as hi tara ichiban i s the bes t way to

o i des 6 k d y h a. s t u y Jap anes e

” s ee the o s o o n o r do p tp s iti f . ( 1 23 )

K o no ho n wa gaiko k u T hi s bo o k i s m o s t

i we c nv n en fo r fo r j n ga N iho n go a, o e i t

’ i n arai m as u n o - n z i ehi e igner s i n. s titdyi ng

' ban en d es u . a ane h ri J p se .

W ataku s hi do mo wa W e pas s ed alo ng this

“ s e ndatte u chi u i k ae » ro ad o n the way

' m as u n o n z o no bac o me the ri , k k h

m c wn tdr i m as h o e da i hi i th r y.

ta.

e d m l ye wo kau ( = kai m as u ) n e s o e mo ney to

n an u a o u s e o s u ko s hi k e b y h .

m m as u ga .

' I ye wo k au nz wa kane I t r equ i r es mo ney to

a m as u bu a o u s e. g iri . y h

Nagar a.

I i s u s ed as an adve b mean ( ) N agar a r , ’ ” i ng zo /zi ce at [be time.

A ru ki n agar a h anas hi L et u s talk while

wa n . m as ho . lki g

A no ko wa naki nagar a T he bo y ru ns away

c n hash i tte yu ki mas u . ryi g. m t W atak u s hi wa it s u mo I am accu s to ed o

- a e s as a- mes hi wo t abe na re ad news p p r

( 3 0 3

u i o M B s an wa s ak j ts u k ko r . B s ays he was no t

ni bite o r i n a ar a e e es te d a aI g h r y r y .

t o r i ma rki ta n o ni k i o u he was . ), h gh

m as en d es hi ta to ii

mas hit a.

I nco r r ect . Co rr ect .

K aze ga fu it e ar i naga K aze ga fu it e o r u no

r a c e c o o o a O O O O C

(B ecau s e i t i s no t an actio n o f an animate

being . )

W ataku shi ga t ano nde W ataku s hi ga t ano nde

o ki m as hita no

(B ecau s e it i s o f the l s t p ers o n . )

E x ceptio nal u s e i n an adverbial phras e

H o bo /sar i n agar a s bi /s nr ei nagar a

“ f u ts nts nba n agar a s o mats n n ag

na ar a e m bei s bb g tc.

( I I I ) N agar a may be u s ed i n the p lac e

’ ” “ i s m o e o u a u s e d o f ber eao mo whic h r p p l rly ,

’ and i t i s m o re fau ltles s t o u s e ber eao mo than

” “ r i n s s ens e ex ce t i n to u s e n aga a thi , p fam il iar phrases as fo llo ws mo z na ar a o - bu s ata A o u I n ended O g , g lth gh i t

t o v s o r e wo i t as hi mas hita. i it ( writ )

o u I ave no t been y , h

- abl e t o do s o .

o bazn na ar a o - te I s a be ad t o e Oy g , h ll gl h lp

t s u dai wo as m a o u wi in the it hi y , th

m o f m o o sho . li it y p r

ability .

o T ho u h I m a be i m H ababar i n agar a .g g . y

u k u m o m a o e I - adv s e o u en o k s hi p lit , i y , i 511 . s r .

f . T o u I am ve O bi no dobn n agar a. h gh ry

s o rry .

T o u m a cau s e . h gh it y

' - G o alzé wai o r 0 o u o u e . y , y tr bl

j ama naga r a).

S o eci al ns es

U m are nagar a no m e A b lind m an fro m

u a. b k r irth .

U m ar e naga r a u i shi tte T o kno w any thing

' v l m O I as u . wi th o u t be ing t au

h g t .

Go ni n naga/a A l l the ﬁve ar e - E ng

ir i s u - i n es l s m I g j d u . i h en. ( 1 32 )

” S hi .

S hi is a co nj u ncti ve particl e o r po s tpo s i ” ” o n e u va en to a nd fo r w i c “ t a ti , q i l t , h h r i m ay be u s ed .

A s an a bi m as u s /zi Mr . A cam e and g ; Mr .

x bi to r i B s an a B came to o and ( ), g ;

bi m asu s bi ( z bi ta s everal fri ends came

r i awa u - awaru to s ee m e o ne after ), k r g

a n ki m ano e o r o ne b y ji ga as hit a. th r ( y

o ne)

‘ N iho n- go wo benkyc) I am very bu s y i n

s bi masu s tu dyi ng Japanes e

r i E o wo o s bi e and eac n E n ), ig t hi g g

mas u s bi = o s /zi e ta l l S h.

r i z u ibu n i s o as hi i ), g

d es u .

Ban - mes hi m o s nmi W e (o r I ) h ave ﬁni s h ed

’ d ead the m as bi ta = s nn aa ) s u pper an r

bi no z —t r news - a e s a ead r ( t a i ) p p r lr y,

s himbu n mo yo m i no w we h ave no th ing

be f e o n to m as /zi /a ( z y o n da ) to do o r g i g — r bi no t ta r i bed. ( ),

md neru ne m as u )

bakari des u .

“ 11170 s n bo s /zi de t ei s hajd T he s t ati o n is cl o s e

b . des u . y

’ Mo s nbo s /z e - i I i o s t 1 o o i d ichi j de t s alm cl ck .

’ N ih o n n i ki mas hite k a I t s alm o s t a ye ar

t a ma s nbo s bi de ichi s i nce I ca me t o

» n en d es u . a n J pa .

“ Mo tto .

a Mu c m o e. [Mo tto t ku s an . h r

o i M u l e s s . M o t/o s u k s h . ch

M o tto benky6 s h i n ake Y o u o u ght t o be m o re

e ndu s r o u s . reba ike m as n. i t i

A ni k am i wo m o tto 0 G ive A s o m e mo re

a e yari (nas ai). p p r .

K o ko n i wa mo tto k i ga I tho u ght th ere we r e

m o e ees e e . am to o m o i m as hita. r tr h r

—0 0 0

“ - T a r a o r r a.

i s a co n u nc ve a c e e u T a, r a, j ti p rti l , q i “ ” ” va en to “ mben and af e l t if, , t r “ " ve bs o f as ens e e d n i n r p t t n i g n,

is u sed i ns tead r a, ( 1 35 )

itar a I i i t ains I A me ga fu ri mas h r ,

o ( z fu ttar a o r tu ri g .

mas a na aba wa hit r ),

t ak u s hi wa yu ki m a

s en.

A e A san ga ko ko ni ki W hen Mr . co m s

m as hita r a = k it ar cz e e eas e cal l me ( h r , pl

o r ki m as hit a n ara ( s end fo r m e) .

ba watak u s hi wo ),

o nde as a y ku d i .

B m s o o W ataku s hi ga N iho n Mr . i t k the

o de anas m as m ean n w en I s a d g h hi hi i g, h i

ar a z anash ita r a i n t ( l i ) it Japanes e.

B s an wa m achigae m as hita.

N em u r i m as hitar a A f e he i s as ee o n t r l p, e

n emu ttar a nan mo n o ws no n . ), i k thi g

s hiri m as e n.

o e a s u ndar a A f e o u n s a S r g t r y ﬁ i h th t,

m i m as hitar a s am l et u s a e a l ), t k wa k.

po wo shi m as ho .

‘ K yc) n o s hi mbu n wo Pleas e l et m e s ee to

’ o n da r a z dnde da s news - a e y ( y y p p r,

a a W a taku s hi n i af e o u ave ea k r ) , t r y h r d

kas h i te k u das ai . i t. ( 1 36 )

— ' (Co mp are to K yd no s himbu n wo y o nacmx — _ o m mas hitar a ano o o wo s hi tte o ru y i ) , k t ’ I f e has ead t o - da hazu d es u ga. = h r y s news

a e he o u t o no w a m a e o r p p r, ght k th t tt r (

Me a s am etar a z s a R s e at o nce w en o u g ( i , h y

me m as hi /a r a su u awa e f o m s ee . ), g k r l p

- o o ki nas ai .

T he s peci al u s e

“ W h en it co m es after the verb o mo n ( o r " ” — ” o m o i mas n _ . to n m eans thi k) , tar a ” ” b ut, bo wever .

s a u u —k i I t o u ht Mr A o u l d A n ga k r h g . w

mas u t o o m o ttar a co m e bu t he did ) ,

(= o m o i m as hitar a no t .

o r ta ga) ki mas en

d es hita.

k o u a u = ar i I o u i t was t e A s u i r ( th ght h re,

m u o m ta’ bu i s no as ) to o t a t it t.

( = o mo tta ga) ar i

mas en.

“ i r r i ri K i o G .

” “ ’ i K i r i 0 1 gi r l is an ad ve rbi al po s tpo s o n x es s n the s ame d ea w t and u s ed In ti , e pr i g i i h ,

1 38

b aku en to s biba en e n 1 0 en y y y , 5 y , y ,

nd 00 e b s . ar i mas en . a 1 y n ill

Co m a e to — e wa I en t o en to 1 0 ( p r Shih i y , 5 y ,

o _- d T he en t 1 00 en t o i r i dabe es u . = y , y g )

a e - mo ne i s m ed t o I en en I O p p r y li it y , 5 y ,

e n and 1 00 e b s y y n ill . )

’ A no hito wa fu tats u H e s t aken two hims elf

’ to tte wat aku s hi n i and has n t gi ven m e

’ wa hi to ts u s bzba bu bu t ( o r has given m e

r e mas en o n o ne . , ly)

’ W ataku s hi wa jﬁ yen I ve no thi ng with m e

s ats u s/ziba mo /te o r i ex cept a ten yen

e no e mas n . t .

” J iki and S u gu .

5 ¢ J i ki and su gu are the different prO o nu nc i at io ns o f the s ame c haract e r o f Chi nes e

’ o r n w c m eans i mm edi a e/ i n s ta nt igi , hi h y ” i b/ at o nce ly ; qu c y s o o n di r ectty s . ” B u t s u gu i s u s ed i n a s t r o ng er sens e Man

n s to ar ex r es s o ji ki i cu m y p i ns . E x ampl es

- o be bac j i/ci o kaeri u i nari m a W ill y u k

n P s u ka. s o o

I shal l e u n at l l ai s u u ae i m as u . Y es , g k r , r t r

o nce. ( ‘39 l

S u gu o - ato kara m aeri I s h all go immedi ate

l af e o u . m as u . v t r y

' u o de nas ai C o m e mm ed a e .Su g i . i i t ly.

’ as . o o n S u gu m aeri m u I l l c m e at ce .

i bi de i m as u a a 0 eas e w a a m o m en t j k k r , Pl it ;

a k u das ai . w be s o n o u t m chi it ill o .

A no hanas hi wo kiku t o I wen t and s aw (th at)

ns n w en I s u gu i tte m i m as hit a. i t a tly h

h eard o f th at m at

t er .

W ataku shi no iy e wa 13 My h o m e i s i n the

san no u chi no s u gu imm edi ate ne igh

’ . bo u r ho o d o f M r . B s t o nari desu .

T s u i de an ak d G e.

” m eans s rev/l en T su i de a ,

’ M achi ye y u bu ts u i ae Pleas e call a j i nriki s ha

u i i nr iki n s ha wo as o u to ma e . , j y rk t

y o nde ku das ai .

Y o k o h am a ye y u bi nza A s I went to Y o k o ha

s bi ta ts u ide u i Y o o m a I wen t o Y o o k , t k

su ka e u m . y y ki as hita. s u ka

o e wo babu tsu /dc A s o u wr e t a S r y it h t , ( 1 40 )

a } ko re mo k ai te ku pl eas e writ e

d as a a o s . i . l

“ ” “ “ G ake als o m eans a s o r o n ” way :

W atak u shi wa 'ri a A s I came bac I bae g k,

be u s o no h - i c awan bo u ght th at tea c up.

o i w k a m as hit a.

' K aer i g abe u i ko no te Pleas e m ail thi s o n the

am g i wo d as hi te ku way ho m e.

d as ai .

A s ak u s a e u bi a be ni L e t u s o t o eno as y y g g U ,

en n i o m as o we o o A a U o y ri h . g t s

k u s a.

I was to d o f t he Y o ko h am a y e y u bi gabe l

m at e as we we e ni s o no h anas hi wo t r r

m . s o n to Y o o a a kiki m a hit a. g i g k h

“ ” “ u r r K ai o r Gu ai .

“ “ K u r ai o r gu r ai i s an adverbi al par “ ti cl e o r o s o s o n e u va en to as mu ch p tp iti , q i l t ” ” as s o a r as abo u t near l ; f y .

I t means

” I A s ma c/t as s o a r as en i 1 8 ( ) f , wh t

r o ceeded b a no u n o no u n o r ve b p y , pr r .

( 1 42 )

” I I A bo u ! m ar / w en u se af e an ( ) y , h d t r

u antiti ve ad e ve q j cti .

K o no gakko n i wa nam H o w m any s tu de nt s

n i n g a m i ( z fcu m i ) ar e there i n this

s e i to ga o r i mas u s ch o o l

(k a)

S en ni n gu m i ( = éu r ai ) T here ar e abo u t a

a o u s nd . o ri m s u . th a

K no u a n i e wo I t e u es abo u ten o k r i o . y r q ir t

tater u ( z tate m asu ) tho u sand yen t o

n i wa i chi man yen bu ild a ho u s e o f this

ga m i ( z éu r ai ) kaka s o rt

mas u ri .

A nata wa nan nen éu H o w lo ng will yo u be

’ m i ( z g u r ai ) N i h O l l i n Japan ?

u i o ru ts u mo r i des u

k ( a).

G o nen k u r ai ( z gar ai ) I i ntend t o be h ere

abo u e a s o r u ts r m o r i des u . t 5 y r .

“ m ay be u s ed i n the place o f ka ” “ r a i o r gz m i als o i n this s ens e. )

o :

T ori o r Dori .

T 6r i o r dar i i s an adverbi al po s tpo s i . ” t o n m ean n e wa o r manner o i , i g in M y f ; " l i/ee as . ( 1 43 )

H ei s o tsu ga m eir ei dor i I f th e s o l di ers d o no t

( z no tor i ) n i o ko n a act j u s t as th ey are

o wanak er eba 0 L ; mm anded , the

nawan ai t o t ai co m an w be d i s ) ga. p y ill

m idar e m as u . tu rbed .

’ Y ak u s o ku ao r i 2 720 O ne will lo s e hi s cr e

l or i ni s hi m as en z dit o r co n dence ) ( ( ﬁ ) ,

s hi nai) to s hiny?) wo i f he do e s n o t act as i u sh nai m as u . e h pro m i s ed .

K o no l br i ni deki m as u C an it be do ne i n thi s

k a . way?

Chﬁm o n (1 57i ( z n o tor i ) I t: i s m ade j u s t as I

m s . o ni deki a hit a rdered .

N ih o n-ji n wa m aru de T he Jap anes e lo o k ju s t

- i Shina j n no for i d e like the Chines e .

s u .

A nat a ga kiki m as hi/a T ell them h ere j u s t as

k ii fa or i o o de o em f k u ea d t . ( ) , k y h r h

o - n a a hanas hi s i .

N aye mi m o s ai /a ( n ma I t i s j u s t as I t o ld yo u

r des bef s t a to u o e . hi ) i . r

K o no to r i m aru ku s hite Pleas e m ake it ro u nd

ku das ai . u s e s j t lik thi .

" ” ” T or i o r d5f i s o m e mes u s ed as a no u n i ti ,

“ " 7 ’ ’ m eans ( a) J Zw age s /r eez r o aa avenu e ; (b) o r a m i! ( as o f ( 1 44 ) ” M \

Dake.

B ake i s an adve rbi al po s tpo s iti o n deno ting

' ’ a m o r m ean n ex e/u s zw z mer el li it, i g y f y ;

n o mo r e o n o l ess ﬂo win el s e o nl r g y; “ ” as m a c/i o r as m any as as far as .

' Watak u s hi wa E igo na I can s peak o nly E n g

ée , wa anas e m a u s . h s . li h

’ A nata n i a/aée m i s e m a I l l l et y o u s ee and

no bo d e s e s ho . y l .

no o Mr B i th e n W atak u s hi s hi tte r i . s o ly m an

m asu no wa B s an with wh o m I am

d s u ac u a n ed . (fake e . q i t

’ N agu s am i aalI’ e u i yatte I do th at m erely fo r

r i m u m u em n o as . a s e t .

’ i l l e i So re aa/ee no ko to des u . T hat s a ; ther s

no n e s thi g l e .

K o re (I a/be de taku s aa T h is m u ch will do ( be

eno u I am s a des u . gh) ;

ti s ﬁed with thi s

alo ne .

A iko ku - s hi n wa N ih o n Patri o ti s m i s no t a

ji n daée m o tt e o r u no s pirit th at i s had

e dc wa ar i m as en . by th Japanesﬁ

A l o ne .

( 1 46 )

s u na aba mi aku ed the b te r ) g , righ r it

i ak i asu a be m m g m ) d ke co es .

a m as hik ri u .

K i wo ts u kete mi reba T he mo re carefu lly I

m u ﬁo do z da ée o o a the me r e ir ( ) l k t it ,

s . r ippa d e u s plen did I ﬁnd it .

’ a a e eba ha ai I zo ao T he s o o ne the m o e H y k r y r, r

benr i des co nve e . J ake), u . n i nt

’ B enkyc) wo s u reoa s u ru T he fu rth er o ne s tu

’ ﬁo ao hattats u d es the mo e en i , r

mas wo shi (o r it as hi) u . 1 ghtened (o r i m

pro ved) he be

co mes .

U ndo wo s u reba s u ru afa T he m o re ex ercis e

ée z ﬁo d O ki nnik u o ne a es the , ( ) , t k ,

s o n e hi s mu s ga tsu yo ku nari m asu . tr g r

cles beco me .

A no o wa to r eoa o u T he mo e mo ne he hit , t r r y

’ e s u k a e a ns the m o e he aak t tte r , r

m m s ends s hi ai asu . p .

- Z O

Bakar i .

B akar i m ay be u s ed

“ ( I ) I n the s ame s ens e with ku r o i ” ' o o da a ter u anfi l i ve az ec/ives . , f q y I s shfi - kwan oaéar i I s h all be away abo u t

e kawari o r li o do ) ru su u i a we k .

s hi mesa .

K o ko kara S himbas hi I t i s abo u t a m ile

m ade ichi m ai ru M a fro m here to Shim

' ’

b . r z ( z ku r ai o r ﬁaao ) as hi

ar i mas u .

A nata wa ima kane wo Have yo u any m o ney

s I mo tte o r i m as u k a. n o w Y e ,

s u o shi a r ave i e k o ka i h a l ttl .

‘ ( z gu r ai ) m o tte o ri m asu .

G o yen oa/Ear i ( s ku m i Have yo u as m u ch as

’ e n o r ﬁo a o ) ar i masu k a. ( s o m ) 5 y e

’ s e ( II) I n th e s ame s en e with aae .

K o re oo kar i ( r daée) wa T his o nly can no t be m o n i a e as en . t hit y r given o o thers . jibu n n o t am e oakar i A man s ho u ld no t

' aa é e i katte wa ike n o n o m ), h thi k ly f hi

mas en . se lf. (o r o f hi s o wn

d van a a t ge) .

’ T aku s an wa m as en I do n n eed m iri , t u ch ;

s u k o s hi oa kar i ( z d z pleas e give me o nly

ke ku das i l i l ) a . a tt cc A no hito wa s ﬁgaku ea H e i s stu dy ing ma.

enk em b yo th atics o nly .

we s hite o r i m as u .

W ataku s hi oakar i Sh all I go al o ne ?

’ aaée) yu ku no desu

k a.

B an a n ho n i s d o n no s w ichi ichi Mr . B i g th

wo y o nde oaeo r i o r i i ng bu t reading b l m as u . o o s a l da k y.

- o n A s an wa N iho n g wo Mr . A ca no t o nly

banas u banan a/e n aéu s ea a anes e bu t p k j p ,

- ar i m as en E o he can a s o s ea ), i g l p k

m o D o i ts u - o m o E n s G e m an , g , gli h , r

Fu r ans u - o m o o zu an g j d French as well .

ni h anas hi m as u .

I l l A f e ve bs es ent o r as mean i n ( ) t r r pr p t , g ” “ ’ r d oani t o j u s z n o w j u st g o i ng to .

I ma s m a m as a i a. ave u s n ed hi i hit I h j t ﬁ is h .

des u .

I m a hajime m asu baéa I am j u s t go i ng to

su . de begi n .

I ma det a mas h i H e wen t o u t a mo ment

éo r o a o o r I ave u s ta) oakar i ( z fo ) g , h j t

co m e o u t . des u .

see the o s o s it o ” p tp i n fo r to ko r o .

K es hiki wo m i tai oa I ave co e to a an h m j p ,

éa r i de N iho n ni ki o nly fo r the pu rpo s e

mas i d s e o f h ta. ( o r fo r the e ir )

s eeing the s cenery .

—: o :

S ae.

” S ae i s an adverbi al po s tpo s iti o n bei ng

u s ed af e a no u n a o no u n o r a ve b and t r , pr , r ,

means

(I ) E ven 9

’ K o do m o de s ae dek i r u Can t yo u do i t when

no n i an ata wa deki even a little child

m as a o u d ? en k . c l do it

K o no ho n wa wataku T his bO O k which eve n

s h i u i s ae o m e m a o u l o ead can y I c d n t r ,

s en a a s a u i n t be u nde s o o d k r , A n o r t

a m i o a b o c u rs e . w o ch r n wak ri y M r . A f o

m as en .

K ikin no t o ki wa k i no I t i s s aid that peo ple

* kawa s ae taheru s o eat even the bark o f

s e s n o f de u . tr e i time

f n ami e.

’ A nna hito wa miru s ae I do n t like s u ch a m an

e ven to s ee . iya desu .

” s e o r s o e the po s tpo s iti o n f . ( 1 51 3

( II) O nyl

A i so e s u reba kl {a su I f I o nly see hi m (o r

m er m m nd w ll rni as u . h ), y i i

be easy .

z hi I f e e i s a w l an K o k o r o as s ae ar e ba th r il , y

be e nani go to dem o deki thing can do n .

mas u .

Hito wa kas egi s ae s u A m an wo u ld never be

re ba b mbo u i na u i n o irer t if he i r p y,

n ko t o wa ar i m as en . were o nly i du s tri

‘ S hi tte O r i s ae s u re ba I f I co u ld o nly ti nder

o s hi e te a e masu s and I sh o u l d be y g t it ,

ea o ga. glad t o t ch y u

o I f I new th at . ( r k

th at I s h o u ld tell'

yo u ) .

YB na

s o m o u nd o s s n u s ed Y B na i a c p p tpo iti o ,

ad eo fnfel me an n s imil ar l ike ﬂ j y , i g ” semol i ng s u e/z as .

: u ch d s o e K e no y o n o k i tana i ku ts u . S irty h s

A s m e as thes e B ara n o h ana n o y o na ni o i . = ll

' ‘ ’ ' - in n o o s im ilar to th at o f ro s e ; S eiyS j o y na hit .

n = A man l o o k i ng like a fo rei g e r . ( 352 )

‘ Ro ba wa u ma n . y o na A n as s i s a beas t t e

b s e. do u ts u de s u . s embling a ho r

s an n o B o y o n hit o wa Su ch a m an as M r . B

m a o o - u i m e r e n k t zu as hii can be rarely s e .

des u .

W ataku s hi wa s o no y o I like th at s o rt o f a

na o a dai - s u k m an ve mu hit g i ry ch .

des u .

N ets u b o no o na b o Y o u mu s a e ca e y y y t t k r ,

ki ga chik ago r o h aya as a di s eas e s imil ar

m as u a a ki wo to the o d - feve ri k r , typh i r

t s u ke n akereba i ke i s prevailing recent

m as en . l y .

YE m .

“ i s a o m o u nd o s o s t o n u s ed Y o u i c p p tp i i ,

' adver oza l ' m ean n b, i g

“ ” “ “ (I) A s ; i n l ike manner ; o r i n Me " s a me way .

A s an o o to ts an no o M r . A e his fa e m y , lik th r , " i s fo nd o f u n n m k ari ga s u ki d es u . h ti g

to o .

o s e ku eas e m end i t as i t M o t no y o u i hit Pl ,

d as a as befo e. i. w r

( 1 54 )

gyojo ni ki wo o - tsu m ay n o t be lau ghed

k n a e as ai . t.

N aru take tabako wa I am tryi ng to s mo ke

' ' s u wa nai y o n z s hite as little as po s s ible .

o r i m as u .

K i ppu wo o to s anai y o B e carefu l no t to lo s e

u i nas a mas . o u i ( hi) y r ticke t .

W as u r eta t o ki u i miru W rite them do wn so

y o u i k ai te o ~o ki na th at yo u m ay lo o k

s ai . at th em when yo u

fo e rg t them .

Su g u o ku ru y o u i ko zu I t o ld the s ervant that

k ai u i i i ts u ke m as hi it s h o u ld be s ent o u t

t a. at o nce.

' A nat a ga nao r u yo m I am praying every day

ma i - n ichi i no tte o r i that yo u will t e

co ve r .

E ik o k u - j i n ni wak aru I t i s written in E ng

o n i E o de k aite s s o a th e y ig li h , th t

i m as s - m an n ar u . E ngli h ca

e s n u nd r ta d it .

“ Y6 des u ;

“ Y d des u i s a co mpo u nd verb ex press in g the s am e dea w r as h ; des u w c means i ith , hi h l ikely

Hi ga k i e ta y o des u ka I t s eems th at the ﬁr e

r a c o o m u d h as al l o , h tt ite k a g ne o u t

i l e e o O s a . p as lo k at it ( r

T he ﬁr e s eems to

ave o ne o u t e tc . h g , )

Mil k?) kara ku ru ( z ki T he m an who i s co m

m as u o wa s u o i n o nde s eem s t o ) hit k g y r,

s i o tte o u es be a e i n to x i cat h y r y o d u . littl

e d .

K o n o t o ke i wa ku r u tte T hi s watch s eems to

be o u t o f o rder .

A no hito wa kagen ga H e s eem s t o be u m

wa u o s de e . o r i y u . w ll r H e lo o ks

u nwell .

T s u m ar i o i o desu ne s eems o be y y . I t t go o d

aft er all .

A s an wa taihen o wa M r . o o s ve wea y i A l k ry k,

é dew a war i ai n i bu t he i s co m a y g , par i u o ti el s tr o n . ts y des u . v y g

” Y a

i s a u n u v n o Y a no , eq i ale t t way me ” " 4‘ r tlzo d ; mo de manne . ( 1 55 )

H as no m o c o wo eas e eac me h o hi hi y Pl t h , w

” o s hi ete ku das to u as ai. s e h hi .

N ih o n - bu n no kaki y o I wis h t o learn ho w to

o na a t ai de u . w r i s write i n j apanes e .

’ K o no h ako no ake yo I do n t kno w ho w to

a wa a m as en O en s bo x g k ri p thi .

G o - gaku wa o shiye y o Me tho d i s m o s t im

n ga ichiban d aiji des u . p o rt a t in teaching

an l gu ages .

O h aji j o ji de m o mo chii Diffe ren t meani ngs may

y o de i m i ga chigai be ex pres s ed by the

s am e o s o s o n mas u . p tp iti

acco rding to i ts u s e.

S B.

S E i s u s ed bo th as a s u fﬁx o f a verb and as an adverb.

” ( I ) S o as a su f ﬁx i s u s ed either a dver oi a /ly “ ’ o a a l 'e/i ve z and m eans l i kel r o oao/e r y b, y p f

n to ac appear i g .

A no k o do m o t ach i wa T he children we re

u u r es hi s o n i ns o n de playi ng jo yf lly. i o r m as u .

me fu s o e u . I o o s e a n A ga ri d s t l k lik r i .

( 1 53 )

n i mas Do i s a . K b as a hi . it n thi w y

W ataku shi wa no o m o i I think thu s ( o r i n

m as s a . u . thi w y)

5 s u eba de m as u I t can be mad K r ki . e i n this

a w y .

