A Little Artistic Guide to

Opole

2018 A Little Artistic Guide to Opole

2016-2018 wydawca

Zespół Państwowych Placówek Kształcenia Plastycznego Introduction im. Jana Cybisa w Opolu

A Little Artistic Guide to Opole, Dijon and prepared more creative, educational and fun Prague is a publication which records some worksheets. The chosen subjects were then of the events organized from 2016 to 2018 illustrated with photos and artworks painted In the years 2016-2018 teachers and students of The Public School of Art in Opole as part of the European Erasmus+ project by students from nature and imagination. The took part in Erasmus + project - Portraits of Opole, City Portraits- INSPIRATIONS,CREATIONS. entitled Portraits of Opole, Portraits of Dijon, publication contains students’ texts, as well Headmaster Małgorzata Wojtanowska Portraits of Prague – INSPIRATIONS AND CRE- as texts from various other sources. The cards ATIONS. The coordinator of the project was were prepared in the national languages, in Teachers: the primary and secondary school of fine English and in French.

Maria Bitka, Maria Bitka jr., Monika Nowojska, Małgorzata Futkowska, Irena Grabowska, Anna Boruch-Kuńka, arts from Opole – the Jan Cybis Complex of Joanna Wrześniewska, Beata Pizoń-Jeziorowska, Łukasz Piotrowski, Katarzyna Kubik, Rozwita Jaron, Jolanta Rutecka, State Art Education Centres in Opole (Zespół In today’s world, we are all Europeans, , Zbigniew Natkaniec, Jolanta Golenia-Mikusz, Joanna Preuhs, Bożena Szwajkowska-Krause, Krzysztof Rzepczyński, Państwowych Placówek Kształcenia Plastycz- Czechs and Frenchmen… We represent Bogusław Skibiński, Anna Grzesik, Anna Małczyńska, Edyta Ciecierska, Anna Gałwa, Agnieszka Zientarska, Grzegorz Ciepaj, Marek Przysiecki, Oskar Bąk nego in Opole), which cooperated with the individual nations, but at the same time we Secondary Professional School of Clothing can be better Europeans because our own Students of the Public High School of Fine Arts in Opole: and Graphic Design from Lysa nad Labem and civilizational heritage is also common and Le Castel High School from Dijon. These three multinational. It is important for people in Eu- Jolanta Bartoszek, Agata Cieślak, Martyna Cisińska, Kinga Czwojdrak, Emilia Dawid, Oliwia Gmerek, Marlena Kłak, Katarzyna Kornek, Joanna Kościów, Marta Krokosz, Marcelina Kulik, Anita Laskowska, Sara Major, Aleksandra Mazur, partner schools represented three partner rope to get to know and respect each other’s Barbara Murgrabia, Wiktoria Ociepa, Marianna Olszewska, Dominika Pasionek, Karolina Pietruszka, regions. In 2017, the project was incorporat- culture, to learn how to “be Europeans” every Katarzyna Przybylska, Iga Szumidłowska, Karolina Świerzy, Katarzyna Wystrach, Michał Zając ed in the celebrations of the 800th jubilee of day thanks to European values and activities. Students of the School of Fine Arts in Opole: the foundation of Opole, whereas in 2018 it The French historian Jacques Le Goff wrote in became part of the 15th anniversary of signing his history of Europe that “Europe should be Dominika Czarnecka, Małgorzata Duda, Laura Kamińska, Nina Kootstra, Agnieszka Lichtenberg-Kokoszka, the agreement on European cooperation by the Europe of civilization and culture. This is Maja Łątka, Maciej Maksel, Wiktoria Marszałek, Zuzanna Miziniak, Sara Nizkiewicz, Anna Nolepa, Jessica Pasternicka, Marta Pieczonka, Natalia Prządo, Magdalena Rogowska, Julia Szymczykowska, Wiktoria Winniczuk, Maria Zmarzły the Marshal Office of the Opole province. The its most precious heritage”. Culture, the arts agreement initiated cooperation between and architecture are witnesses to history. For Burgundy-Franche-Comté, the Central Bohe- centuries, they have been the building blocks

Irena Paul, coordinator of the project, would like to express her sincere mian Region and Rhineland Palatinate. of the concept of European civilization which thanks for constructive cooperation and contribution to all the participants. transcends state borders. Cooperation on the project consisted in describing and depicting three European Art is an important element of European civili- cities which are important and beautiful to us zation. It is a universal and inspiring language – Opole, Dijon and Prague. For two years, stu- of the senses, shapes and colours. Common dents of the three partner schools have been European material goods, knowledge and skills exploring, portraying and presenting their cit- are all part of it. For centuries, art has been ies. In the first year, as indicated by the subtitle bonding, inspiring and shaping Europe. A Little INSPIRATIONS, students’ activities were more Artistic Guide to Opole, Dijon and Prague exploratory and documentary in nature. The shows us how to discover, feel and understand result was the compilation of 12 educational our most precious heritage which is so close to cards. In the second year, the project gravitat- us. ed towards the subtitle CREATIONS. Students

5 S K I A S E N K I S Ą K LE Ż I E O Ą W T I C O Z P A Opole O L S K I C P 1. Holy Cross Cathedral H L .

K 2. Franciscan Church

O

1 A P 3. The Church of St. Adalbert N NEGO L E KOŚ RA 4 R /a.k.a. Church on the Hill/ TED 13 N 19 KA I K 4. The University of Opole 3 A 5 17 18 5. Town Hall and the Main Marketplace 6. Liberty Square 11 7. Penny Bridge 10 2 K A IMSK R OZ 8. Piast Tower P A 9 8 I 16 A 15 K S O 9. Amphitheatre T O 6 W 10. Offices W S K K S 7 O K A 11. Old Młynówka Floodgate 14 Ł A Ł 12 Ą 12. The Fountain of Ceres T R

A E

J Y 13. Opole Regional Museum

A M

O 14. Philharmonic Hall

N

T 15. Municipal Public Library A 16. Jan Cybis Gallery

1-GO MAJA 17. Modern Art Gallery 18. Jan Kochanowski Theatre 19. Puppet Theatre 20 20. Opole Main Station.

6 7 Opole

Erasmus + project in Opole 2016-2018 Portraits of Opole, Portraits of Dijon, Portraits of Prague – INSPIRATIONS AND CREATIONS

The Jan Cybis Complex of State Art Education Centres in Opole (Zespół Państwowych Placówek Kształcenia Plastycznego in Opole) is an edu- cational establishment important for the city of Opole and the whole Opole province, especially in terms of education and culture. For more than 50 years, the school has been welcoming artistically talented youth from our province as well as from neighbouring provinces. Education in our school ends with a diploma exam in the chosen artistic speciali- zation, as well as with the general matriculation exam. The school edu- cates cultural elites of the region, cherishes local handicraft, cooperates with numerous educational and cultural institutions and participates in many educational and artistic events, i.e. competitions and educational projects in and abroad. The Regulatory Body of the school is the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, whereas the Governing Au- thority is the Opole Town Hall.

8 9 OpoleOpole heraldic heraldic colors colors Polish heraldry is dominated by red (bravery) and silver (truth and purity), colors derived from Polish heraldry is dominated by red (bravery) and silver (truth and purity), colors derived from the coat of arms of the Commonwealth and the white eagle on a red background. The colors of the the coat of arms of the Commonwealth and the white eagle on a red background. The colors of the Piasts from the lineage of Kazimierz I Opolczyk are gold and blue. Gold symbolizes wisdom, glory, Piasts from the lineage of Kazimierz I Opolczyk are gold and blue. Gold symbolizes wisdom, glory, and blue stands for loyalty and the sky. The Opole heraldic colors are documented by the Gerle Since the 13th century, the coat of arms of and blue stands for loyalty and the sky. The Opole heraldic colors are documented by the Gerle Since the 13th century, the coat of arms of Flemish armorial from the 14th century, kept at the Bibliothèque Royale in Brussels. Opole has been a city’s identifi cation mark, which Flemish armorial from the 14th century, kept at the Bibliothèque Royale in Brussels. Opole has been a city’s identifi cation mark, which is found in the coats of arms around the whole is found in the coats of arms around the whole province. The golden eagle and cross on a blue The Opole coat of arms in the regional coats of arms province. The golden eagle and cross on a blue The Opole coat of arms in the regional coats of arms background combine the present with the histo- background combine the present with the histo- The Opole coat of arms and the gold-blue coat colors are used as a motif for the coats of arms ry of the city and of the Polish state. The Opole coat of arms and the gold-blue coat colors are used as a motif for the coats of arms ry of the city and of the Polish state. of as many as 18 Upper Silesian cities, which received their city rights in the Middle Ages from the of as many as 18 Upper Silesian cities, which received their city rights in the Middle Ages from the Piasts of Opole, and Cieszyn. Piasts of Opole, Bytom and Cieszyn. OpoleOpole coat coat of of arms arms

