International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 11, November 2018, pp. 2526–2536, Article ID: IJCIET_09_11_255 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=11 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF THE STUDENT YOUTH ACCOMMODATION ARCHITECTURE FROM DORMITORIES PROTOTYPES TO POST-INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY CAMPUSES
Aleksey Vladimirovich Popov Architecture Department, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering - 129337, Moscow, Russian Federation
ABSTRACT The article reviews the main stages of the development of student accommodation in different regions and historical periods, starting from the earliest prototypes of higher educational institutions and their accommodation capacities and going to the most modern campuses of nowadays universities. A complex and long period of student accommodation evolution is conditionally structured by the author into five basic types featuring specific space-and-planning solutions. These types arose inconsistently in various social formations and civilizations, depending on their development nature: student accommodation at ancient (antique) secular high school, student accommodation in a university, which arose at religious establishment, student accommodation at a medieval secular high school, student accommodation in modern times - in the era of industrial revolution and industrialization, student accommodation in the post-industrial era. A forecast conclusion was made on the further development of the architecture of student accommodation at the post- industrial stage increasing comfort, individualization of living spaces and alignment of this accommodation with new technologies of educational work has Object of the study are buildings and their complexes for residing of high school students. Subject of the study is determination of the key historical stages of the student accommodation architecture in the world and its main parameters at various stages of its development Study objectives: • to analyze, generalize and systematize the practice of architectural formation of the student accommodation; determine the main historical stages of the student accommodation formation; reveal specific parameters of architectural solutions in buildings and individual premises of the student accommodation at various stages of its development and to evaluate their features; Research methods include:
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▪ study and systematization of archival materials and scientific works dedicated to architectural arrangement of higher education institutions and student accommodation, professional literature on the architectural and structural design of student accommodation, ▪ system analysis allowing to consider interrelation of various formation and development factors of the object; ▪ method of a complex assessment of design solutions. Key words: Campus, Student Accommodation, Dormitory, University, Temporary Accommodation, University, Academy, High School, Atheneum, Higher Education Cite this Article: Aleksey Vladimirovich Popov, Historical Development Stages of the Student Youth Accommodation Architecture from Dormitories Prototypes to Post- Industrial University Campuses, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 9(11), 2018, pp. 2526–2536. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=11
1. INTRODUCTION According to the results of a study of a large number of student accommodations, the entire complex and long development path of such buildings is conditionally structured by the author into five main typological groups [14]. Regardless some peculiarities, it is possible to speak about a number of common indicative architectural parameters within each selected group. Student accommodation related to various typological groups arose non- consequentially in various social formations and civilizations, depending on the nature of their development. The author proposes the following classification: at ancient (antique) secular high school, • - student accommodation in a university which arose at religious establishment, • - student accommodation at a medieval secular high school, • - student accommodation in modern times - in the era of industrial revolution and industrialization, • - student accommodation in the post-industrial era. • The above-mentioned types of the student accommodation are considered for various civilization development stages. In the light of the author's research on both the architectural formation of the student accommodation in general [[14]] and on separate sociological [[12], [15]], psychological, economic [[10]], environmental [[9]], and other aspects [[11], [13], [16], [17]] affecting its space-planning solutions, it is important to systematize historical development stages of such an accommodation. Shall we approach each of the above-mentioned types more detailed.
2. PREREQUISITES OF A STUDENT ACCOMMODATION EMERGENCE WAS TEMPORARY ACCOMMODATIONS FOR HIGH SCHOOLS IN THE ANCIENT WORLD The earliest social institutions under study that can be considered as higher education establishments arose in the polis of Ancient Greece in XII century B.C. - IV century B.C. (Academies of Plato, Mouseion of Pythagoras, Lyceum of Aristotle, schools of: Hippocrates, Democritus, Zeno of Citium, Epicurus, etc.) and a little later, in Alexandria in III century B.C.
