DOCSLIB.ORG

Handbook of English-Japanese Etymology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Handbook of English-Japanese Etymology PURCHASED FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY FROM THE CANADA COUNCIL SPECIAL GRANT FOR FAR EASTERN 68 HANDBOOK. OF ENGLISH-JAPANESI ETYMOLOGY I BY WILLIAM IMBRIE SECOICTJD ZEZDITIOZN" TOKYO : Z. P. MARUYA & Co., Limited. & WALSH. LIMITED. YOKOHAMA. SHANGHAI, HONGKONG & SINGAPORE: KELLY & Co. PARIS: LONDON; TRUBNER & Co. NEW YORK : E. STEIGER : LORENTZ. MAISONNEUVE & CH. LECLERC. LEIPZIG ALFRED PKIKTED BY THE SEISHI-BUNSHA, TOKYO. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. HIS edition differs from the first chiefly in three par- ticulars : The adoption of the Romaji Kai system of the substitution of for transliteration ; the term stem root ; and the addition of selections from the S/tiugafa/ IMicJii no ffanashi, with a translation and notes. The substitution of the term stem for root calls for a word of comment. The objections to the names com- monly applied to the several foundation forms of the verb are obvious. The negative base has in itself no negative force whatever : as is evident from the fact that it furnishes the foundation for the passive and causative voices. The conditional base is the base of the present conditional alone : and in verbs of the first conjugation it is identical with the imperative. Apparently no one of the four foundation forms is derived from any other one : all alike are bases upon which the verb is built : evidently there- fore it is confusing to designate one of them as the root. Professor Chamberlain, in his Handbook of Col- loquial Japanese recently published, suggests two changes. conditional base he Retaining the names negative and ; substitutes certain present for indicative, and indefinite form for root. The difficulty however remains : in each case the name exhibits only a single feature of the form : the terms are not logical definitions. The negative base IV PREFACE. is employed otherwise than as a foundation for negative forms : and a similar remark is true regarding the condi- tional base. The term certain present contains no hint of the marked use of the form as an adjective. The in- definite form is no more indefinite than the negative base : and its indefiniteness is not a more obvious characteristic than its constant employment in forming compounds with nouns, adjectives, and other verbs (e. g. kimono, mignru- shii, bucJiikorosii) the peculiarity immediately suggested by the old term root. The fact .is that the several foundation forms serve various purposes. One who wishes to name them may therefore take his choice. He may select some one marked feature and find in that the name, with however the certainty that it will prove more or less misleading. The only alternative is to content one's self with the simple numerical designations first, second, third, and fourth. To the writer the latter seems the better course : and he would have followed it, but for the desire to keep company with others. He has substituted stem for root because it is somewhat less misleading, and also because it has been adopted by Mr. Aston in the fourth edition of his Gram- mar of the Japanese Spoken Language. The writer takes great pleasure in acknowledging his indebtedness to the labors of Dr. Hepburn and Messrs Satow and Aston. His. cordial thanks are due to Mr. Sanjuro Ishimoto. Especially is he under obligations to the Rev. Kajinosuke Ibuka A.M., without whose patient work the book would probably never have been written. th Tokyo: May 5 , 1889. CONTENTS. I. THE SYLLABARY. II. THE VERB. I. INFLECTION. II. AGGLUTINATION. 1 . Moods and Tenses. 2. Letter changes. 