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A HISTORY of JAPANESE BUDDHISM 00 Prelims HJB:Master Testpages HJB 10/10/07 11:14 Page Ii 00 Prelims HJB:Master Testpages HJB 10/10/07 11:14 Page i A HISTORY OF JAPANESE BUDDHISM 00 Prelims HJB:Master Testpages HJB 10/10/07 11:14 Page ii The Buddha (S&a<kyamuni) – secular name Gautama Siddhartha (A Seiro#ji-style image of S&a<kyamuni enshrined at Saidaiji, Nara.) 00 Prelims HJB:Master Testpages HJB 10/10/07 11:14 Page iii A HISTORY OF JAPANESE BUDDHISM Kenji Matsuo GloBAl orieNTAl 00 Prelims HJB:Master Testpages HJB 10/10/07 11:14 Page iv A HiSTorY oF JAPANeSe BUDDHiSM By Kenji Matsuo First published in 2007 by GloBAl orieNTAl lTD Po Box 219 Folkestone Kent CT20 2WP UK www.globaloriental.co.uk © Kenji Matsuo 2007 iSBN 978-1-905246-41-0 (Case) 978-1-905246-59-5 (Paper) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CiP catalogue entry for this book is available from the British library Set in 10 on 11.5pt Plantin by Mark Heslington, Scarborough, NorthYorkshire Printed and bound in england by T.J. international, Padstow, Cornwall 00 Prelims HJB:Master Testpages HJB 10/10/07 11:14 Page v CONTENTS [Plates section faces page 146] Acknowledgements xi Japanese Calendar,Temples,Names and Words xii List of Plates xiii introduction 1 1. Characteristics of Japanese Buddhism 6 • MArriAGe oF JAPANeSe MoNKS 6 • BUDDHiST STUDieS 8 • SHAViNG HAir 8 • CHANGiNG NAMeS 9 • CloTHiNG oF MoNKS 12 • FUNCTioNS oF TeMPleS 12 • SUMMArY 14 2. Ancient Buddhism – Official Monks 16 • oFFiCiAl iNTroDUCTioN oF BUDDHiSM 16 • TWo TYPeS oF reliGioN 16 • FirST JAPANeSe NUNS 17 • SHo>ToKU TAiSHi, FATHer oF JAPANeSe BUDDHiSM 18 • MoNKS AS GoVerNMeNT oFFiCerS 20 • PreCoNDiTioNS To BeCoMiNG oFFiCiAl MoNKS 21 • GYo>Ki – BUilDer oF TeMPleS 22 • THe rANKiNG oF MoNKS 23 • oFFiCiAl MoNKS 25 • ColoUrS oF KESA For oFFiCiAl MoNKS 26 • PleDGiNG THe oBSerVANCe oF THe PreCePTS 27 • orDiNATioNS AT eNrYAKUJi 29 • FUNCTioNS oF orDiNATioN 34 • iNCreASe iN NUMBerS oF iMMorAl MoNKS 35 • KU>KAi AND eSoTeriC BJDDHiSM 36 v 00 Prelims HJB:Master Testpages HJB 10/10/07 11:14 Page vi A History of Japanese Buddhism • THe WorlD oF TENDAI HONGAKU SHISO 37 • SHiNTo>-BUDDHiSM SYNCreTiSM 38 • FoUNDer oF SHUGeNDo>, MoUNTAiN-BASeD ASCTiCiSM: eN-No oZUNU 39 • DiFFereNCe BeTWeeN O>JO>AND JO>BUTSU 40 • AMiTÀBHA SAiNT KU>YA 41 3. Official and Reclusive Monks 44 • MeDieVAl PerioD oF reliGioUS FUND-rAiSiNG 44 • THe DeFileD MiDDle AGeS:WiTHoUT FeAr oF DeFileMeNT 47 • THe APoSTATe MiDDle AGeS: JUKAi AND THe KAIRITSU 48 • USe oF leGeNDS 51 • HiSTorY oF reSeArCH iNTo MeDieVAl JAPANeSe BUDDHiSM 52 • ‘leAViNG HoMe’ 57 • THe riSe oF THe TONSESO> 60 • SHiNrAN, NiCHireN AND Do>GeN AS TONSEISO> 63 • leAViNG THe KANSO> 65 • iPPeN AND Ji SeCTS 67 • eSSeNCe oF KAMAKUrA NeW BUDDHiSM 68 4. Medieval Japanese Towns and the Rise of Kamakura New Buddhism 71 • DeFiNiTioN oF A ToWN 71 • ‘BeFiTTiNG THe FoUr GoDS’ 72 • STrATiFieD STrUCTUre oF ToWNS 73 • KAMAKUrA NeW BUDDHiSM AND MeDieVAl ToWNS 74 • TeMPleS oF KAMAKUrA NeW BUDDHiSM 76 • PUriFiCATioN oF DeFileMeNT 77 • eMerGeNCe oF iNDiViDUAlS 78 5. Fieldwork in Kamakura 80 • THe ‘GreAT BUDDHA’ oF KAMAKUrA 81 • Ko>MYoJi# 84 • So>BAN NeNBUTSU 87 • TSUrUGAoKA HACHiMANGU# 87 • KeNCHo>Ji 90 • eNGAKUJi 93 • SANMoN 93 • BUTSUDeN 94 • BUTSUNiCHi-AN 94 • SHo>ZoKU-iN 94 6. Black and White: the Symbolism of the Colour of the Kesa 95 • KOKUE AND BYAKUE 95 vi 00 Prelims HJB:Master Testpages HJB 10/10/07 11:14 Page vii Contents 7. Era of Religious Fund-raising 101 • CHo>GeN 102 • eiSAi 104 • NiNSHo> 105 • reliGioUS FUND-rAiSiNG AND BAllAD oF SANSHO>DAYU> 108 • MoDel oF THe GUTSY ABBoT 110 8. Salvation of Outcasts 116 • ‘NoN-PeoPle’ 116 • A BATHHoUSe For HININ 118 • riTSU PrieSTS AND HININ 119 • SAlVATioN THroUGH FAiTH iN MAN¸JUS&ri< 121 • NeBUTSU PrieSTS AND THe SAlVATioN oF HININ 124 • leGeNDS oF Ho>NeN 126 • SAlVATioN leGeNDS BY SHiNrAN AND iPPeN 127 9. Salvation of Women 132 • THe KANSO>’S CoNCePT oF WoMeN 132 • THe KANSO>’S CoNCePT oF THe SAlVATioN oF WoMeN 134 • oFFiCiAl NUNS eXClUDeD FroM THe STATe PreCePTS–PlATForMS 135 • eXClUSioN FroM THe DeNBo>KANJo> 136 • Do>GeN AND THe TENNYO JO>BUTSU THeorY 137 • SAlVATioN oF WoMeN BY Ho>NeN’S orDer 138 • Ho>NeN’S CoNCePT oF THe SAlVATioN oF WoMeN 139 • Ho>NeN’S SAlVATioN oF A ProSTiTUTe 140 • FoUNDATioN oF NUNNerieS BY riTSU AND ZeN PrieSTS 141 • SAlVATioN oF WoMeN BY DiSCiPleS oF Do>GeN, MYo>e, Ho>NeN AND NiCHireN 142 • FoUNDATioN oF PreCePTS-PlATForMS For NUNS 144 • SHiNrAN’S orDer AND THe SAlVATioN oF WoMeN 145 • VieW oF FeMAle iMPUriTY AND THe TONSEISO# 146 10. The Logic of Funerals – the Salvation of the Deceased 149 • A reASSeSSMeNT oF ‘FUNerArY BUDDHiSM’ 149 • THe KANSO>AND TABoo oF THe DeATH iMPUriTY 152 • ‘THe PreCePTS oF PUriTY reMAiN UNTAiNTeD’ 153 • ‘THoSe WHo Are reBorN iN THe PUre lAND Are UNPollUTeD’ 156 • ZeN PrieSTS AND FUNerAlS 157 11. The New Thinking of Kamakura New Buddhism – Shinran and Eizon 160 • THe SAlVATioN oF THe iNDiViDUAl 160 • BUDDHiST THoUGHT oF THe KANSO> 161 • THe THiNKiNG oF THe FoUNDerS oF THe NeW BUDDHiSM 164 vii 00 Prelims HJB:Master Testpages HJB 10/10/07 11:14 Page viii A History of Japanese Buddhism • SiNGle AND MUlTiPle PrACTiCeS – JINRIKI AND TARIKI 165 • CoMPAriSoN oF SHiNrAN AND eiZoN 167 • BUDDHAHooD or BirTH iNTo THe PUre lAND 169 • oBSerVANCe AND ViolATioN oF THe PreCePTS` 170 • SAlVATioN oF THe iNDiViDUAl 173 12. Rise of the Medieval Towns and Awareness of the ‘Individual’ 175 • UrBANiZeD PlACeS 175 • Ho>NeN, Do>GeN AND THe ToWNSPeoPle oF KYoTo 176 • eiZoN AND THe ToWNSPeoPle 177 • KAMAKUrA, iPPeN AND NiCHireN 179 • KAMAKUrA NeW BUDDHiSM oF THe TONSEISO> 182 • SHiNrAN AND FArMerS 183 • oUTliNe oF JAPANeSe BUDDHiST HiSTorY FroM ANCieNT TiMeS UNTil eDo 185 • FroM THe FirST To THe SeCoND TYPe oF PerSoNAl reliGioNS 189 13. Buddhism in the Muromachi Era 191 • MoNKAN 192 • MUSo# SoSeKi, AN ‘oFFiCiAl MoNK’ oF THe MUroMACHi SHoGUNATe 193 • iKKYU# So>JUN, AN ‘eXTrAVAGANT’ MoNK 196 • NiSSHiN WiTH A PoT oN HiS HeAD 198 • reNNYo AND iKKo>iKKi 199 • ToYoToMi HiDeYoSHi reSTrUCTUreS THe BUDDHiST CoMMUNiTY 202 14. Buddhists in the Edo Era – ‘Official Monks’ of the Edo Shogunate 205 • TeMPle CoNTrol PoliCieS iN THe eArlY eDo erA 206 • SU>DeN AND TeNKAi : PoliTiCAl MoNKS oF THe SHoGUNATe 207 • TAKUAN So>Ho>AND THe SHie (PUrPle CloTH) iNCiDeNT 208 • reliGioUS