Perception Versus Production of Polish Speech: Poznań
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A Language That Forgot Itself Tomasz Kamusella*
Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe Vol 13, No 4, 2014, 129-138 Copyright © ECMI 2014 This article is located at: http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/2014/Kamusella.pdf A Language that Forgot Itself Tomasz Kamusella* University of St Andrews In this essay, as a background, I reflect on how the German language was liquidated in post-1945 Poland’s region of Upper Silesia where nowadays the country’s German minority is concentrated. But the main focus is on the irony that neither this language, nor a genuine German minority education system has been revived during the last quarter of a century that has elapsed since the fall of communism in 1989, despite promises to the contrary. The mystery persists. In the entry devoted to Poland in the respectable reference on the languages of the world, the Ethnologue, the number of native speakers of German living in the country is conservatively estimated at half a million.1 Until well into the 1990s German sources spoke of one million or a million and a half Germans in Poland. It is noted that the region where they live in compact areas of settlement is the countryside of Upper Silesia. But in the region the local Germans overwhelmingly communicate in the Silesian language. Silesia Superioris, Oberschlesien, Haute-Silésie, Horní Slezsko, Górny Śląsk, Felső-Szilézia—it is known by so many names, as many homelands in Central Europe were before the powers-that-be minced and fitted this part of the continent into the unbecomingly tight and too-small pantyhose of national polities, each so pure, homogenous through and through, so painfully monolingual. -
The Relationship Between Official and Minority Languages in Poland
Walery Pisarek The relationship between official and minority languages in Poland Streszczenie: Relacje między językiem urzędowym a językami mniejszościowymi w Polsce Dla co najmniej 96% mieszkających w Polsce 38 230 tysięcy obywateli Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej język polski jest językiem ojczystym. Znakomitej większości pozostałych 4% polskich obywateli język polski jest dobrze znany (niekiedy lepiej niż deklarowany język ojczysty) przynajmniej biernie. Polska należy więc obecnie do krajów o niskim odsetku mniejszości narodowych. Najważniejszym dokumentem regulującym status mniejszości językowych w Polsce jest ustawa z 6 stycznia 2005 r. Za języki mniejszości narodowych uznane są: białoruski, czeski, hebrajski, jidysz, litewski, niemiecki, ormiański, rosyjski, słowacki i ukraiński, za języki mniejszości etnicznych – karaimski, łemkowski, romski i tatarski, a za język regionalny – kaszubski. Najliczniejszą mniejszość językową w Polsce stanowią osoby wskazujące niemiecki jako swój język ojczysty. Polska ratyfikowała zarówno Europejską kartę języków regionalnych i mniejszościowych (w 2008), jak i Konwencję ramową o ochronie mniejszości narodowych (w 2000). Występują znaczne różnice między danymi pochodzącymi od rzeczników mniejszości a wynikami Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego z r. 2002 co do liczebności poszczególnych mniejszości. Powinien je zweryfikować następny Spis przewidziany na r. 2011. Sytuacje konfliktowe między językiem polskim jako urzędowym językiem RP a językami mniejszościowymi występują najczęściej w zakresie napisów do publicznego użytku. Zazwyczaj chodzi o relacje między wersją polską a wersją obcojęzyczną. Niektóre z polskich dialektów pretendują do statusu języka regionalnego. Ta tendencja obecnie przejawia się najsilniej wśród mieszkańców Górnego Śląska. 38 230 000 citizens of the Republic of Poland live in Poland. For at least 96% of them, i.e. for 36 700 000, the Polish language is their native language. -
AMU Welcome Guide | 5 During the 123 Years Following the 1795 and German, Offered by 21 Faculties on 1