W ataku shi s a an wa k a wo I eat ﬁsh i n this way ,

no s e ab m hit t e as u . s o no s u m u c u i a I t w beco me da hi hi g ill rk ,

ku re mas u . while we ar e do ing

a nd th t a this .

a Y ﬁ .

Y ﬁ i s o rigi nally a verb m eani ng to z‘el

‘ bu t it i s u s ed as a s u fﬁ x as well S o y ze no ” so? do yu .

K ay o hito wo go - zo nj i Do yo u kno w a m an

o f s name d es u k a. thi

’ 55W hito wa s hiri (o r I do n t kno w any

zo n i mas en e so n o f at j ) . p r th

name.

a A o d m e s u c A s an ga no viz h nas hi M r . t l h

m a s o as s . we s hi ashit a. t ry thi

‘ D o y ze wake des u k a s e Pleas e ex plai n m e the

eas o n wh o r tsu m ei s hit e ku das ai . r y (

wh at i s the reas o n). K o yu o m o s hi r o i ho n ga Here i s s u ch an l n

ar i m as u ter es ti n bo o . . g k

A re wa do ya? hito des u W h at s o rt o f a m an

k a i s ( ). he

' A r e wa no zZ i o desu H e i s a m an o f t s y h t . hi

o s rt .

‘ S o z s n - - ( y ze o n a o r s o no y o na ; no yu z no nna o r

’ no no - o - na do u z do nna o r - - y ; y ao no yo na . )

Do r e.

“ Do r e i s u s ed i n co nvers atio n as an ex “ ” ” l etive e u iva ent t o wel l “ o p , q l ; th an r “ ” n o w.

D o r e o ts u atte W e I s a m a e , hit y ll, h ll k a

m as . o al en . h tri , th

D o r e ae a o W e m s . I mu s o , k ri h ll, t g

ho m e.

or e hi to ts u i tte W e en I s l D , ll, th h al

mas o . o and s ee o h g n w.

Do mo .

“ D3 mo means i ndeed o r ” r o b il it p ab y . ( 1 50 )

m o - s e s am a de Mu o b Do o wa ch liged to yo u ,

d s hita i n eed.

Do mo o - ki - no - do ku s a I am ve s o r i n ry ry,

ma des u né o r no . deed ( ) .

Do m o ano hito n i wa I am mu ch tro u bled

m m s bo ko ari a u . a u t (o r with)

Do m o kire l - na h ana de W h at a beau tifu l

s u ko to ﬂo wer it i s l

Do m o N ih o n- ji n wa ri T he Japanes e peo ple

ko d s u ar e c e i s e . lev r ( n o I far as kno w) .

Do m o N ih o n- go wa yo T h e Japanes e l an

~ h o do m u ts u k as hn de gu age is ver y . d ifl i

5 cu i n s o far as I 11 . lt (

h ave ex peri enced).

Do m o wataku s hi ni wa I can h ardly u nder »

s nd wakari m as e n . t a it.

Do s hi t e m o .

D6shi te mo o r do shi mashi te mo ” means b a n means i n an wa o r an y y , y y, y f ” zo w.

ak s hi I an b no m eans Do s nite m o wat u c , y ,

i a a m s e a e i t o u t. u wa w k ri a n. m k

( 1 62 )

Do na su r u to wataku s hi I fee l pai n at the ends

wa yu bi no s aki ga o f my ﬁngers o c

m m a u cas i o nal l . ita i s . y

D o na s u r u to i ns atsu no T here ar e m i s prints

m r o me m es . achigai ga a i mas u . s ti

Do na s u r u l o hi ga I t m ay happen to

attatte i te am e ga fu rain while the s u n

u r nes . r ko to ga a i mas u . s hi

Do na s u r u to deki m a I t o u gh t to be m ade

u no desu a do mo i me s g , n s o way o r

’ s o no o o a wa a o e bu t we do n h h g k ri th r, t

m e h o o m a e as n. kno w w t k

i t '

: o

“ H o do .

H o do i s an adverbi al po s tpo s iti o n whi ch deno tes

I n a o x imal e s u m o r u anti t e u ( ) A ppr q y, q i ” ” o r r valent to b en d oana i .

Mo jﬁ - go mai ru I zo do W e h ave walked abo u t

r m ad nu r ai o oanar i ) aru 1 5 iles alre y .

k i mas hita.

N ani (o r do re) no do aru I s h all n o t me tired I l ki mas hit e mo ku l abi ho wever far wa k.

[0 mas en. ( 1 63 )

- ho r wa a o r A s an wa s an s kwan M . A s way f

n z o r s o do ( nu m i oana abo u t 3 week .

r u su de h t i ) r s i a.

A s u k o n i im a nan H o w m any pers o ns

i ku ) nin I zo do ( z nu r ai ar e there no w

o r banar i) o r i mas u

k a.

H aku - o ﬁ ni n no do T e e are so me 0 y g j h r 1 5 .

nu r a i o r oanar i ) o r i

m asu .

N iku wa nani ( z : do re o r H o w mu ch m eat do

i ka no do o - i r i o des u wan s i r ) y yo u t , k ( a).

S o d es u . o ki n no do W e s a o u nds g ll , y 5 p ,

nu r a i o r banar i u da ) k will do . i s a .

Wnen r o ceeded 5/ an i nfer r o a/i ve ter m ( p 1 g , it m eans no w mu cn no w m a ny

T ne de r ee o u al i and u ant t c m ( II) g f q fy q i y , o

ar ed wit/z o p s o me tner s .

H o do i s u s ed fo r

( a ) A no hito no do T h ere is no ne s o beau

nu r ai t er- na ful a s he o r she ) ki ti ( ). i hito wa na . ( x 64 )

K yo iku no do N o thi ng i s s o i mpo rt

nnr a tais etsu - na a a d i) nt s e u cati o n.

m o no wa ar i m a,

S C I ] .

’ A s an l zo ao ( z nu N o o ne likes mu s ic s o

m i) o ngaku no mu ch as

u - n s ki a hito wa do es .

ar i m as en.

( b ) U me wa s aku ra T he pl u m i s no t s o

’ no ao (nnz r a i) beau tifu l as the

ki r e i de wa ar i che rry.

11 1 21 86 11 .

G s aka wa T o kyo G s aka i s no t s o l arge

o nnr ai as T o o no d ) ky .

hi ro k u wa ar i

m as en .

O mo tta ( z o m o i I t i s no t so bu s tl i ng

m as a no do ni e e as was s u hit ) th r , p

i a d e 'a ar i o s e g yak w p d .

m s en a .

’ O - i r i yo na Izo ao ( T ake as mu ch as yo u

d ne o - m h r l e a ) o e p ase .

nas a i .

W atak u s hi wa ano I h ave no t s o mu ch as

( 1 66 )

’ H ayaker eéa bayai ko ao T he qu icker the bet

o i r y . te .

ker eba ai bo a/a o o e m O y r T h o re the better.

s hii .

A ws no o wa. to s o o hit hi w T he o lder he gr ,

to reéa to u l zo do o bu the m ea , r j o re h lthy

u i na mas u ri . he beco mes .

’ u ﬁa K ikeba kik ao fu s hi T he fu rther i t i s to ld,

- the mo e u ee the gi na h anas hi des u . r q r

be o mes s to ry c .

( S ee o n ( l ake pp.

S peci al u s e:

N o chi bo do z by and by ; s aki bo do = a while ’ N aru ﬁado = I s ee o ﬁaaa : ago ( as o f ti me) . ; y

a go o d deal .

m e o t al l bu t a o o d Mi nna de wa ar i as n N , g

' ga yo bo d o deki agari d eal has been co m

l etcd. mas hit a. p

' ' a u rzo ao I s ee . N r .

0 z

T o k o r o .

T o ko r o means 8

ce ( 1 ) P l a . ( 1 57 )

K o ko wa nan to yﬁ to W hat i s thi s place

éo r o des u ka ca ed ( ) . ll

K o ko ga ichiban o mo T his is the m o s t i n

s teres ti n a . hiro i t o ko r o des u . g p rt

N iho n de ic hiban yﬁ . Where i s the mo s t

mei - na to ko r o wa do k o no ted place i n

des u (ka) . Japan

I ' ” ( I ) B ay a z o ccas i o n o r cas e).

O - iso gas hi i to ko r o wo o E x cu s e m e fo r i nter

jama wo i tas hi m as hi r apti ng y o u when

t o u ar e s bu a. y o sy.

Cho do yo i {o é o r o u i 0 Y o u h ave co m e j u s t i n

i a o o d me . ide d es h t . g ti

I ma kippu W 0 kau l o éo I am j u s t go ing to bu y

r o des u . the e no tick t ( w) . i m a s hu ppats u su ru to I am j u s t abo u t to

a no w . kar a des u . s t rt ( )

A s an wa i m a a to ko r . A has u s a i ed kit M j t rr v .

r o desu .

I ma kippu wo katta to . I h ave j u s t bo u ght the d a es u t et no w . kar . ick ( )

T o ko r o ga.

“ ” T o ko r o ga m eans y et ; t 1 68

T o kar o a i s s ai 56 d e Y et it i s n o t s o i t. g , j ,

wa ar i m as en . fact

Y o ku m ita ( s mi m as hi A fter l o o ki ng carefu l

t a t o é o r o a chi atte l I ave fo u nd it ) g g y, h

o r i m i a m s a e as s . hita. i t k

Yo nda z o bi mas a T o u o u ca hi m ( y hit ) h gh y ll ,

to ko r o a ki ma u he w no t co m e g , s ill

m ai . here.

—3 0 :

” W ak e.

“ (I ) W ake means mea n i ng o r r ea ” u m .

’ Watak u s hi ni wa s u k o I can t u nders t and

s hi m o wake ga waka wh at i s m eant by

r i m as en. i t o r i t , what s he

tter at l l ma ) a .

a u o do 5 ﬁ I N r h 6 y wake s ee. T h at i s the

d u a s es k . rea o n why ?

’ 56 ﬁ wake na a s a I f be s o can y r , hik it , it t be

e d r f ta ga ar i mas en. h l pe o I yo u ( ‘ l

are right i n s aying

th at).

h wake a H e i s a m an w o u A no im wa. g ith t

r n i e u the o we t re a waka a ai h tq d s . p r q ; ' .

so t n r i g .

T s u ki ’ hi no tats u no wa T he pas s ing o f time i s

ba ai mo no des u a d. y . r pi

A no h o ni ai tai mo no I des e to s ee him o r it ir ,

' d a d u I o e a I ma es ). h p th t y

meet hi m .

So re wa ko matta I t m akes m e great m b ko mari as hita) mo tro u l e.

n o des u .

H i to no waru - ku chi wo O ne s ho u ld no t speak

ﬁ mo n de w ari i l l o f o e y o a th rs .

mas en. P A RT I I .

GRA MMA T I CA L PRI NCI PLE S A N D PRA CT I CA L U S E S O F S O ME PRI NCI PA L PA RT S O F E E S P CH .

— “ I . T he Li s t o f Pr o no u ns .

E R S O N A R O N O U N . 1 . P L P S

1 s t P ax t o n .

' i W t ku h r W atak u s h . a a s i l o ckt o m o r do mo .

W atas hi W atas hi .

T emae. T e mae

n i bu n ( J ibu . j s d ( s eldo m u e . )

B O k B o u u e k n n n 0

s e a u d am (e p ci lly s e o ng s tudents . )

2 n d P er s o n.

A na a. A nata al r k r t g a o l o c t o m . W Co m ‘ ” A o g 11 1 O mae. 0 33 n n ”

u sed to inf ( e ri o rs . ) ( 1 72 )

Mar . en m i d. K . K i m azq o r Zach o r m . g i i - g j

es ec a u s d mo n p i lly e a ng s tu d e ts . )

A no i o . A no h to h t i J ac/I z.

' .

a A no a a. 1 a a r l r e k t A 1 0 . k t o ga a s e ectfu l g p . o - k - A g A no o ata fo m s . m o ata. k , , r o

C A s u . u it A its m . ( an ex pres

s n f o n em s ed f f io o c t u o n e o s . pt ,‘ i ri r )

I n o r mi n t/ze bl o m ] s o u d a wa s be r e f g [ o , it h l l y “ membered that g afa i s a r especff u l f o r m and

‘ co ns equ ently i s u s ed to s u perio rs i n the z u d per

o r o f s u o s i n t he rd e s o n w e s o n peri r 3 p r , hil

' ' i s s ed o o r zn er zo r s o r am o n s t m u t of f , g u

I O N O U R A N D I . T I TLE S O F H

RE S P E CT .

H eika.

Den a. I . . k H . H

u o r Y o u r E x cel enc . K akka. Y o u r H o no r l y

‘ r N o b es . T O H O S T I U L U s ed 0 5Fe u dal L o rds o l

- G o zen . to n

o r o f th e m as te o f a Danna. c hi eﬂy to r

family .

( 1 74 ) the di s tance fro m the S peaker o r the p ers o n

S p o ken to .

: o ' z . s . t g 6 c g n £ e n i r a ' 2 z f 7 D T ( 1 75 )

I E R R A I N s N T O G T VE P RC O U N .

Dare generally u s ed i n co n

vers atio n .

ene a l u s ed i n w T are. g r l y rit

n i g.

p o lite fo rm 0 1 ” D are .

i ts u fo m ex es s n ( o n Do . r pr i g m t e pt .

N an i .

Do ko .

res pectfu l fo rm o i ” DO kO ' / Of f aces .

I dzu k o seldo m u s ed i n co nver s a o n bu t ene a ti , g r lly r I dzu e in writing.

1 — 1 . A djecti ves .

I C A S S I I CA I O N o r A E CT I E S . Q . L F T DJ V

T he Q u alifyi ng A djec ti ves fo rm the A djecti ves

o e and r e d vided n o two as s es I pr p r, a i i t cl , ( ) ( 1 7-5 )

m s i ple and ( 2) c o mpo u nd ; each o f which i s s u b d v de d n o two o u s acco d n to the end n i i i t gr p r i g i g,

’ ' ‘ ‘ ' Vi z . arzj eezi o es en d u g i n i o i and Mo re ” en d n i i g n na.

O mo - i i - eav ( n h y.

K a u - i n éi : r ( ) light .

T a a - i o h k ( ) high .

ku - i i : l w Hi ( k ) o .

K c - na beau t fu ir i i l.

- hicl zu k a r . u e S na q i t.

i - n S h nse ts u na ki d .

da - 0 yaka na calm .

Co m po u nd.

do - - z Men ku s a i r u bl s o m . ( u éi ) t o e e

T s u m ar a- na- i t = o e (J e) w rthl s s .

’ N u - - u i z a u l ik ras hi i ( t ) h tef .

B a < a- as - i - t i z s el es s a u l r hi ( , ) U bs rd .

n s - s o - n : s ad o o n K a a hi a l ki g.

‘ - - : l I ji waru na i l natu red .

K i - m a -n o = i m ati n ijik p e t.

- - ; ab K awai s b n a piti le .

” i t u h i s u s ed c h ie ﬂy i n writing

( 1 73 )

' ' ’ I I Ve a e / e e d r i r o e é . ( ) r b l A ny c zv s - ved f m v r s T h es e ar e u s ed as s u ch with o u t any chan ge o r

e u n an o n u n ve wo ds t o b r q iri g y c j cti r e added.

a I n the r es enf t e e ) p ns .

K anashim u am o m e z A wee n ido y pi g w w.

s i i n z z n n o H a h m u A ru n i g d g .

K u u hi t o z T he m an who i s com n r i g.

A me no fu u hi z A a n da r r i y y.

I s fe e ( b ) n thepa t ns .

K es a kita hito : _- T he m an wh o cam e this

m o rni ng. — s in atta a a a T he o s o e U h t k r l t pr p rty.

Y abu r eta k amik i r e z T o r n pi eces o f pape r

z o a c K o war eta t o k e i A br ken w t h .

I N F E XI CN o r A E C I E S . ai l . L DJ T V

(I ) W hen us ed I n a pr edi cate as a co mp/e.

ment .

A ecti es endi n i n m no s o u nd a ) dj v g , ar e u s e d wi tnou t 3‘

' i - : . S /zi ns ets u n a hit o A ki nd m an.

' : A no hit o wa s /zi n s ets u des u . H e i s ki nd .

' S /zi dzu nt z- n a to ko r o ga s uki desu z l l ik ea

qu i e t place . ( 1 79 )

' ' K o ko wa t ai hen snidzu na des u : : I t xs very

u e e q i t h er .

“ ” ( b ) A dj ecti ves en ding i n tbc i o r ki s o u nd ar e u s ed witno u t any cnange i n th e ir fo rm .

’ ‘ K o re wa ats u - i ho n des u : l hi s i s a thick

bo o k .

K o no ho n wa ats u - i des u z T hi s bo o k i s

’ S amu - i tenki wa kirai des u = I do n t like

o d ea e c l w th r .

K y?) wa t aihen s amu - i desu z l t i s very co ld

o - a t d y .

( I I ) M en a s en ten ce witﬁ a pr edicate ad

ecti ve lzas a n o tnc r r edi cate o r is co nn ected wit/z j , p

a n o t/zer i n depen den t s enten ce.

( a ) 7 7x pr edicate a dj ecti ve endi ng zn tne “ ” “ ” “ ” i o r t i s a es I ns ead o f o u nd , t k ku t 7, O r £ 21

u u wa atat a a- nu n a s u wa s u dzu s hi - nu F y k , t , — b s s o _T a i s e n i wa go ku tekit6 des u . h t

we s u ed fo r a v a as i s wa m i n ll it ill , it r

w n d mm i ter an co o l i n su er .

K a as u wa u o - n s a wa s o - nu o za r k r u , gi hir g i

m as u : A i a and an e e i s . cro w s bl ck gr t

white .

K o no t s u tsu m i wa o m o - éu te ( ar i m as hite)

‘ mo e m : T i a a e be ve t as en . h s b gg g ing ry

’ eav I o d u . h y , can t h l it p ( 1 30 )

( b ) Yne pr edi ca te aaj ecti vc endi ng i n ti e ” ” no a es i ns e ad o f na. , t k de t

'' K m n a c c o o ki an i o o w kir i d , k k ro wa t c) ge

z ai mas u . : H i s d es s i s ﬁne bu t hi s ea r , h rt

i s u gly.

o d ns A s an wa t m o achi ni wa s hi ets u de,

k = r . t eki mi wa z an o ku na hito desu . M A

i s a m an nd to hi s f ends and u e t o , ki ri cr l

i nem e h s e i s .

K o no ki wa ana mo k i ei e mi m o u ma h r d , i

-T he ﬂo wer o f thi s plant i s beau ti

o o fu l and i ts fru it i s n ice t .

” I t s o u ds éetter t o u s e o za i mas u Man to n g , u s e des u wi t/i r edi cate ad ecti ves endi n i n , p j g ” ” ” d ” i s u bs u n fo i . n an an , tit ti g u r o ” s o u nd n o i n eu and u u s o u nd n i g , i g n u .

1 mo i es u 01 1 5 o z i s u . O d . g a ma

T a nai T ako

’ fi zku i fl int?

’

. S am z i as u . Samu s /ci i des u . u s nu g o a m

I . A E C I A O Q I I DJ T V L N U N .

T he A dj ec tival no u n i s fo rmed by i nﬂecti ng an ad ec ve j ti .

( 1 8 2 )

W o o t hen i s added t o a a ective r . $3, j it

beco m es an a és tr act n o u n and w en o r , h mi

i s added beco m es a co mmo n no u n ge , it .

I V CO M A RI S O N O F DE G RE E . 5 . P

' I h e d egrees o f qu an tity o r qu alit y can no t be

x es s ed b a m o d ca o n o f ad ec ves bu t b e pr y iﬁ ti j ti , y add ing t o an adj ective differen t adverbs ex pr es s

i ng differen t degrees o f co m paris o n .

( I ) A dverbs ex pres s ing th e Co mparative — D egree z rno ; m o tto ; i s s o ; m ada .

( 2 ) A dverbs ex pres s ing the Su perlative / D egree i c/ziéa n m o to m o .

s i ti ve Co m ar ati ve. P o . p

- o to ki r ei - na c i i - K irc i na m t i /zi éa n k r e na.

ea fu m e beau fu m o s eau fu (b u ti l) ( o r ti l) ( t b ti l).

- i na a n N aga mo t/o g i i cniéa nagai .

o n o n e o n (l g) (l g r) (l ges t) . l U ki - i i c/ziéa n (ski - i :

a e ar e a (l rg ) (l g r) (l rges t) .

M o re ex am ples

Sek ai d e i c/ziban er a 1 W ho i s the gr eates ‘

wa d es h o a hito d are . m n o f the wo rld

M5 s u ko s hi k u das ai . G ve m e a e m o e i littl r ,

eas e pl . 111 5 fu tats u m o t te kite Pleas e bring m e t wo

ku d m o e . as ai . r

' M o tto yas u i no we mi Pleas e S ho w me a

s e e k das ai . c ea e o t u h p r ne .

i v o an m o e ﬂl ada ar m as u k a. Ha e y u y r

A l ada tak u san o zai Y es we ave mu c g , h h

a m e. m su . o r

‘ ’ o k S re wa is s o kek c) T hat s better .

des u .

So re yo ri k o no ho ga T hi s 1 5 rather ﬁne r

mada ki i de an a . r e s u . th th t

W en i n co m a n o ne n w ano e h , p ri g thi g ith th r, “ the co n u nc o n o r i mo i s u s ed tbe adver bs j ti y ( ) , ex r ess i n de r ees n ee t t p g g d no o be pu t i n .

Fo r ex amples

i s A s an wa B s an y o n Mr . A taller than

/ o o t o a a M B . (m ) ( m ) t k i r .

d esu .

‘ Wat aku s hi no k o gatana My kni fe i s s harpe r

wa ana a no o r i mo t o u t y ( ) han y rs.

m o tt o ) y o ku ki t e

m asu .

“ K o no i nu no he ga ano i b i s do g ru ns fas t er

i nu o r i m o an a y ( ) (mo tto ) th th t o ne .

ha aku b as m as y hiri u . ( 1 84 )

- I I I . A dver bs .

o d e bs d e ed f o m ad ectives b M s t a v r ar e riv r j , y “ ” ” ” ” an n to and na to . ch gi g i k u , u i

A a ecti ves . A dver bs j .

~ T a a i ama T a - bu o bu . k y . ka t

n ﬂ . (a high m o u t ain . ) ( to y high )

- - m A k a nu nu u . A ka i ka i . r

d a e to a n r ed . ( re p p r . ) ( p i t )

- - T s u o u u s u . T s u yo i hito . y b t

(a s tro ng m an . ) (to s trike h ard . )

- dzu k - a m S hidzu k a na t o ko ro . S hi a n i yu u .

a u e ace . to wal k u 1 etl . a ( q i t pl ) ( ,q y )

- - hins e s u n i o r ats u kau . S hi ns ets u n a hit o . S t t i

to ea nd . ( a ki nd man . ) ( tr t ki ly )

- - K i re i na h ana K irci n i s o r o er u .

a beau fu ﬂo we to a an e beau fu . ( ( ti l r .)( rr g ti lly )

A dver bs .

s u ts u s himu . T s u tsu s hi n e o m T d y u .

o e es ec fu r to ad w es e (t b r p t l o ( re ith r p ct . )

tho u ghtfu l . )

k . Y o r o o bu Y o r o ko nde kaku .

ad d e ( to be gl o r elight (to write with d light . ) d e . )

s ee fo r the au x a s ili rie .

A r u i zo a.

M ata o r ata m wa .

H ata o r l zata U s ed chieﬂy

writings .

M o s b U s ed c e bi u wa. hi ﬂy

i s wr ting .

N ao .

o - e S o no - u e r Wo [ O w ake- n i

2 T o s e d no t n co ntr adi cti o n e u va en ( ) h e i g , q i l t ” to bu t bo ar/ever .

l il o /to mo ; ber edo mo ; sbibar edo mo ;

' s /zibas bi nagar a ; sbzbar u n i ; s o r eda ; to bo r o

S bibar edo mo and s ar edo ar e u s ed

chieﬂy i n wr i ti ng .

(3) T h o s e d eno ting the r el ati o n of cau se and

S o r e y u e ( ni ) o r Y ue ni . * Tner qfo r e K a r u ga y u e u i .

s u da ar S o r e de ( ) k a.

i' S bil f ar abaﬁ

S o nnar a .

' S o r e de v a .

D e wa .

T hes e wo rds ar e u s ed i n writi ng pri nci pal ly. “ [( o /eo ni o ito .

* b a a te S i t g t .

D a kar a .

[ n o r di n ar co nver s ati o n bo wever tbc co n a ne y , , j ti ve po s tpo s iti o ns a r e gener al ly u s ed i ns tead cf t be genu i ne co nj u ncti o n s .

“ ” A me a fu m as u a u m as i n g ri g , y ki ho

' s e ad O f A m e a fu m as u s / nbasbi t g ri , ” m as yu ki ho . “ A m e a fu m as a bar d u k m as en g ri hit , i . y ” des hit a i ns t ead o f A m e ga furi m a ' ” s hi t a o r e s u c i u de i a. , y n y ki mas en sh t

' - Y i TY er bs .

I CO N U G A I O N S O F V E RB S . Q . J T

o d T he co nj u gati o ns o f verbs ar e regu l at ed acc r . i ng t o the o rder o f the 50 s o u nds O f the alph a'

bet . (S ee pp .

E ac b co n s s s o f a o o and an end n h ver i t r t i g,

d i s o n u a ed b c an n the end n o r the an c j g t y h gi g i g,

as A nd e e ar e s i vo wel o f the l t syll abl e . th r x

fo r m s whi ch each verb t akes by co nju gati o n.

- 111 he se wo rds ar e u s ed in writing pri nc ipally

I n o d n a o nve s a o n a ed ca e ve b i n r i ry c r ti , pr i t r an independen t s en tence t ake s th e S eco n d Fo r m

o r the Co nti nu i n Fo r m fo o we d b an au x g , ll y i ” l i ar m as u . A nd the m o o d ens e vo ce and y , t , i negative fo rm ar e ex pres s ed by the co nju gati o n

o f e a a th u x ili ry .

I T H E U S E F L I A R I E S A N D O S T aI . O M I P

PO S I T I O N S W I T H E A C H FO RM O F A V E RB . Practical ex ani pl es

” nai n ne ati ve to the Fi rs t F , ( g ) o r m. ” ” ” ” masu nasa n a a a a , i , g r , g ke, ” o to the S eco nd Fo r y , nj m .

” k amo s hi r e m as en z n a t o n ar aba ( i), , ﬂ “ ” “ ” “ ” ” ” ” a k a n a no n i no ni m g , , ri , , , , i ” ” ” ” ” ” wa o a a s hi s , y ri, k r , , giri , hik a, “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” t s u ide u a o ta e , k r i, t ri, k , “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ba a s ae o o m o . k ri , , y , ho d ,

” “ ” ” “ ' ’ no t o o o wa e t o m o o th , k r , k , t e f ﬁzm

a ba. to the Fou r tﬁ E mu .

' m t Tﬁe Fzf t/z far m eans I mper a i ve.

' Tl ze S zx z/z Fo r m means Fu tu r e.

“ ” “ ” ” u e m o a “ i tadaki k r , r i, , “ ” ” “ ” “ ” ts u k awashi a e a s as a e , g , y ri , hi g , “ ” “ ” “ “ ik e da a a o ” ri, k r , y ri , ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ de m o t e m o dat a a a to the , , , t r ‘ e f r the o n u nc ve i n A u x Co nju nctzz/e. (S e o c j ti i

wo . . . a o c m e G 4 « . w H o k e p o 3 6 . E Q x o . 4 e d a a . 3 fi d n e v a d 5 8 a s n c c fi N fl 3 N C d

y d

. . a { e k k

( 242 )

1 . V O I C a1 1 E .

(I ) T/1 8 P as s i ve Vo i ce i s fo rmed by ch anging “ t he s u ﬂi x o f a ve b 1 u n o ar em o r r , ( ) i t ” “ ” ar e mas u 2 s u r u n o r e , ( ) i t — ” ' : e m o r s a ( s r cz)r e mas u . ( 3) K m u i n th e ﬁfth co nju gati o n will be ch anged i n t o ” ko r czr er u o r é o r a r e ma su .

u ri c.

yo mu .

o shi er u .

k o k o r o mi r u

k er zc. kick .

s u r u .

k o eki g s u m .