FromFrom the the Piast Piast coat coat of armsof arms to theto the coat coat ...... of armsof arms of Opoleof Opole ...... According to the successor statute of Bolesław Krzywousty from 1138, According to the successor statute of Bolesław Krzywousty from 1138, Silesia became one of the hereditary districts of the and received the Piast became one of the hereditary districts of the Piast dynasty and received the Piast coat of arms. The eagle of the Opole-Ratibor princes was golden, with clearly coat of arms. The eagle of the Opole-Ratibor princes was golden, with clearly separated feathers on a blue fi eld, unlike other eagles of the Piast line e.g. a Sile- separated feathers on a blue fi eld, unlike other eagles of the Piast line e.g. a Sile- sian black eagle on a golden background. sian black eagle on a golden background. At the turn of the 13th and 14th century, the Opole-Ratibor princes - Boleslaw I, At the turn of the 13th and 14th century, the Opole-Ratibor princes - Boleslaw I, Boleslaw II and Władysław II Opolczyk - established, together with the city council, Boleslaw II and Władysław II Opolczyk - established, together with the city council, ...... the coat of arms of the city of Opole and gave it their eagle as a heraldic mark...... the coat of arms of the city of Opole and gave it their eagle as a heraldic mark. On the right side of the divided coat of arms, there is a half of the Up- On the right side of the divided coat of arms, there is a half of the Up- per Silesian Piast eagle, and on the left, half of the cross with the per Silesian Piast eagle, and on the left, half of the cross with the Try to match 6 towns of Opole Province - Krapkowice, Kolonowskie, Strzelce Opolskie, triangular ends. As a heraldic symbol, the cross resembles Try to match 6 towns of Opole Province - Krapkowice, Kolonowskie, Strzelce Opolskie, triangular ends. As a heraldic symbol, the cross resembles , Dobrzeń Wielki, to the coats of arms provided below. that according to the Chronicle of the Holy Cross, in 1024 Olesno, Dobrzeń Wielki, Dobrodzień to the coats of arms provided below. that according to the Chronicle of the Holy Cross, in 1024 the Cathedral - and then collegiate church in Opole - the Cathedral - and then collegiate church in Opole - received a relic of the Holy Cross from the Bishop of received a relic of the Holy Cross from the Bishop of Wroclaw. Wroclaw. After the establishment of Opole as the capital of After the establishment of Opole as the capital of the Opole-Ratibor regency in 1816, the coat of arms the Opole-Ratibor regency in 1816, the coat of arms was honored in appreciation to the city’s rank with was honored in appreciation to the city’s rank with fi ve bastions, the so-called corona muralis. fi ve bastions, the so-called corona muralis. The oldest preserved image of Opole emblem The oldest preserved image of Opole emblem is the stamp of the city seal dating back to the thir- is the stamp of the city seal dating back to the thir- teenth century and kept in the National Archives teenth century and kept in the National Archives in Opole. The picture of the coat of arms of Opole is in Opole. The picture of the coat of arms of Opole is also displayed on the fi fteenth-century coins made by the also displayed on the fi fteenth-century coins made by the town’s mint, and many monuments around the city bear the ...... town’s mint, and many monuments around the city bear the ...... coat of arms of Opole. coat of arms of Opole. Where did the golden eagle, golden cross and blue background Where did the golden eagle, golden cross and blue background come from in these coats of arms? come from in these coats of arms?

10 11 shield with the Piast Eagle in the left hand can be seen on the gothic tumbos, closed with a horizontal plate. Tombstones stylistically resemble sculptures by Peter Parler’s workshop in Prague and are probably made by a The history of Opole sculptor educated in Prague. A carved heraldic keystone in gothic ceiling depicting the golden Piast crowned eagle on a blue background is one of the most valuable monuments of the Chapel. in sculpture 2. The oldest baptismal font from Opole The Gothic baptismal font in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross, which dates back to the second half of the 15th century, made of sandstone, is one of the oldest historic sculptures in Opole. The baptismal font has the shape of (Piast dynasty period) a goblet with an octagonal cupola decorated with traceries and two coats of arms depicting the crest of the town of Opole and the Piast Eagle. The Gothic baptismal font, still used for baptisms, is a beautiful symbol of the historical bond of the many generations of Opole. Rare in sacred art, secular, heraldic decorations At the beginning there were legends, afterwards there were notes of the Ba- emphasize that Opole, incorporated under the German law, was a multicultural community and the varian Geographer, the Chronicles of Gallus Anonymous and finally, at the sacred art of the 15th century was influenced by its bourgeois patronage. end of the Middle Ages, monastery and ducal documents, describing the In the medieval Opole, the richest burghers and City Council members were predominantly German settlers. The history of Opole and a small, separate . Opole is not usually middle class, from which Catholic priests often originated, was, to a large extent, of Polish origin. In the middle ages dukes of the small Duchy of Opole cultivated their ties both with the Kingdom (Crown) of Poland, the German included among the towns that make monuments of art and does not have Empire and with the Czech Kingdom. These ties are reflected by artistic themes and inspirations. significant examples of sculpture from the period before founding the city. The documents and sculptures created from the 13th century present the 3. A Renaissance sarcophagus of the last Piast medieval Piast history of the town. The expiry of the Piast dynasty in Opole “Very pious and generous to people and God” Jan III the Good, the last Silesian duke in Opole, Glogowek and in the 15th century is a Raciborz, died in 1532. Due to the efforts of starost of Opol from Glogowek, Jan Oppersdorf and Jan from Pol- turning point in the his- wies, the curator of the collegiate church of the Holy Cross in Opole, the duke was buried in the tomb cov- ered with a tombstone made of red marble from Salzburg, with heraldic and inscriptional character. There tory of the city’s ancient is an eagle wearing a crown in the Renaissance style, standing with wings spread on a helmet and on art. From the capital of the Piast coat of arms on the tombstone. There is an inscription on Duke Jan III below. The tombstone was a small catholic duchy probably made by an artist from southern . It is different than Silesian tombstones. Uniqueness of the Opole changes into a tomb is emphasised by the fact that the carved image of the Duke has been replaced with duke’s heraldic cartouche. provincial town, weak- ened by wars and clashes between Catholics and Protestants.

1. St. Anna’s Chapel in the Franciscan church in 3. The oldest baptismal font from Opole is decorat- Opole, is a unique place, because: ed with the image of the Piast eagle, because:

a. it was founded by Duke Vladislaus II of Opole a. all the important items of the Cathedral had to be b. it is a burial place of the dukes of Opole marked with the Duke’s coat of arms c. there is a historic winged altarpiece made up of b. the baptismal font was given to the Cathedral by three parts the 1. The oldest place is the Opole Piast necropolis. c. the baptismal font was probably founded by the 2. Tombstones of the members of Piast dynasty of council of Opole, which was dependent on the Duke The Chapel of St. Anna at the Franciscan church in Opole is a unique building. This Opole at the Franciscan church in Opole: is one of the oldest chapels in the Opole region and the only one with late gothic stellar th 4. Art and architecture of Opole and the Duchy of (starry) vault. The chapel was built at the beginning of the 14 century to serve as a buri- a. present Duke Bolko III, his wife Anna, father and Opole were multicultural, because: al place (necropolis) of Piast dukes. A modern triptych decorating the Chapel presents a grandfather tribute to the St. Anna paid by St. Barbara, St. Jadwiga (Hedwig) and Duke Vladislaus II of b. have been made in the workshop of Peter Parler in a. the townspeople were patrons of art and they trav- Opole, the founder of the Pauline Order in Poland, who is holding a model of the monastery Prague eled a lot in Czestochowa in his hand. There are tombstones of the Opole Piast dynasty members that c. are only decorated with a shield presenting the b. the dukes of Opole brought in foreign artists Duke Bolko III of Opole founded for himself (died 1382), his wife Anna (died 1378) and his crowned Piast eagle c. the Duchy of Opole was situated on border areas ancestors: grandfather Boleslaw (Bolko I) (1283-1313) and father Bolko II (1313-1356). Each and was ethnically multicultural of the dukes, standing on a lion, wearing armor and a prince’s miter, holding the

