HANDBOOK b LIFE d H MEDIEVAL & c l EARLY MODERN d c M JAPAN WILLIAM E. DEAL uuc A n v d cc uuN o s l u V J HANDBOOK TO LIFE IN MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN JAPAN HANDBOOK TO LIFE IN MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN JAPAN WILLIAM E. DEAL Case Western Reserßve University ETFacts On File An imprint of Infobase Publishing Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan Copyright © 2006 by W illiam E. Deal All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Deal, W illiam E. Handbook to life in medieval and early modern Japan / William E. Deal. p. cm. — (Handbook to life) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1.Japan—Civilization—Tb 1868. 2. Japan—History—1185-1868. I. Title. II. Series. DS822.2.D33 2005 952,.02—dc22 2005003371 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Cathy Rincon Cover design by Semadar Megged Illustrations by Jeremy Eagle Printed in the United States of America VB FOF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. For Moriyama Tae C o n t e n t s LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix 4 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY 0 0 1 1 1 2 Society LIST OF MAPS x Women Social Protest LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS x Economy Reading ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi 5 WARRIORS AND WARFARE 1111111111 3334677788 BY LISA J. ROBERTSON INTRODUCTION xiii W arrior History W arrior Ethics 1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT 1 Martial Arts and Weaponry Historical Survey 2 Armor, Helmets, and Shields Biographies of Historical Figures 21 Fortifications Reading 51 Warrior Ranks and Hierarchy Battle Tactics 2 LAND, ENVIRONMENT, AND Wars and Battles POPULATION 53 Reading Landscape and Environment 54 1112 8 City, Town, and Countryside 60 6 RELIGION 8 Population Statistics 62 Introduction 9 Gazetteer of Place-names 63 Shinto Traditions 0 Reading 85 Japanese Buddhist Traditions 211 Christianity 2 3 GOVERNMENT 87 Role of Women 2 — . Imperial and M ilitary Rule 88 Reading Structure of the Imperial Court 89 Structure of the Shogunates 92 7 PHILOSOPHY, EDUCATION, Law, Crime, and Punishment 101 AND SCIENCE 22 2 2 Philosophy 227 Education 11 TRAVEL AND COMMUNICATION 2310 Science Introduction 24 Reading Land Travel and Communication Maritime Travel and Communication 2412 8 LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE Reading 24 Language 249 Literature 12 EVERYDAY LIFE 260 Reading The Family The Home 263 9 PERFORMING ARTS Marriage and Divorce 264 Introduction Sexuality 265 Musical Instruments Pregnancy and Childbirth 267 Music and Dance Food and Drink 270 Religious Performing Arts Dress and Personal Appearance 272 Theater Sports and Diversions Street Entertainers and Calendar 88 22 88 1 Storytellers Festivals and Yearly Rituals 2 2 Reading Death and Dying Reading 10 ART AND ARCHITECTURE 283 WITH LISA J. ROBERTSON LIST OF MUSEUMS 284 Introduction 287 Art BIBLIOGRAPHY 302 Tea and Related Arts 307 Architecture INDEX 32 4 Reading L is t o f Illustrations Warriors defend Uraga Bay from Admiral] ry 20 Warrior in a fixed shield defensive position 17 Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147-99) 37 Warrior procession 81 Tomoe Gozen (late 12th century), famed Warrior with head of his defeated enemy 82 woman warrior 49 Buddhist protective deity 92 Leisure-time boating on the Sumida River 56 Sake barrels given as shrine offerings 95 Thatch roof construction 59 Ema 19 Black pines at Ginkakuji 60 Hotei, one of the seven gods of good fortune 19 Dragonfly 61 Inari shrine Amusement area in the city of Edo 63 Atagoyama Shrine 200 Edo shop 68 Zen Buddhist meditation hall 209 Edo street scene 69 Amida Buddha Edo-period-style storefront 75 Bodhisattva Jizo Edo-period local government building 99 Bodhisattva Kannon A device used to apprehend criminals 02 Buddhist temple altar A basket used to transport criminals 03 Edo-period astronomical observatory 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 “Welcoming cat” (maneki neko) 13 Writing set, including brush and inkstone 5 Interior of an artisan’s woodworking shop 14 Poet-priest Saigyo (1118-1190) 6 Edo-period rice riot 19 Edo-period musical instruments 6 Scale used in the conduct of business 23 Musician playing a biwa 6 Measure used in the conduct of business 23 Drum 7 Edo shop front 24 Nakamuraza, a Kabuki theater 7 Rice used for paying taxes 25 Scene from an Edo-period Kabuki play