1 mm .

P as s i ve.

to e so d . u rar e b l r u .

re ad .

au . o s hiem r r t ght e u .

ex am ned k o l co r o mi 9, i r ar er zc.

ed . k n kick er ar er zc.

do ne. sa sem r er 3, ( ) u .

a ac ed . ko e 9, tt k g k i

cam e .

“ ” T he verbs i n the ﬁn li ne which end i n " ” u s o u nd a es war em o , t k r ware mam ( 243 )

“ ” i nst ead o f a rcm o r a r e mas u i n pass iw

fo r m. A s i

A cti ve.

hi n t k c 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 ﬁ o o o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a e . O O C k i O O O O O Q r aﬁ . h t ' C Q Q O O

to be s aved. s u ku ro czr er u .

o u th ght . o m o zvar cr u .

s al d o e e e o o o o o o u zo ar o e e e e o o o o o o o y er u ,

' ° N o o o o u o o o e s o o e t o u i wa r em .

hatc d

Mo re ex am ples

P as s i ve.

K az e ga ko no iye W 0 K o no iye wa k aze u i

f u éi - l azvo s /ci m as hi f u éi - tawo s ar e m as hi

ta. t a.

T his o u s e was b o wn (T he wind blew this ( h l

d o wn b the w nd. ho u s e do wn. ) y i )

Minna ga anat awo wo A nata wa m inna u i ' 7 vﬂ

r au desho . r awa r en c d es ho .

(T hey will l au gh at (Y o u will be lau ghed at

em yo u ) by th . ) Dare ga anat a no i nu A nat a no i nu wa dare

“ wo éo r o sﬁi m as ta u i éo r o s o r e m as a hi hit .

k . k a ( a) ( ).

( W ho killed n y o u r ( By who m was yo u r

do g d o g killed P )

‘ Dare ga A s an wo s u A s a 1 wa d are mi su l fu

“ m s a m a éu i a hit a w r cz s hit a (k a) .

W ho s a ed Mr A ? B w o m was M r . ( v . ) ( y h A

s aved P )

I I ) T he very s ame fo rm m a be u s ed i n a ( y , po l i te ex pr ess i o n i n Me acti ve vo i ce o f bo th tran t i ti d n ns v bs s ve an i tra iti e ver .

s an ii i ts u M r . A ca ed . o n A ga s ak j ,éo . ll m e

ar s k m as a. e e da r e ( i ) hit y st r y.

A no o wa s aku nen H e d ed as e hit i l t y ar .

s /zi n czr e

m as a hit .

A nata no o to ts an : wa W hen will yo u r father

it s a eczer czr e ( x - kaer i ) co me back

’ ' s an wa o no i e . vvo I ea d A k y h r th at M r . A has

o -i c n en de l e a u 'cz bo u s u s e g y ght thi . h o

Wet}; ( r i d /ta ) 86 d e

( 246 )

l uatl aj ﬁpk

“al xl l é f o ( eh e o o e o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o e o i l z‘

k awar er u . u can b y . e ka r a .

s trike.

u ter u .

no m ar er u . 1 d ri nx .

no me: u .

wal k .

ar u ker u .

hanas a r em .

hanas em .

0 m o h ii r a r m . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c e

0 o r i r ar er u .

u ker a r er u .

t ater ar er zc.

. a r 0 hattats u s o ( s er ) er u

C O O O O O Q O O O Q O

Mo re ex amples

’ W ataku shi ni wa o bo e I can t remembe r

r ar e mas en.

a a wa t ake Y o o u A n t ni u c ld wri te i t .

o M o r e) mas h . ’ ’ u s hi a k c) wa ca W atak w y I n t go to d ay.

y u éar e ( z y u ée) ma

s en .

’ o e wa l za as a e el tha S r n r I can t t l t.

banas m as en e) .

I V I n the a anes e an u a e e e i s a ( ) J p l g g , th r speci a l f o r m o f the ve rb which i s u s ed to ex pres s ” ” the s am e idea as the verb to l et o r to make

n i n E glis h .

( I ) T l ze f o r matio n of tire acti ve vo i ce of a ver b i n z/zi s f o r m i s m ade as fo llo ws

a . C an n the s u ffi x i t so u nd i n o as er u h gi g , t ” ” o r ase ma su bu t the ve bs i n the I za , r

ne w c end i n s o u nd a e was e li hi h i t , t k r u o r was e mas u i ns tead o f as er u ” o r as e mas u .

6. Changing i r u i n to is as er u o r i sas e ” ma su .

n n o e es as e c. Changi g er u i t s as er u o r ” vi as u .

“ C an n s u r u n o s asem o r s ase d. h gi g i t

an n the ve b r n o ,é o e. Ch gi g r ka a i t ” s o ser a o r ,éo s a s e mas u .

( 2) i ze f o r mati o n of til e pa ssi ve vo ice of a ” ver b i n t/zi s o r m i s made b a n n m the f y ch gi g , - as s ab e o f t e a ve vo e o f s fo m n o l t yll l h cti i c thi r , i t " r ar er u o r r ar e mas u . A s

P A RT I I I . — CH A P T E R L J A PA NE S E E N D E NGLI S H

I . ~ g S Bcho (E ar l y Mo r ni ng »)

A . O a 6 o za m as u . A . o o d m o n n Mr . h y g i G r i g,

B .

- Y o a . o a M r . 8 . o a o B o d m o n n , h y g z i G r i g, O

mas u . K es a wa A . I t s ee m s to be

daibu o - att aka no pretty warm this

d u n . m yo es é o rning.

H ai aki ni s am u s a A . Y es the co d h as A . , , l

ga yu r u nde ki m a m o d e rat ed a gr eat

M6 dea a e . T he s a. hit , jiki l l t ly

saku ra ga s aki m a cherry blo s s o ms

11 w be o u t ve $ 6. ill ry

s o o n .

k o s i ku mo tte k i I t i s e n c o u d 8 . S u h g tti g l y

m as hit a.

- - m a s hi a a m ade A . I t was u e c ea a A . I g t q it l r

bare te o r i mas hi little while ago .

ta ga. B. es s o o B Y t e we a e i 86 d u t u m k . es h s , i , th r

no - go ro wa t e nki very ch ang eable

ga k awar i yas ﬁ go at this s eas o n o f

a i l ] h ea . zel ma . t e y r

A . Ma a ame des u ka . I t w a n a a n t A ill r i g i ,

I fear .

B . Do ka fu r as etaku B . B u t I o e i t w h p , ill

nai m o d s a. no n e u g t .

- A . T o i ni ana a as a A . B the wa a k , t y y, h ve

go - han wa m o 0 y o u h ad bre akfas t

a s u mi d esu k a. lr eady

B. H ai itadak i ma B . O h es I ave . I , y , h ;

i W a aku fas s h ta. t generally break t

sh i wa. tai ai s hi at o r e eabo u . g 7 , th r t

chi o ji zengo mi Have yo u n o t

as a- han as a breakfas ted yet ?

mes hi) wo tabe

mas u . A nata wa

m ada desu k a.

H i k . a sa u ban s ho A . N o I s e A , , l pt late

8 11 6 o - fu k as hi wo s m o n n b y thi r i g. e

s a tame n i ke au s e I wen o hit , c t t bed

53. wa as ane wo ve l ate l as t n ry ight ,

it as hi mas hit e and I h ave no t

mada mes him ae b a fas d r e k te yet .

des u . ( 252 )

‘

’ F an a nan i o B ; W a im e do o u B . u d w j g h t t y

' a r o o - o k i m nan ge t u p as a ru le ?

k m asu ( a) .

W e I am net an A . 86 d es u né am a A . , ri ll,

“ “ ’ a a o k i no he ea r s e bu t I h y rly i r,

d e wa ar i m as en u s u ally ge t {1 15 be

“ ' ' ' ’ a m azu r o ku i tween b and o g , ﬂ 7

- kara s hichi ji no clo ck .

d d su ai a e .

’

o ed atak u B he m ~ l i l B . S r ewa w . T n a a tt e , , I

' " s hi no he gas u e arli e r than yo u

' ‘ o s a a- o k i ar e fo r I et u k hi h y , g p i des u at ak u s h i r e u l arl ‘ befo r e 6 , w g y

- ev m o n n wa its u mo ro k u ji ery r i g.

m ae n i kitt o o ki

1 1 1 3 511 .

Y abu n wa nan : A . W a me do o A . ) h t ti y u

o o o - as u m i n a o o bed en g r y g t , th

s ai m as u (ka).

’ - d es e a 1 o l o cli B . u ts ﬁ ﬁ i u . B W t 0 c F j j . ll,

as a u e r l .

~ o e i u e Y o fu kashi wa do A . T b a at A . p l t

’ ' K i s bad fo k u des u né. e night r

s a wa at ama ga t he h e alth} I feel

bpnyar i s hite o r i d u ll this mo rni ng.

m as u .

( 2 54 )

- W t/ i i o c/zﬁ . H ai o taku de a i r . Y es he s s r . j , , , W o z a m as u . Do ho o u ea g i n o y , pl

nata d e i rass hai s e

m as k u a.

I f W atak u s hi a V I a m eas e . w . Pl

C o ~ m I an t o des u ga. h t tell hi w t

to o - m e u i kakari se e h im fo r a m o

ta o u u d m e i t y tte k a n t .

s ai .

i e K as hiko m ar m as DV. a . j . hi Ce r t i nly Pl as e

- m a m es a o w m en . t a. Sh h ait a o t

chi ku d as ai .

- K o u o a a a o de IV . A en l e m n o f j . y k t g i g t a

i na i m as te s name h n r hi , thi as

ch o tto o ~m e u i k a co m e and want s to

- a t ai to o s s hai s ee o u s i r . k ri y ,

mas u .

' - n K a u ma u i M as ter . L ead hi m t o S /mj z . y k

o —anna mo s e o the a o o f g i , r p rl r ;

s m o w him n o the O to hi o s e . Sh i t

n o o d rawi g r m .

20 hi a o PV eas e s te i n s D6 ko c r n i . P l p thi

i d i T a o o m s i r . T he ha r i ku as a . r ,

d a i m a jiki o - m c m as ter will see yo u

ni kakari m as u . at o nce . ( 2 55 )

~ ~ M I am ver ad to . M5 o e wa o m e S . k r y gl

s ee . dzu r ashi i . Y o ku yo u Y o u ar e

a u e a s an i r as shai m as hit . q it tr g

His as hi - ku o - m e e r ! I h ave no t

ai kakari mas en s een yo u fo r a

des hi a é o n w e . t n . l g hil

- K . G o k i en ha. V. H o w do o u do s i r ? g yo . C y ,

d o go - z ait aku no I am delighte d to m t o ko ro de ii am ﬁnd yo u at h o e .

bai des hit a

S I ts u T n o W e n d id o u co m e o kyo i ide M . h y

d u o T P es hi ta. p t o kyo

K . Zens hfi o I came t o T o o the no d yo bi V. ky

m m i as a u da . a ri m as hit a. l t S t r y

5. . K o ndo s m H o w o n w o u wa i t u a M . l g ill y

de go - tai zai desu s tay this time

ka.

K S o d es u né a VI W e I n end t o , ikk ll, i t

gets u h o do o r u s tay abo u t a

ts u m o i d es u o n . r . m th

O - ado w d i W e e are o u ta S . y a o ch r a M h r y s y

de s u k a i . ng no w

I f . T adaima wa K an I am no n a V. w s tayi g t

d a ni o r i m as u K and m a, bu t I a

a m o n chi S i o n o g , y h g i g t re mo ve to ha no he e o s u ba t - m o o y k Shi , o rr w.

ts u mo r i d es u .

->e -x

” .

' ‘ ' ‘ o - o m a n a W I nk K . M6 V. e I , it i it ll, thi ,

s hi m as o . mu o h s t g .

’ M§ o i des h6 u k M D o n b l n S . e u , y , y t h rr y,

r s e as M . V ku r hit ir r .

s h ai .

. A r i atG za m a T an o u B u t K g go i V. h k y .

' ’ s u a o a u i I ve an o e e n g , h k th r

m o o zai m a a em en . y6ji . g g g t

~ - e. . o d b s u kara. G o y

Sayo nara .

' a 6nar a m ata o M o o d - b e co me a S S y , G y ,

u s a n eas e . i de k da ai . g i pl

' N H . S hokai . (T o i ntr o duce

a Fr i end )

' ws to nt o du ce a we o A . I A . T s n g i h i r

M r . T . s ho hal it as hi m a t o yo u Mr .

‘ s an wa T u s e u ned sho . T j t r t r

" f o m A me ca s aku pl s u A m e r ri

' ' r ‘ - teraa . r i ka k ar a o kaeri vés y

' u i n atta to ko ro

- B H ai i chi o i B . N o e I . , d mo ma nev r . B u t

d n b a k aer i m as e . ho p e I s hall e

Rai nen wa zehi abl e to go ho me

C o o ae - taj t o nex ea h tt k ri t y r .

o mo t te o ri mas u .

T . D6 des u A s an T I n we mu s o , . thi k , t g ,

m - A . o o ito m a u i i ta M r .

s hi m a as h6 k .

' '

A . 85 d es u né. C o do A Y es 1 n s o . I t h . , thi k

’ s an des u i u s o c o c ji . s j t 3 l k

no w.

Ma i id Y u k . u s u o so es h . B M o B . o t y g

ku ri o - h anas hi mo s o o n ? I am s o rry

deki m as en d e we h ave no t tim e

hanah ada z annen eno u gh to t alk

dzu r k i n mo . W e I des u . I e re ll ,

s u u k a ai m as u o e to ca o n jit g . h p ll

f o n yo u be o re l g.

an m o a u A . T s t k

‘ ‘ ' I l i tébu n. o r i u s fo r the es en pr t .

mas u a a do zo S o eas e co me to k r , pl

go - ts u go l no y o i s ee u s wh en y o u

o k ' ni d ku d a i n t i O i e ﬁnd i t co nven e t . B . A r i ato o z a ma B . T an o u T he: g g i h k y .

De m s u w su . w t gio ill yo u be a

no do yo - bio no go h o me nex t Satu 1

go wa o - u chi de d ay aft erno o n ?

s o ka.

- A . H ai O l m ade wa A Y es we s a be at , g l . , h ll

u chi ni o r i m as u h o me befo re 5 bu t

a O - i a a o s o we ave an en a e g , g l k r y h g g

ye yu ku yaku s o ku ment to go o u t at 5

’ a ar i m as u . o c o c g l k .

d W e B . A S o es u k a. B . O h es . en y ll, th

o rede ni - i m t S wa j u i I s hall co e a 2 .

u k a ai m as u g .

i i i as hi . A . S ho cl ma A l l i ht ! o t A . r g G o d

' ta. s a 6na a b e . hi s 3 r . y

él 96

T . ki ni A s an i ts u T . B the wa M r . A T o , , y y, ,

k a C s an ni m o wo u ld y o u ki ndly

go ~s h6kai ku da' intro du ce m e t o

s n k . s o m da sai m a e a M r . C e y

' - - l l eas u e ! I . as u o d A W l l A O y i g yc) e . pl r

M b n a u a n o du ce o u s u . yo a t k s h ll i tr y

u i o ide n i naru to him t o - mo rm w

adzu des u a a e ve ni n w e n he h k r , g, h

so no t o k i go -s h ii will co me to see m ka i it as hi m as ho . e. ( 260 )

W . i Mi chi wo T adzu ner u T o ki . (A sking the W ay )

A . C o u k m o a ai m a A . E x cu s e e bu h tt g , t

su ; Shimbas hi y e whi ch way s hall ( I )

de m as u niwa do go to get to Shim

m airi m asu no bas hi ? o r W hich i s

m ~ the a des u ka. o r Shi w y t o Shi m

bas hi ye wa do bas hi

m airi m asu no

des u k a.

B K o no m c i wo B . o s a o b . i h G tr ight n y

m s u u i d a as g n o i e this w y. o r G o

nasai . s a ahe ad tr ight .

T o tts u k i no kado T ake the ﬁrs t tu rning

wo hidari ye o to the l eft .

m agari nas ai .

N iban- m e (o r fu t a T ake the s eco nd

ts u - me) no k ado tu rni ng to the right .

we m igi ye o - ma

gari nas ai .

no wa o e Do es t is o ad ead U ye ye k r A . h r l

‘ wo mairi m as hite to U yeno ?

yo r o s hﬁ go zai

mas u k a.

B . o e wa o no .u r a B I s S r k . ; t i i n the s tr eet he

d d u — o ri cs . hi nd ( thi s bu ild

i n g).

v A . to ii na A . ease te m e y Pl ll , i f

no hi to wa o r i th ere i s a pers o n

mas en k a. called i n

this nei ghbo u r

ho o d .

' - - - B . N i s an cho as aki no B . T wo o r tfhree cho

mu o - a a u i - o a ead o n t e . t r k g w h , h o he

i d . s de o f the ee e des u i s tr t,

o u w l ﬁnd im y il h .

A r i ato o zai m A . T an o I am A . g g a h k y u ,

s u ; m ak o to ni mu ch o bliged to

o - jama wo i t as hi yo u .

ma a s hit .

i V I seki to S ho r ei (Co mfo r t

and E nco u r agement . )

- K no ab wa ma A . I a m werz to A . o t i y

v - m .ko t o u i o ilo imo h ear «o f sthe is

d o ku - na ko to de tfo r tu nc y o u h ave

fl l d. za . ma ate s u s ta ne go i s hit a . y i

- - - W aza waza o mi B . T han o u ve B . k y ry

m ai k u das u tte m u ch fo r co rn ( 263)

m ako to n i ar igato i ng to tco ndo l e with

. m e . t me u i te go za i m as u . 0 I ca q

m i ke - n i o o ne x ed o u o g a a k t g peo t ky, y

de ik animo z an kno w; gn o tnhi ng

nen u i o mo i ma co u ld cau se me

m o e s u . r s o rr o w .

A . a o de o za ma I ndeed ! e S y g i A . I de ply

- s h m . m o to o O s as s y pathize .with

o u . s hi mo s hi mtasu . y

- . o o o d e B N o w I am a l mo s t at B i ma no t k r i .

’ wa do te hitar a o i m w s end ho w , . y y it ,

I ho t o an o m a e o o d m ra p o nd .k i t k g y

. ae . ts u ki ma g g a ,

s e n .

» S hi kas hi am r i s hi A . B u t o u m u s not A . a y t

ts u bo n as u tte wa be t o o m u ch d is

i k e m as n . o u r a ed r . B . e yo c g , M

M ada o - wak ai no A s yo u are y o u ng .

d es u m o no z ha o et o f u i s ( y , y u r ut re

r a , zen o na ana ve l i o efu l til l . ) t k ry , p ﬁ s

ka yﬁbo de wa Do u it y o u thi nk

m as a ar i en k . s o ?

W a s B. t k u s h a i mo ko B . Y e s l m u s t be m o e , . r

k o d e mo hito co u rageo u s i n thi s

f m a u ts u s hi na u as e I t hi nk . B u t p k c ,

e wa na an z e w e n I co m e to t r ( ik h , ( 2 64 )

m as e n) to o mo tte thi nk o ver the m at

o r i m asu a nan ter w c wen s o g , i hi h t

bu n hi d i me mi dead w o n I o ly r g,

ai m as hita k o t o can no t hel p be

wo o mo mas u to co m n u e di s i , i g q it

sh i e n e k c u ed z g n i m o o r ag .

ku jik ete s hi mai m as u .

A I a s o m ik itta A . O h do no t o o k o n . y , , l

m o no dem o ar i the m atter s o bad ly .

anr ai Y u f m asu m ai . G o r ail u re this

ko nkwai no s hip ti me i s o wing to

pai wa ts u mar i u n m i s fo rtu ne after

a war u katta n al l T e e i s no g o . h r

d es u mattak u fau o n o u a t , lt y r p r

m a l l anat a no aya at a .

chi d e wa ar i m a

S CI] mo no .

B . o e ni s e mo B . M a be bu t ro vid S r hit , y , p

u nmei ga amari ence was to o s eve re

ko ku d e s a . u m z an o n e ndeed . hit p , i

W el l m a ave . S o e wa s o a m o A . A r k , it y h

s e m as en a been so . B u t u s hir g , J t

m a am an s e bea and o ve co me g hit , r r

o e n u h a A s i s we s r i c ik ts u it . it ll

no des u . K an s a d T o u di f i , hr gh

dan n i wa a am a b am e t o o u fo r y l y ,

' ‘ ' Clxi mo aan mas ho a ltho u g h cha nged

a bets u - ni hi n i n o u m ans e t g , , y r e , y

kaku rwo o to s u yo u h ave no t lo s t

yo - na ko t o wa ar i in yo u r character. -

mas en kara c hit

to mo had z u r u ko

‘ t o wva m i m as en .

. h hzi ai B u t as a m e o f D S ik as zjis s ikei B . , att r

s o ts u z a s hi ai fac as nes was g pp t , r h s

t e f no m o to des hi a th e .real caus o

o dn o ko iko r i m f and I .y z n y ailu re,

i s ave as t the fu s h m a hi ta. h t edr ll

(bitternes s o f it .

lt Vh e n o u A . i a s o e a aette X y , r g y , th , y

yo i kyo ku n d es hi have le arned a

r i kﬂ o o es o n . I s t a o . Dj Ig g o d l s hall

se iko no ho do wo be very g lad and

u ne ga i mas u . waiti ng to s ee yo r

s u cces s .

' - B I a i ro i ro o s n B . I t an . o u ve y , g hi h k y ry

- - d i s o ts u ni go chu i mu ch fo r y o u r ki n

ya go - s ho re i wo advi ce and en

' . m ko mu r i mas hite co u rage ent .

do mo ar igato go

zai mas h i ta. ' é vI K i sha Ry o ko . (T r avel l i ng by Rai l way )

A . A na a wa o o A re o u o n to t T ky A . y g i g

e o de des u ka T y i . o kyo

D . W atak u shi wa Y o I ) I am o w to Y o ko . g g

‘ o am a e m a am k h y iri h a .

mas u .

A . T s u i no i sh a wa A W n d h nex g k . he o es t e t

i ts u de m u k ai n f r as a. tr leave o

i ’ C . ﬁ i ni de mas u A t ten o . J j . C . clo ck

A . I o n t o s au o A . I wan a s se tt ( i , t ) t ﬁr t (

n o ki u wo c co nd d t c e pp i hi , thir ) i k t .

m ai ku d as ai .

K do mo no ki u A . I w an two a f A . o pp t h l

wo ni - mai k u da ticke ts fo r my

c d en. s ai . hil r

- ku ts u des u ka. C . H o w o l d ar e e P C . O i th y

‘ i h a nd E t o ri wa atts u de A . O ne is e A . i y , g t

i ‘ n mo hi to r i wa to t he o ther i s te .

des u .

W ha t zis the fa e to A Y o ko ham a ma de A . r

1 1 mm des u (k a) .

y ~ - C Five em and s x en ro ku is sen . C . G o y j g i t ( 268 )

A T s u no e s a- o VVha i . gi t i h j A . t s the name o f

wa d o o des u ka e k . the n x t s t atio n P

’ W atak u s hi zo n wa i D I do n n . j . t k o w

m asen .

A . N im o t s u no ki u e e c pp A . W h r an I get a

wa d o ko d e wata ti cke t fo r my l u g i m s h asu (ka) . gage

A s u ko no ni m h u a D . o t D A t t e e s u . l gg g

- o o n fﬁ e t o r iats u k ai jo de . b ki g o c

there .

K o no ni mo ts u w A . eas e c ec t es A . o Pl h k h e

Y o ko h am a made thi ngs to Y o ko

adzu k atte k u das ai . l am l a.

o n a W c is u l u E D re ga a ta no E . hi h yo r g

n imo ts u des u k a . gage

o de o za a u . A T es e ar e m ne. A K re g i m s . h i

d - m k h e a u a. A . W t a a A . Mo jiki s ill e tr in s t rt

s o o n

. D u u de m as u s u D . I n a few m nu es . S g i t ;

dzu wo naras hi te the hel l i s ru ng:

r i m o as u . i n g.

K o e wa o ko r es A . I s s an ex ess A . r ky thi pr

a n ? s ha d es u k a. tr i

‘

D. I e o o de wa D . N o i s no t a iy , ky k , it n

ari m s n ex ress t r ai n. a e . p

A lli e are at o u r des ~

W a A e u . . D g chi we do ko A . hich i s the w y

de s u k a. o u t

v D . D e u i w as u k o T at i s the wa g ch a D . h y

d esu . o u t.

‘

V I I . é Yado ya u i i s (I n a H ot el . )

e a a e o r i m a G . H y ga it

’

. ave o u a va an s u k a. G H y c t A it a heya ga ar i ro o m ?

m asu k a.

S N a ni o z ai m as n the s eco nd ik l g u . S . O

ﬂo o r .

S hidzu ka- na he I an a u e G . w ya G . t q i t

a o s h i i n o d esu o o m g h . r .

K o no heya .va am This ro o m i s to o

m s m s ma . ari e ai . ll

’ Mo tt o o kii h ey a wa Haven t yo u a

n ai o k a e o o m n a. l rg r r

S K o o e a H o w wi l t s n h y a de w S . l hi

ik aga de go zai m asu ro o m do

T s d o G . hi will

(3 K o e na o r o sh i i . T i s ro o m i s al l . r ra y h

ri ght . P u re wa‘ aite O r i ma C an I h ave a

s k w a m o u a. r bath n w

Y ado W e ichi ni chi W h at i s the cha

‘ ’ a iku ra des u k a. ge per d y

Sako s hi h anas hi - tai Pleas e s end the

ko to ga aru kara m anage r ; I wi s h

banto wo yo nde t o s peak t o him .

ku das ai .

E i - go wo gO ~ZO DJ I de Do yo u s peak

E n s u ka. gli s h

H o n no s u ko shi ba M . O n a e s i r . ly littl ,

kari

Do zo yu kku ri o - h ana

s hi ku das ai ; am ari s lo wly ; if yo u

ba ai to k ikit o r e m a eak o o fas I y S p t t,

’ en s . can t catch the

o ds w r .

G . W at aku sh i no o k o Do o u u n de y G . y r

to ga wak ar i m asu s t and m e

k a.

u a f w a m as u . e e S kk ri ak ri C . P r ctly 2

A nna - s ha wo i o r n o i h t i G . Ca y u r eco m

yato tte m o rae m asu m end m e a

mﬁ k a gu i de

S ho chi as i m s . M . er a nl it h a hita C t i y . - n a e lﬁ yen s a s u wo c . C a o u ch ng , t i hi G y

m ai ku dzu s hi te i ta m e a ten o yen

d akare m o rae) bill

m as u k a.

- i o o d es u . M . a u e O yas u g y W ith ple s r .

S hibar ak u go - to r yﬁ A re yo u go i ng to

des u k a s t ay h ere lo ng

u o i s ﬁk w n . A wee f o m M k s h a G . k r

o - t day .

Y agu wa yo ku ho s hi A r e the beds well

ar as d ? te i m u ka. aire

K e tto wo mo i chi I s h o u ld like t o

m ai ho shii mo no h ave ano ther

da blanke t .

B en o d o o des u W e e i s the W . j wa k . h r

C . ?

K u ts u wo m igak as e H ave my s h o es

te ku d as ai c ean ed eas e . l , pl

n o n im o ts u H as . my l u g

e. u ki m s a a e a ved w ts a hit a k . g g rri

T s u i t ar a n ik ai mi age Pleas e s end it

t e o i te u as ai . u s a s w en k d p t ir , h

it co m es .

Matchi wo m o tte ki Bri ng m e s o m e

m at es te ku das ai . ch

’ ( 2 74 7

Chichi n o ts u me tai no I s h o u ld like

a hO S hi i . S o me co d mi g l lk .

’ K o at s u ku te wa t e m o I can t to u ch s o

t su k er ar e mas en. o t cu as h a p thi s .