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- I century A.D. (Mouseion of Alexandria) [[3], [5], [6]]. However, up to the 1st century A.D., the level of scientific and technological progress development, economic and social structure of society did not require a significant number of specialists with higher education, and the latter remained being a privilege of elites in the societies of certain countries. Public institutions of such education were not stable; they appeared and disappeared at the will of individual historical personalities or circumstances. The accommodation for students and teachers during this period was formed by houses that were ordinary for that time and were situated in the corresponding settlement. Sometimes they were united in special quarters, e.g. at Mouseion of Alexandria. For the first time the need for a system training of personnel with higher education arose at the end of the I century A.D. in the ancient Rome social, economic and cultural development of which led to formation of a system of higher education institutions - Atheneum. Such higher schools - grammatical, rhetorical, philosophical, medical, jurisprudence, architectural - were similar to modern universities - they had approved curricula and issued diplomas on education of the third stage [[7]] The system of higher education and, accordingly, student accommodation had similar organization in the heiress of the Roman Empire - Byzantine Empire, where Atheneum system was headed by the major university in Constantinople - Magnaura. Although the author did not find any studies focused directly on the ordinary life and accommodation of the ancient Roman and Byzantine student, indirectly they are mentioned in the works of the modern historians studying the ancient Roman and Byzantine higher pedagogy and arrangement of the state institutions [[7],[19], [20]]. Based on these works, we can assume that student accommodation of the Ancient Rome was arranged as separate rooms in the university complex. As a rule, they were placed in a separate wing of the gallery space-planning structure and designed for living, preparing the homework, storing personal belongings, and literature. Many students could afford service staff - the slaves. Higher education system of the Ancient Rome and Byzantium was destroyed with their fall and there were no significant higher education institutions in Europe up to X century A.D. However, it can be estimated as advanced one for that time, as it had a significant impact on the architecture of the higher school buildings of subsequent historical periods.
3. FEATURES OF STUDENT ACCOMMODATION IN THE UNIVERSITIES AT RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MEDIEVAL ARAB AND ASIAN UNIVERSITIES With the fall of the ancient civilization, the center of advanced science and education moved to Arabic East. University of Al Quaraouiyine in Fez, Morocco, founded in 859 A.D. is the oldest university in the Arab world that is still operating. Initially, this university emerged as theological and was later expanded with secular departments, which is typical for many Arabic universities [[1], [8], [23]]. Accordingly, the accommodation facilities for students were cells with allocated place for sleeping, studying, and storing few personal things. This was the way the student accommodation was arranged in Al Quaraouiyine, a well-known Arabic Al-Azhar university in Cairo, founded in 988 A.D. and in many other Arabic universities. The above-mentioned premises were usually united by foot-walk gallery and looked out on the mosque courtyard (Figure 1) which space was optimally arranged for classes and talks, forming a historical prototype of the recreational and communication space of the modern campus.
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Figure 1. Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt (a and b - courtyard, c - plan) Prototypes of universities were formed in other regions too; however, their architecture and, accordingly, the student accommodation architecture were similar. The universities of antiquity and the Middle Ages located in the north of Africa, the Middle East, in the south and south-east Asia, and in China appeared, as a rule, at religious institutions, which had a significant impact on space-planning solutions of the student accommodation. The ancient university of Nalanda (India, Bihar state, founded in V, destroyed in XII) at the Buddhist monastery can serve as an example. It had living accommodations that were similar to cells of the Buddhist monks - ascetic rooms for one-two person with the area of 4-8 m2, united by common courtyard into a so-called vihara [[2]] (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Ruins of the ancient university of Nalanda, India (a - ruin plan, b - one of the viharas) Emergence of universities at religious buildings can be explained by significant influence of religious estate on the fields of science and education in the primitive societies of that time. The accommodation at such high schools has typical ascetic features of monastic cells, regardless of the region and civilization in which it occurred; this was usually a small room overlooking the courtyard for one dweller, having a place for sleeping, studying, praying, and storing few personal belongings. Although this accommodation had low comfort level even for that time, it was quite well adapted for independent scientific and educational activities and reflections.
http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 2529 [email protected] Historical Development Stages of the Student Youth Accommodation Architecture from Dormitories Prototypes to Post-Industrial University Campuses 4. FEATURES OF ACCOMMODATION OF STUDENTS AND TEACHERS IN SECULAR UNIVERSITIES OF EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES Weakening of the Arab civilization and strengthening of the West-European one led to transition of science and education center and emergence of a number of European universities in Bologna, Paris, Oxford, Cambridge, etc. [[4], 21]. Initially, the architecture of university and temporary accommodation for students integrated into it borrowed elements of the Eastern universities - rectangular building or an ensemble erected around a common courtyard [[24]]. Residential premises, same as the educational ones, had exit to the common courtyard either directly or through a foot-walk gallery, for example, the Colegio di Spagna, Bologna, Italy, 1345 (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Colegio di Spagna, Bologna, Italy (a - view of the gallery, b - inner courtyard, c - plan and section)
Figure 4. King's College, Cambridge, England (a - plan, b and c - general view)
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Figure 5. Trinity College, Cambridge, England (a - plan, b and c - general view) Later, as the European higher education developed, the student accommodation is detached from the educational facilities. It is allocated into a separate wing or building in a single architectural ensemble of the university, for example, as in King's College, Cambridge, England 1441 (Figure 4) and Trinity College, Cambridge, England 1529 (Figure 5). Living rooms are supplemented with some household amenities, such as a washbasin, cabinet, etc. For the first time, living rooms are grouped in residential cells - blocks.