Edo-period coins 26 Bell tower and temple bell Warriors preparing for battle 50 Ginkakuji, in Kyoto Warrior with bow and arrows 53 Shinto shrine gate Sword blades with heat-tempered patterns 60 Main tower of Himeji Castle Warrior with polearm 61 Wall of the main tower at Himeji Castle Warrior holding a spear 63 Wall and gate at Himeji Castle Ninja 65 Ho Gate at Himeji Castle 32 12 Armor 68 Warriors firing from castle weapon portals 2 2 2 Warrior wearing face mask 70 Edo domain lord residence 2 Buddhist warrior-monk 76 Edo-period woodcutter’s house 3 3 Kamakura-period foot soldier 77 Edo-period farmhouse L ist of I llustrations Edo commoner residences 324 Kitchen stove in a traditional country home 349 Procession of a domain lord 326 Edo-period-style sake shop 350 Palanquin 328 Kamakura-period aristocratic woman 351 Oxcart 328 Everyday medieval warrior attire 351 Edo-period riverboat 333 Edo-period spinning wheel 352 Takase-style boat 337 Straw boots 352 Women drawing water from a well 341 Playing a game called kaiawase 354 Hanging laundry 341 Edo-period doll 354 Exterior of an Edo commoner’s house 342 Gion Festival parade 356 Childbirth 347 Buddhist grave markers 359 L is t o f M a p s Important Lords in the 16th Century 10 Major Battles in the Medieval and Early Topographic Map of Japan’s Main Islands 55 Modern Periods 183 Provinces of Medieval and Early Modern Major Roads in the Early Modern Period 330 Japan 84 L is t o f T a b l e s a n d C h a r t s Table of Events 15 List of Shoguns and Regents 100 Medieval and Early Modern Regions, Structure of Troops for Battle 175 Provinces, and Equivalent Modern Chronological List of Significant Prefectures 83 Wars and Battles 182 Structure of the Imperial Court 90 Syllabic Sounds in the Japanese Language 244 Court Ranks 91 Some Representative Noh Plays Listed List of Emperors 91 According to the Five Types 275 Administrative Structure of the Kamakura Some Important Edo-Period Kabuki Shogunate 93 Plays 279 Administrative Structure of the Muromachi Some Important Edo-Period Bunraku Shogunate 95 Plays 281 Administrative Structure of the Tokugawa List of Some Important Castles 316 Shogunate 97 List of Tokaido Road Post Stations 329 H a n d b o o k t o L if e in M e d i e v a l a n d E a r l y M o d e r n J a p a n x A cknowledgments riting this book has been a humbling experi­ In Japan, I received generous assistance from W ence. I am mindful that a book is the product Nishimura Shoji of Waseda University, who has self­ of the support and guidance of many people. Both lessly offered support for the past 15 years. Audrey current and former students of Case Western Morrell, den mother extraordinaire, transformed the Reserve University and Boston University assisted drudgery of travel into an enjoyable experience. with research for this book: Eric Bugyis, Miriam Moriyama Tae, my former Japanese teacher and Chusid, Christine Fergus, Elizabeth Grammatikov, travel companion, instilled a love of traditional and Matt Snyder. Special thanks to Julie Digiananto- Japanese culture that is a guiding light for this book. nio for her editorial assistance. I would like to thank Many thanks go to wonderful friends who pro­ Cleveland artist Grace Vibbert, who rendered sev­ vided support and encouragement: Jeff and Naoko eral expert illustrations for this volume, and Ken Gumpf, Jeff Catts, Sid Fowler, Barbara Green, Eliz­ Clickenger, at Dodd Camera in Cleveland, who pro­ abeth Kirk, Fred Land, Alyson and John Kallmeyer, vided expert advice about photographic matters. and Sam Oriti (especially for reminders of Maine in Further, I am indebted to Joanne Eustis, Gail Reese, Cleveland). Daniel Meckel and Betul Basaran offered Bonnie Godden, and the staff at Kelvin Smith steadfast friendship, scholarship, and much-needed Library at Case Western Reserve University for all of humor. their assistance with my bibliographic needs. I also More personally, Yuki and Sumi kept an eye on enjoyed strong encouragement from my Case col­ the research team every day without fail. My broth­ leagues Tim Beal and Peter Haas. I am grateful to ers, Bruce Deal and Robert Deal, took care of family publishing consultant Henry Rasof for bringing this matters at a difficult time so that I could remain project to my attention, and to Claudia Schaab and focused on writing. Most of all,I thank Lisa Robert­ Melissa Cullen-DuPont at Facts On File for their son for her creativity, ideas, expertise, writing, edit­ steadfast editorial expertise.