‘ h we m i C a o ppai . A no ther cu p o f

t ea.

S himbu nga afl m asu H ave yo u a newS

ka. paper

’ ’ M Taim ﬁi e u éu o M . VVe ve e . iru M ha ither

' ” m o m the T mes o gozai asu . i r

” the 6‘ Ma il .

ma i ’ o . W o n t s mo e G H a k wo ippo n G . y u k

a es a c a ? ikag d u . ig r

i at o an o u . M A r o o za m as u M . N I . g g i , th k y

a at ak u s hi wa do no t s mo ke . g , w

' s u i masenf

e d K an o eki e . I s m b a ? l} . j ga d t i G y ill r y

m asu ka.

K anjo wa mi nna- de H o w m u ch h ave 1

iku ra n i n ari m as u to pay i n al l ?

k a.

’ K o no k ak i ts u ke wa I can t r ead this

o m e nai a a ana bil l s o eas e y k r , , pl

t a aku s hi te k u k a trans l ate i t t o y ”

$3 1 . m e. K hru rn a de iki m a w l l t ake a 1 m

’ “ a s h s a . o . riki h

A nnai n i harai wo Ple as e

d e fo r me . s hit e ku d as ai . gu i

Do u ro o k n o - S ewa I han fo r , i i t k yo u

n i n a mas a n d e ri hit . yo u r ki h lp

o and att en ti n .

o d - e G o by .

- M . G o k i en o m a a M . Fa e o u .we s i r g y ; t r y ll, ,

do z o . o ide ku das ai and pl eas e co m e

m i . as h ag ain .

m - e - n I - G . K u u a a naru tak n k s a m a r y , Ji ri i h ,

is o de m o r a t ai wan o u to r im i i . t y

as qu ickly as po s

s ible .

T E I - I S T O F S ME CHA P R I . A L O I I'‘ E I D O MA I O E XP R S S I ONS . — (JA P A N E S E E N G LI S H . )

- ai ko o s T o ru n a r i sk . A bu n t W0 hru .

ts wo su ru . T o s a e A i s a u lu t .

' n I fee u neas m la A isu ini mas e . l y rég rd

t o y o u ; I beg yo u r

- a do n fo r p r . 0 0 0 5 0 b 2 76

A s o wo s u u T o ea o u eo u s . i r . tr t c rt ly

A s o n o nai A n u n v so n . i hito . ci il pe r

’ A k e- u o e d h anas hi m yo . D n t l ave the o o r

o pen .

A s o a ki T o beco m e d s affec i g ts u ru . i t

ed .

A r i a o z n u . g to g ai m as u . Th a k yo

A s hik ar azu o mo tte ku Pleas e do n o t m is

das a i . u nders t and m e ;

pleas e do no t think

i l l o f m e .

A te u i nar anai I t i s no t to be de end . p

ed o n .

B a a T o be s m en o f achi g at t u . itt

G o d .

- Fo o s ex ceed n B aka ni . li hly i g

l y.

- e T o emb e w fea B u ru bu ru fu r u ru . tr l ith r d o r co l .

- Ma e s o m e tea. Cha wo o i r e . k

d eas e ve me a cu Cha wo ippai k u as ai . Pl gi p

o f tea.

- L e b e a C hibi chibi . ittl y littl ;

little at a time .

u s . Cho do yo n. J t right

( 2 78 )

Do ka s hite - yari - tai mo I wis h I co u ld help

o d . im n a h .

o mo nai T e i s no e f D s hiyo ga . her h lp o r

it .

’ - Do s e d e nai . O f o u s I ca ki c r e n t do it .

’

Do as i m as e . eas e do n m n o n it h hit Pl , t e ti

it .

E s hak s u s a u e to m a e a u u r . T o l t ; k

fo rm al apo lo gy .

' Fu s ho - bu s ho ni yu ku : T o go i n a s l o w and

relu ctan t m anner .

u tsu o n e n ence F g . I nco v i

j u s tice .

Fu ts u s enb A n u n u e go an na ya j s t f llo w.

Fu t - o s m tsu ri o mo i kit a. T d i i s s entirely

’ f o m o ne s o u r th ght .

G enki e e a Read m o ne and bu n kak n n shi . y y t

o ne price :

- A s o u ar e awa e G o annai no to ri . y r

G o - s ho chi no to t r ,

o o - z o n t no r g j t o ri) .

G o - bu s ata wo i tas hi I h ave been very r e l m i s s i n ca n o n mas hit a. lli g

yo u .

I ‘ ‘ G o chis o s rh i . E T a s fo » r n a a. h nk r Yo u ki d ( 2 79 )

n d entertai ment . ( S ai

to the h o s t o n leav 6

in af e a feas o r g, t r t

e n tert ai nm en t . )

' - d A co d n t o o u r G o chﬁmo n éri . c r i g y

o rders ex actly

a wh t y o u want .

I n the s ame way as

yo u ; o n my s ide

als o .

o - e r n W o u difﬁden e G n yo aku . ith t c ;

wi th o u t res erve

with o u t s tandi n g o n

e emo n c r y .

- h A r e o u we ? G o kige yo . y ll ; ho w

d o yo u d o (u s ed i n

gree ting) ; fare yo u

well kee p yo u r

health ( u s ed i n de

a u e p rt r ).

T han ks fo r yo u r tro u

c aki ng t o per shns o f bl e (u s ed i n th ank

an i nfe r io t i ng a pe rs o n : fo r

s am a i s dro pped . ) th e tro u ble he h as

A s — A r t aken . z i

l/5 o a mas /2270 ga g z i ,

dom o go é u r o r ama . 1 2 80 )

” ' Go m en nas ai . I be o u a do n l g y r p r , 7

ku das ai . eas e ex cu s m pl e e.

(T hes e wo rds are

als o called o u t by a

vi sito r t o a Japanes e

o u s e at the en h ,

an e w e e e e tr c , h r th r

n i s no calli g bell.

S ee O - tano m i

mo s hi

- - o nd n o o . o i G me o a k t A tr u bles o me affa r .

- m o - am T an o u fo r o u G o end s a. h k y y r

tro u ble .

G o - s i no o A s o u ar e awa e as ho ch t ri . y r ;

o n : o y u k o w. ( G

ann ai no to rt o r

go zo nj i no to ri . )

- r o s o i t to o u G o r an u i i re u . T h w ( ) y ,

I will s ho w (it to l

yo u .

- eas e o o at G Q r an nas ai . Pl l k ( it) ;

j u s t as I (he o r

o th ey) t o l d y u .

(So m e tim es u s ed to

s ho w th at what o ne

( 2 82 )

G o -zo no to A s o u ar e awa e as nj l ri . y r ;

yo u kno w ( 3 0 0

s ho ch i no to ri o r go

annai n o to ri) .

“ - H aba- kiki ( L H ana ga O ne who has s o m e i n

u ﬂu ence i n a c c e. kik ) . ir l

be i nﬂu en

ti al . )

’ ’ l W o n d o can be H aj mar anai . t ; t

m anaged ; i s no t

e a able to . (L it r lly

“ m eans do no t be

bu t i n rae , p

e s o m e m es u s ed tic , ti

' - - k a s E z g o n o de i

v ' mrl ts ﬁ bm wo y ato t

tem o k aji

m at I l atena l W h at a s trange

t e r Q u eer it i s !

' ‘ ‘ “ ‘ E it cu s e me be ar l l abakar i nagare . ; g p

d o n fo r .

‘ Mu c o b i d to o u . I i u hakari s ama. h l ge y

T o o o the v . l l abakar i ni u k u . g t pri y ‘ ' y

l a a s u T o be an y. l ar ga t t . gr

A ma n an mo u s man . l l ar a no okii hit o . g i ( 283 l

H ara- dachi m agira u i T o beat a pers o n i n

ange r .

a a no . H r ku ro i hi to A m alicio u s m an . H hi as r i. Ru nn ing ; m o vem ent ;

the ﬁrs t fru it ar

ﬁs h .

I i i s ashibu r i de ai ( : o I t i s a lo ng tim e s i nce

m e m kakari) m as hi I m et y o u

t a

H is as hik u ai mas en de I h ave no t s een vo u

o a o n me s hit a. f r l g ti

m s i m o v . d s s H a w aru T o gran t a i i al .

ma o T o d m s s f o m s er Hi w das u . is i r

v i ce.

T o de . Hito wo cha ni su ru . deri

’

H i vak as u . T o co o to d ve o r l ; i rt ,

’ am u s e o ne s s elf by

lo o king at .

A m an o f hod m a n Ho do no y o i hito . g

ner .

O u t o f t i m e . l l yo s hi nu ke .

H s hi a o i . T o be fo tu na e u c . yo g y r t , l ky

H yo tto s hit ara s o de Perh aps it may be s o .

I i k agen i na ko to wo (yfi T o s peak gr to d o

m e i n l bo ’ o r s u ru ) . s o th g wi n nf 284 \

respo ns ibility; with

o u t any reliabl e

eas o n r s o u e r o rc .

’ l i a e n u i o ~s i as Do n t o to o far i n k g h n ai. g

do ing s o m ething.

— “ ’ A s z Fo r Do n t

wo rk t o o h ard

“ ’ do n t s peak to o

’ mu ch do n t s tay

to o lo ng etc .

I i kagen ni yarare chi I want yo u d o that

o m n k aru . h o nes tly a d ear

I i kagen na ko to wo nes tl y ; acco mplis h

s a e ch o m a u r es o ns ibil i r ak r . i t with p

ty .

I k a u i m o 1 I ndeed ! Really !

- I k a s am a l naru ho do . )

I k es u k an i atsu A d s a eeab e fe o w a y . i gr l ll ;

h eart - s i ckeni ng fel

l o w. l kenai ko to wo i tas hi I h ave do ne a s tu pid

:z W aru i k o mas ta n . hi . thi g (

to wo itas hi m as hio

t a. )

( 2 86 )

’ o o T o s am the fee in J idanda wo fu n de . k t p t

a e r g .

’ T o evea o ne s u e jigane ga deru . r l tr

ch aracter .

i i u s o A m an . J j m ai hit . ﬁlthy

T o be dead dru nk. ju n i bu n n i yo u . K ao wo t s u bu s u . T o d s o no u i h r . o K a n i do ro wo nu ru .

K ao o a T o u t o no u u o n. w t tern. p h r p

K - age hinat a no nai A faithfu l m an .

h o it .

K a e - ae no nai o T he c d w o s e l o s s k g k . hil h

a d canno t be repl ce .

' ’ K am I ai masen. t do es n t matter ; I

’ do n a e t c r .

‘ ’ ‘ K as hiko ma' m Ce a n Wi l ea r i ashita. rt i ly th p

K a . o as s s o r ac an i t wo mo ts u T i t, b k

‘ o ther ; to s ide with

ano ther .

K ara wo na ab T o e u a o r matc r eru . q l h

e ano th r .

- o s e e a u e to K ata wo ts u ker u . T ttl q arr l ;

arrange a matter . K e o de o ai m kk ( g z asu . ) I t i s very go o d ; i t

will d o n icel y ; i t i s O . K . ; tine l ;

s plendid !

K ataku chi . O ne s ide o f an argu

m e ri t .

K atami a hi r o i . T o be bo as fu g t l .

K am ‘ T e a a s emat. o b s t i g h eepi s h .

” K atai tokt .m o Wasu re Did n o o ven t f rget . e

' fo r a l i tl e e. nai . t whil

- a T o b au a K ata h ar it ai e l gh ble .

I nco nven en . K atte ga waru i . i t

a d A s e s m an . K at te na hito a. lﬁ h

i Do w t eve K atte n s him. ha r you

a e ple s .

K i de n T o be ve anx o u s . ga ki ai . ry i

T o be o o m . fu s agu . gl y

i T o be u c - w ed o r k ku . q i k itt

s m art .

e d d T o b u ll witte .

N o d es e no w s H ,3 ir ; i h

fo r ; i ndiﬁer en t .

- t b l n t o s u su ma nai . N o t o e wi li g

do any thi ng .

“ ‘ r l “ T o call to . mi nr : t o

o ce o r er ce i v n ti , p ( 288 )

- K i a su ka nai . N o t awa e o r co ns c g t r . i f o u s o .

1 o b o f b K imae ga 1 . T e l ty ; to e

pleas ed i n ent ertain

i n o g thers .

K ima i a a T o be co nfu s ed o r d i s r g w ru i .

co mpo s ed feeling

backward .

e v o I t s r es y u right .

Feeling alarm o r

ead dr .

T o be l iked ; to acco rd

’ w ith o ne s m i nd .

’ Do es no t s u it o ne s

t as te.

T o be co ncerned

abo u t cau s ing

anx iety.

T o fee anx i o u s abo u k akeru . l t;

to l ay to h eart .

T o o ffend .

‘ T o ee i n o ne s to meru . k p d' mind ; to m i n .

A n m a en o r ir K i no mijik ai hito . i p ti t ,

s o r i tabl e per n.

( 290 )

K 6 o s u wo ts u keru . T o s a t y which i s be t ter .

a~i r o w ts u ka T o m a K o w o u . i it te the vo ice

o f ano e th r .

K u m eu a o i . T o be c g y ri h .

m - K u eu ga deki nai . Canno t r ais e the mo

n ey .

K u s e ni na u . T o be in he r t h abit o f.

a U nfo tu nate . Ma ga w ru i . r

M a n i n e n . T o a e to e k r t k b tru e .

M ada a areru dasbo . Y o u can e o u s e f g h lp y r l ,

’ can t yo u

Maem o tte hanashi te T o leave wo rd befo re

k . nd o u h a .

M - ae gari . Dr awi ng m o ney befo re

i i s u t f lly du e .

Maido go - yakkai s a 1 I am mu ch o bliged t o

as i o u fo r o u co n m a de go z ai m u . y y r

Maido o - yak amashﬁ s tan t as s is t ance ; ex

o a masu . cu s e me eas e fo r g z i , pl ,

tro u bli ng yo u s o f o ten.

Mappi r a go men ku da I hu mbl y beg yo u r

i a do n. s a . p r

Mam de wakari Canno t u nder s t and at

Mamkki r i mas en. al l . ( 291 )

Mas a ka 56 de wa nai . anno n I c t thi k so .

- Mawa awas e a o i . Fo u n e ri g y rt a t .

m ku W 0 h Men o u s ina T o u m a . u . be h ili ted

Menmo ku wo o do k T o be o m e m u h o s u c fa o s .

M o m s m : a I fee a a e d . O enm ku go z i as en . l h (

u k s i i d haz a h s hi ai . )

o o u b e . Mendc) yvo k ak er u . T give tr l

o o o b eso m e affa . Mendo na k t . A tr u l ir

- o o n e do m . Me tt a n i nai . N t ft e ; s l

’ n e an mo e . M 6 i tadake mas en. I ca t tak y r

Mo s hiwake ga go zai ma I am U nable t o o ffe r

an e x cu s e . = A i s en. y (

s u m i m as en . )

M6 takus an T s is en o u . hi gh ; I

’ dO n t wan t any

m o re.

VI ?) o ro sh i i T a w do . I t has y . h t ill

beco m e al l right .

’ Mo am a - n can s and an t ra ai . I t t it y

o n e l g r.

- no t the eas Mo shi bu n ga nai . Fi nd l t

fau lt .

T o u t o n a s . Mo ttai wo tsu k e m. p ir

Mo tto m o des u Y o u are cer tai nl v

ss A u s ele affair. ( 292 )

Mu da- b o ne wo o r u . T o abo u i n va l r in.

o My ri ga waru i hito . l U n a efu m an gr t l .

- J Myo ri wo s hira n ai hi to .

- N ai o o wa ar i mas en . T e e i s s o me I k t h r . (

’ d o n m ean e e i t , th r s

n o n . Ce ta n thi g ) r i ly,

e i o th re s .

N ai - m o no m da W e ri . an ti ng s o m ething

w e hich th re i s no t .

N ai - m o no wa nai . a e e H v ev ry thing.

N a a n ih i k aka ta en des u . I t s very difﬁcu lt ; i t

requ ires the great es t

effo rt .

i ei o be v k r . T ery beau tifu l .

' d eki n i o an d a C h ar ly s u cceed .

N anho n andem o amm a N o m att er wh at yo u

hido i . m a s a a o r ri y y, th t (

s i m thi ) s to o u ch .

T o ave n o c o ce N an dem o go zare. h h i ;

( I ) will do any thi ng

N ani bu n yo r o s hi - k u o I bes eech yo u to h elp

t ano m i m o s hi m as u . m e any way y o u

thi nk ﬁt .

n m - no n a to o o m o a n i n o f . N w a . I thi k thi g it

N are ai de hit o wo da T o co ns pire to ge the r

a r ° as pe 50 0 m u . to defrau d

( 294 7

O .. hi s ashi bu ri l I t i s a l o ng tim e s i nce

we m e t las t . ( S ee :

S hibar aku

- O o no m s da . W a eve o u o r k i hi i h t r y like,

yo u cho o se .

- O ide nas ai . Co m e here ;

co m e o e g th re.

O - o m a i as as o m u s be s a n it t hi m h , I t yi g

or m o o - to ma ni i ta o o d b e m u s i g y ; I t .

s i m s o e av no w. h a h . tak my le e

O - ki ni o - j ama wo it as hi E x cu s e m e fo r i n t er

m as a o r o - ama ru tin o u ex cu s e hit , j p g y ;

s am a o zai n i m e fo r av n de g r ash ta. h i g

tro u bled yo u ; ex

cu s e m e fo r being

i n o u wa y r y.

0 ~k age s am a O wi ng to y o u r ki nd

es s o r t o o u r n , y

b O f en kind la o u r . ( t

l s ea i n an ex pres

s i o n o f th anks s im

’ pl y to ai ro ther s

ee n as G o gr ti g ,

k j ébu dam a.

' H a z o - kage s a ma ( 29s )

’ 4: ti m i d dc an ma

A r e y o u (I s

ﬁe)

” wel l Mem e o u , y )

' O - kamai ku dasai mas u Do n t tro u ble yo u rse lf

na o r o - ama na s a abo u m , k i i t e.

m as u na.

O - kamai mo s hi masen E x am me fo r no t

/ d eshita, o r n an ni mo h avi ng been att en

- am m s a d o k ai o hi tive to yo u . ( S i

n es b a ho s to a er se d hita. y t p

s o n who i s t aki ng

h i s leave at the e nd

o f a vis it . )

O - kawari wa go zai I s everything al l right

s w o u ? L e a en ka. ith y ( it r lly

m eans I s th ere

no ch ange W i t h

” yo u P )

- - - am s o fo r o u O k i no do ku sam a. I rry y ; I

' can t d o th at y o u

wan t ; I h ave no th

wa i ng th at yo u nt . O kkﬁ u i o mo u . T o n di thi k ﬁi cuft .

O - ma c i do s ama o r 0 E x cu m h , se e fo r having ( 296 )

m a as e mo s m as k e o u wa n o r t hi hi pt y iti g,

t a. s o o n l g.

O - m e - ni - T o have the o n u kakaru . h o r o f

m eeting yo u (hi m) .

- - - k k O m e n i a er u . T o h ave the h o no u r o f

s ho wing (it to ) y o u him ( ) .

- mi i i eas e ex u s e m e fo r O s aki s h ts u r e . Pl c

go i ng ( o r do i ng

n n a ythi g) ﬁrs t .

- n eas e o o r do an (Do zo ) o s aki i . Pl g ( y

thing) ﬁrs t .

- m T an s fo r o u as s s 0 s ewa s a a. h k y r i

— o . k t ance . _G ya

ma k ai s a . )

- - A m de o e a . = Zan O s hu ko to u i . ( d ) I pl r th t (

nen n agara. )

0 ~s hu ko t o wo itas hi W h at a pity ! ; very

m s s o ndeed ave a hi ta ! rry , i l; h

d o ne a d eplo rable

ac t .

O n s hizu k a u i i r as s hai 6 0 s lo wly ; t ake care

o f yo u rs el f o n yo u r

a o r o u ne . w y, j r y

298

’ o n taking o ne s

l eave at n ight l ate .

' O - asu i m r) d s y g y e u . W ith pleas u re ; it i s

' ve eas aﬂai r ry y .

Ro u - de-nas d k hi . A ba m an .

Ro u - o u am - k r k k awa nai . T o treat hi m no t well

- Ro u o u to s e o ru . T o ve a u s e es s f k r k hit li l li e. T Saba wo yo mu . o cheat by t elling

o ff a w o n nu mbe r g r.

k - S e en tei a wa u . eo e w u g r i P pl ill l a gh at .

S ewa mi natt a ai s ats u u i T o pay a vis it with a

pres ent i n ack no w

ledgment fo r a fa

u vo r .

o T o aid o ass s . Se wa w yaku . r i t

S hi ba raku o r S hibar a I t i s a lo ng time s ince

k u des hi ta ne I m et o u . S ee . y (

O - his as hi

’ Shikata ga go zai mas en I t can t be hel pe d

o r s hiyo ga go zai Vanda/ear n g o za i

masen .

a wo m a u . T o fea Shit k r .

’

h a a a de u . u mb n f S it k r r T o h le o e s sel .

S h za i o t n to d o o ga nai . N hi g ( 299 )

86 bakari d emo go zai T h ere ar e so me ex

ceptio ns ; no t al l are

S O .

- 86 k a mo s i . I t m a be s o hire na y .

’ 86 u maku wa yu ka nai . Y o u can t do i t so

n ce i ly.

- - o de n ta. A r i S o shi b be.

e So ko ra d su . T a i s u abo u h t j s t t i t.

S o n na mo n des u .

S o e i ko k a. Y o u s ee h s co me r m ta to , it a

o u t ju s t as I appri s ed

yo u ; yo u are t e

warded fo r what

yo u h ave do ne ; i t

s erves yo u right .

“ ( See z- K i i n i ga

ii s o re go ran na

s ai .

L et e as i s. S o re nari u i shi te eke. it b it

u m a n i e i t a B e a do n did S a ko to w g p r , I

i i w o n . s h mas h ta. r g

mi n u r a do Su mas en ga. B eggi g yo p r n ;

altho u gh it m ay be

' ru de fo r me ( = 1 1 a

M ar i s ama). T a a a s hi r ete o r t i s no t k g u . I s o

T egam i ga ts u ki s hidai A s s o o n as the l etter

e k u das ai . i s ece ved ease kit r i , pl

co me .

T e a d u T o do an n ca e g t o o k . ( ythi g) r

fu o o u lly ; th r ghly.

T e ni as e wo ni i ru T o be anx o u s . g . i

b t m u o r T e u i amaru . T o e o o ch f

’ T u i e- ai o ne s ab u n ~ e o y n . ility ;

able to m anage ; to o

h ard to m anage .

’ - T a dev ce wo n t do . (So no ) t e wa ku wa nai . h t i

’ T o ave o ne s and T e ga aku . h h

u o u d n cc pie .

f a ar T o be en a ed to be u s g u . g g ; .

bu s o ccu ed to ily, pi ;

be at wo rk .

w u T o s o do n . T e o hik . t p i g

T o d v de w co m waker u . i i ith

an n p i o s .

a T o bo rro w a h nd.

T o end a and to 99 l h ;

hel p .

save abo u t o do nu k u . T o l r ;

e es car l s ly.

W ake na u deki ru . I t w be do k ill ne eas ily .

Y akkai i na u . n r T o rece ive aid .

Y kai u i na te kit I t b o bl ak t a. ec mes tro u e

s o me.

‘ Y akamas hn o s e e k to wo yti . T o p ak s o m thing

o bsti nate ly o r lo gic

ally ; to be p ed an

i u t c ; to be captio s .

Y o i amba u i Fo tu na e u c i . r t ly ; l kily.

Y u i r as h m o s ai m as a o are v w o e . k hit . Y u ery elc

Y o go zai m asu to mo . O f co u rs e it will d o ;

o f co u rs e yo u ( he)

may .

’ Y o n do ko ro go zai m a I t can t be helped

S /z éat a o zai ma. s en. i a g g

sen) .

D zo o r o s hiku o r eas e ve m co m ( o ) y , Pl gi y

l i m ents . d6zo yo ro s hﬁ . p

’ Zo s a nai o r zo sa o zai T a s e as eno u , g h t y gh ;

masen e e is no t o u b e . th r r l

abo u t that !

‘ Z n T o s eak w t o u t e o nbu ni yti . p i h t

n s ervatio .

n i r F ne t an s u o sed . Zo gai k ei. i r h pp ( 30 3 )

Zo nj t yo r azu kekko u s T hanks fo r yo u r nice

' s na w ar i a o es en w c is an hi o g to g pr t, hi h

za u n o - r - i r i mas u . lo ked fo g ft fo

me.

O M “ ?

E n CH A PT R m. n LI S T O F S OME US E FUL PH RA S E S A N D

CLA US E S .

E N G I S — P A ( L H JA N E S E . )

A l l Y o ro s hﬁ o z m right. g ai asu ;

yo s hi yo s hi s ho chi

hi m as a s hit .

A re my s ho es cleaned W atak u s hi no ku ts u

wa migaite ar i mas u

k a.

A re yo u go ing to d o A nata wa W 0

s hiyo to s hite o ri

ma k s u a.

A re yo u go i ng to P A nata wa ye yu

k u no des u ka.

A r e yo u ready Y o i wa d eki nu s hi ta

k a. ( 304 )

A re yo u qu ite well ? G o - jo bu desu ka ; o

t asaba des u ka .

A r e yo u go ing to s tay K o chi r a u i S hi baraku

e e o n o - taizai de s u k a h r l g g .

- A bo u a wee . s s hﬁ wan o d t k I k h o .

r e o u i u O - s o d u A y n a h rry i gi es k a.

t w m u A hat ti e do we I ts u ts u k des h6 ka.

arri ve

m - A t 2 o o no n i i u i . p. . G g j

I s there anythi ng to N ani k a t aheru m o no m e at ? ga ar i as u k a.

l l ann m o o za N o thi ng at a . N i g i

m as en .

f o i mo Bri ng me a cu p o tea. Cha w ppai tte

kite k u das ai .

B n me ns T o to mo mas en y o a .

B y what ro u te do yo u Do no ko t o de o ide

travel ? des u k a .

an Fr anshisu k o V ia S an Frans isco . S

de ke iyu . — Can yo u tell me wh er e H aku bu ts u K wan wa

the M u s eu m i s ? d o ko u i aru no des u

ka.

I t i s at the U yeno U yeno K o yen m

a k ar i mas u . P r .

( 30 6 )

I like i t very T ai hen s u ki do

mu c . o m h g za i asu .

o n s o f - D o t peak s as t. So nna ni h aya ku ha

n as a- nai de ku da

s ai .

Do es this ro ad lead to K o no michi wa ye

yu ki mas u no des u

k a.

N o t is do es no t I i e o e wa as u , h y , k r

k o e a m a go there. y w iri

m asen .

s s a. D o wn tair . Shit

’ o e wa o - o s nas a Do n t do that . S r y hi i ;

s o nna ko to wa o

am nas a y e i .

’ mo e T aba o wo s u t e wa Do n t s k . k t

ik e mas en.

Do yo u want any Mada iri m asu k a ;

m o re m o tt o age m as h6

ka.

u a o i a de E verythi ng i s ready . S kk ri y g ki

m as hita ; no k o r azu

s h ital cu ga d eki

m as hita.

- taz u ne nas ai s a a Find it o u t. O ; g

‘ h as a s te go ran n i. o rv me l eas e Do zo u r u s hi t e u F r g e p . y k da

s ai ; do zo go m en

k u das ai ; k annin

s e k d i hit u as a .

me O - wasu re nas u tte u . Fo rget no t. k da

s aru na .

Fro m who m did yo u Do nat a kara o - kiki de

hear th at s hita (po lite) ; d are

a a mas ta k r kiki hi .

ve m e o m e em o Ramu ne wo ku das ai Gi s l .

nade.

G ive me what yo u G o - fu yo - no s hina wo

’ do wan . i t ad i m as o n t t ak h .

ve m e a t e m o M6 c o ku das ai . G i lit l re . hitt

o z o m es hi a atte k Help yo u rs elf pleas e. D g u

d as ai ( po lite) ; do zo

q a i a o ag r n sai .