WelcomeWelcome Guide Guide Welcome Guide The Project is financed by the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange under the Welcome to Poland Programme, as part of the Operational Programme Knowledge Education Development co-financed by the European Social Fund Welcome from the AMU Rector 3 Welcome from AMU Vice-Rector for International Cooperation 4 1. AdaM Mickiewicz UniversitY 6 1.1. Introduction 6 1.2. International cooperation 7 1.3. Faculties 9 Poznań campus 9 Kalisz campus – Faculty of Fine Arts and Pedagogy 9 Gniezno campus – Institute of European Culture 10 Piła campus – Nadnotecki Institute 10 Słubice campus – Collegium Polonicum 10 1.4. Main AMU Library (ul. Ratajczaka, Poznań) 11 1.6. School of Polish Language and Culture 13 2. Study witH us! 14 2.1. Calendar 14 Table of 2.2. International Centre is here to help! 16 2.3. Admission 17 Content 2.3.1. Enrolment in short 21 2.4. Dormitories 23 2.5. NAWA Polish Governmental Scholarships 24 2.6. Student organizations and Science Clubs 26 2.7. Activities for Students 27 3. LivinG In POlanD 32 3.1. Get to know our country! 32 3.2. Travelling around Poland 34 3.3. Health care 37 3.4. Everyday life 40 3.5. Weather 45 3.6. Documents 47 3.7. Migrant Info Point 49 4. PoznaŃ anD WIelkopolska – your neW home! 50 4.1. Welcome to our region 50 4.2. Explore Poznań 51 4.3. Cultural offer 57 4.4. Be active 60 4.5. Make Polish Friends 61 4.6. Enjoy life 62 4.7. -
Language: Talking Or Trading Blows in the Upper Silesian Industrial Basin?1
AUTHOR’S COPY | AUTORENEXEMPLAR Language: Talking or trading blows in the Upper Silesian industrial basin?1 TOMASZ KAMUSELLA Abstract In the 19 th century, in the eastern half of Prussia’s region of Upper Si- lesia, continental Europe’s second largest industrial basin emerged. In the course of the accelerated urbanization that followed, an increasing number of German- and Germanic-speakers arrived in this overwhelm- ingly Slavophone area that historically skirted the Germanic dialect con- tinuum to the west. The resultant dynamic interaction between Slavic- and German/ic-speakers led to the emergence of an Upper Silesian Slavic-Germanic pidgin that, in the late 19 th century, became creolized. The 1922 partition of this region between Germany and Poland led to respective Germanization and Polonization of a population that was typically multiglossic in the creole, in the local Slavic dialect, in standard German, and in standard Polish. Successive dramatic reversals in these policies of Germanization and Polonization between 1939 and 1989 en- sured the survival of a Polonized version of the creole, which the local population perceives either as a dialect of German, or a dialect of Polish, or their own (national) Silesian language. Keywords: dialect continuum, ethnolinguistic nationalism, Germany, Poland, Upper Silesia, Upper Silesian Creole, Silesian lan- guage, [Upper] Silesians 1. Introduction Upper Silesia used to be a peripheral territory lost among forests and swamps. It entered the annals of political history after Prussia had wrenched most of the Duchy of Silesia from the Habsburgs in 1740Ϫ 42, during the First Silesian War. The main territorial prize at the time was Lower Silesia, with its large urban center at Breslau (Wrocław). -
Silesian Identity in the Period of Nation-States (1918-1945); Tożsamość
Bernard Linek State Science Institute - Silesian Institute Silesian identity in the period of nation-states (1918-1945) Abstract: When addressing relations between the nation-state and the region, as well as national and re- gional identities, three categories of identities can be identified in the topoi: the land of the Bohemian Crown, Silesian regionalism and the Pan-Silesian approach. Within each nation-state there were some self-identified ‘true’ identities. These national identities attempted to subdue and engulf the regional identities which stemmed from modern Silesian patriotism, creating borderland identities. They took their final form at the turn of the 20th century and during its first decades. Three aspects are subjected to a detailed analysis: the concept of Silesia’s territory and Silesia’s ‘own’ borders, elements of ‘true’ Silesian identity, and the approach to outsiders. Thus, each ‘National Silesia’ had its own borders, different while overlapping. Their denizens could choose from many identities, similar in every ‘National Silesia’ in only the genetic and struc- tural sense, since their essence was the exclusion of those foreign in the national sense. In the second part, these offers are elaborated in three areas: regional and national symbolism (basing on the naming structure adopted in Czechoslovakian Silesia), places of distinct identity in lead- ing cultural institutions (The Upper Silesian National Museum in Bytom) and the implementa- tion of Silesian regionalism within the Polish educational system. Keywords: gesamtschlesischer Raum, land of the Bohemian Crown, Silesian regionalism, magazines Introductory comments. The objective and the subject matter of the study The division of Silesia, as a result of the Silesian Wars in the 18th century, among two supra-national monarchies had manifold political, social and cultural ramifications. -