12 13 2. Old German sculptures in the past and today

Secular monuments commemorating events and people started to appear in great number in Opole in the History of Opole Prussian period, especially after 1816, when Opole became the capital of the Opole Province. By 1939, more than 10 new monuments were erected in Opole. These monuments were created to decorate the town and strengthen the German patriotism of the inhabitants. They included monument of the Prussian King Freder- in sculpture 2 ick the Great at the Opole Market Square, monument of the Emperor Wilhelm I in front of the Regency build- ing, bust of Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke, monument of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck opposite the main post office (the semicircular balustrade of granite remained). However, today only old photo- (from the Piast dynasty graphs remind us about the existence of these monuments of political propaganda. The ones that were preserved over the war period include the Postal Worker’s figure by sculptor Felix Kupsch, a monument to the Glory of to modern times) the Fallen in World War I by sculptor Thomas Myrtek and figurines of children at Grabowka by the same author. The most beautiful monument of Opole with multiform sculptural group, is an art nouveau Opole Ceres by Ed- mund Gomanski which adorns the Square of Daszynski since 1907. Fountain sculpture located in the suburban The history of Opole and Opole Silesia after the Opole Piast dynasty is multi- garden district of Opole shows the Roman goddess of harvest, Ceres, accompanied by her daughter Proserpina (gr. cultural history of the region, which changed its national status several times Persephone) – they are the symbol of Opole agriculture, Neptune with his son Glaukos, which symbolize the Odra as a result of historical transformations. From the Czech-Austrian rule of the river shipping, Hercules, which represents the lime-cement industry and rock workers of the quarries of Opole. Habsburgs, through the , the German Reich, the , until its re-incorpora- 3. Monuments of Liberty and Victory in Opole tion into Poland - the history of The small Duchy of Opole, a small District, a small province with a long and noble origin, with a great need of Opole Silesia, a small Duchy, a independence and multicultural history - this is how you can describe the Opole Province and its capital. Opole province and a culturally complex sculptures remind us of that history. The inhabitants of Opole love and respect their town. They also can defend region, is also complex. Between their freedom and independence. The Opole sculptures: the Opole Nike (Monument to the Combatant for the Pol- ishness of Opole Silesia) and and uhlan standing on guard with a cannon in the shape of the Piast Tower at Plac 1532 and 1816 Opole became Wolności in Opole remind us about it. Kneeling on the wisent, concrete goddess of victory, Nike by sculptor a minor provincial town. It was Jan Borowczak, made in 1970, symbolizes victory of Polish identity in Opole Silesia and the monument called devastated by many plagues, fires Let’s Defend Opole Region has been reminding since 2000 that the inhabitants of Opole can defend their inde- and conflicts including the Thirty pendence. Annual celebrations of public holidays are held near the monument of Opole Nike: the Labor Day, the Constitution of May 3 and Independence Day. Numerous citizens’ initiatives also take place there. In 2018, in order Years’ War. The Renaissance art to celebrate the 800th anniversary of the town’s foundation, the statue of the founder of the city, Prince Casimir I and Mannerism became more and of Opole, was solemnly unveiled at the Opole Market Square. Sculptures are important marks in the memory and more secular and commemorated history of the town. merits of many people. This con- tributes to development of orna- mental and architectural sculpture.

1. Renaissance and Mannerist noble and middle-class (bourgeoisie) epitaphs from Opole

Epitaphs are sculptural elements distinctive in churches of Opole. In the 16th and 17th century not only noblemen but also increasingly wealthy Opole bourgeoisie became prone to the habit of founding epitaphs at churches. Epitaphs present the virtues and faith of the townspeo- ple, provide an opportunity to commemorate the names and to demonstrate religious attitudes. Dozens of epitaphs, with more or less complex ornaments and contents, appeared in Opole churches at that time. Particularly noteworthy epitaphs include the ones placed in the left nave of the Cathedral - the marble epitaph of Joachim and Dorota Jedryczka, showing the married cou- ple kneeling in front of a crucifix and the coat of arms cartouches is the most impressive one. The mannerist epitaph of Jerzy Skopek is also of high artistic value due to its rich iconography including, among others, the Three Kings’ worship. The Cathedral’s outer wall represents a group of cast-iron epitaph plaques of the Oppersdorf family closing the crypts of the church.

14 15 The Piast Tower is a symbol of Opole and one of the oldest and best preserved monuments of medieval The Piast List the rulers associated with the construction of the tower defensive architecture in Poland. The medieval form and the castle. contrasts with the modernist building of the Province The Piast Tower Tower Office, built according to the principles of the Bau- in numbers: haus. If you want to see the panorama of the city, you ...... have to take 163 steps leading to the top of the tower...... Height with spire - 51 m Base thickness - 3.2 m ...... This is where the Piast Tower In 1273-1289, prince Boleslaw I built the main cas- Number of stairs - 163 in Opole was built tle house and a free-standing, 35m high cylindrical ...... tower, called the Piast Tower or the Main Tower. The tower was erected by Duke Boleslaw I at the The tower was to be the last stand, called a berg- ...... end of the 13th century on the Island of Os- fried. The tower – bergfried, as the highest point of ...... trówek, at the site of an early medieval castle. the castle buildings, was used as a far-away lookout, Over time, it became a part of the defensive Cas- to strengthen the weakest point of the ramparts, i.e. tle of Opole Piasts. The construction of the castle the gate, and its lowest chamber served as a dun- Name the indicated elements of the Piast was started by Prince Kazimierz I Opolski, who took geon. The tower, which dominated the area, was also Tower and give their age or the time they power in Opole-Ratibor Duchy in 1211 and chose a symbol of the sovereign’s power. were added. the castle for his seat. By settling in the castle of Opole, Kazimierz I Opolski moved the town resi- The Piast Tower, always modern dents to the right bank of the Oder River, where and attractive the city of Opole was founded in 1217. Made of brick, the Piast Tower was a modern struc- First the donjon, then the castle and ture in the 13th century, since the material had not the Piast tower been used in this area before. The cylindrical form made the tower more resistant and adapted for Kazimierz I Opolski began the construction of the observation, since the wall surface was devoid castle by building a 2 m wide defensive wall in of any corners and angles, and the enemy pro- place of a wooden-earth rampart. Apart from the jectiles would bounce off, causing less damage. The wall, a residential-defensive tower (donjon) was entrance to the residential-defensive donjons, as built, typical for the castles in Silesia and Lesser Po- well as to the strictly defensive bergfrieds, was land, which was the prince’s residence. at a height of 9 meters. At first, the Romanesque Piast Tower had a conical helmet. Af- ter a fire in the 18th century, the tower was decorated with a battlement, i.e. architectural element in the form of protruding “teeth” crowning the wall. In 1880 the tower received a brick cone with a granite spike. In 1928, the outdated, non-functional Piast Castle was demolished. The preserved tower was adorned with blind arcades, and its body was contrasted with the mod- ern, modernist office building of the regency. In the years 1957- 1962, the tower’s helmet was once again transformed into a magnificent brick spire with the Piast eagle, made by the sculptor Marian Nowak.

16 17 2. The Church of Our Lady of Sorrows and St. Adalbert

According to the tradition, the Bishop of Prague Adalbert, preached fiery sermons and baptized the inhab- St. Adalbert (Wojciech) itants of the riverside settlement on so-called Opole “Hill”. Then he ordered to build a wooden chapel there, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. George. When the town received the news of the martyrdom of Adalbert, the faithful decided to build a church to thank him for the martyr testimony of faith. A wooden Romanesque church was built in the place of the chapel then. It was replaced with a Gothic brickwork build- in Opole - the traditions ing around 1400. The medieval walls of the presbytery with characteristic broken buttresses and ogival windows were preserved to this day. The Church “on the Hill” has been the church of the Dominican monas- tery for five hundred years, from the 14th to the 19th century. After another fire, in the 18th century, the church was and legends of Opole rebuilt in the Baroque style with a rococo façade. Later, in the 20th century, the pediment was rebuilt in the early-Roman style. The church had various purposes over the years. During the Napoleonic wars it was convert- ed into a military warehouse, and later, into a hospital. St. Adalbert is the first canonized Polish Saint, the holy patron of Poland and Opole. Important traces of his presence in Opole include the Adalbert Hill 3. St. Adalbert in legends of Opole and a well where he preached the Gospel and gave the first baptisms. This is Long, long ago, when the ancient Opole was a fortified settlement at Ostrowek, with a dense forest around its walls, where the medieval Opole inhabitants erected the first wooden chapel and a wanderer “hermit” Vojtech appeared on the top of a nearby mountain. Wanderer preached the Good News, told church. They were the first sacral buildings in the town and throughout the remarkable stories about the blue land of good Father, full of love and goodness. The pilgrim gave sacraments and filled hearts of people with joy, hope and holy desire. One day the people who were listening to the wanderer feel Opole region. great thirst. Vojtech took a few steps to the right and he hit a large stone lying there with his cane. A spring spurted here. “This is the key that will open the gates to the land of the father for you” - he said. People began to approach the spring to drink the clear water. It took one sip of holy water and the thirst and worries disappeared without a trace. Winter came. There was no longer a wanderer called Vojtech on the hill. Only the spring remained. It never froze. 1. Who was St. Adalbert (Wojciech)?

