The Possibilities of Osteology in Historical Sarni Archaeology Th Life and Livelihood at the 18 -Century Ohcejohka Sarni Market Site

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The possibilities of osteology in historical Sarni archaeology th Life and livelihood at the 18 -century Ohcejohka Sarni market site

Eeva-Kristiina Harlin Giellagas Institute, Porotie 12, Fl- 99950 Karigasniemi, Finland

Abstract The Ohcejohka market site

This paper presents the archaeological material The Ohcejohka market site is well known from from a historical Sarni market site in Ohcejohka. written sources. In the past, it was the central The site was in use already in 1640 when annual place for the Ohcejohka siida (Lapp village), markets were held in the area, and the Ohcejoh- and annual markets were held there at the end ka church was erected at the site in 1701. The of February already in 1640. Due to the colonial excavated material derives from two traditional policy of the Swedish crown, the Ohcejohka and Sarni huts, goahti. The find material is quite typi- Guovdageaidnu churches were erected in 1701, cal for l ?1"- l 9th-century Sarni sites, and the main and even today the new Ohcejohka church, find group consists of unburned animal bones. erected between 1850 and 1853, is situated near The animal bones are analysed and questions of the site (ltkonen 1948 I: 206- 208, 303; 1948 II: livelihood are discussed. 59, 203). Additionally, there is an old sacristy and cemetery at the site and a historical road Keywords: to the Norwegian coast passes through the area Sarni studies, osteology, ethnoarchaeology, his- (Karjalainen 2003). torical archaeology, reindeer. During the winter markets, both live reindeer and reindeer products were sold by the Sarni and traded with burghers coming from southern Introduction towns. Besides the economic aspect, the markets were important in various other ways. Young This paper discusses some methodological people got to know each other, couples got aspects of interpreting archaeological mate- married, children were baptised and the dead rial from the Ohcejohka Sarni market site (Lahti buried. Taxes were also paid and legal issues 2003; 2004a; 2004b; 2004c; 2004d: 284- 295). taken care of (Hansen 1984: 56- 57; 1990: In particular, I wish to emphasise the potential 135- 136; Hansen & Olsen 2004: 245; ltkonen I of osteology in the archaeological research of 1948: 65; 1948 II: 402). historical Sarni sites. In 2003 and 2004, the National Board of Antiquities conducted archaeological excavations at the site. The project was partly funded by the Employment and Economic Development

RECENT PERSPECTIVES ON SAMI ARCHAEOLOGY 121 ISKOS 17 EEVA-KRISTIINA HARLIN

Centre of Lapland and led by Taisto Karjalainen, Were the animals slaughtered near the market MA. I worked as an assistant researcher and our site or were only parts of the carcasses brought labour crew consisted of 10 upper secondary to the goahti and its surroundings? school students from Ohcejohka. The site was If only parts of the carcasses were taken from also surveyed in connection with the excava- the slaughtering site, which parts were brought tion. A total of six round and four quadrangular to the market site? Is there a clear pattern related structures were detected, along with several fire- to the presence of anatomical parts that domi- places and other structures. During the two field nate? seasons (in total two months), two turf goahti (I Is it possible to decide whether the Sarni sold and 2) were excavated (Karjalainen 2003; 2004). parts of the carcasses at the market sites or con- Already in 1985, during an archaeological sur- sumed everything themselves? vey, Jarrno Kankaanpaa discovered that one of Finally, what kind of livelihood does the the structures had been partly destroyed in con- osteological material reflect? We can certainly nection with the hauling of sand (Kankaanpaa make some interpretations about the species uti- 1985). The excavations were started by excavat- lized in the past, but can we even begin to inter- ing the partly destroyed goahti 1, and the intact pret, for example, the form of reindeer herding goahti 2 was excavated the next summer (Karj- practised at an archaeological site on the basis of alainen 2003; 2004). the osteological material? The structures of both goahti consisted of fairly strong sand walls and a central fireplace Subsistence surrounded by stones. The floor consisted of a thin cultural layer. The structures resembled In goahti I the vast majority of the bone mate- each other, except that goahti 1 may have had rial was identified as reindeer (Rangifer taran- a window. In addition, goahti 2 may have had dus tarandus) bones. Small ungulates, like sheep two entrances, and a small storage house, buvri, (Ovies aries) and/or goat (Capra hircus), were used as a shelter, was connected with it. How- also found . These two species are difficult to ever, no strong dirt layer was found, which may identify per se. Some bovid bones were found mean that it was not used as an animal shelter (Bos taurus), but they are probably recent, since (Karjalainen 2003 ; 2004). they were found in the turf layer. Only one bea- ver (Castor fiber) and one hare (Lepus timidus) Osteology bone was found. The bird bones consisted almost exclusively of willow grouse (Lagopus lago- Natural-scientific methods, such as osteology, pus), altogether from 13 individuals. Only a few are often helpful or even necessary in archaeo- bones of anatidae species were found. Bones of logical research. One of the main goals of oste- whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus), pike (Esox lu- ology is to explain the interface between human cius), cod (Gadus morhua), and salmon (Salmo population and fauna (Lyman 1987: 94). Osteo- salar) were found (Lahti 2003). A peculiar find logical material can answer questions related to group is a small amount of ocean quahog frag- the seasonality of occupation and the utilisation ments (Arctica islandica) from the Arctic Ocean. of resources. All the identified fragments are from the left side In my research the following questions were of the clam, so it was brought to the site already addressed: broken (Valovirta 2005).