3. Voices. III. TRANSITIVES AND INTRANSITIVES. IV. THE VERB TO BE. V. AUXILIARY VERBS. i. 2. did ; Am, is, are, was, were ; Do, 3. Have, had; 4. Shall, will; 5. Should, would; 6. Can, 8. could ; 7. May, might ; Let, make, have, get; 9. Must; 10. Ought; ir. Think, sup- pose; 12. Intend; 13. Want; 14. Wish, hope; 15. Need; 16. Seem, look. VI. THE INFINITIVE. VII. PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS. III. THE NOUN. 1. True Nouns and Verbal Roots. 2. Abstract Nouns. 3. Concrete Nouns. vi CONTENTS. 4. Compound Nouns. 5. Names of Trades. 6. Gender. 7. Number. 8. Case. IV. THE PRONOUN. I. PERSONALS AND POSSESSIVES. II. COMPOUND PERSONALS. III. HONORIFICS. 1. O and Go. 2. Honorific Verbs. IV. RELATIVES. V. INTERROGATIVES. V. PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. i. This, that, such; 2. Either, neither, both ; 3. 6. Each ; 4. Some; 5. Any; Every; 7. None, no; 8. All; 9. Several; 10. Few; n. One, ones; 12. Other, another; 13. Same; 14. Much; 15. Many; 16. More; 17. Most; 18. Enough. VI. THE ADJECTIVE. I. CLASSES. 1 . True Adjectives. 2. Adjectives in na and no. 3. Presents and Preterites. 4. Uninflected words. II. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 1 . The Comparative Degree. 2. The Superlative Degree. CONTENTS. vi i VII. THE ADVERB. I. CLASSES. 1. True Adverbs. 2. Uninflected words. 3. Participles. 4. The Conditional Mood. II. ADVERB OF PLACE. i. Here; 2. There; 3. Where. III. ADVERBS OF TIME. i. Always; 2. Whenever; 3. Generally; 4. Often; 5. Sometimes; 6. Seldom; 7. Never, ever ; 8. Again; 9. When; 10. While; 11. As; 12. Then ; ; 13. Now ; 14. Already 15. Formerly ; 1 6. Hitherto; 17. Recently; 18. Ago; 19. Just 20. 21. Till 22. now ; ; ; Still, yet ; By and by 23. Soon; 24. Directly; 25. Before; 26. After, since; 27. Long time; 28. Some time; 29. Little while ; 30. Finally. IV. ADVERBS OF CAUSE, MANNER AND DEGREE. r. 2. Why; Accordingly, consequently, therefore ; 3. How; 4. So; 5. Like, as; 6. Very; 7. Only; 8. Too; 9. Even; 10. Almost; n. About. VIII. THE NUMERAL 1. Cardinals. 2. Descriptive Numerals. 3. Ordinals. 4. Fractions. 5. Percentage. 6. Consecutive Numbers. 7. Address. viii CONTENTS. IX. THE POSTPOSITION. i. 2. At; In; 3. On ; 4. To ; 5. From, out, off, ; 6. ; 8. through By 7. With ; Without ; 9. Of; 10. For; ir. Across, over, beyond; 12. Among; 13. Around; 14. Before; 15. Behind; 1 6. Between; 17. During; 18. Except, besides, but; 19. Instead of; 20. Over, above; 21. beneath 22. in Under, below, ; According to, accordance with. X. THE CONJUNCTION. i. 2. Both And; ; 3. Also, too; 4. But; 5. Though, still ; 6. Either, or, whether ; 7. Neither, nor ; 8. 10. If, unless; 9. Because ; Then; n. That; 12. Than. XL SELECTIONS WITH TRANSLATION AND NOTES. INDEXES. ENGLISH-JAPANESE ETYMOLOGY. CHAPTER I. THE SYLLABARY. Instead of an alphabet Japanese, has a syllabary, two methods of arranging which obtain : the Iroha so called from the first syllables of a verse into which it has been cast and the Go on or table of the ; ju Fifty Sounds. The latter is much the more scientific, and should be mastered as a key to inflection and agglutination. As written in Japanese certain of the syllables represent more than one sound, the changes in the consonantal clement being indicated by the addition of diacritical marks. These variations will be found exhibited in the Go ju on. It will be observed that the LroJia contains forty-eight syllables and the Go ju on fifty. The n of the former however is an addition : and the yi ye and second u of the latter have been inserted to fill up the breaks in the series. Iroha. I ro THE SYLLABARY. Go ju on. i a CHAPTER II. THE VERB. I. INFLECTION. The Japanese verb has four inflections which may be termed foundation forms, since upon them is reared its entire structure. These are usually called the negative base, the stem, the indicative present and the conditional base. In the spoken there are two language conjugations : and the following table exhibits the terminations of their respective foundation forms : negative base c or i stem ............ / ...... c or i indicative present ... n ...... cru or iru conditional base ... c ... ere or ire one foundation Any form of a verb belonging to the first the conj. being known, remaining three can be readily obtained from the Go jii on. Forms ending in i u or e preceded by a vowel are to be referred to No. 10 and not to No. r. Kuril to come, sum to do and the honorific masu arc irregular.--> A comparison of the following table with the Go ju on wi make the above clear. THE VERB. NEC. EASE STEM IND. PBES. COND. BASE. I 2 kika kiki kiku kike hear tsuga tsugi tsiign tsugc join 3 hanasa hanashi hanasu hauase speak 4 tata tachi tatsu tatc stand 5 skin a shini shinu shine die 6 asoba asobi asobu asobe play 7 yama yamt yamu yauic cease nara nan naru nare become 10 kaiva kai kau kae buy iwa ii iu ie say furuwa furni furuu fume sift yatoiva yatoi yatou yatoe hire ko ki kurn kure come se or ski shi suru sure do mase mashi masu masure The construction of foundation forms in the second con- stem jugation presents little difficulty, the ncg. base and formed being alike, and the indie, prcs. and cond. base being by the simple addition of rit and re. NEU. BASE STEM 1NDIC. VRES. COND. BASE THE VERB. NEG. BASE STEM JNDIC. PES. OON1). BA.SE FOKMS IN I. i i i iru ire shoot 2 ki ki kiru kirc wear 3 anji anji anjiru anjirc be anxious 4 haji Jiaji Jiajiru hajirc be ashamed 5 ;// /// niru nirc resemble 6 abi abi abint abirc bathe 7 mi. im imru mire see kari kari kariru karire borrow 10 / / iru ire be THK VKRB. 7 Certain verbs of the first conjugation in which the indie, pres. ends in rn are sometimes mistaken for verbs of the second conjugation, because the ru happens to be preceded by c or /.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Prayer Machines in Japanese Buddhism
    九州大学学術情報リポジトリ Kyushu University Institutional Repository Dharma Devices, Non-Hermeneutical Libraries, and Robot-Monks : Prayer Machines in Japanese Buddhism Rambelli, Fabio University of California, Santa Barbara : Professor of Japanese Religions and IFS Endowed Chair Shinto Studies https://doi.org/10.5109/1917884 出版情報：Journal of Asian Humanities at Kyushu University. 3, pp.57-75, 2018-03. 九州大学文学 部大学院人文科学府大学院人文科学研究院 バージョン： 権利関係： Dharma Devices, Non- Hermeneutical Libraries, and Robot-Monks: Prayer Machines in Japanese Buddhism FABIO RAMBELLI T is a well-documented fact—albeit perhaps not their technologies for that purpose.2 From a broader emphasized enough in scholarship—that Japa- perspective of more general technological advances, it nese Buddhism, historically, ofen has favored and is interesting to note that a Buddhist temple, Negoroji Icontributed to technological developments.1 Since its 根来寺, was the frst organization in Japan to produce transmission to Japan in the sixth century, Buddhism muskets and mortars on a large scale in the 1570s based has conveyed and employed advanced technologies in on technology acquired from Portuguese merchants.3 felds including temple architecture, agriculture, civil Tus, until the late seventeenth century, when exten- engineering (such as roads, bridges, and irrigation sive epistemological and social transformations grad- systems), medicine, astronomy, and printing. Further- ually eroded the Buddhist monopoly on technological more, many artisan guilds (employers and developers advancement in favor of other (ofen competing) social of technology)—from sake brewers to sword smiths, groups, Buddhism was the main repository, benefciary, from tatami (straw mat) makers to potters, from mak- and promoter of technology. ers of musical instruments to boat builders—were more It should come as no surprise, then, that Buddhism or less directly afliated with Buddhist temples.