St. Adalbert was born around 956 A.D. in Libice as a son of Slawnik, the tribal Duke of . Please answer the questions The tradition says that parents wanted their son to become a knight. However, when Adalbert was 1. Parents of St. Adalbert wanted him to become a 7. Why and when did the first chapel appear on the Opole “Hill”? seriously ill, his parents made the vows and des- …...... tined him for the clergy. The future bishop and …...... saint took the name Adalbert (Wojciech in eastern 2. Where was he sent? 8. When was a brick church in honor of Our Lady of countries) during the confirmation, in order to hon- …...... or his mentor, Adalbert the Archbishop of Magde- Sorrows and St. Adalbert erected on the “Hill” and in burg. Since 972, under the care of Adalbert, he 3. What name did he adopt at the confirmation? what style? received good education. In 981 he was ordained …...... …...... a priest and two years later he was consecrated to the position the first Czech bishop of Prague. 4. What was the year when he was ordained 9. What was the Order associated with the Church St. Adalbert led an austere life marked by prayer a priest? “on the Hill” in Opole? and love for people, especially the poor. According …...... …...... to the tradition, St. Adalbert visited Opole circa 984 A.D., during the evangelizing mission in 5. When and why, according to tradition, did 10. What style does the existing facade of the Silesia - the province that belonged to the Diocese St. Adalbert visit Opole and Opole region? Church of Our Lady of Sorrows and St. Adalbert represent? of Prague in the 10th century. St. Adalbert had …...... to flee from Prague because of the Czech prince …...... Bolesław II the Pious and powerful family of Wrszo- …...... wice, against whom he fell into conflict, opposing 11. What does us one of legends of St. Adalbert’s the slave trade and defending an adulterous wom- 6. Why did the Pope agree to replace Adalbert’s visit in Opole inform? mission with converting pagans? an. The Pope agreed to release Adalbert from …...... the obligation to return to Prague and sent …...... him to pagan lands as a missionary. St. Adalbert …...... died martyred in 997 in the Holy Grove evangeliz- ...... ing Prussians.

18 19 3. Where can you see the duke Jan II the Good in Opole? Jan II the Good was buried in the tomb in front of the main altar in the Opole Cathedral. The Duke has The last Opole Piast received his nickname „Good” from the people due to his an impressive Renaissance sarcophagus, which gentle nature, peaceful exercise of power as well as wise social, economic and ju- was disassembled and hidden under the floor of dicial reforms. In his Testament, the Duke bequeathed the coat of arms of Opole the nave in the days of the Prussian. The mortal re- Piast dynasty - the crowned Golden Eagle on a blue background - to the Duchy. mains of the Duke were discovered after more than two hundred years, due to the inquisitive prelate In 1999, the councilors of the Province Regional Assembly chose the coat of Stefan Balde and solemnly laid in new sarcoph- arms of Jan II the Good as the coat of arms of the Opole (Opolskie) Province. agus, in the Chapel of the Piast in Opole Cathedral on June 19th 1999. The history of the last Opole Pi- ast is constantly reminded by artists. While walking around Opole you can see a stone sculpture pre- 1. Jan - the last Opole-Raciborz Piast senting the pensive duke at Oleska street, in front of the building of the University of Opole. Moreover, Jan (Janusz) II Dobry ruled in the Duchy of Opole from 1476, when he took over the rule bronze door - “Symphony of Light” by the sculp- after the death of his father and the oldest brother, Ludwik. Jan reigned in Opole, Strzelce, tor Adolf Panitz was placed in the main portal of in the town of Brzeg controlled by the dukes of Opole and in the Duchy of Raciborz. Duke Jan the Opole Cathedral to celebrate the 1000th anni- II of Opole died in 1532 and with his death, the reign of dukes from the Piast dynasty in versary of St. Adalbert’s martyrdom and on the oc- the Duchy of Opole-Racibórz ended. The Duchy of Raciborz passed under the rule of the casion of 700th anniversary of the parish. The scenes Czech King Ferdinand Habsburg and was “pledged” to various Hapsburg lenders between from the history of Opole and the church represent 1532-1666, which badly affects its development and thus the development of the capital of the Duke Jan II the Good holding a shield with the coat Duchy - Opole. of Opole, immortalized in bronze relief.

2. Jan II the Good, gentle and economically efficient

The entire reign of John II the Good was characterized by peaceful poli- cy of expansion of the Duchy of Opole, which included incorporation of Please answer the questions the Duchy of Raciborz. The Duke maintained contacts with both the court in Prague and in Krakow. The language of his office wasCzech The duke 1. Why did Prince Jan receive the nick- a) 56 years also tried to organize the existing laws. In the period 1526-1528 Jan II the name “the Good”? b) 57 years Good, issued two miners’ privileges: the privilege of freedom of mining a) the dishes served at the feasts in his castle c) 58 years and the miners’ privilege called ‘the Upper Chandellery’ (‘Ordunek were very tasty and good Gorny’), governing conditions of work and wage of the miners. In 1531 b) he was a good ruler only for the nobility 4. What was the ‘Gwarek’ (miners’) privi- Jan II the Good announced the great land privilege, so-called Hanusz c) he had a gentle nature and he held power in lege known as the ‘Upper Chancellery’? privilege, which made it impossible to separate the Duchy of Opole a peaceful way a) it governed the income of the Upper Silesian and the Duchy of Raciborz. The Duchy of Opole-Racibórz received a mines common flag, seal and judiciary. The privilege also protected the 2. The coat of arms of Jan the Good and b) it prevented separation of the Duchy of peasants against the growing oppression from the nobility, en- Opole is: Opole and the Duchy of Raciborz abled them to buy and own land, file complaints a) a blue crowned eagle on a golden back- c) it governed the conditions of work and the against feudal lords, and gave them the opportu- ground wages of the miners nity to learn craft. During the reign of John II the b) a golden crowned eagle on a blue back- Good, the Duchy of Opole-Racibórz was the ground 5. Where we can see a stone sculpture rep- richest of all Silesian duches/principalities. c) a yellow crowned eagle on a navy blue back- resenting the pensive Duke Jan today? The Duke gained income from loans granted to ground a) at ul. Oleska, in front of the University of rulers in Silesia, the King of Czech and the King of Opole Poland. Income also came from Upper Silesian 3. Jan (Janusz) II the Good has been the b) in the Opole Cathedral coal mines and silver or lead deposits discovered in ruler of the Duchy of Opole for: c) at ul. Strzelców Bytomskich in Opole Tarnowskie Góry and hops grown near , supplied to breweries throughout Silesia.