Have yo u a vacant A ita h eya ga ar i m as u

ro o m ? k a.

Have y o u ever been in u i o ide u i natt a

ko to ga go zai m as u

ka.

Y es ave bee H ai m ac ni n do , I h n , i

ther e twi ce ho d o itta ko to

a o i g g za m as u . ave an n to K an o wa iku r a s u H I y thi g j de .

pay ?

Have yo u a tim e J ik anhyo wo o - m o chi

ab e d k t l es u a.

’ I haven t it with T adaim a ai niku

e n o m o as e m w. chi aw

m a s en .

o u n m o e Mad i m Have y a y r a ar asu k a.

H ave yo u any ex K o no t o ri no ga

actl y like thi s ar i m as u k a.

H o w ar e y o u G o - k igen yo ; ik aga

H o w d o yo u do d es u k a o - kawari

wa ari m as en k a.

H o w far s h all we go Do ko m ade m airi m 9.

s ho .

H o w do y o u like ja N iho n wa i kaga d es u

pan ? k a ; do des u N ih o n

- wa o s u ki d es u l < a.

I am m u ch pl ea Miru m o no kiku

m o no o n ' s ed with thi ngs . hij

u k ai des u . i n Jap an . y

i . H o w did y o u co m e N an d e o ide desh ta

’

de. B y t he e x pres s K y rrko r es sh a

a tr in.

( 31 0 )

~ ‘ I am m u ch o bliged to Mako to v ni o - ki no do ku

u yo . s am a ; m ako t o n i

o - u ro g k s ama.

I am thirs ty (hu ngry ; N o do ga kawaki mas u

s leepy ; co ld ; warm) . (hara o r o naka ga

heri m as hita ; ne

mu ku nari m as hit a

s amo go zai

a a a d s u tt k e ) .

dis l eas Y u k ai fu u k ai des u ( p ( y ) .

ed).

am ed . a I tir T s u kar e mas hit .

' am n I u well . K o k o r o mo chi ga Wa

ru ku nari m as hita.

be o u men ku dasai o I g y r pardo n. G o ;

ru s i ku das ai yu h .

’ na a no o o o wa I can t u nders tand yo u . A t y k t

s wakari ma en.

’ I do n t think so . W ataku s hi wa s o o mo i

m as en.

’ d o a W atak u s hi wa amai I n t c re. k

mas en .

’ K ai des u ko no rm I d o n t like it. ir ;

m as e n.

I h ave r ecei ved yo u r O - tegam i wo u k eto ri

m as a. letter. hit t ax i )

v M d u I h a e no t h ear d that. a a kiki mas en ; ke

t amawar i mas en ;

nka ai m as e g n.

mea u d I n ts mo r i esu .

’ I do n t ts u mo r i de

wa ar i m as en .

‘ I ave o me adaima m a m as h jus t c here. T iri hi

ta t o ko ro des u .

I have ju s t co me fro m Mada A mer ik a kara

kita bakari des u .

I have l o s t wo naku s hi m a

s a hit .

i Chi tto m o s h o ku o ku I have no app et te. y y

ga go zai m as en n an

nimo t abe ta - ku ar i

mas en .

I s h o ul d l ike to stay A nata no t o ko ro u i

o = A na a to i ss ho with y u . ( t

u i) o r i tai no desu

ga.

m as u . I leave this eveni ng. K o mban tachi

I s hal l leave thi s ho tel Myo ni chi ko no yado

o - m o wo i mas u . t rro w. tach

I an me h n a ab w t s o t i g to N anik t e tai . a n’ d I want t o was h my T e wo rai tai mo a.

hands .

I wan t a gu ide who can Ri - go no dekiru annai

s ea E n s h wo hi to r i ho shi i p k gli .

’ m o n da.

I i K o e wo o - m a e u i will thro w thi s n. r k

age m as ho .

I wi s h y o u a pleas an t G o - yu kku r i itto ir as

o u ne . s a m as j r y h i hi .

I wi s h t o r egi s ter a ye k ak i to m e yo

le tter t o bi n wo d as hit ai

des u .

I k u i n a wo rd . H i to chi u i yeba :

i ik aer e ba iwaba.

n t a d K atai o de a. O he o th er h n . pp w

I n s wa a a . K o a ﬁ fﬁ n thi y (th t w v) o y ( y ) i .

I t i s eno u . s a des u gh T aku n .

I t i s no t n eces s a I ana s hi tsu o a ry. r i ; y g

nai ; nak u te m o 1 1 .

I is o f no u s Y a u n a a- nai ta t e. k i t t (

m ani awa

s n ai ; d ame d e u .

T o tem o d e m as en I t i s i mpo s s i ble. ki :

d am e d e go zai m a c

811 .

( 31 4 )

I t m a n o t a n bu t y r i , I

w l ta e fu masu mat a il k ri ) g ,

a m l with e. kas a wo mo tte yu ki m as ho .

I t ma be s o . S o amo s m en y k hire as .

I t se ems to be very l ate . Darbu o s o i yo des u

ne .

u s tr . Ma at r J t y y te go an nas ai .

u s co me . Ma o de na J t i s ai .

- l m M5 o ai nas al . n n . h ri

K ee s a f m e K o n o bas o p thi pl ce o r . h wo ban

wo s e i i hit te ku das a .

K e e hi zu ka i . p qu ie t. S n

K ee s . itto shi t e p till J .

L e t u s go fo r a Sampo ni mair i ma~

s ho .

L et u s ma e as e. s o m o k h t I gi as h .

L e t m e s ee. H atena hahai .

L et me s ee wo mis ete ku da~

s ai o (ch tto ) h aiken.

K o no e wo o an na L o o k at thi s pictu re. g r

s ai .

L end me yo u r news A nata no s himbu n wo

hais haku n as paper pleas e. ( k hi

te ku das ai) . ( 31 5 )

Man o u ght to o bey the Hito wa bo ri ts u u i

s hi tagau beki mo no

M ay I go o u t ? Dete m o yo r o sho go

zai mas u k a.

May I ask yo u to t e ku das aru ko to

ga deki m as ho k a.

May we co me i n H aitte - mo yo g02ai

mas u k a.

Ma e a e e o s i ae e ku k th t i n h as t . I s o l d k h r t

das ai i s o ide 0

s ac nas a hir i .

ev m o - m i n m a N er i nd. G shi pa asai

s u na.

k t N o thing mo re. K o rek r t ; mo chitto

m o ar i m as en.

' N o l o i as m as e i n t at a l . D t hi hit (

r eply to mu ch o b

su k o s him o

m go zai as en.

N o n u i t a a t s o mu ch (many). So n a ku s n wa

(dewa) go zai mas en

- - N n s mo n o o K i n en s su . o ki g r m. hit ( 31 6 )

eas e Pl tell me . Do zo han ash i te (o

anas u s i h hi) k da a .

Pleas e trans late th i s Do zo k o re wo yaku

s e ku d ai hit as .

P u t this letter i n the K o no tegami wo vo

o s bin u i das i p t . hi ( r e) te

ku das ai .

P u t this lu ggage i n my K o no n i mo tsu wo wa

o m i r o . taku s hi no heya u

e ku d as ai iret .

u te e t an o u . A r i ato o za m as u Q i w ll, h k y g g i ;

s higo k u ( = i t atte)

jo bu (o r t as s h a) de

go za i m as u .

o u o o fu n wan . Q u arter o f an h r . J g k

Read this t o m e (plea ( Do z o ) ko re wo yo nde

k u das ai . s e).

O fu k u i u . Re tu rn ticket . g pp

r an ni o o shiku . Rem embe r me t o M . s y r

Mo i chido S ay it agai n.

s a yu tte go ran na i .

i i Send my regards t o u yo r o s h k u .

( 31 8 )

’ T hi s i s the way to K o re wa ye yu ku

michi d esu .

T e m e u v Do chi r a u i o - su m a ll e wh re yo l i e . i

d es u k a s h i r as et e

ku das ai .

T e u s al l abo u o no a k ll t rs . S h nas hi wo s u

kari kik as ete ku d a

s ai .

T a l o e da e des u . h t s a l . S r k

’ S o e a e o des u . T h at s go o d . r w k kk

T he m edi ci ne has o pe K u s u ri ga kiki m as hi

a e t a r t d .

W ake m e at ] t u i o k o shi te ku

das ai .

W i l hibar aku k o o d e a t h ere a whi e. S k

e d i matt ku as a .

I r i u chi . W ay i n. g

W o u D e u c h . ay t. g i

W Y o ro kbnde o - as u - i ith pleas u re . y

- go yo des u .

i Wh at a beau tifu l s ight l Ma ii k eshik desu

ko t o .

i m as u Wh at do yo u s ay N am wo o s sha

ka (po lite) ; nant o

ii mas u ka ( 31 9 )

Wh at i s the m atter ? Do s hit a no d es u do

nas ai mas hit a

’ a d o o u n o f i b e o m o m as u k a Wh t y thi k i ( ) .

' What o ffer d o yo u I k u ra o - das hi nas ai

m ake m as u (k a) W ‘’ here i s the h o te l (s ta r ado ya ( s u t o s ho n) wa

o n ti ) d o ko des u k a.

W her e are y o u go i ng Do chi ra ye O i d e desu

o o e do o t ka. ( p lit ) k

ye yu ki m asu ka .

W hat tim e i s it n o w I m a nanji d es u

W hat s h all I do fo r N ani k a go - yo des u

y o u ? k a.

W hat ar e yo u go i ng to N ani wo nas ai mas u ;

d i o nani wo s h mas u .

W hen will y o u l e a rn: ye wa i ts u o - ta

fo r chi d es u .

W here do es this ro ad go K o re wa do ko y e yu

to ? ku m ichi des u k a.

W hich do yo u prefer Do chi r a wo o - no zo mi

d e go zai m as u ; do

chira W ”) t o ri m as u

k a.

Which i s better ? Do chi r a ga yo go zai

m as u k a. ( 32° l

W hy i s i t s o ? So re wa mata ( lo yu

wake d es u ; n ame

des u k a.

Y o u o u to do s na a o ght thi . A t wa k re wo

s u u azu s r h d e u .

Y o u o u ght to h ave d o ne K i no ko re wo s u reba

s o k atta n i . this ye terday . y

Y o u h ave rendered me I r o - i r o o - s ewa s ama

u i a m as h many k indnes s es . n ri ita.

A P P E N D I X .

E NGLI S H A N D J A PA NE S E A VOCA B UL RY .

I ) T l ze Fi rs t C 2 ) S hro u d ' ' 3) T/i zr a (4) Fo u r ”: (5) s t/z

(h) A i n Me ﬁzz l i ne.

A b a n d o n u e n A éo ve ( 21 na an , S t r 4 , k rment zu u bes shite s o no ( k , ,

51h(ga u e .

e as hi A b br e vi a t e , C hi A b r u p t , a . K w imer u ho r j s yak u i . s u u r s no A b s e n t , a . Ru u ,

b b n ' ’ ’ ‘ i A r e vi a t i o , fu zai no , i na o o a S h r y ku . A b s o l u t e , a . Ze ttai

A b d o m e n n . a a. n , H r o .

A b i l i t n . a n o . A b s o r b u u . . y , S i , S ( h

A b l e , a . D eki r u . T e

- o na. A b s t r a c t 72. ( 3111 13511 6 kit , .

A b n o r m a l a . Fu o A b u n d a n c e T a. , t , n .

K a a - no u s an a . wa . t k ,

‘

. R n A b o u t adv. H o to ndo A b u s e t v a c) , . , . y ( T s u i ” A te. s u m N o u o s hi ru

’

o e r e . U e a i . 1 A . w , p p ( ) ‘ é i A u i r e zxu . E ru A c c e n t , n . Ch s h . c q ,

k e o m ék er u A c c e p t , t . U t r u

l m o au . I . A I H at ar ak u ( ), r (h ) c t , . S hé chi s u ru I . O ko nau . I ( ) (h ),

A c c i d e n t n . em , H p s u ru ’ ‘ V z Vz lzo u t bu ji . A c t i o n n . a o ko , Gy i ,

A c c o m p a n y , ta} . T o n ai . i m o n au . x s s ho (h ), A c t i ve ( 1 . K a ats u n i u u I d6d6 , pp y k ( ), - - n a. 7J er & t a d6 s u ru ,

hi . m Q s A c c o l i s h 7} . p , Shi

t o er u 6 u s u u c t i vi t n . K a s u g j j r A y , t

ryo ku .

A c c o r d i n t o : g A c t o r 72. H ai ii a , y , y s hi t a e tt at t . o e . g , y ku s h a.

A c c o r d i n g l y . o e S r - A ct u a l a . i s s ai no , J , u - mi s o d e e a a a . y , r k r ho n té - no .

A c c o u n t 72. K e s an , i , A c u t - e , a . S u r u do i . a c ' ’ A d a p t , t . T e c) su ( 02m ! u e - mi ki qf, y s u a ed W t/ anau h. I . w k e . r i m k ( )

kwan é - a a j g ki , k ki A d d , t . v. K u waer u

d as . T o s ettl e an hi o s er u ‘ y kwanjc) wo s u ru

A d d i t i o n n . Y o s e (4) ,

z an .

A c c u m u l a t e , t . v. A d d r e s s 71 . A ena . T s u m u l k as ane ru , t ( ),

K t . v . amas a I i z. as anaru H ( ), s u mo u ik aker u l r ( I ).

A c c u r a t e a . e m A d e c t i ve n . K e i , S i i j , yﬁ

- ~ t s u na. Memm i ts u s h i .

na. A d l n i r e , t . v. K wan A c c u s t o m N a a , r s hi n s u ru (4 h o m e s u t u

A c k n l ‘ o w e d e t . v. A d o n g , m i s h , v . I s a S hé chi s u u r S ets u y u

A c u a i n t a n c e K an o u q , k k C l n in s hi r i i o j , b t .

' n t 77» I c A l l e o r n. H i u A g r ee m e , t hi , g y , y ,

t ato e . g6d6. 6 A r i c u l t u r e , 72. N g A l l i a n c e , as Démel .

é o gy ‘ A l l o w , z. Y u r u su t T as vk er u A i d , 0 . . S hé chi s u u e s u d au I . r t t (h . ) S az u k eru

. N cr a u . A i m t . v , (h e t f m o l o r i fe, I m e ak er u ), g s e k d a i ka t e u s a .

A i r n K ﬁk i . N a i , r , u A l l o w a n c e , n . Y m ‘ fu ri . i K o zu k ai . W a s h .

- - ki ﬁ . i r u n n . K ﬁ ibxki A g , j r .

- é s hi K az e t nn . A i r y , a A l m i g h t y , n . Ze a ' - - l u u shi i . n o o , s z ’ y A l m o s t aav. o o n , H t

r o k i . O do d o i t ai ai . A l a r m , n . , t ai te , g

' m - i n . as A l o n e (1 . S abi s hi A l b u m , Sh hi , ,

- hi to r i no . ado . H i

' ‘ - o h o l n . A r u k é ru . o de . T o l a A l c , t ri

m - n - ka awa a i . D a s a. A l g e b r a, n . i

adv . T s u i te. A l o n g , i k a do . o s A l e , Hit hi

- i w e - o u e n a u o h a k u . , , k , ji f y k d e des u a a , k r ( 1 I ki te o r u A l i ve , , i s s hé n i . wi t/i , - a at su na. ’ k pp ’ zo e s o ba. P a 55 ' s , - m i o . S u be te no A l l , , al o n t6ru g , - a d s o me o . n na n , ‘ ﬁ o e dv. A l o u d , a g ko re mo ar e m o . — d e . e i ido n i . at o n c , ch

A t l r e a d adv. u de A t t o temo . A y , S

e ven /s ( 1 6 s e ni m6 m o ha a. , hit , , y B m u m s ’ m o . y , w v. M a a m o A l s o , . t , , i to m o o mo zch , t i y ah ar . t/t e k aku m o . ' a ai A l t e r n a t e , a . T g - r /d s e ar ﬁ . wa , k J a s c t a ai . d y , i hi - g e ear nen ﬁ . ' t/z y , j o ki k ak u l ts u . n i chi , j ne o h a o to . o , ji k ear s i ch m en y , a ( r nao o o Me o t/ , y r ' i k aku nen . o k , - s hi i . Tbi s 2s ’ ’ ( A l t h o u h . ao . T a k o r e giri . y g j t o e k er edo m o te mw a s an. O n ce , , wa ,

m o o m o . fo r i chido gi r l . , t a n Mu h r ado . I s A c i e n t a . as A l to g e t e , , k hi

- - Ma t ku . no o da no fu u i . s ho n i . t a , k i , r

’ n d bs hi t e v. s u ne ( o n . S A l wa y s , aa T A , j ,

- ﬁ o bi to n i i t s u d em o s h . o . , , ij y ,

Desu ar i mas A ne c d o t e n . I ts u . A m . , u , , p

o r i m as u . A n 72 e s g e l , . T n hi .

A m b i u o u s a. A i A n r a . O o u I g , g y , k r ( ),

- fu m m ai naf ei ryé h ara wo tateru

na. r ippu k u s u ru

A m b i t i o n 1 3. A n i m a l , , n . Do bu ts u . no zo m i . ki n do m do bu ts u g ,

A m e r i ca n . A me kai . , ri b k a, eiko ku . A n i m a t e , a . I k ite o ru

A m e r i c a n n . A m e I bein s ei , ( ). g , a- i n be iko k - i , u n . rik j j bu ts u .

- a . A m e a no bei rik , A n n e x , t . 0 . T a s u o u - no k k . ku waer u

A m i a b l e , a . O t o ma A n n i e v r s a r y , 72. T an s h i - i ai r as hi - i , . k i j6. N en a .

A m o n r e . N a g , p ka p ~ A n n o u n c e t . z} . , Shi ni u c ni . , hi r as er u fu ko ku

A m o u n t n . o e , S k i , - ' s u u m ent r , 6k e i . z. 21 . and t o . g .

t s ﬁchi . Fu k o ku . N o bo ru l

A n n u a l a . Re ne , i n A m u s e , t . v. T ano m ~ n o ain én no . s h im as eru nagu , s a l a r s ameru y , r e o r t p , m u m n A s e e t , 72. N a A n n u i t n u S am i tan im y , . N em n . g , o s h i . ki ~ A n o t h e r a . o a A n a l o n . R , g y , u iji . H k no an n - n o n , o . Hir . t i

A n s we r 1 2. K o ae A n a l s i s 72. B u n s eki . , t , y ,

ben . t . v K ji . o taeru A n a t o m y , 1 1 .

A n c es t o r n . enz o . m , o s e a mi au 11 . I S p , ( ). '

A n c h o r n . l , kar i . z. o . A n t i u a q r y , n . K o o . k T e iha ku s u m ka ko b - , u ts u ka. ( 6 )

M a l n i m n . A 7 R n o . A n t i t e s l e 7 . , p p , i g

s h i nr o n . A l i t i o n 72. G o . p p ca , y

A n x i e t 22. S him ai y S eik ﬁ t ano mi . S ai , p , y ,

kenen .

A u i zu e A n y , a . r , r A l t . v. O o s u u — p p y , y r n o . /zo w do de , ateham er u S eikyﬁ s u ru ta n o u e n ao . o , ne,

n o mu I . d a e demo . im e ( ) r t , ’

s a d emo . t/zzn A o i n t t . ada it g , p p , S

nan d em o . wﬁer e m e u m e u , r ki r

d o o d em o N o i l i - u k e —k ts r u z. m m o r e o e . K m a a I s ad a , k r giri i r ( ), d s wis e a hi t e m a u I . , r ( )

' m o . A r a i t . . e p p s e , 0 N ’ a r t aav. Re s u wo ts u k e ru h o A p , t y e k a s n i , hanar te . u m

a r t m e n t n . H e a A r e h e n d f. S a A p , y , p p ,

z as . o u 1 t a s u u hiki t r ( ), ik i r (4) A p e , 72. S am . A p p r o a c h , t . Chi A o s t l e n . o p , Shit , k a o r u c a s e nk o - s h i y hik y . k zu u ( I ) . A a r e n t a . A l a p p , ki A p r i c o t n . A nzu . k - , a na.

' - A r i l 71 . a p , Shi g t s u . A e a l z. o o u p p , J k k

s u u A u a r i u m n . S u i r u tt aer u q ,

z o k - u kwan . A e a r 71 . A awa p p , r

A u e d u t . u do . r eru m i eru q c , es S i D e u t be i . o ar A r b i t r a r . e r , y , a S n

56. no t to oe n a d an - no a am am , , w g a

s a s o . no .

A e a r a n c e 71 ES A r h i t p p , J c e c t u r e , 73.

k 1 - 6. V G ) 6 al do . K enchiku u s u ke y , t j t , n

- c u a a. e n d x 71 hik g k A . Fu o p p i , r

ku . r d n t H a es - i A e a . i , g h ,

- ness hi n na. A l a u d o p p ; t . W. H m e t u a u s u s u u A r u m e n t 72. o n h k h r g , Gir , kas s a s u m n o i be r n .

( 8 )

T erm T nzu ner u A s t r o n o m y , n . A s k , I .

- o o m o n a a . kiku ( l ) . M t g k m e u ne au h g ( A t r e . N i r , p p ,

l ’ a/Z s u k o s hi mo ) , ,

o bo . ar 1 s e c t a . Y - bes t A p , m atta k u . ,

s ama . o o tto m o o m o t . M y m r s t o ba u s a a e o . , A s s 1 1 . R , gi k t ﬁ , i band s a s h o n i . , u ma.

ba mi c a u ni . s o , hik k I v. A s s a s s i n a t e , . l a r e k “as g , u hi A ns at s u s u ru — - t k u o ku . /as , hir , A s u A s s e m b l e t o . mi l eas t , . t t s u i . , s u me u 7° A o o s e r t s u ku naku t m , ‘ m a u e l a/es z o s o r m e t . , en t/z S hﬁ ku o mo . l g , A s s e m b l y , 72 t i o n ce k wa1 a s u s u m . , kwai , , t t i i s s e mi t adac u , i i , m an . hi r es en t s u gu u i . p , A s s i m i l a t i o n , ““ “ ”w “ m“ I 3 . . Do ka. e do l m . t i m , j ‘ ’ T as u 1( e m A S S 1 “ z. 7 m o r io r i o , l i es , , t ki

d o ki . s i t a n c e 7” o 1 0 ‘ A s s , j y A t l a n t i c O c e a n , n .

ku as u e . , t k T ai s eiyo .

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77 . Y 6k ﬁ m o 4 y , - e i o ( ) N ai s ho d , h s k a

t o me .

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m o m e n . W o o /[7 77

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. m o n o l a s s i ﬁ ca t i o n . l o t h e s 77 K C , 77 C , i , f k /cZ fu u B u nr u i i u u . O t

i 3 30 g i a s s m a t . 1 0 . C e , 77 K em u r i k e C l o u d 77 . n , C i a n s e , 77 . K .

m o . m u . K u T ( fi a w , 77 . s u m e . 77 .

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mi s u u C o a ch . as . r , 77 B ha ( 22 )

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s ha . A ts u m e C o l l e c t , 7. v. m C o k e K 6ku . t u 77 . A s u a , 77 . t

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gas u .

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n . i C o l o e l , 77 T a s a. C o a t 77 . U wa . , gi

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( 24 )

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D - e s c e n d a n e n t i s t t 72. 8 , n . H a i s h a D , 11 i , s s h i wa- i o n . k .

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aba u s u na m atta . n . S k ,

vvar a . t i o n n . De t e r m i n a ,

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n S hi n in. e vo t i o n , . j yam ai . D

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ta wa. t emm e i . i

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S h u im n . S h m yo . I 0 u t s u 1 0

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h i - I i as h i i D eeh i . z u kas . l 71 . D i s c i p e , y

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- i Fu j yii . i s i n t e r e s t e d a . i s t i n u i s h t . 77 . D , D g , ’ I x G h e i c n a m u to n a K u be ts u s u ru , j ku ‘ n ao m i wak e ru i i i i t i s l i k e 77 . K r a n s r i b u t i o n 71 D , , D , . ‘ i K n . u m i m . u h B a K b u . z. W a . u u n k ( p .

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d d em - E a n e l i s t n . D en ar e o . B an m i n v g , .

- do s h i . M i n ban i ban g, j ,

' bu ts u . t i m e t ab , i E va s r a t e z. a g e , J o to m max- d o hats u s u u g , . r I . v . at/ae r (fa , kwaku Jo h at s u s as er u y i ts u i chi - n i ch - o k i j , i . - E n a . T ai r o v e a n . , w fzer e d o o ni , k m ember ﬁ-s ﬁ 11 , g , 0 6. m o d o o d em o . H o , k

f. 71 . T ai a mi s r u r u e b , s ho ho . hyo to a i s u r u

E vi d e n c e n . S ho o Zl/ a/ee 50 1 0 , k .

- i S h6 n n . e m n ar as u . 1 , 7 , t at o e t em o E i l 72. G ai v , , wazawal .

n o i m - w a dem o A ku . VJ aru i fu , a ,

dv m - - - a . e o . S ae . k o n a fu s a wa no D , i i . K k . . e ea/zi n L ) E c h n e f. v {ﬂ e, a I x a g , e k spi r al a u oi . r u to m- kaer u

E vo u t i o n 71 . n r é ae m m l , t y g (4) o T o r i Ry gae .

kae . 5 1 71 f k a - o x e m i a. E a c t , a . S i ts a n

was e t e ata . - g K i cho m e n a . l n y , - br o ker r o ae a . - , y g y o e i l n mi . Cho d . S i ts u

K n - : ho i cho m e u i . K i t E x ci t a t i o n , 77 S i i i o bu . Ch r . r e , k

‘ 1 . x E x a g g e r a t e , t . 7 E c i t e , z. 77 . S hﬁ r e i

ki - ﬁ O ku y (h . l ) s u ru k o bu s u r u

o s an u i ﬁ h . 1 a em gy y ( ) H g as u ( l ) . ( ) k o ras er u E x a m i n a t i o n , 71 .

S hi e n . bhi r abe k , E x c l m n a t i o n S a ,

011 653 . ebi K anl an- i k j .

T ans o k u . E x m n i n e , t . 7} S hi k e n s u m hi r a S E x c u r s i o n 77 . Man , l > e ru cho s a s u ru E ﬁ . ns o ku y . ’ o n e s s l ef, E x u c s e , Y u r u s u k aer i m i l u a ' I y m azzen ’ s h i n s atsu s u ( ) A a aru ( I ), j , wabl r u 2 me r u (4) ( ) , o - i l g m en nas a . 7: i E l e 77 . R e i . x am p , w a e benka i . f k , T eho n . Fo r t a o E x e c u t e v . o u s u eba. , J j

t a s hi - l o ge ru x e d 7 . S u o s u E c e , 3 g i - ats u k a T o r u h . o s u l . ( I ), k ( ) ( 1 K o r o s u s ho k ei bu gi r u k o e r u ) , s m h u (3) u S o k

wo ts u k u su . x c e e di n a . H o E g , y ( I )

i - n a . h l o mi . E x e c u to r 77 . h k a y , j , , S i k s i h go k u .

E x c e l l e n c e u . E x e c u t i o n 77 . e , , D ki Q e l r o y . a. agar i . S hikk T o r i k i E x c e t v. N o k er u ats u a . r o u nd p , g ,

- no zo k u ﬁ ) k e i jo . a K o l r ( . o wa u ( 1 ) E v e r c i s e 77 . ndo , U , '

x i n x i t a xs o . e E c e t o n . l e o . E u p , K ik

i o i - o a t n n e . s hﬁ . g , k

( 48 )

E x t e r r i t o r i l a i t n . a c e 71 y , F , . K ao . K ao Chi ai - hé ken g . d ach . Me m m o k i u . E x i n t c t ( z. I < e ta z. u aa h . , i , M k ( I ) t aeta n ak u natt a I ts u war u i , . ( ) S a ar an h M u E x t i n u i h k ( . g s , f. er u 3 o K es u I n ak 1 m as k ) T ( ) , u au h t o I tay as a ( 3) ( m u a1 - 1 o e k a . L s - E x t r a a . Y o no ho , , m em m o k u wo ' k a - n o be t u no , . u s i h n au (h I ). S ! ex en s es r i n i s hi . p , j ” u nﬁt m a m e n a y . ( H aj/ o r e t/ze m o ku z en anze n m e n o , g , d as u 1 bas s ai s u r u m ae m ano a i ( ) , tar . [n

n . B as s a i . {be o m u k6 m i f , E x t r a ‘ a a n zu n i . g c e , 72.