Museion Poloniae Maioris
MUSEION POLONIAE MAIORIS MUSEION POLONIAE MAIORIS TOM IV ROCZNIK NAUKOWY FUNDACJI MUZEÓW WIELKOPOLSKICH TOM IV 2017 2017 ISSN 2392-1439 9 788394 753535 SCRIPTOR s.c. MUSEION POLONIAE MAIORIS MUSEION POLONIAE MAIORIS ROCZNIK NAUKOWY FUNDACJI MUZEÓW WIELKOPOLSKICH W 100 ROCZNICĘ POWSTANIA WIELKOPOLSKIEGO 1918–2018 TOM IV 2017 Tom pod redakcją ANDRZEJA M. WYRWY ZBIGNIEWA PILARCZYKA POZNAŃ 2017 SCRIPTOR S.C. Fundacja Muzeów Wielkopolskich ul. Dworcowa 5, Szreniawa, 62-052 Komorniki Komitet redakcyjny / Editorial Board Andrzej M. Wyrwa (redaktor naczelny), Tomasz Jasiński, Witold Omieczyński, Jan Maćkowiak, Wojciech Suchocki, Marzena Szmyt Paweł Sankiewicz (sekretarz) Recenzenci / Reviewers Prof. dr hab. Janusz Karwat Dr hab. Maciej Franz, prof. UAM Adres redakcji / Editorial Offi ce Museion Poloniae Maioris Dziekanowice 32 62-261 Lednogóra Redaktorzy językowi / Language-specifi c editors TEXTURA Paulina Wierzbicka (język polski) / Marta Koszko (język angielski) Na okładce: Generał Stanisław Taczak (ur. 8 kwietnia 1874 w Mieszkowie koło Jarocina, zm. 2 marca 1960 w Malborku) – kapitan piechoty Armii Cesarstwa Niemieckiego, do 15. 01. 1919 r. pierwszy naczelny dowódca powstania wielkopolskiego (major), następnie podpułkownik Armii Wielkopolskiej oraz generał brygady Wojska Polskiego (wg. K. Rzepecki, 1919, s. 37) Projekt okładki Scriptor s.c. Czasopismo dofi nansowane ze środków Urzędu Marszałkowskiego Województwa Wielkopolskiego The magazine is cofi nanced By the Wielkopolska Province Governor’s Offi ce ISBN 978-83-947535-3-5 ISSN 2392-1439 Wydawca -
The Jewess Hana, Or Antisemitism in the Soviet Bloc* Jurij Koch: Židowka Hana [The Jewess Hana] (Ser: Kapsne Knihi LND, Vol
„Narracje o Zagładzie” 2021, nr 1 (7) ISSN 2451-2133 (wersja elektroniczna) DOI: https://doi.org/10.31261/NoZ.2021.07.17 Tomasz Kamusella https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-8352 University of St Andrews The Jewess Hana, or Antisemitism in the Soviet Bloc* Jurij Koch: Židowka Hana [The Jewess Hana] (Ser: Kapsne knihi LND, Vol. 35). Illustrated by K.G. Müller. Budyšin [Bautzen, East Germany], Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, 1963, 114 pp. Abstract: The article is devoted to the first novel of the Sorbian writer Jurij Koch entitled Židowka Hana [The Jewess Hana], published in 1963. Curiously, it contains in its title the ethnonym “Jewess,” which breached the antisemitic line then adopted across the Soviet bloc. Perhaps, this ideological transgression explains why this novel was not translated into German or the bloc’s other languages during the communist period. Sorbian-language novels were (and still are) few and apart, so the East German authorities, for the sake of the official promotion of minority cultures, supported the translation of them into German and other “socialist languages.” But not in this case. The impor- tant work languished half-forgotten in its Upper Sorbian original and in the 1966 Lower Sorbian translation. Only three decades after the fall of communism and the reunification of Germany, the author prepared and successfully published the German-language version of this novel in 2020. While idly reading books published in too little-known languages, one is sure to stumble across a treasure. After the academic year of 2019–2020, which was blighted by the ongoing pandemic, finally came to an end, I spoiled myself with a shipment of nifty volumes in eastern Germany’s Slavic language of Sorb- ian. -
Online Conflict Discourse, Identity, and the Social Imagination of Silesian Minority in Poland by Krzysztof E