    [Show full text]
  • Buddhism in America
    Buddhism in America The Columbia Contemporary American Religion Series Columbia Contemporary American Religion Series The United States is the birthplace of religious pluralism, and the spiritual landscape of contemporary America is as varied and complex as that of any country in the world. The books in this new series, written by leading scholars for students and general readers alike, fall into two categories: some of these well-crafted, thought-provoking portraits of the country’s major religious groups describe and explain particular religious practices and rituals, beliefs, and major challenges facing a given community today. Others explore current themes and topics in American religion that cut across denominational lines. The texts are supplemented with care- fully selected photographs and artwork, annotated bibliographies, con- cise profiles of important individuals, and chronologies of major events. — Roman Catholicism in America Islam in America . B UDDHISM in America Richard Hughes Seager C C Publishers Since New York Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Seager, Richard Hughes. Buddhism in America / Richard Hughes Seager. p. cm. — (Columbia contemporary American religion series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN ‒‒‒ — ISBN ‒‒‒ (pbk.) . Buddhism—United States. I. Title. II. Series. BQ.S .'—dc – Casebound editions of Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Representations of Pleasure and Worship in Sankei Mandara Talia J
    Mapping Sacred Spaces: Representations of Pleasure and Worship in Sankei mandara Talia J. Andrei Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2016 © 2016 Talia J.Andrei All rights reserved Abstract Mapping Sacred Spaces: Representations of Pleasure and Worship in Sankei Mandara Talia J. Andrei This dissertation examines the historical and artistic circumstances behind the emergence in late medieval Japan of a short-lived genre of painting referred to as sankei mandara (pilgrimage mandalas). The paintings are large-scale topographical depictions of sacred sites and served as promotional material for temples and shrines in need of financial support to encourage pilgrimage, offering travelers worldly and spiritual benefits while inspiring them to donate liberally. Itinerant monks and nuns used the mandara in recitation performances (etoki) to lead audiences on virtual pilgrimages, decoding the pictorial clues and touting the benefits of the site shown. Addressing themselves to the newly risen commoner class following the collapse of the aristocratic order, sankei mandara depict commoners in the role of patron and pilgrim, the first instance of them being portrayed this way, alongside warriors and aristocrats as they make their way to the sites, enjoying the local delights, and worship on the sacred grounds. Together with the novel subject material, a new artistic language was created— schematic, colorful and bold. We begin by locating sankei mandara’s artistic roots and influences and then proceed to investigate the individual mandara devoted to three sacred sites: Mt. Fuji, Kiyomizudera and Ise Shrine (a sacred mountain, temple and shrine, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • Omori Sogen the Art of a Zen Master
    Omori Sogen The Art of a Zen Master Omori Roshi and the ogane (large temple bell) at Daihonzan Chozen-ji, Honolulu, 1982. Omori Sogen The Art of a Zen Master Hosokawa Dogen First published in 1999 by Kegan Paul International This edition first published in 2011 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © The Institute of Zen Studies 1999 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 10: 0–7103–0588–5 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978–0–7103–0588–6 (hbk) Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. The publisher has made every effort to contact original copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace. Dedicated to my parents Contents Acknowledgements Introduction Part I - The Life of Omori Sogen Chapter 1 Shugyo: 1904–1934 Chapter 2 Renma: 1934–1945 Chapter 3 Gogo no Shugyo: 1945–1994 Part II - The Three Ways Chapter 4 Zen and Budo Chapter 5 Practical Zen Chapter 6 Teisho: The World of the Absolute Present Chapter 7 Zen and the Fine Arts Appendices Books by Omori Sogen Endnotes Index Acknowledgments Many people helped me to write this book, and I would like to thank them all.