Fu - h 1 nk 6. O o r g i, 7 a c t 1 . i i ts u . K o to F , J j . z ei taku . anza S i . i i [n i J s s a . j ts u

E x t r e m e mi ho n tﬁ - mi m a o n . K , yo ku , , k

tan - n i . S a o to . ig .

71 M E e . e . y , A na. O n e l t N é a c u n . r o ku , F y , y m ekk achi at , k a ' a h r n h e i t S ee ’ F e , a. m e . a zfea s e a , g m - s hi n o . by6. T o keep an '

- a i l z. z} . Y ar i s o o o n m e wo t s u ke F , k , r u

man 11 . I N ak n ( ). u aru I t u r n l V/t /z E e b a l l n . i to m , 3 y , H i . ( ) ( ) o u t t o d o kbr i - n a

E e b r o w u . M a u y , y , ku s as hi t s u k ae- na. m , am ie .

- ku . M achigae n a R e r a s s 72. M y g , e ame . g k u . E e l a s h n . M ats u y , ge . a i l u r e 72. A m F , y a a 1 3 e l i d . M ab as . 5 , u ta chi o id , ch o , s his s a

L u . as an s hi n H , dai i i k ag r . of pr o mi s e k i a u . y of cr ops fu s ak u .

P i n t - a a . . , Yo wa i Fa b l e , n . T s u ku r i H akki r i hi - s 1 1 3 1 .

hanas hi t ame - bana 2 i , . S u jaku s u r u S hi o wnr 1 1 I (4), y ( ). {v w if/z au h i , ( ) Midas u ba e n u ts u k u s hi - i u r u wa . I kk , ( )

s u r u . h 1 k az u k u - e at/zer 4 C s hi i . w , {) I T o o % ] l i 1 i e i n h ar e k é - te m , s t e , , ( ) f W k . k - z o u I a ar e r u m ﬁ , i wi n . u k . d j p ( ) B i i n S u t er u n . j . i 01 1 C d “ 2 ’ , k i r ak ) a zt . A a Fa i r l y , u S em er u T o - h i ku . n i . O to n as o ver f ao r e r u , (3) - - 1 i i S u n ao mi . 8 11 6j k n . s /zo r t , fu s o lx u s u r u - i k A k ar as am a m , ?) t ar i - n a- k u n aru

- aiw a mi . zen . S i I . i n l o ve ai ) ,

a i t h 71 . S hm kij . s u m s hi tau h . F , ( e a I). g r a i t h f u l a . Chﬁ i ts u F , j ’ k u s u ru s a ar u - g n a s hci iki n a . , j

f . v . S a e ru - g s er van l chi bo u . , k

o r o s u . G e r a u . I . n k k ( ) a l c o n n . T a a. F , k a a . e ts u D r u M bo . '

z. 71 . hi o r o e s u ibi . Fa l l , O c ru O t ,

. i o a a S a a T a . N a ar e . T a r er u (3). S g ru k k g

A k i . R i s e an d K o ( I ) . r o bu ( I ) . - e i s u . age s age . S i S hi nu ( 1 ) . O to r o eru

T o a wa l s a - no i t s u = a a e . y , y F , USO ,

S - - s eru o m u ku war no n s e n o . i , i ’ - . S hi nu n a u M achi ae no . a a zz. ( I ) ( I), k g

K i . M n ar u ( I ). atam u ku D am as h te ach i b . hi o m e S u ae t . ( I ) ( I ) , g s hi o r er u ar a u D k i s e i Me . Fa m e 72 . s u r u o ba ck T , - a m i l i a r a I e n o . F , . kk y o k e ru H anar e i - N ar e t a. h as i i S t h . m M o lx u tek i W O

S hi nm i ts wno . Fu s n a a hi n (h . Y a - d an no n S hi n ﬁ . ku s o k u u i t a au . y g h. ( i h i . I T o C k

- o ku r eru o s o ku Fa m i l y , 72. K az o ku

naru I . T o a m i n e 71 . K l k i n . ( ) F , n do w , t ao r er u m o s a . Y ﬁm Fa u , e i

Fu s ar a I . T o ( ) - n a n ad a a i . , k r o m s o m u k u f , ( I), i . M i F a n 71 . O . , g Fm hanar e ru T0 A o t . v . o u . i n tchi s u m g . g ( I) , i (4)

S i s u r u n K ﬁ s o . t T o Fa c y , n . ( 50 )

T ad h ar nk a 7 Fa r ( 2. s hﬁ to . 10 k o , , 74 1 ,

- m o o . B na e n k o . , p y y d i he n an ah a . t a , h a a t h o m H i e . F , 72. r

r o m chi atte . f , g 5. v . a aru H k ( I). T /zu s ko ko m a a t i u T s u k F g e , n . ar e , de . t i i ku ab r e , h m. I . 71 . ' r e w e l l . I to m a Fa , n T s k . u ar as u z. 71 . ' ’ ( I ) u o i . zn fn . S a o ri a g y y ~ T s u k ar er u ku ta r a o ‘ k i en o r o ’ , g g y bi r eru hi r c) s u ru - s hﬁ . T o bi d i to , (4) m a- go i wo s u r u

a u l t n . K was hi ts u n n er o s F , , di , s bet u

a am ar i . K zu k e t y i , no en . r es ent p , en 1 T t . . 7x. o gamer u s embetsu . (3) r m 72. ata e. Fa , H k a o r . O n . ho ai . F v , 1 2 C

f. T a a as u g y - O u r m o no . S e wa k i .

a r m e r n . H aku o be a tano mu F , y T g

s ha mo fu . . T o r ecei ve a , ( I )

s ewa mi n aru . T o h i o n 77 K ta hi ( I ) Fa s , . a c ,

do a s ewa. wo s u ffi nar R fiko ha , i . y , r u T o fi n d a t . a aner u yar i . M k aai ar ar eru Ryaka wo o u g hi ik 1 n i naru T o r egar d wit}: - a s t a . a a i s u m F , H y , i ki mi iru I n

- - a a n ata i . y k a. K m i t a u . of , e ‘ a s t e n z. 71 . M u s u bu t . v. e ama F , M g (I ), I s hibaru tasu k er u s ewa ( ), wo a u A i s u F to a y k Fa t , a . u t t , k o eta. r u (4) n . A bu r a, s h ibo . t ax . '

Fu to r as u . z. F a vo r a b l e a . T s u o ( I ) , g

- - Fu to r u o er u no o i bent ma. ( I), k y , i

(3 - ma ) i t ( 2 u . r e . Fa v o , S ki

- - i . i a t a l 0 . I mo ch mi n . K i n i ir u F , i S k

a awat u J s h nn na m o no . k k ( ), i

h - o do no . e a r . O s o re o ik e F , n , j . ko F t m m . s o r e u a e , n . U m ei , te l O r

m e i wa ar u . . g ( I )

f a t h e r n h ch e a r f u l a . O so ro s hi , . C i i , F ,

- o t o s an i n l a ko wa i . t . w, i ,

( 52 )

l a e o . K at achi k en . c . t Fi g u r e , 77 . , p ,

- S h zo a s ho k wa s eri . o o . o . k ata . M y ﬂ g ,

s /zo vcl f mo . E H i na al a. bﬁ i . . g j , j

han abi . wo r k, i l 1< . K o o n a. Fi l a , k

- i r m ( 1 . G bu na. 77 . ‘ F , J . M i tas u I l l z 77 . Fi , ( ) , - S ho s ha. K u m i ai . i ppai - mi s u r u (4) f. 77 . S ad am e ru I ai - mi n a r u 77 . pp k at am er u t as u 1 . ( I ) . ( ) - i r t a . D ai ch no u n . s n . I ﬁb F , i i ,

s a s ho - no ha im e i , j S l u m ai - no Fi n a l , ( 2. , o ena. A t n . J - s a igo n o . - ha i m e ni s ai s ho . j ,

i n ﬁ . Fi n a n e e 77 . S a , y ' h 7 a an a. z. 77 . Fi s 7 . S k ‘ M i id as i n d z. 77 . u F , a ana wo to ru S k ( I ), m i - ts u ker u , 3 s u ado r u ( I ) ( ) n ( I ).

I < m - i i n ( 7 . o a a . F e , k i s h r m a n 71 . R o F e , y

- i K i r e i - o s o . n a H , s hi .

- i K i u ts u ku s hi . ppa i h -h k . T s u r i F s o o , 77 - i . 71 . B akk i n na . Y o , bar . ‘ i z. 77 . B akki n kar yo .

n . o a. Fi s h i g , 77 wo to r u ( I) [77 Gy gy bo af ts u r i - bu ne i , , s h im ai n . . r o s e n. l i ne ts u i y , i n r 72. u b . F g e , Y - ts u r i x i i to . r o d, ‘ S h m an i n i s h c. 27. F , i z ao . s u r u h I . Joju ( ) -n i o n e r Fi s h g , - D eki agam I . 77 . ( ) a- S akan ya. - D eki agar i . T ek i to - na s é F i t , ( 1 . , . H i K wa l Fi r e , 71 . . g - - na cho d o o i. to , y

t v. a u . T o . Y k I A te ham e ru ( ) t . a zm te o wo u g , pp we” o - ku au 11 . y ( m /ez/e ts u I a , ( ) I ). 77 . s hi u - ho wo h anas u . k K i nn er u F i x , ( I ) o r u ts u ( I ). o bu m i s u r u k ans ho do J . g , 77. K i m aru o to ku l ho ta g . fy , K atam ar u . bi u ( I) m . ko o k t o , g 7 h l a 77 . ata. 7 . chi . l o o k o u t , i F g , H

- 7 t wo d as u I m i . 7774 7 a a , no , H ( ) '

- k ak a e r u z. ho u . kwafu . S h o f g

o ce k was ai - ho Y u r u mu s u tam ﬁ , ( I ), ( 53 )

' 71 77 . e r 77 . an a. s /z hat a Fl o w , H ( I . gﬂ, ) n a t . a S aku ( I ). H z ao . d e k az ar u ( I ). o mo k wa Fl a m e , 77 . H , u e . t . 77 . l u t e 7 3. F n F , ye . Fu ku . r m ( I ) 77 . Fa Fl a n n e l , T o bu . z. 71 . F l y , I) n eru . e t o bi - ts u u . d , k (I )

- n a hi wa ( 1 . T ai r aa t o bi m a Fl a t , , a bo u t ,

- o T o l et e Fc c k i n . r atta i .

t . v. Y o i h eim en n a e ru 77. H i r ach , , g e n i er u ni k ru g t . 27. T a r a h e i chi . i 1 1 21 1 . T o bas u I . 77 . T ai r a ( ) s u r u 7377 . h a K abar i . n i n ar u . ( I ) o wder ha taki p , ‘ ' o bi ru r z. z . K Fl a t t e , - u r i h aI t o n gu s . k i en wo t o ru g 7 7 A wa abu Fo a m , . , ' h e ts u r au h . . adats u I , ( I u z. A w ( ) ) k .

O bekk a a u . wo 77 . , y two . A wa ( I).

N o a . t at er u Fl a vo r , 77 . i i , k ki

S ho l em. N o mi . o c u s 77 . Fl e a , 77 . F ,

mikk u i . ’ oi te n o o a. , . K i r i . F o g , 77 M y

K wanfai . l e e t 77 . i da. O r i m e . 7 . H F , Fo l d , 7 T at am u B ai . t . 77 . h 77 . N i u . Fl e s , k u 27. K as an ar I ). a t 1 7. U ku ( Fl o , ( I ), u )

1 77 . S hi t a au Fo l l o w , . g h I s sh o n i u u ( . y k

M u r e . 77 . s u zu k er u l o c k 72. I . T F , ( ) o m ru . H o zz/s ts u i n A t s u a ( I ) A s fo , g no o d es u . S h m o K o zu i o . y i Fl o o d , n . , ' o d e s u . r y u z. 77. A fu e r u m iz . - ma d a . S u . F o n , ki

- m o ts u d 77 . S h o u Fo o , k , / 77 Y u l 1 3 . Fl o o r , . t abe - m o no . ‘ o zk s h i m o no . cl , ki (1 11 6. l 77 . B a a t o o , k , l o s s -s i l k 77 . M awa F , i s u r u d o . B ak e. n

t a. gu r o s u r u

r K 0 . o n a. db Fl o u 77 . k T o pl ay i k e ' 7 T awa N a ar er u keru z. 2 . 77 . Fl o w , g mu r et u N a ar e . 77 . g ( 54 )

- o o l i s h a B a a n a o tte. a s mac/i F , . k , y ,

- - ~ o t o a n a u do n n a. wa e d e u e n i . k , g k , y

wk o tt e. y , y

o o t A s h . ha u o r b i d t . v T o me u 77 . . F , i S k F , r

o a m o a n/( 1 177 3 f , ( )

am a n o s s o B o r c e 77 . h k ar a y u . y F , C i ,

o r o 7z ar ni te. S et s e i k ryo u . f. 77 . ' o n ha im ezu ‘ j S hi i r u P u t zm o

o k o nawas er u

1 11 0 1 0 . 7 o . A r u u . k a ar t o s h -hana 1 7 K er u p , i ( I ). 2 7 .

$1 1 . aack o sh Fu m u . ba l l I , i ( I ) , ( )

k em ar i oat/i s e n aes u I . , k ( ) s o o / u . k d , as h o s hi - o m u k i k ( I). ak r nid ai a i . Fu r . o en s hi - ak er u g p , o

- m a r k as h ﬁ l o . a l o s h , i c , i

- ad o i ha . , l kr o u k o s hi p gi g ,

- i n d o . r ace k o 1 0 5 j , y 11 ( I).

s o . r u l e ane , k o r c i b l a dv. M u r — F y , i z as h . s l o o / as hi i , n i , s hi i te. i hi - i d a , as o k . o r e fa t h en F e r , 72. S 1 - o r r e . K awar m . F , [ / i

am e - u i u e - n i T , y , o r ﬁ n r i o F e g e , 77 . H t o tte t s u it e . N i . y , s as hi - u b y i . A s n i ts u i t e w a ,

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as 11 1 o tt e n o u e as h . , y , y i

n i . a l l el ed o , k o r e f r o n 7 Ze m F t , 7 .

m o . B u ! d e n a en m a . m , e

ker eba. m l e y if , i n Fo r e g o g , a . M ae mo h n i e i c i k aet . n o . o t/zer s h to no tam e , i

i s o r e h e a d 77 . H i tae. n . A m e, wa ta F , u s h i mi to l te w k a . n aiko Fo r e i g a . G w ' , 1 17 7s r eas o n o n , k o - ku n o . er wa ’ , g i e d wau e . l o , - i n i n i s / ko ku j . m 1 1 1 l am e . T o ac!

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( 56 )

- o u n d l i n 77 . u te r e e a . i ﬁ na . i F g , S F , J y J ’ — - o k o chi no . S et l 1 an a . l zo s zt al , g p , e 1 - u . t . 27 . amas a . ) 1 n . H ( I ) J iyﬁ n i s u r u Y u n I m . o u t a i n 77 . zu F , i ru s u ( I ) . Fa ms u i - S u i en . . g

r e e d o m 77 . i ﬁ . F , J y i n amo to M i i Zu .

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r a c t i o n n . B u ns ﬁ . s hi F , i .

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r e e z i n - o i n t F r a m n K i F g p , 77 . g e t , 71 . r e .

r H o ten H ah n k y . e , o war e .

am en r e n c h 77 . Fu r ans u D p . F ,

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m o i r e u e n t a dv . T ab . F q , i

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n a.

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n i m attaku . ,

r o n . K a r u F g , i , kawa h ho n m o . u n d 71 . F , S i , ZI J . t o d e M o to k i n e n . , g

r o m r e . K ar a F , p p , i F i k n . u n ds o z a , k o i De y r . . Sho s ho .

r o n t 77 . Mae z em F , , u n d a m n t F e a l , a . K awo m o te . m e n . O K m - i l o po n no . D a j - d c h i r o awo a . , k i n a kwan é - n a , y . - m M M ae a I . a g i . - u n d h o l d e r n . M al e n i F k au ( h . - S h 1 h o n k a ki ns hu . ats T ek i tau , t u ( I ). K a - bu nu s h . h te i 6 s u r u i ( . I ), k

u n e r a l 71 . as ha“ (4) F , S , t o m u r ai 5656 - , . r o n t d . F o o r n .

- K e K - m o te m o m. F u r n . . e aw , g a. a ‘ k e m ca a o r o o . ’ , g F l ﬁ S t , 72. S l l i l n o . '

i ak u r n i t u r 72. o exi e s h m o e . e u , y F , D g , '

az a . O fa M o r u i t 1 2 M i u da k i p, F , . , k fu - d - m r u o gu y a. o no .

72 M u t u r e . r a s ho F , i i , F r u i t f u l a . u ta a , Y k

r ai . N o i a ch , s i . n - h k a . ea r o n e n . y ,

wo r l d o s e r a s e . , g , i - F r n . A e m o no y , g . '

l em u r a. F r p u ai . ) A e z . t u t . g

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u e l 71 . a tak i i . F , M ki , g

l l l f a i n i ek i m u M i t s u a n . R a e F ﬁ , . G , , k ,

o m s h o o r . 7 s t u . ho i ( I ) . J j u u k S L } . R i k?) s u ru T s u M o k e r u B r a ku s u I i ats u

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i h . o ata. 77 . T a s o - o to l a w k bu g . ,

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i m 77 . ’ ~ Ge n e r a l i s s o , M en te i u ek i a . , , y

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. e n e r al i t 77 . T s a — G y , G a s 77 . G as u x , . ﬁ i S i s e . o ta .

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n e r a l i z a t i o n . Ge , 72 71 Mo n ado . G a t e . , , k k s o o G ai at u T g . K ado Ga t e w a y , 77 . e n e r a t e t . U mu G , u ' g chi . z. . 1n r er u ( I ). 77 U a a t h e r A ts u G , f. d eki r u

m er u o s er u y G e n e r a t i o n , 77 . S hi m I . . A ts u ar 2 v u s o n . K et to da ( ), . Ji i , o r u 1 77W m o . ar e . y ( , y U

. Lt s u m ar i un s hu . , g K a n r . w n G e e o u s , a

G a a H ad e - na ha d ai - no k i a o k i - i y , , , g ,

- i i nayaka na. K r e

n a.

e n e s i s 77 . o s eiki . G , S ' M i er u a z e z. ts u m H a im e G , j . hﬁ m o ku s u m c i 77 . T ens a . Ge n i u s . (4) - e n t l e a . O to nas h i G , i , imbu n a z t e . S h G e t , 77 n - o ju n na.

s hi as s h . . Z i

e n t l e m a n 77 . h n G , S i - z . K i s a. G a e t t e e r , 77 h s hi . Ch m e - is h o i i j . e n t l e w o m a n G ,

l i n . awa G e a t , 77 k - f in K i u j . s e is e i ( j. n u i n e a . T adas h Ge , i

7 Me . e k i m 1 . H o s G e , , ho n to - no m a o to l i , , k o . K a xo gy k u fu zz. ~ D o chak u no . i aru no . 7l es s s e i i ts u m a o , j , k n d b i G e e r , 77 . S u r u . o u ns u i . t . J

. Ru i G e n u s , 77 . - e n e r a l a . I au no G , pp , h Chi G e o g r a p e r , 77 . u i - ( n o ts ﬁ e no . 0 1 5 , r - ha r i aku s . n a me 56511 6 g , .

- f w i o r a h . hi r . m emb s G k a . e 77 . j . G g p y , C i

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t . . H m l ace s hi r i zo ku 71 a er u p ,

l c e r i n . Ri s u do u . y e 77 ( I), k ( I ) G , r i n s u ter u (3) o n o r . u o n m l r u no zo p , G o 0 . u u iku , Y k ( I ), m u T s u ki - s u s u m ai r u I ( I ), ( m u o ver a ) ( I ) , y ’ a br o ad a a s u r u m e r u o n e s , y k

s e u m ak as eru er u f/ p, D u d an er u a a i ns t s a ar an y ( 3) g , k (h ' ’ ’ 21 Zr zal atte - m r u , . as zae s hi r i zo . y i I ) , 2 ( ) k u I o k e u ( ), y r

G l m l A 71 . Y o r o k o bu , M achigae r u u hi ar r es u . , g acr o ss o er u ( I) ( I) , k ‘ i - i m o a . r es h U . O watat u ( I) as

- i - s h i r o . T ano s hi i . fr a m a o u h y , y ( .

awa , s ar u l a n c e 77 . Cho i t o y G , u u h to m ru y k o r c i r a. i — k aer u b . y , ta l s 77 . G ar as u bi G a s , , i r u I do ze/77 o r i m i ( ) , d o r o . a a K g r u o chi r u '

o l i t t e r z. 71 . K a a K u daru . M a G , g ( I) chl

a u h aru . aeru l z r y k ( I ), ik ( I) g (3) a d abu na - m e n i l o b e 71 . eka chi i G , S i , an m . h ai k ﬁ . T a a I y . ) r u h ana of , l - o o m y a . u r a i . G , K r er han as u

' U ttO s hi - i i nk i - na . , o n u rn , s u s u K i n o - o mo i . ‘ o u z, deru

l o r i f t . m 77 . H r G y , o er u na eru o ver , s amb s u r u o mu nar au h. i y ( I ), ( K l i ) angaer u o r o u s a . e i o G , M y E o o m u ku S u l r u - ( I g am . A ar e n ( I) pp a. k o

l o r y 71 . M e o ho G , iy , r u t br o u /c ( I ) g ,

m ar e . E ven i n g to r i - mu ker u 3) T s u

c {be M ﬁ - ak k a e . r anu u I . T o er u f y , y y ( ) g [Mo r n i n o ( be N no bo r u g f ( J p,

as a- y ake . ( I agar u ( I ). h — t/7 to rno nau o o s e . G a cbo . wi , ( G , 77

i s s ho ni u u W 271 ! an I ), y k ( I) g . dado s u m " o s e l 77 . l u u 1 n . G p , k

- Fu ku in s ho .

m eate m ata. , mm o v e r n 71 . 0 5 G ,

o a t 71 a i . r u s hl hai s u r u G , . Y g (4) G d 71 K am i . o te . o , . J i

T en te o v e r n o r 71 . T o ch i . G , i

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fu . o ve r n m e n t 77 . S e i G ,

l d 77 . K in 6 o n . fu . Go , , g

du s t s hak m . , t r a c e . M e u n i G , 77 g ,

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r a c i o u a . io b G s , u - - t G o o d a . Y o i i i o , , , y - i m e m - k a , u i bu a . - g k i o s h i . 1 Ze n r i 7 .

o r 1 . o /bz77 el l o w r a d e 77 . K aik ﬁ to f g f , G , y ,

- n ar azu m o no . o r ﬁ K u r ai . f ky . Janj o /l i n a m n ai u i ta. g , y k d an . K o bai . 7/ '

- t ana i . zo /zzl e a , y T a i r a n i s u r u

h i - a . i s as ku . A y H : T o kyﬁ wo ts u k er u a s o n a i - ku hxto , j , (3) - s hi kn. r a d u a l l a G y , dv. ' - o o d b y e zn fe . S a Dan - d an s h da - mi G , rf , i i ,

o nar a s hikkei . i - y , o c i .

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o s u s o o d -m o r n i n S t g é u m. G g , y '

tc7 . O ba o o z a r a d u a t o r 71 . S o ts y y g i G , u

m as u o ba o . o - s e i , y gy .

' ' - o o d n i h t 71 1 tc7 . G r a i n l n r 71 n G g , 7 a , . B u r po . O as u mi n as a o a y i, y k i - i i r a n d a . G . R G , p s u m i . - a n a. m a o p g .

o d s 77 . N i m o t Go , s u .

- t e m r d m u s u m e . G o o d p e e , a .

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i . san. ( 62 )

s Mik a e s . r a n i t e . r e k 71 . r a G , 77 g G e , C i i h i i s h . c/ mr cb i r s ha i , g k yo . n f . Y u ru s u Gr a t , 71

o r e n a Mi r i o . e . do n ( I s ho chi s u r u (4) G ,

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Y ao - r u y a.

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karn . i ¢ t s u u r e v o u s a . ana ( I) G , K

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r a s s 77 . u s a. r i n d 1 . 77 . k u I . G , K G , Hi ( ) Mi aku - s l o 1 ze i ﬁ t i n g ( I . , G r a t ca o , 77 . ) t is o hi . an zo ku o r o k o bi . M , y

r o c e r s n . Zakkwa - G , r a a . H aii ro n . G y , o ’ ba zr sh r a a , i g .

r o u n d 77 . T s u ch i - G , i , ( 1 . k i . Gr e a t , (i A i i me n . K s o d o d a . j i , - w a to m ch enr o . y , i i , i G r o u n ds , o r . i B y [l e s o tai . i - d i T a r en t a . c. , j ea l t h o ho d , a u s an, u o o r y te r fl ,

. te c m do ex n , l ess , u

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r o w t h 71 . S ei cho . - G , H i . r i m e ages hi c ,

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r a n l /ze r hi i - i u 51 1 6 s u m hi g df a , j ki

we u k e . i i . r and mo r r u j g , (3)

- h i i babﬁ ma n u a r d 77 . Fu s e u . y , G , g ak u s a / m amo bo t s an. e , ( I ) , k k - i an d o s u ru a a u j . gy ’ - s m a/l da s ho . b mn ei ban m a. , i p ,

‘ ( 64 I

dau h . . - tets u H a r e 77 . N o u s a . ( I ) , gi

o - to m o ul /z, s o n hi l l a r e l i 71 . ts u p , - Mi

u r as h . do wn g i , u k chi . t s u taer u ba c i i o n . H a r m 77 . G a s a - , , g /ee/ te a o . bo o b , k g , G ai s u r u t . - t/1 t e cho . cl o , t e

s o k o nau h . i ta ( I ), nu u . cr t s hu g i af , m e ru u l - f , ka te- z aik u . zd , / , ~ d o ku na, ai no am - i i g h i t o n ci . o r an g g ,

. - ( I s hu i a n . r a i l ) ki , kwa s t es u i r an n . r , H a r m o n i o u ,

w r i t i n i - hi ts u ho wa s h t a g , jik , C i .

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H a n d l e 71 . E te , , , v H a r ve s t , 77 . S hﬁkwa

t o tte . k K ar - to r n u . i

- H a n d s o m e a . ts u ar i r er u , U ( I ), k i

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H a n 77 . K ak er u I s o asu u na as u g , g ( I), g ' I s o . z. 0 . a ts u r u s u ( I ) ( I) g ( I),

s e u . n s a er a k ( I) do w , g i B 6s h . s a a u . T ar as u E a t 77 . g r ( I ) ,

- t arc xu br as /i b6s hi ba e . ( I) , , k u k ak e r u a p, i H a t e , t . N ku mu r t o wo am er n do o , h k r au h . . ( I ), i ( I ) (3) ' H a t/ e m ] a . N ik u i ' , ’ l l a e n z. O o ru p p , k - n iku r as hi i . ( I ) N am ( I ) . H a t r ed , 72. N iku rni .

( H a i n e s s 71 . K 6 p p , o n u r mi I k , a . fu u s a wa s h a k , i i , i H a ve o ts u I , M ( ), wabe . o t e r a m t o u ( I). H a r b o r 72. i n ato , M . ever nets u a deru l k - f , g T e ha u jo . a ter m o to f , - i Mu ( l a r d a . ata , K . m c r u a c, d c

- - z u k as hi i . K i bi s hi i . h. A r as I . o u h ( ) ( . - T s u o i . y . I t ata an h . I . ) , k ( ) f m ( H a r d s h i 71 . N an i n u u u . p , gi , , k ( I ) i L annan s h n u . o n r u i n k , k , i ( 55 )

shi naker eba nar a H e a r t 1 2 , . K o ko r o n al . S et I ke

at r o o f ak i u H a w k 72 T a a , ram er . k . o m o ik l r u ( 2 ) H e r o n . A no h to , p i , [Vi i /z t/ u wbo /e ar e A k . r e . i s s hi n - ni s hi , n kar a.