iNQUiSiTioN BooK AND DANKA SYSTeM 211 • NiCHio>oF THe FUJU FUSe SUBSeCT 213 • iNGeN,THe FoUNDer oF THe o>BAKUSHU>ZeN SeCT 214 • reFUTerS oF BUDDHiSM 215 • DeVeloPMeNT oF reSeArCH AND eDUCATioN 217 • SUZUKi SHo#SAN AND THe CoMMoN PeoPle 218 • BANKei eiTAKU AND HAKUiN eKAKU 219 • PilGriMAGeS iN SHiKoKU AND oTHer PlACeS 221 • DeVeloPMeNT oF SHUGeNDo iN THe eDo erA 223 • eDo CUlTUre AND BUDDHiSM 223 viii 00 Prelims HJB:Master Testpages HJB 10/10/07 11:14 Page ix Contents 15. Modern Times and Japanese Buddhism 225 • THe MeiJi reSTorATioN AND BUDDHiST MoNKS 225 • iNoUe eNrYo>: ProTeCT THe NATioN AND loVe reASoN 228 • KiYoZAWA MANSHi AND HiS SPiriTUAliSM 230 • MUrAKAMi SeNSHo# AND MoDerN SANSKriT STUDieS 231 • SUZUKi DAiSeTU – iNTroDUCer oF JAPANeSe BUDDHiSM To oTHer CoUNTrieS 232 • NeW reliGioNS iN THe BUDDHiST TrADiTioN 233 • MiYAZAWA KeNJi AND KoKUCHU>KAi 234 • VArioUS NeW reliGioNS 235 • reViViNG JAPANeSe BUDDHiSM 237 16. Shikoku Pilgrimage – Visiting the Ancient Sites of Kobo<<<Daishi< 239 • oriGiN oF THe NUMBer eiGHTY-eiGHT 239 • eArlY eDo PerioD GUiDeBooK 241 • GUiDe MAPS oF THe SHiKoKU PilGriMAGe 242 • PeoPle WHo MAKe THe PilGriMAGe 243 • CHAriTABle GiViNG DUriNG THe PilGriMAGe 244 Afterword 247 Bibliography 251 Index 259 ix 00 Prelims HJB:Master Testpages HJB 10/10/07 11:14 Page xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS THiS iS MY seventeenth book, but my first in english. i have taught the history of Japanese Buddhism at Princeton University, Beijing Foreign language University, london University and the State University of New York, and i have also given lectures in english at Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, Stanford, Virginia, london and elsewhere. This book is based on those lectures and class notes. When i was a boy at junior high school, i studied english diligently. At that time, i had a dream: When i grew up, i would write a book in english. So, it may be said that my dream has now come true. i wish to express my gratitude to those who helped me in the writing of this book: Max Falstar and Chie Hayashi who kindly produced a working translation of about half my original manuscripts from Japanese into english, and to Kevin Carr, Fiona Nogawa and Dorothy Woods who checked my english. i must also thank Professor John Breen, Professor James Harget, Dr eisho Nasu and Gilda leone who provided a great deal of assistance. i am also indebted to my students at Yamagata University who over the years have asked many valuable questions. i would also like to thank So#kagakkai and the following temples for allowing me to use photographs in this book: Saidaiji, Gokurakuji, To#sho#daiji, Kongo#buji, Chionin temple, Higashi Honganji, To#daiji, Sho#jo#ko#ji, Jufukuji and eiheiji. Finally, it is the greatest pleasure to hand this book to my father who lives in a town in Nagasaki prefecture, and to my mother’s spirit who died three years ago. KeNJi MATSUo Spring 2007 xi 00 Prelims HJB:Master Testpages HJB 10/10/07 11:14 Page xii A History of Japanese Buddhism JAPANeSe CAleNDAr Since the 1 January 1873, Japan has used the Gregorian calendar.
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