    [Show full text]
  • Powerful Warriors and Influential Clergy Interaction and Conflict Between the Kamakura Bakufu and Religious Institutions
    UNIVERSITY OF HAWAllllBRARI Powerful Warriors and Influential Clergy Interaction and Conflict between the Kamakura Bakufu and Religious Institutions A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY MAY 2003 By Roy Ron Dissertation Committee: H. Paul Varley, Chairperson George J. Tanabe, Jr. Edward Davis Sharon A. Minichiello Robert Huey ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing a doctoral dissertation is quite an endeavor. What makes this endeavor possible is advice and support we get from teachers, friends, and family. The five members of my doctoral committee deserve many thanks for their patience and support. Special thanks go to Professor George Tanabe for stimulating discussions on Kamakura Buddhism, and at times, on human nature. But as every doctoral candidate knows, it is the doctoral advisor who is most influential. In that respect, I was truly fortunate to have Professor Paul Varley as my advisor. His sharp scholarly criticism was wonderfully balanced by his kindness and continuous support. I can only wish others have such an advisor. Professors Fred Notehelfer and Will Bodiford at UCLA, and Jeffrey Mass at Stanford, greatly influenced my development as a scholar. Professor Mass, who first introduced me to the complex world of medieval documents and Kamakura institutions, continued to encourage me until shortly before his untimely death. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to them. In Japan, I would like to extend my appreciation and gratitude to Professors Imai Masaharu and Hayashi Yuzuru for their time, patience, and most valuable guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • The History Problem: the Politics of War
    History / Sociology SAITO … CONTINUED FROM FRONT FLAP … HIRO SAITO “Hiro Saito offers a timely and well-researched analysis of East Asia’s never-ending cycle of blame and denial, distortion and obfuscation concerning the region’s shared history of violence and destruction during the first half of the twentieth SEVENTY YEARS is practiced as a collective endeavor by both century. In The History Problem Saito smartly introduces the have passed since the end perpetrators and victims, Saito argues, a res- central ‘us-versus-them’ issues and confronts readers with the of the Asia-Pacific War, yet Japan remains olution of the history problem—and eventual multiple layers that bind the East Asian countries involved embroiled in controversy with its neighbors reconciliation—will finally become possible. to show how these problems are mutually constituted across over the war’s commemoration. Among the THE HISTORY PROBLEM THE HISTORY The History Problem examines a vast borders and generations. He argues that the inextricable many points of contention between Japan, knots that constrain these problems could be less like a hang- corpus of historical material in both English China, and South Korea are interpretations man’s noose and more of a supportive web if there were the and Japanese, offering provocative findings political will to determine the virtues of peaceful coexistence. of the Tokyo War Crimes Trial, apologies and that challenge orthodox explanations. Written Anything less, he explains, follows an increasingly perilous compensation for foreign victims of Japanese in clear and accessible prose, this uniquely path forward on which nationalist impulses are encouraged aggression, prime ministerial visits to the interdisciplinary book will appeal to sociol- to derail cosmopolitan efforts at engagement.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chiba University International Collaborative Research
    The Chiba University International Collaborative Research 2012 CONTENTS Faculty of Letters…..……………………………………………………………………………………….…………. 1 Faculty of Education ……………………………………………………………………………………………….… 1 Graduate School of Science …………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 Graduate School of Medicine …………………………………………………………………………………..……. 38 Center for Forensic Mental Health ………………………………………………………………..…………..