H ea d 71 . A tam a ts u A t nes sihi n- n i , , , k o o r o m u r . K as hi r kar a. B i a. M o k y m a im ede to . o wﬁeat o . C ho e ta. f , h . j a r i ver m of , na H t i ea 72. N e , ts u , ats u m o t o u - o a di s f s a. N es hi ' s n . t . co u r s e s h u ro nda . , i, i A tatam er u ats u

f . v . K as hir a t o n a ku suru H age r a ( I . M ichibiku m as u I . ) ( ) z. Atsu I ( ) ku nar u ( I). H ea d a c h e , n . Zu ts ﬁ . H e a v e n n . T en s o , , r a .

T - H e a l t en o . . v . N ao s u u 6te 1 . , ( I . g k J ’ )

z. N ao ru I ( ). t enbu - H no . e a l i n n . R b i g , y j ,

H - chi r é . e a v a . O m o i y y , .

G k i - - - i . O s o i n b H ea l t h , u i . , 71 . i

H a es hi - i ts u o - i é bu tas s ha g , y . j , , m am e . - al a i . r a i n , 6 I n ébu - n i K j , t as q - a me. s ea 6 nam i s ha u m am a mi , . g i , , “ l o a d o m - , o ni . kenkc) n i . P r aw n / cl o u d u r o - u m o i n , k k . g y6j6 wo suru ' R es l o H ed e . K a i r f a {o g , n k ne . h o m pu ku s hi t a , H e e l n . a a , K k to . nao tta zenk ai s h , i ta. H e i h t T g n. akas a . Ca r el es s of fu , ' K o k u te n. en 6 6 ‘ y , y j . T o d r zzzé zo ’ “ t a a- ku s u ru a er u o n e s k enkc) W k , g . 0 M as u . s hiku s u ( I) o r iwau

h. I . H e i r n . A to ts u ( ) , gi .

H e l l . i o , 71 J g k u . J ’ ‘ H e l p , 1 . l as u keru S ewa W 0 suru H e a r s a n Fﬁbu y , n i . K as e , v. i suru u was a fﬁs ets u b ?) — , , y o n , s u s u m er u

n . T as u ke ho o , j . ( 65 )

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— - m o . e . t zde ch s h g , i i i wa y , H e m i s p h e r e , wa m an o iha i; - k fi y , g H an y . s anzo ku . wi n d, - H e n n . M en do r . , i 6- aze k .

H e n c e adv. o o , K k - H i l l n . O k a k o am a. , , y a K o n o wa ede . k r a. k

H i n d e r a . s hi r o A y ear i chi nen , U

t atte.

H i n d e r t . z) . amata , S H e r e a dv. o o k o , K k , ger u s aegi r u ch r a. a nd Mo r e i , am a wo s u m - J ach ch . a bo u t i ko i , T e o s u ru o o - i e n ik k k r a n . K o o nce s am ata e , g , ja

m a s awar . o n no ch t a , i k o i , i i , i r k o H r Reki o . t o b i s t o n . g a y , y , s hi . r e d e i n o n o . , k H i ve n . ach no s u , H i . u ch d e ko r e i . of,

H o l d 1 . v. o ts u . n i t u i o n , M ( I s te . , )

O k o nau h . s u r u o k o e: o nz k o ( I ), k d , T o bao b to k o ara to o o , k . , k k do m er n o s aer u t o o r m ade . / e, to m er u i zen . u o n o o p , k k b t as u y , ker u d e . w it/z o r e d e. , k ans e s u r u s ni S i K o r e to i s ho . o r t/z s as hi - d as u I f , ), H e r e d i t n . I den . y , te i s hu tsu s u r u n H e r i t a g e , n . I s a . I f , H e r o n . E i ﬁ o e , y , g k o nf hi ro e r u , g hu i n o . ts u . S j k

n o bas u . K o r aer u - ( I ) i n t o éfu ﬁfu . , j j , y u s as aer u p, i sm a i o . , y k , g ki

1 1 s u ru i . 71 . ' 3 H e s i t a t e z. 71 . hii , C s z k T ats u I ). T u u u cho s u r u y ﬁyo I . l( I . suru ( ) ) o n I . , )

H i d e t . v. K a u s a a co n s u l/ano n , k ,

i . v. K ak u r er u s o dan s u m

r m o ch - nu s h e , i i ,

- s ho a s ha. h - i y H i a . T a a . g , k

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h n . m o vi n c H u n e r n e . K ﬁ i g, g , . U

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n in . l ax ao a , k k ga her u

z ei . H u n t t . ar wo , K i

H o w D . adv. 6. D6 , u h s r u 011 ( . I ). - s hi te . o nna mi . a as . K ar D S g n i ,

N an to . r yo .

. H o w e ve r a dv. r e , K e H u r r i c a n e B o rn , ,

° d o m o a N o i . a aS hi T aifﬁ , g . m r . ’ 6 m o T o k aku . co n . z j k a e.

T ato e s u ru m o . I s o as u H u r r y , L o . g

H o . w s o e ve r , a dv s ai s o k u 511 1 11 I), Do s i e m o h t o , d nna I s o n 1 s e u z. o . g ( ) k o o wo te m o t s h . k i ( 1 )

‘ H u m a n a . N n e n , i g H u r t z. l tam er u , no h i to no i nru , , k a h . j i so o n u ( l ). no . a i zu R o w s a ( I ). K

H u m a n i t n . N as a y , wo t su keru i . o . k e i n , j i , I tam u i z u a ( I), k g m n i n H u a k d , n. n a: ts u ku (I). . c jm r u i . I tam . K i zu . i

u m a n l a . H i H y , dv f l . V ﬁ ai H u r t f u , a g - - to r as h i ku . h n S i - no do u na. , k - s ets u ni . t o H u s b a n d , n , O t . o H u m b l e a . I as i i . , y h

K e s o n - n na.

i n e n . B s e H y g e , i i n l i l i t H u y , 73. K en gaku . S O I L ‘ n ambik a. H y m , n . S H u m o r S e s h , n . i i S a m n H y p n o t i c , a . s i s hi ts K s o i i t u k u . h , i - r i u s u r i . no . N emu g o - hi k u o r o mo c . , k k H o c r i t e n . z en o kk e i y p , Gi K . O u t of - s ha i u ns h . - , g k i fu k i en t . v K i e n g . . g

wo t o ru . i n H o t h e s i s n . K a ( I) , y p ,

k - as e s k o kei k a. t e i , k t u .

H u m o r o u s , a. O k a H y s t e r i a , n. H im

- - s hi i, k o kkci na. t er i i. n ew b ﬁ k i fu , y ,

I . k a i .

I l u m i n T e l t . a e , i

i r W ataku s hi m an r u - u o n . A a k , p , ( I ). k

o . s b k u u m K az ar u ( I ).

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s - i - I l l u s t r a t i o n 72. S e é t ek no . , m i ak as h i t s u e l o k i . I d n i l D6 6 , e t c a a . , y k i s i E t o . S a h e. n a o na i , j .

26 511 62 6. I m ag e , n . , i d e n t i f t . W O ne y , . n K ata h i i c . m s u r u i . a . O

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d a . I i o t , n . B k e M an I m i t a te , er u l T i d - ~ I d e a . a a n a na , , “ n i s er u m ak er u I B u s h?)

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no ka en a warn- i s u tsu keru , g g . ( I), I u s m o d e r a t e a . I m o r t a n t a . T a s e , p , i

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i m a r t i a l i t n . K 6 p y , l m r i s o n p , t . 71 . R6

he i o s e . , k i n i i r er u ki nko

s u r u o - m e I nn a t i e n t a . T ank T i o p , i j k

no o k o r i o - i s ek r m ment k i n , pp , ,

- ko k ank i a o w n. k ch i n . ,

m r e r I o . Fu to l m e l t . 11 I . a . v 0 5 p , ( ) p p , s no fu - s o o - na S a er u , , fu

tek i to - n a n awa- na m n i n , i I e t e t a . G 6 6 p , j . n a k atak - i , u na na .

l m r o v e t . v. K wa p , i I m r a i p e t ve , a . Y o u r yo s u m ar ata d o o r o - n a- i Mei r ei k . u kai s e i s u ru n o . m i 71 . A r ata a t . u

- I m e r fe c t a . Fu o ku n aru p , y (I ).

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- - ku no . T enno no I m u d e n t a . ar en . p , H ambas s ado r cho u chi - no t ets u m em i , k , p i i . no ha o s h s h , y w r a

- - I m i e t n . Fu s h n na i . p y , i i j n . 6d . I m p u l s e , 71 . S h 6

I m l k m endo o date. p y , t . Fu u u S ,

I m u r a . M az p e , at ta.

- m l i E i Y o o re ta. K i ta I o t . u e nad p e , a r g .

n a s - i - n s o u d da u - o n hi ts u r e a. n . , , k

- I m o r t i ma Y u n ﬁ I n r c . N i u ch ni p , . y , p p , i ,

m a - e d e s u Y u n ﬁ n a d te . n . y k , ,

hi n. b a kim i l nk, e de.

I n n n co ve i e n c e , n .

- u ben - - . u ts u 6. m awa na- i m u to n F — F g , ' Fu ij o aku - t j no .

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- r i no m achi atta. , g I n d i r e c t , a . K wans e

I n c r e as e i . u - - , F eru t s u n o . u - s ei n F o ,

- t a - - (S ki 1 mn a u das h ku na i . r ( I). i

t . v . n as u I m a F y ( ), I n d i s e n s a b p l e , a. s i - u ( I). O k k u s u r u N aku tewa n ar anu (4) , hi ts u 6 - na y . Yam u I n c r ed i b l e , a . S hi n wo e na- i s h , ikata ga i r at e - na- i j . - na i . I n c u r a b l e , a . N au s hi I n d is t i n u i s h a b l e - g , n iku i . a . K u bet su - s hi n iku I n d e b t , t. O was er u i . ed ar no , k i I n d i vi d u a l a . , Hi to ar u Shakhi n no s - am t u no o o - n o ( I). , k k ,

I n d e ed a d , o . M ako to

‘ I n d i vi d u a l i t ni ts u - ni t y n . , ji , as hika ,

u i ho nt6- T o ku s e i to k , ni . N aru , u s hi ts u .

ho do m atta - ku , . I n d i vi d u a l l y , ado . I n d e n i t e a . K m a B e ts a- bets u - ni fi , i , h i to r a- na- i s adam ar a , r de hi to r i - bi to i , r i . - n a i . K a r no n - gi i a i , I n d o r s e i n e n t , m u e - n g n o . U r a- a g ki . I n d e e n d e n p c e , n . I n d o r s e r t - , n . U a ga D o ku r i ts u . - k i n i n . n I d e x n . a n n m , S k i , i I n d u c t i o n n . Y fid6 , , d as h . n er i i fi g , h fi i n. K i n6- h6 t o s as hi - u bi y . y . I n d u l g e i . nkern I n d i a n . i n o , F , d . o bo r er u I n - d i a n n . I ndo m , J . - t . v. m ama mi s u .. a . I ndo - no Ki . co r n , t6m o r o r m a /z l k o s hi . c i d,

o cean ndo - 6 a , i y . m ay ak as u I i n d ca t e t . o . h m e I n d , S i u s t r i a l , ( 1 . K 6 s u I , s hir aser u 6- no i 6- no ( ) gy , j gy . ( 73 )

B en I n t i n n . K wa I n d u s t r i o u s , a . ﬂe c o ,

6- i wo d as u ts u 6 H enk wa. ky na. S e y , I ( I n n S e r o ) flu e c e n. , i y I n i b l a ak e e v t a e , . S ku ik i o i E ik 6 , . y , - - n i u - i o e n u i . k , y k ik kwan kwa, - I n e x a c t a . u s e im , F i I n flu e n z a n . I n fu r u - , ts u n o . e nz a r fik6s e i , y l n e x r e s s i b l e a . p , h kwan 6. I i - n i u - i i its u ku s ar e k , '' I n fo r m t. v. S hi aas e - , n a i .

I n f a aw t u t s ﬁchi s u r u a m o u s , ﬂ

- - be ki . I as hi i Fu h6k o ku s u r u y . (4) h - n r ac i a. T o d o ker u

- I n fa n c y n Y 6 nen. n f r m t i n ﬁ , I o a o , 77 . T s

- ~ T e i n en m 1 m an . i s hi s 6 ch , r a e, h k o ku .

K o ko r o e . I n fa n t r y , n . H o hei .

' I n f o r m e r n . T S ﬁCh t I n fe c t , t . 71 . U ts u s u ,

- I . i . U ts u ru s ha ho o u s ha. ( ) ( I), , k k dens en s u m k a I n h a b i t a t i o n , n . S u bu r er u

m ai n 6. . Ji k I n f e c t i o n n D , . ens en . I n h e r e n t a. K o ﬁ , y I n fe c t i o n s d i s e a s e , o u m ar e - s ki - n , t u no . - e ns en b 6. 1 2. D y u a l i m o chi q ty, I n fe r e n c e S a i o , n . r u , m ae.

s u ir i .

I n h e r i t t . 71 . T s u u , g I n fe r i o r a . O to tta , , s 6z o a s u r u ( I), k (4) k a 6 - n o - t , war n i . n n K I h e r i t a c e , n . a

I n f e r i o r s n . es h , M i t o u K as n k . a .

ta. N ems h6. I n h r i t r e o , n . S 6Z O - I n n i t e a . Mu en ﬁ , g k u - n i n ate - ts a , gi . no K a i r i - . g no n a i . - I n u s t i c e n . Fu i j , g , I n ﬂa m e t . v. o a , M - y fu s e i . su t a u I (I ), k ( ). I n k n . I u K i n s h6 W 0 o k o s u , ki .

s tan d i nki - s atando I . i . A ts u - k , ( ) a . u ,

- n aru . O o r u s u mi ts u bo ( I ) k ( I). .

I n ﬂa m m a t i o n n . I n l a n d n . N a ch , , i i , i K i ns h6. ko ku - na . ( 74 )

I n l a t. amer n I n s t a n t a . K fu na y , H , y ,

z6 an o s u m s as - N g w hi atar i no . es

Chi r ibam er u s h n - na o k i i i . n . T , j bu o o n i n z 6 an. n. T o r o . g , g k K o

e tsu ho n ets u . g , g - I n l e t n . I r i u ch . , k i

- - I n s t a n t l a d u u r e i i u mi . o . I i , r y , S g ,

tadach - u i tachi m a i - i , I n n e r a . ch no , U , - chi m wak a ni . - , i maibu no .

I n s t e a d adv. awa n M » , K I n o c e n c e , n . u ‘ l i - ni z i m . a , u s hi ts u . Mu

a . I n s t i n c t . n o n 6 j ki , . H n . H o s i I n o r a n i c a u n e , tens e i u ma g , . M ki ,

r ets u ki . no .

I n s t i n c t i ve l adv. I n u i r e i . v. T azu y , q , T ennen- ni s hi zen n ew kiku ( I ) ,

ni u m ar e ts u i te. s h i ts u m o n s u r u (4) ,

K enk ﬁ s u I n s t i t u t e t . T ate y r u ,

s en s aku s u ru t u k o s hi r ae ru

s ets u r i tsu s u ru I n s e c t n . K o nc ﬁ , h , m u s hi .

I n a r a b I n s t i t u t i o n n . S ci s e p l e , a. VVa ,

e e - - ei i i k r ar n a i . t , s etsu r ts u . S e

do K 6ik u a I n s i d e r e : and a . . k6. , p p dv. y G k

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N a bu nai m e I n s t i t u t o r n . ets u i , n. , S

- - r t s u s ha s ei tei s ha. i , n s i h t . Chik n I g , n e ,

I n s t r u c t t . O s h t6s ats a. M iko mi . , i

er u k 6ku n s u r u - n i t i . . I i ar u y I s s , v h s hu ch6 s u ru ( I ), t i n 6 I n s t r u c o , n . K I n s p i r e , I ki W 0 y

ku n o s h e an ai . s u r u lco kyﬁ s u m , i , k k

I n t r u t o r n. K 6 (4) s c , y s hi s ens e I n s t a n , i . c e , n . Re i s h6,

I n s t r u m e n t . D6 r e i . F 72 Jiki . o r , f tato eba. t . i . Re i u ka G akk i g , ki i . . wo hi u o r a e S h6s ho k ei aku k ( I) g , y

r u s ho .

( 75 )

k o kbr o - as u - i y . ku s u r u H age :

e - r i n d s hin fi . m asu I s h6r ei S U I f , y ( ), U I n t o r e N i u c , p p. , h i

n i n ak ao ni . I n vi s i b l - ~ , e , a . Mi e na

I n t o x i i . c a t e , t . v. Y o was u I . i . v . Y o u I n vi t a t i ( ) o n , n . S h6 f h . I me e s u ru t ai ann i ( ), i i , a . 4 ( ) I n t v i e t . v a , . M n eku I n 1 t r a n s i t i ve « 8 7 5 , I o bu I s h6tai ( ), y ( , i - d6s ) j hi . s u r u S as o h n ( .

I n t r i n s i c a . ak o o , t I z anau h. M I ), ( I).

n o . val u e , s hin - I n vo i c e n . O u r 6. k , k i j wa . I n vo l u n t a r y a . O I n t r d , o u c e t . v. , Mi m o wa- - i na . c h i bi ku t ebiki ( I ),

I r o n n . T e ts u wo s u r u S h6kai , . S ' s u m ato o t / nng ko te h no s h i i . I n t r o d u c er , n . S h6 I r o n l kai - min c a d n . K 6te ts u . , wan k . I n t r o d u c t i o n n . o , J . L e I r o n fo u n d r t/er of s ho kai n . 6 t e s C hﬁtets u - o s ei tets u j , n ho . j ,

jo . I n va l i d i t y , n . B a y I r o n i c a l a. an h , H go s n . u d i M a. Mu no . k i r o k y u . I r o n nn o n g e r as. K a I n v e n t , , t . v . H ats u n amo no - a. m ei s u r u y

- I r o n a . T e t y , su no . I n n i ve t o ' n , n . N ats u K - ata i . n . an m i H go . e . Fﬁ s hi . I n v e n to r , n . H ats u I r r a t i o m u a , . Fu m ei - h s a. - 6r i no fu - 6- g , h no . I n ve r s e - , a . G ak u M u fu nbe t - y s u no .

no s a as - , k a no . I r r e u l a r - g , a . Fl t k i r o o r t i o n to m i r p p , p e i . s o u - no chi ts u o k , j no

I n vm t i - a t i o n n - - g . na i . S o r o wa n a i. K e nk ﬁ m m . y , gi i Raneats w no .

I n vi o r . a t e t . v. r) g , I s i . v . A r u o za . J , , g i ma bu - ni s u ru ts u o s u . e y D s u . ( 77

h ma. I s l a n d n . Je w e l . T ani a h6 , S i , n ,

o ku . er h6 I s s u e 1 1 . a 6. gy , , H kk

- o ku s h6 . r K ek k o ku o war i . , y , gy y - - i - h6 o k u s a u . v. O ku r i d as hi . t. gy k H a 6 s u m J i n t . v. T s u na e r u kk o , g O u r i - das u I d as u k ( ), mu s u bi - ts u ke r u I e u . i . v. r na r ( ) D i . v. T s u ga u 3 D ek i r u war u m u s u bi

( I ) . - . i Jo i n t T s u me . , n g

I t l l . , f Fu s hi . K wans et s u .

- I t a l i a n n . I t ar ii i n . - , j Jo i n t s t o c k , n . G 6

i - o I tar i . i s h . co m a n 6 g p y , g i - i ar ikk s h a s ha. I t a l i c , n . I t u . g

Jo u r n a l 72. N . I ts e l f r o n . . i bu n , , p J , ikki

S himbu n . Zas s h . m i z u k ar a. i t i s , s hi mbu n o r I r . e vo y , n Z6g . z ass h i - i s h k a.

- I vy , n . K i tsu ta. Jo u r n e n . R k6 y , yo , t ab i .

o r b J o y , n . Y o ko i . i . v.

Y o r o ko bu u r e ( I), J . s hi aru . t . g ( I ) v. Y o r o k o bas u ( I). u t u res hi -i o r o J a m n . amu . f , , y , J - — ko bas hi I . u l f {y, Ja n u a r y , n . S h6 y o r o k o nde . ats u i chi ats u . g , g

J u d e n . a ban g , S i Ja a n 72 N ho n . p , . i wan h an i him k , j . S Ja a n es e 72. N ho n p , i - an wan i . v an p k . . d m N i h o n - o j . g s r u t . v. S aiban u

a w n . A o . a dan s u ru J , g H n

Je a l o u s a . N et am u Ju d m e n t n . S a ban . , g , i

s o em u I and an . H ank ets u . n . ( I ), ( ) H

e a l o u e tam i l r . e J s y , n . N , J u g g e , n T zu m a

o ner ai i o il l tezu m a- ts u s s b t t a i a . , , y k S , k i

m o chi . J u i c e n . S h r ts u , i u ,

Je l l n . en i . A me u . y , J . y

h h - a J e s u s n . aso J u l n . S c tsu , Y . y , i i g ( 7 8 )

J u m i . v. T o bu T o m er a p , ( I ),

haner u do wn i i te - o k , a i ve, k as h u to b - o i ru k u s r I . i n k a u i ( ) ,

- - o b . k o u o n t a aru . i a m i n d p , i g ( I ) ( I ) , i t o t o bi - o m u o a er n , k k o r g k u

I . acr o s s . t o b s i l en ce d am ar a . ( ) i , ( I ) m o s u . u nder as s e i s u k ( I) ,

o s ac - ts u k e r u - Ju n e . Ro ku ats u , n g . u fu s e u p, g ( I ), r J u i s p r u d e n c e , n . m a mo r u i . v . H 6- ak g u . T s u z u ku I ) S u u d do s t a v h6 . J . C m au h . , , ( I ) k ada amo . a . T ad a t o m er a s e i s u r u

- - s h i i . 6he n a. o n s u s u mu K i ,

- - S h6 iki n a. T ek t6 t o ata k u j i I , k i no r n a. as i t i s ar m am o ru . e , ( I ) ,

- m am a. n o w, t a ban ni n . da m a i , i K i K a . a K e y , n . g

f . J u s t i c e n . e . s h . n o te u , S igi iki , m r . s to ne ana e Gi i , k

s h . m e i i J u s t i f t . v. B en y , i

s u r u H 6men s u i c k t . v. er u K , K

u T adash - i to u k e - a er u r i p, g 3

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ke - to s u do wn , o

k e- k o l . i nto ) , m u ( I ).

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K i n d n . hu r u t a u , S i , g

T achi . ar a. i . G - K e e n a S u ru do i . , er s o n im - i n of p , j p , - H a es hi I . g - o ara a . S hin hi t g .

t T am o ts u e s u - na N as ak e no K e e p , . v. s t . m . o r a u I . ( I ) M a u ( I ). r ( ) T aku waer u S a n S hi ns e K i n d e s s , n . s aer u ts u . T as u k er u

K i n d r e d n . S hi nru i a o s aer u , , b ck,

c u a s hi ns ekl . Chi j , hik aeru Sam a o k s u l . D zo u . ta e u do wn j g r ,

o s ae c ts u k er u K i n g , n . 0 .

a n d -t x a - n . h s o . a t t e r a . O war o L , C i L , i n ,

no h - o - c n ato no . a n u a e n . o to i , L g g , K ba o Chik a o r o - no km , g . g , i - r a n o .

L a n i e r n n . ho ch n , C i .

a u d ‘ i a b l e , n . o mu a to to r o . L G , H beki kwan i - , s h n na. L a n . da. Fu p , Hi chi . ' a u h S u s o g .z. and f. . L , W a ‘ r au h; . az ( I) , a r e a . O ki - i L g , . Hi r o azaker u W n . a

- ! r ~ . Fu to i . A i i , j t ai . u - nl y .

a u h o g a b l e a . O ka a r k L , L , n . H ibar i . s hi - i - - , war o be ki . - L a s t a . O war no , i , a u n d r n . o nta s ai o - no s h m a - no L y , S g , i i . k U ‘ am n e /i f s a u -ban y g , k , ' s - a u a abe . a r u e l n . K k y , y L , ats u r a. w o nt /i s en e s , g t u . L a w n . , H o r i ts u . K i ea r k o - nen y , y ,

s a u ne n. k z. T s u i - s h z e n ho . M o

zu u . a e k ( I , ) g m ! do k - to u ho .

u ns o z ei . T s u m i - ni . M a r ti al gu nr i ’ ’ a s t i n n . o h ts u un c k . L g , M i , , g i Czo zl

m - - o ch l o tae. k mim po .

- h6 L a t e a . O s - i , o . O war i

n o . Chi a o a k r o no w i ve r n . Ri g , L g , ppa k i r ai n n o . o to no s ha. M .

c a r s ki n - y , nen . a w l e s s - . L , a . Mi l ho s /ee zn as ane p g, . ' n o fl ! - 5 i - , j t DO . zn co m an chi p y , a w n n . h bafu s an chi o u L , S i , , k k . Of s h b - h a ara. k o n o o r o ch a i —g , ik - o ro . chi a L a w o fﬁ c e r g {y, k , n . S hi

o ro ki nr ai o no ho - wa g , , k k n.

a da. i a w e r L y , n . H o r i l s u

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- nais ho no . L a x a . u ru - i h - , Y , i r o i .

- a t i n n . Rate n m Y a - . war ak L , J a na.

- Raten o . g L a y , t . O ku

L a t i t u d I - e . 72. d o .

H i r o s a , haba. al o n u ts m u ku ar as oar e u . u . g, ( I ) ( I) ,

bad a a- mi s u r u aside n o bas u . , ( I ) k a n e t am a o S u ter u Y am er u gg; g wo 1m m u n K atazu k er u ' der an o o/z a /zo n o n (Be o r e s o n aer u g s f : wo ki s eru s u A r awa ( I) .

‘ - b t aku waer u a z n . B u s ho no . y , L y ,

- S u te r n K at az u T aida na.

er u do wn “ k , M i hibik e a d z. 71 . c u ' L , m akas eru W ata I , ts u r eru A n s u I S u ter n ( ) ( ) . n ai W 0 s u ru i N ew 0 ( I ). ~ Y as u mu . ho l d e a d 12. A nna . N a ( I) L , i

o r o n t s u k ain u m ar . 4 , , i m a k a e . . T s u ru ( I ) ( 3) - e a d e r n . A nna s ha. L , i t ak u i n , waer u K as hi r a. ’ K ai - i r er u

f H . o bi ra . Lea , 72. a T s hi i r eru l o w,

- bo maru . o n ea k n . a e m e ( I) , L , S k , ku waeru ' i - m e o r z. a . M m k e . o en ak e - ban as u p , o n f ts u i as u , y ' e a n . Mo tar eru L , z o . adater u

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H o s ea n. H iti a ta , , m $ l n . e M o n o o y , S ‘ p

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d e ru . K abu .

‘ E r i d Ii o de l a t e . ek o , a T M o n o t o n y , n . T an n h o d o n o o —i a . , y 011 6.