122 THE POSSIBILITIES OF OSTEOLOGY IN HISTORICAL SAMI ARCHAEOLOGY

In goahti 2 the bone material was smaller, the osteological material, it seems thatgoahti 1 was but much more fragmented than in goahti 1. inhabited during the autumn and winter, and in my These small fragments may represent utilising opinion the large amount of willow grouse indi- the nutrient grease of bones; or indicate glue viduals can be a sign of long-lasting settlement making (Outram 1999: I 03). The major species at goahti 1 (Lahti 2003). In goahti 2, subsistence was reindeer. Sheep and/or goat bones derive was based on reindeer and small ungulates, from three juvenile animals. A few elk (Alces since other species are rare. Other sources of alces) and wolf(Canis lupus) bones were found. livelihood, like hunting and fishing, were prob- Some willow grouse, cod, and pike bones were ably practised elsewhere. The material suggests also found (Lahti 2004c). Like in goahti 1 there that goahti 2 was inhabited during the winter were a few fragments of ocean quahog (Valo- months, and in my opinion the occupation lasted virta 2005). for a short period only (Lahti 2004c). Sheep and/or goats were probably butchered for meat, since the bones seem to be mostly from The artefacts juvenile individuals. Older sheep were kept for wool and older goats for milk production. In or- Besides the bone material, iron nails, window der to survive the rough winter, the sheep require glass, vessel glass, and clay pipe fragments were shelter so they were most probably traded for found in goahti 1 (Karjalainen 2003). The pres- reindeer meat at the coast and brought over the ence of window glass suggests that goahti 1 had mountains to be consumed. It is well known that a window. Vessel glass and clay pipe fragments the sea Sarni kept both sheep and goats and that are associated with the selling and bartering of these animals were traded for reindeer and rein- alcohol and tobacco. Other finds include lock deer products with the reindeer herding Sarni. flint and a pewter bullet, which are associated The reindeer herding Sarni favoured goat, since with hunting weapons. Furthermore, an awl, a it was more durable and could be taken over sewing artefact made of antler, a small decora- the mountains to the inland (Aikio et al. 2000: tive leaflet, lavggastat made of silver, and iron 68- 70; ltkonen 1948 11: 190). Sheep wool was scissors were found. The dating of the settlement not handled by the inland Sarni themselves be- was based on the identified clay pipe fragments 1h fore the 19 century (Arponen 2005). and coins. The identified clay pipes were pro- Nowadays the meat of the willow grouse is duced in Sweden in the 18 th century (Mellanen considered to be a delicacy, but that was not the 2000; 2001). Two Danish silver coins were case earlier, when only the feathers were sold stamped 1659 and 1668 (Talvio 2003). (Fellman 1906: 440, 491 ). Fishing was practised In goahti 2, the most unexpected find was on the Norwegian coast during the summertime a piece of woollen cloth. It was found exactly and inland lakes were used for fishing purpos- opposite the main entrance, suggesting that it es in the winter. Moreover, salmon fishing was could be a remnant of a second door or a vent hole practiced on the river Deatnu only four kilome- (Karjalainen 2004). The material of the cloth and tres from the site or at its outlets in the spring, the technique by which it was produced makes summer, and autumn (Itkonen 1948 l: 285). this fragment the oldest preserved one in the Already during the 17 th century, salmon from Finnmark area. It is similar to the type that Leem Deatnu was exported to the royal court in Stock- describes in his Beskrivelse over Finnmarkens holm by Carl XI (Itkonen 1948 I: 286). Based on lapper ( 1767). This type of cloth is still produced