…… 50 Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences ………………………………………………………………… … 53 School of Nursing ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 62 Graduate School of Engineering …………………………………………………………………………………… 65 Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science ……………………………………………………………… 70 Graduate School of Horticulture …………………………………………………………………………………… 82 Center for Environmental Remote Sensing ……………………………………………………………………… 105 Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC)…………………………………. .…………………………………. 119 Institute of Media and Information Technology .………………………………….……………………………… 120 Center for Frontier Science ………………………………………………………………………………………… 121 Marine Biosystems Research Center ………………………………………………………………………..……… 124 Center for Environment, Health and Filed Sciences ..……………………………………………….……..…… 125 Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Chiba University International Cooperative Research Center (SJTU-CU ICRC) …………………………………………………………………………………………..……..…… 128 The subject of this survey is specified as “International Collaborative Research”. It refers to an international research carried out jointly on a departmental, laboratory or personal level, and introduces works,
    [Show full text]
  • Of Mice and Maidens: Ideologies of Interspecies Romance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Japan
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2014 Of Mice and Maidens: Ideologies of Interspecies Romance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Japan Laura Nuffer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian Studies Commons, and the Medieval Studies Commons Recommended Citation Nuffer, Laura, "Of Mice and Maidens: Ideologies of Interspecies Romance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Japan" (2014). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1389. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1389 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1389 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Of Mice and Maidens: Ideologies of Interspecies Romance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Japan Abstract Interspecies marriage (irui kon'in) has long been a central theme in Japanese literature and folklore. Frequently dismissed as fairytales, stories of interspecies marriage illuminate contemporaneous conceptions of the animal-human boundary and the anxieties surrounding it. This dissertation contributes to the emerging field of animal studies yb examining otogizoshi (Muromachi/early Edo illustrated narrative fiction) concerning elationshipsr between human women and male mice. The earliest of these is Nezumi no soshi ("The Tale of the Mouse"), a fifteenth century ko-e ("small scroll") attributed to court painter Tosa Mitsunobu. Nezumi no soshi was followed roughly a century later by a group of tales collectively named after their protagonist, the mouse Gon no Kami. Unlike Nezumi no soshi, which focuses on the grief of the woman who has unwittingly married a mouse, the Gon no Kami tales contain pronounced comic elements and devote attention to the mouse-groom's perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • The Butsudan Clean Because the Butsudan Is Like a Mirror Reflecting Your Mind
    When our hands are dirty, we wash Them in water. Water has the power to clean. The teaching of the Buddha has the same lind of power to make our minds clean. To offer a cup of water means to praise the Buddha with water which has the same kind of power, and to quench the Buddha thirst. A candle burns, brightens, brakes the darkness, and makes people feel at ease. It is said that candlelight sym- If you have questions, please feel free to ask bolizes the wisdom of our Lord Buddha. It brightens and your minister. Your minister will be happy to breaks our ignorance. help to you. Offering incense symbolize the compassion of the Buddha. Its fragrance spread all over equally no matter what kind of barrier is. In addition, both the candlelight and the fragrance of the incense spread as the teaching of the Buddha spreads. Offering flowers means to offer beauty and to or- nament the Buddha. Do not offer artificial flowers. You don’t offer artificial flowers to anyone, do you? You also can offer other things such as rice, fruit, sweets, etc. Please offer something that your ancestor favorites on their memo- rial day. For example, if your father loved coffee, offer coffee to him on his memorial day. Do not leave dying flowers or other things that are not fresh. Take a good care of them as if you were offering them to the living. The Buddhas are by your side always. We live together al- though we can not see them.