20 21 The characteristic building of „Opole Venice” is a fancy, western-style façade of the former St. Alexius Hospital, The Venice in Opole funded by Bishop Jan Kropidło (son of Duke Bolesław III). In 1421, the bishop gave a large sum of money to the city in his last will, for the construction of a brick hospital, a St. Alexius’s chapel and brick houses. and the green bridge 3. Through the Green Bridge for one grosz - to Pasieka In the neighborhood of the charming Opole Venice, there is the Green Bridge A string of historic townhouses bathing in Młynówka can be as- promenade, which connects Opole with the castle district on the island of sociated with the Italian city famous for its charm. Our Venice in Pasieka, named after the princely api- Opole is built on the foundations of the old defensive walls and has ary (Polish “pasieka”) or alternatively, Wil- as charming a setting as the famous Italian city. The colorful façades helmstal. The Wilhelmstal rural district of townhouses, both old and contemporary, overlooking the water was incorporated into Opole as late as 1891. Since the middle of the nineteenth mirror and the rainbow illuminations, add to its charm. century, the City Beautification Com- mittee developed Pasieka, connected to Opole by an ordinary footbridge, where a toll was collected in the amount of one 1. Młynówka, or the Venice of Opole grosz. The steel Art Nouveau bridge, which the Opole residents take in order The Venice of Opole consists of former manufactures’ and merchants’ buildings, built to walk to Pasieka, has been a charming since the Middle Ages at the transshipment port at the old riverbed of the Odra River, addition to the Opole Venice since 1906. called Młynówka. Młynówka’s name dates back to 1881 and comes from the city’s mill at Młyńska Street, the only remnant of which is now a small viewing platform. 2. Townhouses over the Młynówka Please answer the questions In the tenement houses over Młynówka there were once warehouses (Hotel Pi- ast), depots for goods rafted down the Oder, granaries (Szpitalna 9) and a fire sta- 1. Why is „Młynówka” called „Opole Venice”? a) From the name proposed for the district tion. To the south of the mill there was a medieval bathhouse, the only one in Opole by the City Beautification Committee until the sixteenth century. A a) Because, during the 1997 flood of Opole, b) From a part of the Wilhelmsthal district Jewish synagogue was built in water had flooded the buildings there c) From the princely apiary on the island th place of the bathhouse in the 19 b) The name comes from the Mill at Młyńska century, which stands out today Street, which had been standing there 4. In which year was Pasieka connected to in the waterfront of the „Opole until 1881 Opole? Venice” with its noble, neoclas- c) The buildings imitate the Venetian tene- a) In 1891 sical architecture. In 1897, the ment houses b) In 1981 Jewish community built a large c) In 1819 synagogue in Opole. The small 2. What did Bishop Jan Kropidło want to synagogue was desacralized, and dedicate money for in his will for the city of 5. Why is the Green Bridge otherwise called then sold to a printing house. It Opole? the Grosz Bridge? has survived the Night of Broken Glass, and today houses the TVP3 a) For the reconstruction of the mill and the a) Before the Second World War, people be- studios. The cornerstone build- granaries lieved that it would bring them luck if they ing of the National Archives, in b) For building a brick hospital, the St. Alexius threw one grosz into the water turn, was the firstmanufacture chapel and brick houses b) In the middle of the nineteenth century, in Opole, run by Marcus Pincus, c) For the construction of the Grosz Bridge passage cost one grosz who in 1765 received from the c) One should carry one grosz while crossing Prussian authorities the privilege 3. Where does the name of the „Pasieka” dis- the footbridge, because it brings good of opening a leather factory. Mar- trict come from? fortune cus Friedlaender, who founded a brewery in 1824 (the latter „Zamkowy” brewery on the island) and the Jewish community of Opole, was later associated with the building.

22 23 Opole Town Hall Please answer the questions Find 3 similarities and 3 differences in the pictures of Opole Town Hall and Palazzo Looking at Opole Town Hall your mind may wander to Florence. The first Na zdjęciach przedstawiających Ratusz w Opolu i Palazzo Vecchio we Florencji, znajdźVecchio 3 podobieństwain Florence. i 3 różnice. town hall building was built in the Middle Ages. Afterwards, it was repeat- edly rebuilt until it got its present shape. The building is a seat of the city authorities and the president’s office. The bugle call of Opole is played at the town hall tower every day, and the town hall’s Italian architecture in the heart of the city has become the permanent element of the cityscape.

1. From a wooden merchant’s house to a brick town hall

In the Middle Ages there was a wooden merchant’s house where the town hall now stands. In the 14th century, the city council of Opole decided to build a brick town hall. In the 16th century, a clock and a bell tower were erected. The bell has a inscription „Concordia mater reipublicae” (“Concord is the mother of republic”) and the city’s coat of arms dated 1566. The Gothic Town Hall housed a represent- ative room called the „Prince Room”, and stalls stood next to the town hall - thirteen of them as of 1533.

2. Baroquisation, or modernization of Opole and the ………………………………………… ………………………………………….. town hall tower ………………………………………… …………………………………………..

Between 1666 and 1741, Opole-Ratibor Duchy, together with the town ………………………………………… ………………………………………….. of Opole, were under the rule of the Austrian Habsburgs. At that time, the arts and architecture of the entire duchy, especially sacral but Look at the old graphics depicting the Town Hall. Referring to the information above, also secular, were dominated by baroque inspired by Austrian and Przyjrzyjtry to determine się starej the grafice time ofprzedstawiaj the presentation.ącej Ratusz. W nawiązaniu do informacji Saxon designs. In 1740 Opole Town Hall also received a new, rebuilt Baroque tower powyżej, spróbuj określić czas powstania przedstawienia.

with a characteristic onion-shape dome. Around 1818, a fire broke out, destroying the tower to the very foundations. In the years 1818-1826, a thorough reconstruction of the town hall was conducted under the supervision of Berlin’s famous architect Karl Frie- drich Schinkel. On the north side, a new wing in the arcade style was added, and the great hall and the banquet hall were completed.

3. Opole town hall like the town hall in Florence

Around 1863 the Baroque Tower was demolished and in 1864 a new 60 meter tow- er was erected under the direction of the architect Albrecht, following the fashionable, historic style of the Gothic Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. Another reference to the Middle Ages were also the battlements, crowning the walls of the main wing. The town hall was still surrounded by numerous outbuildings that were demolished in 1933. As a result of work in progress, the tower without outbuildings collapsed in the morning of July 15, 1934, destroying the oldest part of the town hall with the gothic princely hall. In 1936 the 65-meter tower was rebuilt, adding another southern wing of the town hall with arcades. The eastern and western portals were also decorated with the stone coat of arms of Opole.

24 25 Krakowska (Krakauerstraße), ul. 1 Maja (Zimmerstraße), ul. Kołłątaja (Bismarckstraße), ul. Reymonta (Sternstraße), ul. Kościuszki (Moltkestraße), ul. Książąt Opolskich (Nikolaistraße), ul. Katedralna (Kirchstraße, Odergasse), ul. Korasze- Opole townhouses and wskiego (Oderstraße) and the villas built mainly after 1891 on the Pasieka Island. 3. The oldest architectural pearls of Opole main square small townhouses Burned out after the Second World War, the main square received a stylishly unified, baroque and classicist look. Among the archi- tectural pearls of Opole main square is the entirety of the post-war, No building has survived since medieval times in Opole, apart Baroque-classicist reconstruction of tenement houses around from the gothic vaults in the cellars of some tenements. The the main square, completed in 1955. Architecturally important ele- ments include e.g. the corner house No. 1, or the so-called prince’s characteristic, cylindrical bay windows in Opole constitute house, originally belonging to the Piast princes. The house was one renaissance artifacts of regional importance. The tenement of the first brick houses in Opole. Another unique architectural item houses in Opole also charm with their baroque and classicist is the second corner house No. 10 in the western frontage with a forms and historical styles. classicist façade, triangular tympanum with a regional-styled corner bay. The house is adjacent to the Młyńska Street, leading to the old mill. Another house No. 11 in the northern part of the Main th 1. From wooden Middle Ages to Baroque façades. Square is the oldest post office in Opole, with a 17 -century archi- tecture of ordered, classicist pilasters and cornices. From the 17th Medieval wooden Opole was regularly consumed by fires. The first action of spatial arrangement in Opole was to the 19th century, the office handled mail coaches and connected carried out by princes Bolesław III and Władysław, who after the fire in 1351, ordered the plot owners to develop Opole with the world. One of the oldest tenement houses in Opole, them within the year under pain of confiscation. It was not until after 1421 that the fire-fighting foundation of Fa- decorated with a bay harmonious with the opposite „princely bay”, is ther Jan Kropidło led to the construc- the house No. 32 at the Main Square. In the building there are walls tion of the first brick-façade houses of crushed rock gravel and gothic brick. and a masoned fire-fighting room around Opole market. The reasons for the fall of the duchy included the Please answer the questions extinction of Opole Piast dynasty, the lack of economic and political stabil- ity, the Thirty Years War, frequent fires 1. What did the princes Boleslaw III and a) Floods in the years 1615-1739. Instead of de- Władysław Opolski order to order houses in b) Fires veloping, Opole had declined, and the the medieval downtown area? c) Foreign invasions number of houses lost in the fires had decreased. a) Replacing owners who build houses in 4. What did cause a revival of the construc- At the turn of the 17th and 18th century, neglected areas tion market in Opole after a long period of a group was formed, including Opole- b) Construction of houses in uninhabited stagnation? based construction craftsmen and areas, which would later be put up for decorators operating the fantasy-in- sale a) Establishing Opole as capital of the Up- spired Baroque forms under the Aus- c) Construction of houses with brick fa- per Silesia region in 1816 trian and Saxon influences.The two- cades b) Opening two cement mills in Opole or three-axial houses around the c) Opening the railway connection to Wro- market were decorated with baroque façades embellished with stucco details, curved cornices, garlands, 2. From which century did prince Jan Kro- claw in 1845 and festoons with triangular roofs. Stone vases crowned the tops of tenement houses, and the volute pidło recommend erecting the earliest flows connected the floors of the townhouses and the fairy-tale façade compositions. brick buildings in Opole? 5. In what style are the tenement houses around Opole main square built? 2. Opole townhouses stray towards the historic trends of the nineteenth century. a) from the 13th century b) from the 14th century a) Renaissance and Neo-Renaissance After a period of Prussian wars, Opole became a part of Prussia. The ornate Baroque of the Opole façades and in- c) from the 15th century b) Baroque and Classicist teriors gave way to Karl Friedrich Schinkel’s Berlin neo-classicism and historicism. The establishment of Opole c) Baroque only as the capital of the Upper Silesia region in 1816 spawned the revival of the construction market and the „golden 3. What element did regularly destroy the age” when architecturally interesting townhouses were built, including tenement houses built in the main medieval wooden Opole? streets of the city. The façades of already existing tenements were also rebuilt. Representative tenement hous- es, apart from townhouses in the heart of the town on the market, are tenements at the following streets: ul.