123 EEVA-KRISTIINA HARLIN

in Manndalen. It was probably produced in the related to different kinds of rituals could not be coastal area by the sea Sarni, since the inl and found in this material (Lahti 2004a; 2004b). Sarni did not know how to produce such fabric at that time (Arponen 2005). Reindeer bones and butchering The clay pipes were produced in factories in Stockholm and they date to the phase ea To gain a more precise understanding of the site 1750- 1800. Only one example is clearly identi- and settlement, the reindeer bone material was fiable to the 17 th century (Mellanen 2000; 2001 , studied by using routine osteological methods. Niukkanen 2004, pers. comm.). Two Danish sil- At first the fragments were studied morpho- ver coins are from the reign of Christian V and logically for the purpose of identification. They they were obtained between 1676 and 1681. were counted in order to gain information about Both of them were worn out already during use the number of fragments (Number of Identified (Talvio 2004). Specimens or NISP), individual animals (Mini- Altogether, the find material was quite mum Number of Individuals or MNI), and bone typical for a Sarni site dating from the 17'" and elements (Minimum Number of Elements or th 18 centuries (Grydeland 1996; Halinen 1992a; MNE). 1992b; 2002a; 2002b; Liedgren 1997; Mulk Furthermore, the consistence of the bone 1994; Olsen 1987; Odner 1992). assemblage was studied. To obtain a deeper understanding of the archaeological bone mate- Distribution rial, ethnoarchaeological work was carried out at the Ohcejohka Baisduottar reindeer herding Archaeology aims to understand past people and district. The butchering at the modem reindeer the behaviour that has resulted in those struc- round-up of Baisduottar was observed in order tures, materials, and phenomena that are analy- to understand the butchering order and to rec- sed in the archaeological record. At first this ognize taphonomical signs like cut marks on the material was examined by means of the artefact bones of the Ohcejohka archaeological mate- distribution maps of the excavated area of the rial. Finally, traditional cooking was observed. two goahti. During the interpretation it became In addition, the traditional way of butchering in clear that the distribution of the find material the Ohcejohka area was studied from literature was quite even and no distinctive concentrations (ltkonen 1948 I: 256-257). I also had the op- were found (Harlin 2008). portunity to see a video, in which Hans 0 . Kitti The same pattern was repeated in the distri- from Baisduottar demonstrated the old way of bution maps of the bone material. It became clear butchering that he had learned from his father that different species or different parts of rein- (Okkonen & Kanniainen 2005). deer carcasses did not have any special locus in- In earlier times, the first thing to do was to side the goahti. Contrary to the phenomenon that open the chest and remove the heart and lungs. can sometimes be observed in the material of the Moreover, the forelimbs were sliced apart Norwegian coast, no sacrifices of complete ani- from the carcass between the distal part of the mal skeletons were found (Grydeland 1996: 83 ; humerus (forelimb steak bone) and the proximal Hansen & Olsen 2004: 193- 194). Furthermore, part of the radioulna (upper forelimb) and the specific bone concentrations of different species hindlimbs between the distal part of the f e mur

124 THE POSSIBILITIES OF OSTEOLOGY IN HISTORICAL SAMI ARCHAEOLOGY

Fig. 1. Reindeer herder Jorma Harlin from Baisduottar is butchering for home purposes. The forelimbs are cut between the distal part of the radiou/na and proximal part of metacarpus. The hide remains intact, so the leg skin can be used for making fur boots.