    [Show full text]
  • Shintō and Buddhism: the Japanese Homogeneous Blend
    SHINTŌ AND BUDDHISM: THE JAPANESE HOMOGENEOUS BLEND BIB 590 Guided Research Project Stephen Oliver Canter Dr. Clayton Lindstam Adam Christmas Course Instructors A course paper presented to the Master of Ministry Program In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Ministry Trinity Baptist College February 2011 Copyright © 2011 by Stephen O. Canter All rights reserved Now therefore fear the LORD, and serve him in sincerity and in truth: and put away the gods which your fathers served −Joshua TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements........................................................................................................... vii Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 Chapter One: The History of Japanese Religion..................................................................3 The History of Shintō...............................................................................................5 The Mythical Background of Shintō The Early History of Shintō The History of Buddhism.......................................................................................21 The Founder −− Siddhartha Gautama Buddhism in China Buddhism in Korea and Japan The History of the Blending ..................................................................................32 The Sects That Were Founded after the Blend ......................................................36 Pre-War History (WWII) .......................................................................................39
    [Show full text]
  • Art of Zen Buddhism Zen Buddhism, Which Stresses a Connection to The
    Art of Zen Buddhism Zen Buddhism, which stresses a connection to the spiritual rather than the physical, was very influential in the art of Kamakura Japan. Zen Calligraphy of the Kamakura Period Calligraphy by Musō Soseki (1275–1351, Japanese zen master, poet, and calligrapher. The characters "別無工夫 " ("no spiritual meaning") are written in a flowing, connected soshō style. A deepening pessimism resulting from the civil wars of 12th century Japan increased the appeal of the search for salvation. As a result Buddhism, including its Zen school, grew in popularity. Zen was not introduced as a separate school of Buddhism in Japan until the 12th century. The Kamakura period is widely regarded as a renaissance era in Japanese sculpture, spearheaded by the sculptors of the Buddhist Kei school. The Kamakura period witnessed the production of e- maki or painted hand scrolls, usually encompassing religious, historical, or illustrated novels, accomplished in the style of the earlier Heian period. Japanese calligraphy was influenced by, and influenced, Zen thought. Ji Branch of Pure Land Buddhism stressing the importance of reciting the name of Amida, nembutsu (念仏). Rinzai A school of Zen buddhism in Japan, based on sudden enlightenment though koans and for that reason also known as the "sudden school". Nichiren Sect Based on the Lotus Sutra, which teaches that all people have an innate Buddha nature and are therefore inherently capable of attaining enlightenment in their current form and present lifetime. Source URL: https://www.boundless.com/art-history/japan-before-1333/kamakura-period/art-zen-buddhism/ Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/arth406#4.3.1 Attributed to: Boundless www.saylor.org Page 1 of 2 Nio guardian, Todai-ji complex, Nara Agyō, one of the two Buddhist Niō guardians at the Nandai-mon in front of the Todai ji in Nara.
    [Show full text]
  • Shugendo and Its Lore Most of What We Know of Shugendo Belongs to the Realm of Danshd Ej$ , That Is, "Tradition" Or Miscellaneous Lore
    Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 1989 16/24 Shugendo ore' GORAIShigeru 3s ZE Shugendo and its Lore Most of what we know of Shugendo belongs to the realm of danshd Ej$ , that is, "tradition" or miscellaneous lore. That is because Shugendo was a religion of practice rather than of theory, and one of mysteries as well-a religion of miracles and of faith. Practice (shu @ ) and miracles (gen @ ) require no theory, nor can mysteries or faith be recorded in written documents. Shugendo acquired theory and doctrine only after it had ceased to require dangerous, life-risk- ing practices and had lost the spiritual power to work miracles. All religions have to do with a return to the source. People believe that a religion's power was fully potent in the time of its founder, and so the ideal and goal of a religion is to return to its founder. The documents and lore passed on by the founder's disciples con- cern, for the most part, the founder's words and deeds. Doctrine is simply a theoretical re-ordering of such material. Shugendo, however, had no founder in the usual sense, and it needed no body of doc- trine. En no Gy6ja @@$$ came to be considered the founder only after the process of formation of doctrine, and the establishment of settled religious groups, had set in. The miracle-filled life of "En no Ubasoku" in Nihon vdiki (kan 1, no. 28) simply records the legend of one particularly powerful ascetic. An entry in Shoku nihongi (Monmu 3.5.24) acknowledges the historical fact of En no Gy6ja's ' Translated from GORAI 1981, pp.
    [Show full text]