26 27 28 29 Opole is the capital and history of Polish music. The town has earned this title due to organizing the Na- Do you remember the Polish words of the „hit of all times”? Music tional Polish Song Festival (KFPP), which is the most Put the missing words in the right places: important Polish singing contest in the country, since człowiek | w sobie | spraw | słowem złym | więcej | świat 1963. In one of the June weekends, the entire Poland in Opole comes to Opole to have fun to the rhythm of great Polish hits. Since 2004 Opole has had a Polish Song Stars Avenue and a National Centre of Polish Song and (English version): Museum of Polish Song was established there in 2016. Dziwny jest ten ……………….., Strange is the Word 1. At the beginning: the Amphitheater and of fifteen concerts and competition recitals included gdzie jeszcze wciąż In which still the Piast Tower resembling a microphone and Bohdan Łazuka. The second mieści się wiele zła. There is so much evil. Opole Festival offered 407 performers with repertoire of I dziwne jest to, And strange is that The Amphitheater, the building of the Provincial Office, 597 songs. Opole Festival became the first Polish „talent że od tylu lat from so many years the Opole Piast Tower and a microphone are the nation- show”, dominated by young talents. The formula of the człowiekiem gardzi ………………………. men are scorned by men. wide trademarks of KFPP in Opole. Opole Millennium Festival was open, stage presentations included literary Amphitheater was founded on the island of Pasieka in works and danceable songs, popular and classical ones, Dziwny ten świat, Strange is the World the early 1960s - near the first Slavic settlement in Opole well known and quite new. KFPP in Opole revived and świat ludzkich ……………………, the World of men’s affairs called Ostrowek. Excavations were held there for many expanded Polish actors’, cabaret, literary and mili- czasem aż wstyd przyznać się. which sometimes are even shame to admit. years. The structure was designed by Florian Jesion- tary songs, Polish big-beat and folklore. The winners A jednak często jest, Still it is common owski. The auditorium was shaped so as to use the nat- include: Kalina Jedrusik, Kasia Sobczyk, Czerwono-Czarni że ktoś ………………………………….. that somebody just with a bad word ural scenery of the Piast Tower. Initially, the stage did (Red and Black), Czerwone Gitary (the Red Guitars), zabija tak, jak nożem. Kills other as if with a knife. not have a roof. Performers and spectators had fun to Skaldowie, Anna German, Maryla Rodowicz, Czeslaw their favorite songs and often got wet in the rain, which Niemen, Marek Grechuta, Stan Boris, Wojciech Milling Lecz ludzi dobrej woli jest …………………. But there are more good will men usually haunted the Festival. In 1979 the stage was given and many other famous singers. i mocno wierzę w to, and I strongly do believe that a roof in the form of a modernist, functional shell, że ten świat this World and in 2011, after the reconstruction of the amphitheat- 3. Opole - from debuts to the stars nie zginie nigdy dzięki nim. Nie! Nie! Nie! Will never die because of them. Won’t, won’t, won’t. er, the roof took the form of a fanciful, extravagant, Przyszedł już czas, najwyższy czas, The time arrived, the highest time post-modern „shell-pancake”. The viewer’s zone was Opole Song Festival connects generations of nienawiść zniszczyć …………………….. X 2 To destroy hatred in ourselves. completed with two rectangular terraces with a Polish artists, reveals unknown talents, promotes hits, viewer’s foyer, with a concrete and glass structure. honours stars. It is a three-day formula of festival The balcony was also covered with a circular roof of concerts, DEBUTS and SUPERJEDYNKI concert of white architectural fabric along with about 1,000 seats this season. The artists are awarded prestigious awards: in the auditorium. The entire audience can now accom- the Anna Jantar award - Karolinka (in the DEBUTS modate 3653 people in seats. competition), the Karol Musiol award - Super Pre- miera (PREMIERE competition) and the Grand Prix for 1. Opole Piast Tower is one of 2. Karol Musiol is a well-deserved 3. The Festival in Opole revived 2. The festival that revived the Polish music lifetime achievement. Young talents make their debut the symbols of the KFPP in Opole person also for KFPP in Opole, Polish song in the 60s because: in Opole. Recognized stars are immortalized in the Av- because: because: The Polish Song Festival in Opole was the answer to enue of Polish Song Stars on the Opole market. The the need to revive the Polish music and musical en- tradition of the Opole stars launched in 2004 the star a. its shape resembles a micro- a. he was the first post-war presi- a. it promoted all styles of music tertainment culture in the early 1960s. The idea of KFPP of Czeslaw Niemen. Today, the Opole Market Square phone dent of Opole and many singers - known and in Opole was promoted by Polish Radio journalists Jer- is brightened by a few dozen of the greatest stars of unknown zy Grygolunas and Mateusz Święcicki, and supported the song, connected forever with Opole. „Strange is b. the statuette depicting the b. he was the originator of the by the then chairman of the Municipal National Council, this world” was sang by „the versatile creator” from tower is one of the festival’s National Festival of Polish Song in b. the formula of the festival in- Karol Musioł. At the record-breaking pace of 3 months, Stare Wasiliszki. Czeslaw Niemen, a world-class man awards Opole cludes ‚Superjedynki’ concert „Papa Musioł” had the Amphitheater completed as a who loved the poetry of Cyprian Kamil Norwid and social contribution, to solemnly open the first National Zbigniew Herbert, became the winner of the 5th Polish c. it creates a natural scenery of c. he has built the Opole amphi- c. all artists performing in Opole Festival of Polish Song in Opole on June 19, 1963. Song Festival in Opole in 1967. „Strange is this world” Opole amphitheatre and is asso- theater and invited the organiz- receive their star on the Avenue The first Opole Festival hosted 102 artists and winners is „the Polish hit of all times” ciated with it ers of the KFPP to Opole of Stars

30 31 Artistic-architectural glossary of Opole

Art and architecture are the witnesses of history and an inseparable bond, connecting Opole with other nations at the turn of the centuries in the spirit of European culture and tradition. As regards graphic (visual) arts, every important historical period developed its style, although styles, works or artists in art and architecture do not always fall into the rigid definitions of historical or national styles. Knowledge of art and architecture issues allows us to read reality with many senses and better understand the open, multicultural dimension of material and spiritual tradition.

Examples of art and architecture of Opole include traces of all historical eras, from Romanism to modern styles. In the context of multicultural tradition of this town and the province, particularly strong cultural influences are Polish, Silesian, German, Austrian, Czech, Jewish, Italian, French and Western European. Art and architecture together create the universal language of senses, shape- sand colors. Let’s get to know this interesting language and learn to understand our city of Opole.

Archivolta – arch in door openings, window frames. It is arranged from decorative bricks, Console – an architectural element in the form carved in stone, made of stucco or plaster. of a decorative bracket, usually in the form of “S”. It is used, for example, to support balconies. Arcade – an architectural element consisting of two supports connected with an arch at the top. Lucarne (dormer) – a small window on the roof.

Attic – a wall or balustrade crowning the build- Moresque – plant pattern with a symmetrical ing and covering parts of the roof. arrangement consisting of intertwined stems, leaves and flowers. Biforium – a window divided by a vertical col- umn. Pinnacle – a small, slim turret.

Eclecticism – combining incompatible architec- Rosette (rose window) – a round stained-glass tural styles in one building. window above the church entrance.

Feston – an architectural decorative motif in the Stained glass – a colorful composition in sacral form of tufts of leaves, flowers and fruits or a strip shutters. of material. Bay window – a fragment of a rectangular and Coat of arms – a symbol of a family or state. polygonal building or a circle, protruding from Used as a decorative element on inner or outer the outer wall, overhanged above the ground walls of buildings. floor, covering several floors.