5. PECULIARITY OF ACCOMMODATION AT HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN MODERN TIMES - THE ERA OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION Appearance of the student accommodation radically changes in modern times, in the epoch of industrial revolution and industrialization (end of XVI - beginning of XX century) [[22]]; these changes are caused by abrupt change in society structure, production principles, and growing need for highly educated personnel. In that period, many new universities, institutes, academies were built, and the old high schools were expanded. The number of students increases significantly. The number of residents both in the building and in the room grows. The students settle in special halls of "barracks" kinds - dormitories (Figure 6), or in the rooms designed for 3-6 people. Such accommodation premises have almost no conveniences and are designed for large number of students. The building of Imperial Academy of Arts (Figure 7), in St. Petersburg in 1772 can be the example illustrating beginning of this period in student accommodation development (architects - A. F. Kokorinov and J. B. Vallin de la Mothe).
Figure 6. Dormitory of the Imperial College of Law, Petrograd, 1910-1914 (photo from collection of lawyer V.M. Islavin)
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Figure 7. Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg in 1772 (a - a bird’s eye view, b - interior, c - plan of the 3rd floor) There were special premises intended as student accommodation in the academy building, on the second floor. For junior students of first and second years (courses), there were dormitories with 70 beds in the central part of the building; starting from the third year, students were transferred to smaller rooms, while older students and boarders were settled in two- or four-bed rooms in the right wing. There were individual apartments for teachers on the second floor, in the left wing. Infirmary and kitchen were located here too, while the dining room was on the ground floor. Another example with similar architectural and planning solution is the building of the Moscow University, built in 1794 by architect M.F. Kazakov. In this building, the accommodation for students took up almost the entire first floor and a part of ground floor. The ground floor was occupied by a dormitory for 100 indigent students who were dependent on the university; the kitchen was located on this floor too. On the first floor, there were many bedrooms of different sizes (for 3-5 persons on the average), a dining room, utility premises, and toilet. Later on, separate rooms were arranged on the third floor for the wealthiest students: in the left - for students of noble origin, and in the right - for commons, but with a common dining hall for both groups [[18]] (Figure 8).
Figure 8. University of Moscow. Moscow 1794 (a - facade and plan of the 1st floor, b - facade, c - facade in 1892, based on watercolor A.Ya. Afanasyev)
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A late example of this development period of space-planning arrangement of the student accommodation is dormitory of the Leningrad University of Railway Engineers of 1939 (Figure 9). The building had corridor space-planning structure. Residential premises are located in 5-storeyed wings. Shared premises for domestic and cultural purposes, as well as halls for independent studies lie in the central part of the building. This building has rooms designed for 2-4 persons. It is necessary to mention high accommodation density corresponding to the maximum permissible limits in terms of sanitary and hygienic requirements (6 m2/person) and a high degree of communization of living and leisure facilities.
Figure 9. Dormitory of Leningrad Institute of Railway Engineers in 1939 (a - typical floor plan, b and c - facade) Despite high economic efficiency of accommodation density, the space-planning arrangement of the student accommodation buildings of this period misfits scientific and educational work and everyday life. They represent an essential development stage at society progress level of that time.
6. FEATURES OF ACCOMMODATION AT UNIVERSITIES IN THE POST-INDUSTRIAL EPOCH In the postindustrial epoch, the quality of individual training of experts starts prevailing over the mass nature of the personnel graduation. This is reflected in the student accommodation architecture. Living rooms are saturated with functionally essential appliances; there is a transition to a higher individualization of the student accommodation. The rooms are designed for one, less often - for two persons. The room living area increases to 10-16 m 2 - in single rooms, and 14-20 m 2 - in double rooms. Most projects include a toilet, a shower, a wash basin, and often a built-in kitchen in a room. Student accommodation buildings are built according to individual projects and often feature a unique architectural and artistic value. Post-industrial period is generally marked by comprehensive enhancement of the comfort level of accommodation at the high school. In this period, buildings and accommodation complexes feature formation of special internal and external public spaces which architecture and facilities ensure comfortable accommodation of groups and individual students of various number and purposes, as well as efficient and comfortable arrangement of study, discussions, joint leisure, work of various kinds and nature, contacts.