Online Conflict Discourse, Identity, and the Social Imagination of Silesian Minority in Poland By Krzysztof E. Borowski © 2020 Krzysztof E. Borowski M.A., University of Wrocław, 2011 B.A., University of Wrocław, 2009 Submitted to the graduate degree program in Slavic Languages and Literatures and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Co-Chair: Marc L. Greenberg Co-Chair: Renee Perelmutter Svetlana Vassileva-Karagyozova Arienne Dwyer Nathan Wood Date Defended: 29 April 2020 ii The dissertation committee for Krzysztof E. Borowski certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Online Conflict Discourse, Identity, and the Social Imagination of Silesian Minority in Poland Co-Chair: Marc L. Greenberg Co-Chair: Renee Perelmutter Date Approved: 29 April 2020 iii Abstract The second decade of the twenty-first century has been that of digital nationalism. In particular, the 2016 United States presidential elections and Brexit vote in the United Kingdom have shown that the increased use of social media has raised popular nationalism (Whitmeyer 2002) to a whole new level. While Europe and other parts of the world have visibly become more globalized, the Northern Atlantic region has witnessed a contradictory tendency for the rise and spread of nationalist sentiment. Much of this phenomenon has been taking place on the internet where conditions of apparent anonymity created a fertile ground for uninhibited identity expressions and performances. From the United States to Poland, people have retreated to their stable, national identities as a way of coping with the various facets of liquid modernity, in which the need for networking pushes individuals to engage in community building by bonding with other individuals through shared emotions (Bauman 2006, 37). -
Between Germany, Poland and Szlonzokian Nationalism
EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2003/1 The Szlonzoks and their Language: Between Germany, Poland and Szlonzokian Nationalism TOMASZ KAMUSELLA BADIA FIESOLANA, SAN DOMENICO (FI) All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form without permission of the author(s). © 2003 Tomasz Kamusella Printed in Italy in December 2003 European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50016 San Domenico (FI) Italy ________Tomasz Kamusella________ The Szlonzoks1 and Their Language: Between Germany, Poland and Szlonzokian Nationalism Tomasz Kamusella Jean Monnet Fellow, Department of History and Civilization, European University Institute, Florence, Italy & Opole University, Opole, Poland Please send any comments at my home address: Pikna 3/2 47-220 Kdzierzyn-Koïle Poland [email protected] 1 This word is spelt in accordance with the rules of the Polish orthography and, thus, should be pronounced as /shlohnzohks/. 1 ________Tomasz Kamusella________ Abstract This article analyzes the emergence of the Szlonzokian ethnic group or proto- nation in the context of the use of language as an instrument of nationalism in Central Europe. When language was legislated into the statistical measure of nationality in the second half of the nineteenth century, Berlin pressured the Slavophone Catholic peasant-cum-worker population of Upper Silesia to become ‘proper Germans’, this is, German-speaking and Protestant. To the German ennationalizing2 pressure the Polish equivalent was added after the division of Upper Silesia between Poland and Germany in 1922. The borders and ennationalizing policies changed in 1939 when the entire region was reincorporated into wartime Germany, and, again, in 1945 following the incorporation of Upper Silesia into postwar Poland. -
Cuius Regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia (C
Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia (c. 1000-2000) vol. 4 eds Lucyna Harc, Przemysław Wiszewski, Rościsław Żerelik Online access: http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/publication/63930 http://cuiusregio.uni.wroc.pl/en/publikacje http://cuiusregio.uni.wroc.pl/pl/publikacje Region Divided. Times of Nation-States (1918-1945) eds Marek Czapliński, Przemysław Wiszewski Wrocław 2014 The book was published with funds of the program Cuius regio. Analiza sił spajających i destrukcyjnych w obrębie regionu określających przynależność osób (grup społecznych) oraz spójność społeczną jako zjawisko historyczne / Cuius regio. An analysis of the cohesive and disruptive forces destining the attachment of (groups of) persons to and the cohesion within regions as a historical phenomenon, decision of the Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education No. 832/N-ESF-CORECODE/2010/0. Peer review: Piotr Greiner Translated by: Katarzyna Hussar (chapters), Przemysław Wiszewski and Maciej Zińczuk (summaries) Language proofreading: Matthew La Fontaine, Matthew Bastock © Copyright by Authors and Uniwersytet Wrocławski Cover design: Marcin Fajfruk Typesetting: Anna Lenartowicz, Tomasz Kalota ISBN 978-83-927132-8-9 Publishing House eBooki.com.pl ul. Obornicka 37/2 51-113 Wrocław tel.: +48 602 606 508 email: [email protected] WWW: http://www.ebooki.com.pl Table of Contents Przemysław Wiszewski In the shadow of nation-states. Silesia divided (1918-1945) ..............................9 Tomasz Kruszewski Silesian administrative -