(hindlimb steak bone) and the part of the tibia bone) and the hind limbs between the distal part (upper hindlimb) (Itkonen l 948 I: 256- 257; of the tibia and the part of the metatarsus (lower Okkonen & Kanniainen 2005). This was also hindlimb, above toe bones). When butchering is practical, since the leg skin remained complete done according to modem EU butchery, the skin and could easily be used to make fur boots, fur is removed together with the lower limbs. But leggings and fur mittens. More important, the when butchering is done for home purposes, the leg joints remained complete. They were used as leg skin remains intact with the rest of the hide tendon threads, which was used for sewing fur for the purpose of making fur boots (see Fig. 1 ). boots and other clothing. Nowadays the first thing that is removed Results from the carcass together with the fur is the head. The forelimbs are cut between the distal If we had an ideal material (i .e. , all parts of part of the radioulna and the part of the meta- the carcass had been consumed there) it would carpus (lower forelimb, above toe bones, palm have the same values throughout the whole

125 EEVA-KRISTIINA HARLIN

------0 5 10 15 20 ' ' Cranium - Tung bone _ Upper jaw I Lower jaw _- First vertebrate Second vertebrate Scapula (front steak) - I Sternal bone - Humeral (front steak) - Radius (upper forelimb) - DGoahti 2 _iiiiiiiiiiil Ulna(upper forelimb) I Carpal (lower forelimb) Femur (hind steak) _ I (upper hindlimb) _- Tibia - Malleolare( upper hind limb) Tarsal (lower hindlimb) _ Tarsals (hind ancle bones) Calcaneus (hind ancle) Phal. I (toe) _iiiiiiiiiiil Phal. 2 (toe) - Phal. 3 (toe) -liiiiiiiil-

Fig . 2. The Minimum Number of Individuals (Rangifer tarandus) in the Ohcejohka market site.

0 10 20 30

Cranium ..,-, Tung bone Upper jaw p Lower jaw First vertebrate .. Second vertebrate Scapula (front steak) Sternal bone Humeral (front steak~ • Radius ~upper forelimb 2 Ulna upper forelimb Carpal lower forelimb I Femur (hind steak Tibia tupper hindlimb ,-, Malleolare upper hindlimb Tarsal lower hindlimb Tarsals (hind ankle bones Calcaneus (hind ancle bone Phal.1 ~toe 2 toe Phal. >-, Phal. 3 toe

Fig . 3. The Minimum Number of Elements (Rangifer tarandus) in the Ohcejohka market site.

126 THE POSSIBILITIES OF OSTEOLOGY IN HISTORICAL SAMI ARCHAEOLOGY

anatomical distribution (MNI or MNE). Of the nomadic way of life, since after it is dried, the course this is improbable, because some of the meat will weigh about 1/3 of its original weight bones are located outside the goahti and perhaps and it will be easy to carry. Dried ribs were prob- even further away from the market site. There ably eaten during the annual migration. Dried is always the possibility that animals, like dogs, ribs could also be sold, since they were a good moved some bones or that the dwelling was trading item (Itkonen 1948 II: 259). occasionally cleaned. A good method of studying the bone mate- After observing the identified bones, it could rial is to compare the MNI and the MNE. When be concluded that the butchering was probably these two are compared, it can be seen if whole done away from the Ohcejohka market site, since carcasses are present in the material or if some only a part of the heavy and meat-poor parts are parts are obviously missing. This is very helpful present in the material. First of all, there were when assumptions are made about the function only a few skulls and antlers. Also, there were of the site (Hambleton & Rowley-Conwy 1997: but a few examples of the first two vertebrae 57; Lyman 1994: 205- 215). For example, ifwe (spinal column) , the atlas and the axis, and the compare the MNI and MNE, it can be seen that sternal bones (breast bones) were totally absent in goahti 2 there are twice as many scapulae (see Fig. 2 for MNI and Fig. 3 for MNE). These (shoulder blade) as there are animals, but when elements were probably left at the butchering we look at goahti 1, only half of the scapulae site, which in tum was situated near the pasture are present. The same pattern is repeated with areas where the reindeer were kept during the the humerus (shoulder bone). It seems that about markets. half of the humerus and femur are missing in However, the butchering site was probably goahti 2 and that almost the same can be said not situated far away from the site, since some about goahti 1. This means that these parts were meat-poor parts , like mandibulae (lower jaw- sold or that they are absent from the material for bones) and metatarsus (the metatarsal bone) are some reason. plentiful in the material. However, the lower The lower parts of the front and hind limbs jawbone and the metatarsal bone contain a lot of (knuckles), radioulna and tibia, are abundant in bone marrow which is highly nutritious (Itkonen the material, but they are strongly fragmented. 1948 II: 258; Hambleton & Rowley-Conwy These bones were probably worthless as mer- 1997: 62; Outram 200 l: 401-402). The presence chandise but they are a good ingredient for a of several hyoideum (tonguebone) is explained soup. According to the comparison between by the fact that tongue is a delicacy and it was MN! and MNE, it seems that the lower front surely taken from the butchering site to the mar- limbs, the radioulna, of altogether three animals ket site (Itkonen 1948 II: 258) (see Figs. 2 and 3). were consumed by the inhabitants themselves. The small amount of vertebrae (spinal col- The same goes for tibia, since it seems that all umn) is probably related to the fact that the fil- the tibiae came from two animals in goahti I and lets were left attached to the spinal column and eight animals in goahti 2, respectively. It is im- sold, perhaps to be cooked as a delicious soup. portant to remember that these bones are easy to The costa e (rib bones) were not separated from identify also when they are fragmented, so the the meat when the ribs were dried. Drying was results of the analysis can turn out to be a bit a cheap and easy method for storing food. This biased. way of preservation was also very practical for