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A typical example of the student accommodation of this kind is Kendrew Quadrangle at St. John’s College in Oxford, Great Britain, built in 2010 according to design of MJP Architects architectural office (Figure 10).
Figure 10. Kendrew Quadrangle St. John College, Oxford, UK (a - inner courtyard, b - room interior, c - plan of the residential floor) The building has 4 storeys and a basement. There are 80 single rooms with the living area of 12-14 m2 for accommodation students; each room has a place for studying, a toilet, a shower, a relax zone, many shelves and cabinets for storing personal belongings. There are also 8 apartments of enhanced comfort level for the university staff. On the ground floor and in the basement, there are numerous leisure and service facilities, sports facilities. Public spaces in the building and around it are optimized for comfortable communication, talks, as well as for work with electronic gadgets and literature. Thus, the emerging architecture of the student accommodation in post-industrial development period features greater functional comfort, humanitarian focus and is marked by comprehensive increase in the student accommodation comfort level for scientific and educational work, life, rest and leisure.
7. EPOCH RESULTS (MAIN HISTORICAL TYPES OF ACCOMMODATION AT HIGH SCHOOLS) After examination of historical development of the student accommodation architecture, the previously proposed historical types can be confirmed: Type 1 - student accommodation at ancient (antique) secular high school. As a rule, student accommodation of this type was formed by separate rooms in the high school complex that were located in a separate wing of the gallery space-planning structure. The rooms were designed for individual living, preparing the home tasks, storing personal belongings and literature; daily routine was often served by servants or slaves. The Roman and Byzantine civilizations were the basic period of building such accommodations. Type 2 - student accommodation in a university which arose at religious establishment. The accommodation at such high schools had typical features of monastic cells, regardless of the region of origin. Planning unit is usually a room with a small area (4-6 m2) designed for one dweller and having place for sleeping, studying, praying, and storing few things. Usually the rooms overlooked the common courtyard which was the core of the university complex.
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Chronological framework of this kind of accommodation is very broad. The earliest of the identified buildings was constructed in V century B.C.; however, the main period of their occurrence falls off IX - XV century A.D. Type 3 - student accommodation at a medieval secular high school. Such accommodations arose mainly at the European universities from XI till XVIII centuries. Accommodation premises were separated from the classrooms and took up a separate wing or building in a single architectural ensemble of the university. The rooms were usually designed for living of one student; although other accommodation options can be found too. The living premises had some conveniences (e.g. washbasin, cabinet). This period features space-planning method of uniting separate rooms into a block for the first time. Type 4 - student accommodation in modern times - in the epoch of industrial revolution and industrialization (end of XVI - XX centuries). Emergence of a new kind of student accommodation was caused by abrupt change in the structure of society, production principles, and increased demand for educated staff. The number of residents both in the building and in the room grows. Students are settled in halls of "barracks" type - dormitories - and in rooms intended for 3-6 persons. Living area per one person lies at the minimum limit (4-6 m2). As a rule, buildings are of corridor kind. The rooms have almost no conveniences. Type 5 - student accommodation in the post-industrial era. Student accommodations that currently have signs of this type are built mainly in the western countries and some countries of the eastern Asia. The premises are designed as single rooms, less often - as double rooms (living area within 10-16 m 2 in single rooms and 14-20 m 2 - in double rooms). Most projects include a toilet, a shower, a wash basin, and often a built-in kitchen in a room. In general, the postindustrial period is marked by great functional comfort, humanitarian focus, and the process of comprehensive improvement of the student accommodation comfort level for study, rest, and leisure. Consideration of the student accommodation development retrospective allows to predict further increase in individualization and comfort level of living zones of such accommodation, refusal of everyday life collectivization, as well as increase of the role of interactive and shared spaces in education, leisure, and formation of a personality. Intense and comprehensive development of the Russian Federation and unfolded change in the society structure should lead to formation of a new (post-industrial) architecture of the student accommodation in our country, new principles and methods for forming the architecture of dormitories and campuses in the coming years.
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