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A Grammar of Wymysorys

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A Grammar of Wymysorys A GRAMMAR OF WYMYSORYS Alexander Andrason & Tymoteusz Król Duke University Slavic and East European Language Resource Center – SEELRC 2016 1 © 2016 Alexander Andrason and Tymoteusz Król 2 Preface The present grammar is a result of more than a decade of documentation and research activities conducted by Tymoteusz Król and Alexander Andrason in Wilamowice and neighboring areas. In the course of those ten years, a massive database has been generated. This database consists of hundreds of hours of recordings that contain translations, conversations, stories, songs, poems, prayers, etc. Possibly, all the speakers of the Wymysorys language known to us have been identified, interviewed and/or recorded, and most grammatical phenomena (be they phonetic, morphological or syntactical) have been documented. Large parts of this material have also been critically analyzed and presented in several articles published previously. The present book necessarily draws on these publications, building on their empirical findings and linguistic analyses. This book depicts the grammar of the 21st century Wymysorys language as it is spoken in Wilamowice at the beginning of the 21st century. Therefore, its character is not normative. However, we believe that it may contribute to developing a (literary) standard of Wymysorys, which may play an important role in the revitalization of this language and its preservation. In agreement with this objective, even though we tried to preserve as much of the grammatical diversity typical of Wymysorys as possible, various idiolectal expressions, hapax legomena, and forms that are related to a lack of proficiency have been omitted. Accordingly, the language presented in this grammar is a variety that is shared by the majority of our informants, especially by those that are the most proficient. Stellenbosch and Wymysoü (Wilamowice), April 2016 Alexander Andrason and Tymoteusz Król 3 Contents 1. Historical and sociolinguistic context....................................................................... 7 1.1 General information.................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Geography and classification.................................................................................... 8 1.3 Speakers.................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 History...................................................................................................................... 10 1.4.1 From the Middle Ages till the Partition of Poland................................................... 11 1.4.2 Partition of Poland.................................................................................................... 11 1.4.3 Re-born Poland (1918-1939) ................................................................................... 12 1.4.4 World War II............................................................................................................. 12 1.4.5 Post-War Poland....................................................................................................... 13 1.5 Written tradition........................................................................................................ 14 1.6 Modern revitalization................................................................................................ 15 2. Sound and writing..................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Phonemic inventory.................................................................................................. 17 2.1.1 Consonants................................................................................................................ 17 2.1.2 Vowels...................................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Orthography.............................................................................................................. 21 3. Declensional word classes........................................................................................ 24 3.1 Articles...................................................................................................................... 24 3.1.1 Definite article.......................................................................................................... 24 3.1.2 Indefinite article........................................................................................................ 26 3.2 Nouns........................................................................................................................ 27 3.2.1 Gender....................................................................................................................... 27 3.2.2 Number..................................................................................................................... 27 3.2.2.1 Masculine.................................................................................................................. 28 3.2.2.2 Feminine................................................................................................................... 30 3.2.2.3 Neuter........................................................................................................................ 32 3.2.3 Case inflection.......................................................................................................... 34 3.2.3.1 Singular – Accusative, Dative, Vocative and Genitive............................................ 35 3.2.3.2 Plural – Dative.......................................................................................................... 36 3.3 Adjectives................................................................................................................. 37 3.3.1 Number, gender and case inflection of adjectives.................................................... 38 3.3.1.1 Class 1....................................................................................................................... 38 3.3.1.2 Class 2....................................................................................................................... 39 3.3.1.3 Class 3....................................................................................................................... 39 3.3.1.4 Class 4....................................................................................................................... 41 3.3.1.5 Class 5....................................................................................................................... 41 3.3.1.6 Class 6....................................................................................................................... 43 3.3.2 Degrees of adjectives................................................................................................ 44 3.3.2.1 Comparative.............................................................................................................. 44 3.3.2.2 Superlative................................................................................................................ 46 4 3.4 Pronouns................................................................................................................... 47 3.4.1 Personal pronouns..................................................................................................... 47 3.4.1.1 Full personal pronouns.............................................................................................. 47 3.4.1.2 Reduced pronouns..................................................................................................... 48 3.4.1.3 Affixed pronouns...................................................................................................... 49 3.4.2 Demonstrative pronouns........................................................................................... 49 3.4.3 Indefinite pronouns................................................................................................... 51 3.4.4 Anaphoric pronoun................................................................................................... 52 3.4.5 Relative pronouns..................................................................................................... 53 3.4.6 Interrogative pronouns.............................................................................................. 53 3.4.7 Possessive pronouns................................................................................................. 54 3.5 Numerals................................................................................................................... 56 3.5.1 Cardinal..................................................................................................................... 56 3.5.2 Ordinal...................................................................................................................... 57 3.5.3 Numeral substantives................................................................................................ 59 4. Non-declensional word classes................................................................................. 61 4.1 Adverbs..................................................................................................................... 61 4.1.1 Adverbs of time........................................................................................................ 61 4.1.2 Adverbs of place......................................................................................................
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