32 33 34 35 36 37 Answer a few questions about Opole sculptures. And if you do The history of Opole not know the answers, go for a walk around Opole and check: 1. What shape does the baptismal font have? 2. What is the name of one of the oldest chapels in Opolszczyzna? to the Piast Dynasty 3. The Gothic baptismal font is located in the Cathedral... of the Holy Cross. 4. Which dynasty expired in the 16th c. in Opole? 5. “Highly pious and generous towards people and God”. Who is it about? in sculptures 6. What is on the tombstone of Jan II Dobry? It was May. Since the evening was beautiful and warm, I decided to go for a short 7. What colour is the marble of the tombstone which covers the tomb of the last Piast prince in Opole? walk. I lived in an old villa in Pasieka together with my parents. When I was going 8. Anne was the wife of prince... . to the courtyard, I heard strange screams. I was scared but my curiosity did not 9. What vault is in the Saint Anne’s Chapel? allow me to ignore this phenomenon. It turned out that the noises came from the 10. Whose tombs are in the Saint Anne’s Chapel in the Holy Trinity Church in Opole? basement. That was quite uncommon.

I decided not to wait any more. Giving up all my con- cerns, I approached the door leading to the basement. The door was ajar so I peeped inside. What I saw there exceeded my boldest expectations. What did I find there? Sculptures and not just any sculptures! I knew them because they came from my city. I did not know what to say. I was speechless. I was just standing and staring. The sounds I heard were their screams. They argued which one of them was most im- portant and which should represent Opole. There were:

l a baptismal font in a chalice shape covered with eight-side goblet with the coats of arms of the city and of the And it happened. The sculptures took me to the Tower. I was sure that was the end. I closed my eyes. Quite sur- prince which announced that it unified prisingly I felt I was floating. I did not understand what generations through religion; happened. I saw an enormous beautiful eagle. I knew l the sculptures from Saint Anne’s it. Yes! It came to me straight from the coats of arms of Church referred to princely and intellec- Opole. He saved me and took me to a safe place. tual representation; He said that I did the right thing. He listened to our dis- l Jan II Dobry emphasised his merits for cussion. According to him, all those sculptures were the city and his fame. equally important. It was not possible to choose one because it would be unfair. The existence of each of The sculptures conducted a lively discussion. I was inter- them had a share in Opole history. Rivalry sometimes is ested in this discussion so I was standing and listening. not good. I agreed with him. I was to thank him when Suddenly, the basement door creaked. This gathering suddenly I opened my eyes... What do you think hap- noticed me quickly. I was so shocked that I could not es- pened afterwards? Finish this story as you know the his- cape. The pieces of art asked me to choose one of them tory of Opole and Opole sculptures very well :) which I thought was most important. I had no idea what to say. They were all important to me. So I denied Since then, when I pass the coat of arms in the Town to answer this question. My denial made the baptismal Square in Opole, I can see the eagle winking at me. font angry. She threatened me that if I did not decide, it This reminds me of this incident and the history of my would take me to the peak of the Piast Tower and throw beautiful city. And what can you see when you go past me down. I was so scared that I could not say a word. Opole coat of arms?

38 39 Prussian and German times Today, only old photos remind of The history of Opole A this monument and the Prussian and German times in Opole Silesia from the Piast dynasty The turn of the 19th and 20th c The Art-Nouveau goddess of vegetation and harvest in Daszyński Plac (Square) B reminds of the times of Opole agriculture in sculptures and Odra sailing development at the turn of the centuries.

The sculptures may be discovered not only in exhibitions at galleries, museums, in The First World War A statue of a naked warrior on a high albums or special places dedicated only to some recipients. The monuments and C pedestal fighting with a dragon at Ozimska sculptures form a part of Opole architecture, enrich the surroundings and often were Street is a tribute to the Fallen. The author of the monument is sculptor Thomas Myrtek. the witnesses to important historical events. Sculptures can be seen every day in the city and they come back to life when we look at them and think about them. Most Crystal Night Commemorative stone in the place of a burnt sculptures in Opole are located in Śródmieście (City Centre) at Plac Wolności (Wol- down Opole synagogue reminds of Nazi ności Square) and in Opole Rynek (town square). Let us find them together and let D rout of Jews in Germany. us look at them for a while. Post-war period The great architects of post-war Opole, i.e. Florian Jesionowski (the architect of Opole E amphitheatre) enrich Plac Wolności. The architect designs a colourful fountain inspired by the dance of butterflies.

Year 1963 and the 60’s A monument of the president, Karol Musioł, walking quickly from Opole amphitheatre F to the town hall, reminds of the establishment of the Amphitheatre and the National Festival of Polish Song in Opole.

Year 1970 15 metres high monument made by Jan Borowczak, presenting a woman kneeling G down on a bison is a tribute to people who kept the and Polish Recall famous sculptures situated in t he centre of Opole. Match the names traditions in Opole Silesia. of sculptures with corresponding events or historical periods: Contemporary times On the University Hill in Opole, the great Non-existent monument of Frederic II the Great, the King of Prussia on Opole Rynek, authors of Polish songs, write song texts and ... H think about their interpretation. Opole Ceres fountain monument, ... Year 1998 The inhabitants solidary in the Civil Committee WWII Memorial, Opole Nike – Opole Silesia Polishness Fighters Memorial, ... of Opolszczyzna Defence remind everyone that Multi-colour and mosaic type fountain Taniec Motyli (Butterflies’ Dance), I they love and defend their Opolskie Province. ... Let us defend our Opole monument, Papa Musioł monument, ... Year 2017 On the occasion of the jubilee of 800 years of Agnieszka Osiecka monument and monuments of great Polish singers, J establishing Opole city, a bronze statue of ... Prince Kazimierz I Opolski renews the location a stone and a plaque at N. Barlicki Street ... privilege of Opole city. and Kazimierz I Opolski monument. ... 40 41 The Piast The Piast Tower was erected in Opole.

Brick after brick in the castle city in the medieval ages. Tower My house, which is a castle, was erected later on, at the end of the 13th c. My city, Opole, was founded in the year 1217 in the times of Prince Kazimierz I Opolski.

Firstly, a donjon, then a castle and the Piast Tower.

A defensive wall, which protected my house, is its oldest part. My older cousin was erected together with it, a defensive and residential tower donjon where the prince lived. I was created at the same time as the castle, at the end of the thirteenth c. in the In the Middle Ages I was known times of prince Bolesław I Opolski. not only as the Piast Tower but I was also under the curve of the Central Tower. I was the final de- fensive point and I was a symbol of the prince power. Seriously!

The Piast Tower is always modern and attractive.

I was a technological hit because I was built of bricks. I also have round walls so I was more resistant to enemy’s attacks. In the year 1880 I even received a bricked cone and a granite spike. It is so adorable. In 1928, my house, the Piast Castle, was demolished. In the years 1957-1962, my adorable cone was replaced with an elegant and bricked spire with the Piast eagle.

42 43 Saint Wojciech in the history and legends 2. What name did he take after confirmation? of Opole 3. In which year did he take priestly ordination?

1. The parents of St. Wojciech wanted him to become... ?

4. Where was he sent to learn?

5. When and why, according to the tradition, St. Wojciech visit Opole and Opolszczyzna? 8. When and in what style was the bricked church built on “Górka” to worship Our Lady of Sorrows and St. Wojciech?

9. Which monastery is currently related to the church on “Górka” in Opole?

10. What does Wojciech’s well located on “Górka” in Opole remind of today?

6. Why did the Pope agree to 7. Why and when on “Górka” 11. In what style is currently change the bishop’s mission in Opole the first chapel the facade of the Church of St. Wojciech to the mission was built? of Our Lady of Sorrows of pagans conversion? and St. Wojciech?

44 45 Jan II Dobry from Opole Cathedral

The last Opole Piast, Prince Jan II Dobry, highly “towards God and people piousness and blessings” merited, has positive history in Opole and Opolskie Principality. The prince left in the will the coat of arms of Opole Piast to the principality – a golden eagle in a crown on an azure background. The Cathedral was the place especially loved by the last Opolski Piast. The Prince supported generously the Collegiate Church of the Holy Cross, which was ruined in 1520 after two fires. In the Cathedral of the Holy Cross Rising in Opole, we can see the prince and its relics. Let us look at them more closely.