- - C hiﬁ ur a n o chﬁ g i , M o n s t e r a . B a e , k

3 0 4 1 0 . t . v . T e kido mo no . a t s u ru cho do

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M ad e . 4 n t h l 0 . Mo d e r n , . h m d a l M o y , g

no i ns el - n o chi a t s u - D 0 t s u ki - zu k i c , k , k , ( 94 )

7 n o . s o m ek y , g t s u m ar i . 7 7x ’ k u y . a w t ai tei ar ak a a p , , t , O M o n u n l al a. e n t . K i k , n

- nen hi . M o t h e r 72. H ahw o a , y ,

a a - n T . O a s an. M o o , 71 . s u ki . Fu l l h h kk r i n /( zw m an - e l s a , e bo m a g . A n o k i , m a- haha o s m - e ts u rmh , bo . S ha h g , a y

to m e. to n u e zu k l . g , bo n o ku n o g k o to ba. M o r l a o o o a , . D t ku no . "

M o t i o n 72. ndo dc) , U , M o r i a l s t n . B o t , o ku r o u . o hats u y k D gi , L a ﬁto ku -s h , y a. i . n . ndo - s g U ha. M o r l i a t y 1 1 . o M ats u - , D gi , gi s ha. to ku gn M o t i ve 71 ; ak i , D . ’ M o r e o f M o o . o o , tt , na M o t t o 7a. , K waku en. 0 m ad g , a. a n d Bl o u n t i - a n n . ama m as u m as u i o - i o , Y . , y y . o r /es s N o bl o u r n i n ' n , g , . K ana m o n ai . O m : s h im i . c/o f/z , m o

mo i chido . A l i ft/e m o s u k o s hi . M o u s s e l i n e n . o , M s u ’ M o r e o v e r , o av. o no r in m en u s - S , u , t6 Chi

u e n ao . , r im en .

M o r n i n n . A s a g , . M o n t h 71 . u ch , K i .

s /ar ak e no m - , o o . u l u ch i i y j j , k i ppa . ' 7 71 2s es a k k , o n M o ve f. v. , U go k as u cho . I ( ). D o k er u M o r n i n - l o r g g y 72. , Do gi wo d as u A s a- ' gao . f 1 11 : z. o . M as a- a y , e . y k t s u r u

M o r i - a ] n . S h nu be te n , i ( I ) , i k . wo u n d ﬁs h , j o . n . U nd ’ ' a zsm s z s hi - b o , y . M u c h o . T aku san- , ma, M o r t a r 77 . S hikk - - u i . t ant , o no . b i . H o w

M o s 1 u r a u ani - ho d u i t o 71 . K n , o q , . k , d o no k ﬁ - u r au . mo r e YQ . k , mas h te . i . m 3. M o s s 71 . o , K ke . s u i r r g a. S o we e

d a e k o no k k , u rai .

ha s L o co .

( 95 )

' i K 6 i 6 N a v g a t i on , 51 . N e g o t a t e , z. 71 . 3

- k i K o a u tsu . d an s u r u a . k i j

6 i i mb . N i . K k a N e r o . K u r o o a v g a t o r , n g , u

s ha. N e i h b o r . T o nar g , 71 i ,

‘ ’

K a u n . i n o k im en . N a vy ; n . ig k j , p

K wantai . N e i t h e r r o n . o ch , p D i

N - i s o e a r a . h a = d m , C ik , t a ( o tchi) o

- i - i ba no . S hi tas h . nai . o mo c n] .

wa ch a- m i m o nai y , ik . . .

hi ; l ehi k a- k u c y , , N e p h ew, n . O i . - i s o ba ni . T a t ei , h o

N e r ve n . h n e . - , S i k i l o nd o . S hitas hi ku .

N e r vo u s a . hi n e i ts ~ , S k i N e c e s s a r y , a . H u s h ts u - n o wan i , k ji - - - 6 no . o na i y Y gi , - as u i . s y yo nd o k o r o na i . ‘ t N e s , u . 8 11 . N ec es s i t y , n . H i tsu

N e t , u . A mi . a . S h6 K s b6. H i zen . et u

- m i no . h ri tSu y6 i . K N e ve r , adv. es shi te N e c k . u b . , u K i

nai . k l o t h N e c e , ft . E r i - w ( 1 . A ta as i i N e r h . i , ma . k ' ’ '

edzfzo n s him an. “ , p - - N e c k t i e , u . E r i k a co mer s hi nn ﬁ i , y z ar , nekku tai . ha s h nzan s . , i N e e d n . I I its u d i r i , y , ' ' askzo u ea S h msk 6 K e s u b l - I i ts u f , i iki y t o . no . ea r s h n y , i - h i n I I 2 6 . ru y . ( nen . ea ) N ift ' y y , i n . s o a s u r u F k (4 arr- g jits u . y ear s N o t 2d fu 6. , y ew 6- m s o a o a. , i k , j y

- N ee d l e 73. I I ar . ea r s - 1 t o s h , i y 357 ; i

d am a. N e a t i o n v K nze g , . y t s u . N e w s a . T a o r i h , y , a

nas h . a er e a t i i p p , N ve 0 . K o z e g , y s him bu n - s hi t s u s u r u h . (4). S o kyo ku - t e i no k .

' ‘ e l ~ .zi s ak u r u e hi o t m N ec t t . z . O o g , k ta y, , v ' r u n s “ l , u da vm v rs u . man /6 ﬁ y m. V y , r u a t - ts u i i - s u c o u e c 4 , y k q u ( 97 )

r - ea aku r u to s h N o r m n . K i r i ts u . K i y , i , ,

yo ku - ne n han . N o r m a l K i s o ku , a 7 i kkeru . N i c k e l , 2. N do n - no i han- no , k . i N i e c e , 72. M e .

h i . N o r t , n . K ra a N i h t . Y rn o . g , n , y N o s e , u . ana. T o W /zo /e o - n o o H y j , y bl o w t/ze h ana

wo k amn . - ( I) k o m ban . L as t bl eed bana i , . - T j s aku ban ﬁbe . o , y

m o r r o w m 6 N o t a dv. m as en y , ,

n o b nai . ban , as u an. r N o t e hﬁ hﬁs h wo k a 6 . 11 . a , y gy , C , c

- dr es s nem u k i . ku chﬁk ai . Fu 6 , , g ,

s him shi - s al l hi no u r e ku . ak t u f , k , K i

- k . r e at a e T e ata. k u g . g G a fu H . i kki . t . v . i n N g h t w a t c h , . S hu C hﬁk ai s u r u ku cho k u . Shi r as hi wo ts u k er u N i h i l i s t u . K o m u , y K ak ito meru (3)

t6. C hﬁi s u r u k i wo

N o adv . I e . , iy ts nke r u bo o k,

- - ho . . N ada b i l i n . K i o u . t e c a a i N o t y , z k k ,

- ﬁmei na. P /aee o l - y f N o b e , 4 . T att o i .

m ei s ho . i - R ppa na. K izo ku ’

- - no . K 6s 6 a. o t h i n n. Ma h h n N g , i c i

bu ts u . Fo r mu N o i s e n O to o n hi , . , , '

- d a ni . on: 1 11 1 s i o , bik . K e. o r i i M / k e g r . al e

N o i s a. Y akamas hi . y , am a egfi k wazu . S Zé S hi ' i i , é o i N o t c e , u . T s fi chi , N o m o i n a l , a. N ay ba s hi r as e. K 6ko ku . ar - n o na no m i n o ' k i , , C hfii . G zz/e s hi fim e i - m u i - y j tsu no . i r as er u (3 t . 11 . M N o m i n ti t s u ke ru Chfii a ve cas e, n . S hu - a u s u ru w o ts u k k . ker u N o n e ( I N an , . i mo na

1 . N o t i t h s t n m w a d g ,

N o n - . K e o m s e n s e u . Mu i i co n r ed o , g . j ,

i kam aw - a n azu i . N o o n n . H i , m, s ho go .

N itchﬁ . u n - N o , n . Mei s hi . ( 95 )

u r h Z. as h N o i s , Y i

n au h . s o d ater u ( I ), ‘ O .

S o da s u 1 . 0 . t ( )

i a t . N o u r i s h m e n , n J

K ai . O a r n . ' S , y a Bt g .

- ar asu m u . s e s u O a ts az. K gi N o ve l , n . S hé t .

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i e n c e u . fi u n . O b e d , J j m b r . fii chi N o v e e , 71 J S hi ta au O b e t . . gats u . y , g k o to wo h . fi ’ ( I ), y N o w aav. I m a t ada , , kiku i m a m o a. and , kk bu t 72. o no O bj e c t , M , - n ik ; s ai s a , u tabi Mo ku tek i . t ai . o a nd e m . M n , ~ O bj e c t i o n ; n . H an t - o ki do ki . ai i r o n . t ,

N u m b e r n . 8 6 k azu . , , cas e n O bj e c t i ve , . b n r e t G 6 a . G a , z M o ku tek i k ak u .

taku s an . S mal l

n . H o n O b ] i g a t i o , u i 6- s h s h fi . s u k o , s O dd u n im u . b , g

ki sfi . E ve/z O l i e h r a b g , S ii - fi s fi . t . K azo er u g i s u ru B ang6 wo ts u ( 1 ) er u l es s ‘ k , O b l i g e d , a do . Y o n

- - m a s ﬁ no kazo er ar e d o o r o - n a- ku amu , k , y

- - - wo ezu z e h na k u . na i . , i

l n S hi ns e A m a. O b i i a . N u n , n . g g ,

- - ts u na te ine na. , i

m e O b l i u e a . N ana der a. q , ' - n o s u ik ai no . z 71 . , j . ' N u r s e 1 2. U ba. o r . , M i K atamu ku u a ( I ), y g K wa n o - fu wan g , k m u I ) - ni t o r by6 n . . o . M i O b c u r e a . u rai s , K

wo s u m . S o d ate (42 A i m ai - na s u i n . hii O b s e r va t o n , C ' r u wai11 6 s u ru J n l s u x a a . k m o ku . w s i ma d, ko O b s e r va t o r y , u . ' a I l o - an T em mo n dai . Kw

- N u t . r s o u o . ; 72 Ku u mi . k j

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‘ ' acco u n t o t a~ ' f, H i éts t1 5no O nl y , a . t , i m e ni o t te n o d e . , y , ' dv. H ito r i hi to r i . a — m §o s e waza- to p y , , ’ l e t ada. B ak ar . , i - o k o i mi . [be o n e

‘ “ N o m . [zo i 6 de Ema ? i ne] , pp ‘ " H i r ak / O en if . u f/ze o t/zer aft 1 1 1 , 1311 6 p , i [be n . de vi a. co ( I akern him ‘ k aett e . Me kn fr ar e m z. A y , g (3 M to chu d e a e 1 hi r o aru y , , g k ( g

mi eo naﬂfzo n n a ’ ‘ ‘ . , K ‘ ze n O penl y , aav . é ,

b ni o t l e wa . ra a - , y - 6yaiko n i . any ' “ ‘ ‘ - - d k aex i michi e. gan i - o n c ( i n. ch d . O e , i ‘ “ ’ ' n n n e ts u O i i o . - ii i p , S , K at su te, aru , aru ' a n ae i en . s k g , k t o . H t a a ki g ,

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ko r azu . 1 1y t u i o ts u - h t 2111 311 . ' O t i c i a n 71 . e a p , M g

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r 1 . S u 1 1 awachi . S é d e

- O n e s i d e d a . ata naker , K eba. r i e t a . H as h i Q n al , ig

t 6. n o . H Q , 6y

~ O r i i n n . K i en h a g , g ,

O r i M Q O - g i na l . a t n o ,

- — ha r i o 1 ( o jima n , f) ,

o r i a m i . H o k n C i ~ g , n O r d e r n . u o . h , J j ts u o K i s o k u i t i j , k

s u . M e i ei i i s ke O r n a m e n t n K a t r , t u , , . z a + k s as izu . C hi nn o n r s 6s ho u . tn h , ,

a ts u r ae. [ n l o ,

- i - t am e m , y G ni . O r h n . i nas p a , n M h ’ bo c ﬁ o - l o} , h m n c u i , gO b

r t h o d o x O y , n . S ei k o ju njo wo y .

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z e i - no tu dan - no , , O u t m an k g h . e , Ba i , u m - o i ts o n . hazu , atal zi mac .

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d 6 u . O r u an . g g ’ u t a o ~ O , ao . S to n i . O r a n s m n g i , . Yaki H an ar e t . o e f , kara r , ) o i . ef f/l : n i i O r g a zat o n , eas e h6 a - n i , g i i, h j6 S 6. o s hi ki. R62 n i . do u bt , u ta

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r et e . o time f , - O w n a . ibu n no . , J t o ki n ar azu . of - O w n e r n . o ch nu M e wa m ch n i , M i y , i i ' - s hi s ho ﬁ s ha. t e o s z /zt , y hazu re . f g , - s l a s ho ﬁ ken. - p, y m i ena ku natta.

- or eatfz a k i 0 X ﬂ. O u s h . of , iki g , i o em l o r er u . / p y O s t e r n . a . y , K ki m eu l h m a d e i r u , i ,

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s h im ai m ade kike .

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ut i d e n . o to . - O s o cean t a he 6. , S , i i y

n - k ei m O va l n . ae ta c k t . T s u ts u u , D , Pa ,

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- k a o mak e ni . 6 , Hij n K u ts ﬁ am P a i n . t , , i i .

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a anda. g y - - K a i . s hi i . nashi

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P e n n na n s h i n . o u f u m m eru p , , y (3) ’ ho k o S aflen/zo n , i w s u k e M o nt/z t ru e n s i o n h . nk fi P , O y ~ l ekk fi . k i n 6r 6 k i n y g y , y . da h arai - bi wan y , , k n t Pe t ec o s , n . P ent e - k e o 6 bi . ee u t n j , co s u te. n i s hih ar ai n . er , hak u a e o n y n . S i s e P , y n n . ma t r , ' ’ k u . T r e e bo tan. - kwaik ei wan . ' k im mi n P e o p l e , 1 2. , e t s h r i J m n , i ha a .

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7 ' ‘ R e n t 72. 8 0 11 1 6. S a A ki r am er u , 3 3) me o m e e . H a e s i t 21 7) ak ar an k y R s , S

ch n . G r o u nd h te o s u ru i ( . I ), ik - dai s haku chi r é . a e te o . ji , y m , ik

t . as u K K e R e s o l u t i o n , n . s

R e a i r t . 21 . N ao s u p h k ets u dan . Xc , s i n,

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u nan h . z. g ( . I ) B u n ai u r u ( I ). k s Y u ku m ai r u ( I , K a s h a ) ) T o kas u . i u i g z n hu f n . S h e , s ; ku s u ru K im e ru

nao s hi . B a s ho . i k i n s u r u

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mo do s i hen n . tatto mu . z. 7/ h , ki I) , ( I )

( 1 26 )

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' R i c h (2. K ane - m o I ko r o as , s hi ( ), g u ( I ).

no . M w a u M a , kane M k z. a m o h W 3 c i . 11 !

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- of m a do r i . M ake aker u Se i r i s u ru (3)

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u b - wa Y i . t . N a r a R o e n . N a p , wa, tsu S u . z. N aru na. I g1 b ku ( ), i ( I). " Ro s e h ; . B ar a. R i e p a . u ku s hi ta. , J ‘ ' R o ni i i l g za . A iai . S o R i s e , O ki r u - i natS u na. A ar u I b g ( ), R o u n d - I , 6 . Mam i . n . ( ). Fu eru De Ma k r war i. r a i u Den; fo y . Ma

71 . A ar watte m o u tte. t. v. g i , no bo u . , g K i r i ar u ku s u ru ts u . M inar um el ‘ u R i t a] ﬂ. A te k a. , i , y me s o - a j . t . v. K i s o u u r u I T g ( ). u m , ar as o u m awas u R e d ‘ a , n . ch do Mi i, ho ba. t o er a , i . wari - to - i , u en 11 21 . R o b b er ‘ , ii; Do i o ba m m , ; 92. 1 1 61 5511 ; nar a ‘ l ﬁzo k u . bi . t . v. K o u I g ( ). béi 'u G t kio s u

Fu mi ni iru ( I). j

H as himsc r u ( 3). i d as u aw, t s u k M I , 22. 0 1 1 01 ' o em ' ( I ). H ir g zs t, k i nna k a. thr o u gh tsuk 1 ‘ S hi 1i k8 . o s u h . t ( I). haya i ﬁ e nadem co mmo n bo nn n. ’ i z . i . W. ( I ) M gakii ( I) z. K és hr em s nit ru (3)

R u i n ' , n . S u ibi , aéi r a

' u . M e s u k t bé . i u vw. H o r o bb su ( I ) . K 0 ts u bu su wasu ( I), i . v. S ﬁ Bi , r e i l bi in n i ) éa m t n . A s o m m éts u Bo s u , ‘

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ts u . t . 71 . S hi ha s u i s a . i i n S e r e . m o s amem

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' i k akcru S iam a érn ( ), g 3) ‘ ‘ gar era 3) G i s éi I i i kyB sixr u (4)

h - ' s ad 0 . K am s i . , i ’ S a d d l e , n . K i ii ﬁ.

‘ ' dai o l jfi bu ma, bu ji n o

‘ S ti l l , 92. H o . v S hu ppan su ru ( 4) ' - éo a z, hO k ak e b u ne .

S a i n t re. S ei i , j n.

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’ k ar a. S a ve , f . v. T as u k eru a l a r K ﬁk in m o n e t am e S y , n. y , y ,

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t s u e . , r igi n - S a vi g b a n k , i satsu Ha l u t e , t . v. A ho hiku - nk C c gi o . su ru O -jigi wo S a vi o u r , n . K ﬁs ei su m y

shu . a l v i o n n u ku S a t , . S i, . o m . S a w , n N k o g t as u e . a k r my , i v u . . . Hik ( I) ﬁ - ky s ei gu n .

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zo ka . S c h o o l , n .

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( 1 24 )

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1 h.

S e r n 53 0534. p e t , 72.

r . S e va n t , n Mes hit sii

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banareru u l x y , i- O k u s h ( x . ak arete hanar c te , , waki n i o kh ge ts u - n l . N ebu m i wo s u r u

t o wn o ro s u S e p e m b e r , n. K u d , ' ' ats u K meru N o beru g . i ( 1 25 )

— - o r M s h me S ho ku mi n o hi . K es f , i

' s u . A r awas u s an . O r i Chi ﬂ eﬁ ( I ) , d S hu ttats u s u ru bu tgu u , S mai .

t ab n i d e Y a: i w. (3) r ee u ru i f , y ch .

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r m : 0 su u (4) 1 21 a - S e v e r e , a. a sh i u o n o s h1 e u H g i , p , r (3) kibi shi c i . K yﬁs a s u m 50 '

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e k - n S mpa u a, n, A sa

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2. v. K i

S h a e . . K r fmhi s adam ar u p , p , f s at i , K a s u gg a, ta ku ( I) . d o ru K o s ( I ). him e ( I) . S hi m zu mu I o do mu 6) ( ), a n a cco u n t S b a r e “W , , 3 91 ' k an o wo har au h bu n z - ~m j ( . . eru

. men t s e ts r h I) , u i amp ai s ur u

tsu . S ho ku min. ( 1 26 )

- ~ ’ h a r a S u r u do i S h o r e n . K s h ha S p , . , , i i ,

' m a. S ed k ai yo -k u x ir er u nq, an i " o - n a en t o u g o Rik , , g

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u . S h e e n . H i ts u e p , y gen s r eba . T o b o fu s o k u s u r u Mai . h k h e e t n . , S , S i i f s u ku na~ku nar u i u .

I . Fai l o r co m e ( ) , T ana . S h e l f, n . a am ats u I y ( ), u l l 1 2. K ar a. S h e , a m N a u ya ar u ( I) . k

s /z k ai . ‘ , n asu I . en ci i ﬁ ( ) , h t r nan i mer a m i i a S e l e , n . Hi j j k o k u s u m j . ’ mza s o ﬁ , kki h ' S h e p e r d , H i t eaf i k m - o s zg/z , ch a e n , ts u - ji k ai . k n a - no i g n . S h i n e 0 T e rn I , . ( ), ’ h o u l d r . K S e , n a l a. ka a ak u h a g y ( I ), ik i a . t 71 . N n u . . (h I ) I I I . n . T s u a ( I ) y ,

h a S h o w , t . s era ik r i . Mi O s hi er u M i i S h p , n . Fu ne . b m ik a i c a ke . s , M a m s ter , s encho . m o no . A l er t /t an! s h6 ' i S h o w e r , n . Y ﬁdach . n. e u n s e m nz, f a “ u m . wr eck nan S h r i n k 8 . C hi im u z i , , j

s en mas e n . I chi im aru , ( ), j Shiwa ga yo r u ats u . S h i r t , 73. S h

. i i meru t v. Ch j S h o e K nts n. , ’ ’ S h u t t . v. h me m - , S i 1 cfc u t s u m i ak i . 6 a , k g ’ ’ ta m z. . - te o “ a er ku ts u a. m k , y

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m cb ae. t s him e o u ,

d s h v S h o . M i c asu u p , 71 s . p, i

( 1 23 )

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ho - S m ~ do n i . a l l a. h s a- , C i i .

k u - n - — S a i . o o x h?) o ap , u . habo n s e ‘ , S , k

50 . ken.

S m o e l l ci a l - t . v. a u S a . S hakwai , I , o . K g ( ). n

i . u . i o u - N h. I . o s a no s ha o - ( ) K i , k no . S m i l e t i , . \Var au h sm s hak ai ( . , w s hu i ko - n g . o s iti o n I pi iko s kim p , ibq n m . 1 . wee/ing; s hi mbo ku - wa S i k i . m t h 72. a - , K y ya. S o e ci ty a . S hakw S m o k , gi. e , a, K e u m , ka K as a i .

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h r w n . anash r n . e s S o r o S o l d i e , H i i , , K i '

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K o kei tai o ta . , k i n a.

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mas - i hi .

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a u d o no m chi . k k , i u ku s u i i . j . - bo d ar u h to . y , i n . ibi i o to me Mi n an k A ru H k , , , n a.. g , i

o n . t . v. N ar as u I . u o ( k o to . S k ) ' — i . N ar u i - k a s h . tzme tsa . , i

- T o k d o . K ats u te S o u 71 . o u . i ki , p , S pp

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w/zi i ﬁer do kka e S o u t h 72. M inami , y , , .

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S o n 72. U ta. S amb g , i m e.

ka. S ho ka.

k and . S p ea , t . v. i . v S o o n adv. u u , S g , jiki . H anas u I , ﬁ h. A : as ( ) y ( , s o as , s haber n su m to s u u s h i I), g , - er , h anas u hi to . d ai . A s a s _ o s s ibl e deki a i a l ( 1 T o k u be ru d e e c . p , k S p ,

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- T o ku S t a n . O 1 k a. S p e c i a l t y , n . g , J

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t a t e n . 6ta ar i S , I i , m i . H a iki bane . j , m o a u ni . s a a. K kk , k Zemm ai . I fo t

v. K m er u s f. i (3), o n s en. i . Q} . T o bu dam er u N o beru H aner u ). 3) hanas u ( I). go ki t u e.

t s m a n n . e S t a e , S iji

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is c . K u r a. - r 77 . M S t o e , tas s ha na.

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- no benk 6 no . (4) , y

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i n. h ran a h to u . j S i i i . g T su m S t u m b l e , i . v. a ar a. S t r a w , n . W ma z . T s u u ku ( I) n . oe i chi o . r ry , g z u ki . a are S t r ea m , n. N g , - S t u i d a . N e r o i ni N a ar e p , , k awa. i . v. g bu ' I n io ' u n ai I I S t y l e , 1 2. B t . P . e n t h . h k a S t r g , 11 C i Shiki . a. T s u o s a. en I y , - t l i s h a . I k i na fﬁ - S , 71 . s u o kn y , . T y suru - r ﬁ na s h ar eta. - i . 1/ T s u o k u y , . y

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e k i . D6m e hik g i 6 . m e i suru ( 1 33 )

. K i him es n S u b s c r i p t i o n , n A n n i s f mei . h6 n. a . O s hi eru C i Ki , ( I ) gi en. S u i c i n . i s ats u . d e , J u H o n S b s t a n c e , n . u i . v T e s u r u S i . t , ki

a h t B ai . a s i s u . ett Z i an (h 1 )

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u S u m m o n n o . S h6 J . , s hﬁ s u ru o bi S u c c i y es s o n , n. K e i ats u meru zo ku . T i S u n 72. a 6. S , y u c e e m r , n . S 6z o ku

ni n ato ts i S u n d a 72. N ichi 6 , u g . y , y

bi . S u c k t . S u n 71 . h. I . , ( ) u n i S r i s e, n . N s shu S u d d e n a . Fu i - no , , - - t s u , hi no de. ni waka - no e - no , ig i , - S u n s e t n . N ch bo k ﬁ - no , y . i i - - t s u , hi no i r i . r S u ffe , e. i f. U keru s h i n N ik S u n e n . k6 . K o r aer u , i S u p e r o r , a . S u u re s h no bu . 041 g i ( I ) (b. . t a m as ar u i , . n na u h . I . I ( z. ) I , ( ) 2 s hi m u ru u na S u e r n a t u r a l . ( I ), p a .

amu . Fu s i i- y ( I) h g no .

’ S u ﬂe r a n c e n . K an S u e r s c r i t i o n , p p , n .

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n a. n d f . K u S u r r e e r , . v

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r i . 1 R S u v ve , i 1 . d no 31 . n o ko r u

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no . ZO ku i ‘ nO o T h e r j e , ad o . o ko S , T e m t a t i o n s o tchi p 72. M a . A ch r a a , i , t chi o was hi i zana i . y , , ko o r o m k i . T h e r m o e me t r , n .

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- T ab hen do . B ai . ck n a e ae s u . i , , éa , g k ( I ) A rt ts a éemo . h l . b Ki r au ( . ) y , y i ‘ l az i ts u . T 0 be waki u i o ku Y a m a i au h. ..a i n a do wn , ( ’ a D i s I : N O f {h m t ao su O to u ( I ). )

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( 1 40 )

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W l e n . K u i ra. ku s u s s ha , j m ara u 1 45

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- wa amama no . F s h i i no n . u , g W o n d e r , g ,

ki . t . v . . O do r o n . an a ta . W i l l o w , Y gi ki i A a ﬁ O do r o ku I . y d n . aze . F . ( ) W i n , K u l ﬁ s hi mu . f , Fa ir ju mp . ( I) ' - as hi - i fu s h i i na ay , g ,

k im o - na o do r o ku ﬁ t . v . a u y , f . M k ( I ), - be k i . ku ru ( I ). ( 1 46 )

W o d n r ha a W r ec k n a n o o . s o , M i , y , H N a h K I . o t m o nse n . . v. abu s i . u l , Y

- 1 1 1 . k u h an. ( I)

' - l K e am a. Vil r i n k l e . h W o o n . n wa , , y , S i .

cl o l /z r ash a. id a. , H

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ba m - e a i a i - a ku i b . . n k ir e , ijik ( I) , k r a do wn, win k hi o . n . S o t , g k aki - no s er u S a u . H atar ak i ik , o ver a a in kaki g , w aza. . atar a ’ i v. H n ao su . O mit to h hi o to wo ( I) a ( I) . S g k a - o to u ki s ( I ). s u m Saik u wo l o te am W 0 k a , g s u m i ru l . v . S u

k u . u r ( I) at , s u W o n hatar aku I “ r i t e r 72. ho . , ( ) , , S ki

ha. k wanjir u Kis to hameru i n , r n a - W o g , a. W rn i, zan h — au . o I . . ﬁ u - s i - s e i ( I) j f e no . n . Fu , no k er u o u t , aku . n e ho wo o r u ( I) . N aku nas u ( I ).

u o k asu . a e p, ( I) H g m as n . ( I) Y .

r k -h o 1 K W o u s e , 7 . 6 i Y c h t . Y o tto i a , n , y

s en . W o r k -m n o a , n . S h

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ku n n s ho kko . Y a r d n . N wa a i , , i . Y do . W o r l d n . ek a . , S i

n . Y a w , n A ku bi . i . v. W o r m n . u s h . , M i A ku bi a der u E a r l m m zu g /z i i .

Y e a r n . T o s h nen W o r s h i ihai , i, , p , n . Re . ai “ N ew s h n m s . i l . v . O a a . g ( I ’ ) ' nen . ﬁ z3 k o n W o rt h N e n , 71 . , e nen ko to sh . L as t , i

u ch kach . i , i k o - ne n s a u y , k

‘V o u n d n . zu k e nen . be o r e l as t , Ki , f ,

- h - en a . t . v. zi l ts u e o to to s i s sa u n . g Ki k , i k

r - u N ex t t ai nen,