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------0 10 20 30

Humerus open Humerus closed Radius open Radius closed Ulna closed Metacarpus closed I Femur open 2 I Femur closing Goahti 1 j Femur closed Tibia open I Tibia closing I Tibia closed

j Metatarsus .. Metatarsus closed I Calcaneus open r----••---•-----•---- Ancle bone closed ~~~~::'.__L____ _J______J

Fig . 4. Fusion of the long bones (Rangifer tarandus) in the Ohcejohka market site.

16 l

10 2 8 Goahti 1 6

0 Mature Adult Juvenile

to fusion of the long Fig. 5. The age-structure of the reideer (Rangifer tarandus) individuals according bones and teeth abrasion in the Ohcejohka market site.

128 THE POSSIBILITIES OF OSTEOLOGY IN HISTORICAL SAMI ARCHAEOLOGY

Metacarpus (palm bone) and metatarsus together, the age structure of the animals looks contain a lot of marrow, which is nourishing and quite interesting (see Fig. 5 for age determina- tasty. If heated or cooked it can be eaten as such, tion). The material of goahti l comes from an or the marrow can be used for example in blood average of eight individuals, although there are pudding. Metacarpus is good raw material for metatarsals from 19 individuals in the material. artefacts, and so are antlers. This may be why Three of these animals are juvenile, 14 adult and there are but a few examples of metacarpus in two animals mature. In goahti 2 there are six in- the material. So we know that the palm bones dividuals, three of which are juvenile, four adult were used as raw material, but why are there and two mature. so many metatarsi in the material? This can be due to the old way of butchering, in which Conclusions the feet were kept whole until the end of the butchering (Itkonen 1948 I: 256- 257; Okkonen In goahti I, the find material, such as clay pipes, & Kanniainen 2005), or the huge amount of iron artefacts, and coins is quite typical for a th metatarsus in goahti 2 can be related to marrow Sarni site dating to the I ih- 18 centuries. Rein- consumption (Hambleton & Rowley-Conwy deer was the most important part of the diet, but 1997: 62 ; Outram 2001: 401--402). sheep and/or goat were also kept. During the stay in the inland, lake fish like whitefish and pike Age determination were eaten, as well as salmon from the Deatnu river or from the rivers that are its outlets. Dried The age determination was carried out by ob- cod was brought from the Norwegian coast. A serving the abrasion of the teeth and fusion of large amount of willow grouse was probably the long bones (Hufthammer 1995). According used for selling the feathers. Materials like Dan- to the fusion of the long bones, the youngest of ish coins, cod bones, sheep and/or goat bones, the animals were under 2.5 years old, since the and clam fragments indicate that there were fusion of the distal part of the tibia happens be- strong connections between the inland and the tween 1.5- 2.5 years (see Fig. 4 for fusion of the coastal Sarni societies. The goahti was inhabited long bones). After the long bones are fused, the during the autumn and winter. The amount of only morphological way to age-determine ani- find material and presence of different species mal bones is to observe the stage of the dental give an impression of a long-lasting settlement wear. The dental material consisted of both loose atgoahti 1. and intact teeth. In goahti I, most teeth have In goahti2, the find material was quite similar, some wear, or are worn, and only a minority has and in addition a rare piece of woollen cloth was no wear at all. In goahti 2, the material consists found near the suggested second door. Reindeer mostly of teeth with some wear and a minority meat was the most important part of the diet, but are teeth that are worn. The number of teeth with young sheep and/or goats were also consumed. no wear is half of the number of teeth with some Hunting and fishing were probably practised wear. However, in this case the age determina- elsewhere, but not near the market place. Again tion of the teeth does not give any clear picture Danish coins, sheep and/or goat bones, clam of the age of the animals, since only part of the fragments, and the woollen cloth represent the jaws and teeth of the butchered animals are pres- connections between the inland and the coastal ent in the material. When all the results are put Sarni societies. The goahti was inhabited during