Appendix B.2.: the Extract from the Assumptions to the Scenario of the Permanent Exhibition
APPENDIX B.2.: THE EXTRACT FROM THE ASSUMPTIONS TO THE SCENARIO OF THE PERMANENT EXHIBITION December 2018 Competition for the development of the architectural and urban concept of the new seat of the Museum of Wielkopolska Uprising of 1918-1919 in Poznań CONTENT: THE DESCRIPTIVE PART A. ASSESSMENTS TO THE SCENARIO AND THE PROGRAMME OF THE PERMANENT EXHIBITION ........................................................................................................................................ 3 1. ASSUMPTIONS TO THE SCENARIO ...................................................................................... 3 2. EXTRACT FROM THE ASSUMPTIONS TO THE SCENARIO – EXHIBITION PROGRAMME 4 2 Competition for the development of the architectural and urban concept of the new seat of the Museum of Wielkopolska Uprising of 1918-1919 in Poznań A. ASSESSMENTS TO THE SCENARIO AND THE PROGRAMME OF THE PERMANENT EXHIBITION The assumptions to the scenario of the future Greater Poland’s 1918-1919 Uprising Museum, prepared by a team of employees of the Independence Museum of the Greater Poland Region and contributors outside of the Museum staff are the basis for the preparation of the studies detailing functional and arrangement specifications. The subject of this study is the planned exhibition, while further functional parts of the future museum, although not covered by as detailed analyses, result from the assumed exhibition parameters and remain in direct relation with it. 1. ASSUMPTIONS TO THE SCENARIO 1.1. HISTORY OF THE SCENARIO 1.1.1. The preliminary scenario was developed between spring 2016 and spring 2017. The authors of this study are a team working under the guidance and editorial feedback of PhD Olaf Bergmann. The team included Maria Skrzypczak, Jan Szymański, Anna Wasilewska, and Marcin Wiśniewski. 1.1.2. -
Lingwistyka Silesiana.Indd
Linguistica Silesiana 32, 2011 ISSN 0208-4228 URSZULA WIECZOREK University of Silesia LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY. THE CASE OF SILESIAN1 Bilingualism has long been observed in Silesia, a part of Poland which lies on the border between three cultures and languages: Polish, Czech and German. Some lin- guists consider Silesian one of the Polish dialects, others think it should be treated as a separate language. During the communist times the inhabitants of Upper Silesia were discouraged from using the local dialect at school or in public institutions. The situation has changed a lot since 1989 with the promotion of regional studies. Short characteristics of Silesian will be presented in the fi rst part of the paper. The main part of the project presents the results of a questionnaire which focuses on young people’s attitudes towards Silesian. The respondents (100 Polish students of English philology) fall into two groups – half of them identify themselves with the region and the other half do not. How many respondents speak Silesian? Where do they use it and how do they evaluate it? What is the linguistic stereotype of a person living in Upper Silesia? These are just a few questions that suggest themselves in the context of the study. 1. Introduction This paper was inspired by Tambor’s (2002) article, where the author claims that dialects are gradually dying out and some young people see regional dialects as something defi nitely worse than standard Polish, something that is not worth learning and using, even if the dialect is spoken in their families. I wanted to fi nd out whether it was true in case of Silesian and I simply decided to ask a group of my students a few questions concerning this topic in the form of a survey.