129 EEVA-KRISTIINA HARLIN

the winter months and the amount of find mate- Nowadays the majority of the butchered flock rial and biased presence of different species sug- consists of young animals. gest that the use of the goahti was short-term, According to taxation in 1751 , there was a but also that the people who stayed there really flock of 7000 reindeer pasturing in the area of relied on reindeer meat in their alimentation. the Ohcejohka siida, and these animals were The presence of different anatomical ele- owned by 27 herders (ltkonen 1948 II : 118). The ments in the two excavated goahti suggests that nature of reindeer herding and its development the butchering was done away from the market is one of the most burning questions among the site. There was probably a special pasture area Sarni cultural history, and needless to say, very where the reindeer were kept and near which difficult to interpret from the archaeological ma- they were also butchered. The differences in the terial alone. Nowadays several researchers are in th representation of different elements of bones agreement that during the I 8 century, reindeer are probably due to the fact that the most pre- herding was common in some areas (Schance cious parts of the carcass were sold at the mar- 2005: 69- 70). The Ohcejohka material derives ket place, or if these parts were easy to preserve, from a highly specialised way of life, relying al- they were taken to the next place during the an- most exclusively on reindeer herding. nual migration. However, this analyzed material is very According to age determination, the slaugh- small: it consists of 14 carcasses. More osteo- tered animals are mostly adult, although there logically analysed material is needed to make are some juvenile and mature individuals as assumptions. According to MNI in goahti I , well. Obviously, adult animals produce a lot of there are at the most 19 individuals present in meat. Nowadays in the meat-based economy the material. However, there are as many as 19 mostly young and sub-adult animals are slaugh- metatarsals only. When the other bones are con- tered (Hambleton & Rowley-Conwy 1997: 68). sidered, it seems that the bones come from an For example, in Baisduottar, about 85% of the average of eight individual animals. In goahti 2, butchered animals are calves and only 15% rep- the MNI is six. All in all, we can assume that resent animals that are older than one year. differences in the representation of different ele- In earlier times, the most favourable animals ments of bones provide information about com- for slaughtering were 1.5-year-old castrates and merce at the market place. old females (Jomppanen & Nlikklillijlirvi 2000: 83; Soppela 2000: 93). This was favourable when the pastures were plentiful. If there was no food Acknowledgements for the adult animals, the flock could be removed to other areas. The situation changed after the I wish to thank the Baisduottar reindeer herder closing of the national borders by fences in the Jorma Harlin for letting me follow and photo- th th 19 century. During the 20 century, the differ- graph his work and for answering my questions. ent reindeer herding districts were separated by I thank Baisduottar reindeer herder Hans Olavi fences in Finland. These changes naturally affect Kitti for showing me his butchering video. the way that is most favourable for keeping the reindeer flock. Young animals eat a lot and it is more uncertain whether they are good breeders.

130 THE POSSIBILITIES OF OSTEOLOGY IN HISTORICAL SAMI ARCHAEOLOGY

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