1.A. Fill in the blanks with the words provided in the box:

heraldic jewel | tomb | western wall | coat of arms | tombstone

Prince Jan II Dobry was buried in the Renaissance tomb with a high artistic value. The tomb, originally, had a shape of ...... and it was placed in the church central aisle. In the 19th c. the tomb was de- stroyed, and the saved ...... made of red marble was bricked into ...... of the Piast Chapel. The stone presents ...... styled with lambrequins (a crowned eagle turned right with the wings spread) and an inscription to honour the Prince. The coat of arms is finished with a helmet, and over the helmet there is ...... 2. Adolf Panitz - a sculptor ...... in the form of the crowned eagle. saints reliefs decorating the brown-green-purple door, close to Prince Jan II Opolski we can see Opolska Mother of God, St. Anne, St. Apos- and Opole Cathedral. tles Peter and Paul, St. Wojciech, St. Jadwiga Śląska, St. 1.B. The definitions presented below are confused. Order them: Jacek, Blessed Czesław and witnesses to history. Prince In 1983, Adolf Panitz sculpted a tympanum, which com- Jan II Opolski, immortalised in this bronze piece of art, is memorated the visit of Pope Jean Paul II on Saint Anne’s accompanied, among others, by Jean Paul II, Maksymil- Relief l l a case shaped tomb decorated with bas-reliefs and a stone covered Mountain. This artist is also the author of an astonishing ian Maria Kolbe, Edyta Stein, Opolski Bishop Alfons Nos- with a sculpture of a died person or only a tombstone contemporary tomb which, since 1999, has been hiding sol, priest Stefan Baldy and common people: gardener, the present remains of Jan II Dobry. The tomb presents farmer, miller, baker, blacksmith, miner and steelworker. a lying prince. At his feet, there is a golden eagle with its The ethos of everyday work is complemented by the Tomb l l a plant ornament decorating a coat of arms shield wings wide-spread. timeless ideal of Christianity.

(Heraldic) jewel l l inherited kinship sign of aristocracy and nobility In 1997, at the 700th anniversary of the Holy Cross Ris- You must visit Opolska Cathedral and familiarise with ing parish, Adolf Panitz completed his monument “The the pieces of art of Adolf Panitz. Have a look at an inter- Coat of arms l l a sculpture composition (bas-relief) on the stone with the background Gates of the Light” (one of a few bronze gates in Po- esting and dynamic bronze composition “The Sympho- land). This piece of art was inspired by the quotation ny of the Light” and make a sketch or take a photo of its Lambrequin l l finishing of a heraldic helmet (in the coat of arms) “Let there be light” (Book of Genesis 1, 3). Among the part. Remember about Jan II Dobry and Adolf Panitz!

46 47 Green Bridge This bridge is special because in the past it was connected with the castle which does not exist anymore – we Venice in Opole have only the Piast Tower... Nowadays, – romantic spots in Opole the Green Bridge is a symbol of mar- riage couples, and padlocks hung by When we hear the word Venice, we im- them on the bridge symbolise everlast- agine beautiful narrow lanes, heat mixed ing love. It is worth hanging a padlock with cold guaranteed by water surround- here and throwing a key to the canal. ing the town. Breath-taking buildings and We can be sure that this romantic a captivating climate prove the immortal- recollection from Venice of Opole will ity of the former epochs. And this roman- make us happy with our partners to the tic atmosphere floating above gondolas end of our lives. makes us want to fall in love, experience a life adventure or at least feel our hearts beating faster. Opole inhabitants do not have to go to Italy to feel Venice atmos- Go to Młynówka and draw in a blank field the phere. first thing which caught your attention. Enumerate at least 10 items which you noticed (and maybe drew or took a photo of) while strolling down Venice of Opole.

Tenant Houses 1......

A medieval spirit floats above the old riverbed When the sun hides above Venice of Opole, 2...... lights wake up. A person who wants to of the Oder River and above the city’s defensive 3...... walls. Surprising or thrilling? Not at all. In the Mid- experience a romantic atmosphere will dle Ages, defensive walls were frequently built certainly be charmed by the night looks 4...... over rivers. In 1600, during the great flood, the Or- of Venice of Opole. Illuminations joining 5...... der River changed its location. The original Oder the surface of a strolling water, will make a person want to have beautiful memories or riverbed was later named “Młynówka” because 6...... there was a town mill surrounded by merchants’ even offer a heart, feel very special. neo-classicist buildings. At the mill, on the south- 7...... ern side, there was a medieval bathroom and gra- 8...... naries. If your partner does not know these facts and likes curiosities, he/she will be delighted. 9...... 10......

Make your own romantic short story using the words provided above. You can also make yourself and your partner the main heroes of this story.

48 49 Feel like an architect! Cut out the model of Opole Town Opole Hall and assemble it. Do you know that Opole Trumpet Call is played every day from the Town Hall Tower? You Town Hall can listen to the Trumpet Call at the nearest midday.

Welcome!

I am Opole Town Hall. I am located in the centre of Opole and I greet everyone who passes me in a hurry, pensive, alone or with friends. My older famous brother, Cut out! Palazzo Vecchio, is located in Florence! It is the seat of the authorities of this beautiful Italian city. I have been here in Opole Town Square since the Middle Ages. I was rebuilt on many occasions. My present form dates back to 1864. I was designed by a talented architect and engineer Albrecht. Thanks to him I could spend my “childhood” near Opole residents. I am very high – I have 60 m. I like looking at the blue sky of Opole. My favourite activity is observing people and birds passing me and admiring my dignity and sophisticated shapes. Assemble!

Try to compare both buildings. Mark red the differences observed and blue the similarities noticed.

50 51 2. Opole lokowane w 1217 jest jednym z najstarszych miast w Polsce, starszym od Wrocławia (1226), Krakowa (1228), Gniezna (1243), czy Warszawy (1300).

Do XV w głównym budulcem stosowanym do budowy domów w Opolu było drewno. Po 2. Opole2. Opole lokowane lokowane w 1217 w 1217 jest jednym jest jednym z najstarszych z najstarszych miast miast w Polsce, w Polsce, starszym starszym od od roku 1421 donacje (dzisiaj powiedzielibyśmy dotacje) księcia biskupa Jana Kropidły WrocWrocławiaławia (1226), (1226), Krakowa Krakowa (1228), (1228), Gniezna Gniezna (1243), (1243), czy Warszawy czy Warszawy (1300). (1300). mobilizują Opolan do stawiania w centrum miasta domów z kamienia i cegły, bardziej

bezpiecznychDo XVDo w XV g łwównym gnałównym wypadek budulcem budulcem po stosowanymżaru. stosowanym W zabudowie do budowy do budowy śródmiejskiej domów domów w Opolu Opola w Opolu by zł ookresu by drewno.ło drewno. Po Po Śrokuredniowiecza roku1421 1421 donacje donacjezachowa (dzisiaj (dzisiajł ypowiedzieliby się powiedzielibyjedynie gotyckieśmy dotacje)śmy dotacje)sklepienia księcia ksi biskupaępiwniccia biskupa. Jana JanaKropid Kropidły ły mobilizujmobilizują Opolaną Opolan do stawiania do stawiania w centrum w centrum miasta miasta domów domów z kamienia z kamienia i ceg ił y,ceg bardziejły, bardziej Architekturabezpiecznychbezpiecznych miasta na wypadek na zmienia wypadek po żsiaru. ępo wolnoż Waru. zabudowie W i przejmujezabudowie śródmiejskiej cechyśródmiejskiej kolejnych Opola Opola z okresu stylów. z okresu Ustanowienie OpolaŚredniowieczaŚ redstolicniowieczaą Rejencji zachowa zachowa Górnoły sięł śyjedyniel ąsiskieję jedynie gotyckiew roku gotyckie 1816, sklepienia sklepienia napł ywpiwnic urz piwnic.ę dników. pruskich, kolej żelazna i wyburzenie murów obronnych ożywiają architekturę Opola. WArchitektura XIXArchitektura w. nast miastaępuje miasta zmieniadynamiczny zmienia się wolno si rozwóję wolno i przejmuje miasta. i przejmuje cechyStyl cechyi ilokolejnychść kolejnychdekoracji stylów. stylów.świadcz Ustanowienie Ustanowienieą o warto ści budyOpolankuOpola stolic i presti stolicą Rejencjiążu Rejencji mieszka Górno Górnośńlącówskiejślą. Budujeskiejw roku w roku1816, się nowe1816, napł ywnkamieniceap urzływę dnikówurzę lubdników pzmieniaruskich pruskich, kolejfasady, kolej starych kamienic.żelaznażelazna i wyburzenie W architekti wyburzenie murówurze murów XIX obronnych w. obronnych pojawia ożywia si oęż eklektyzmywiają architekturją architektur: ę Opolaę Opola. . -historyW XIXW w. cznyXIX nast w. (neogotyk, ęnastpujeę pujedynamiczny dynamiczny neorenesans, rozwój rozwój miasta.neobarok miasta. Styl, i Styl neoklasycyzm,ilość i ilodekoracjiść dekoracji ś wiadczczyli świadcz kopieą o wartoą stylów o wartości ) ści budybudynku inku presti i prestiżu mieszkażu mieszkańcówń. cówBuduje. Buduje się nowe się nowe kamienice kamienice lub zmienia lub zmienia fasady fasady starych starych -romantyczny (mieszanie różnych neostylów). kamienic.kamienic. W architekt W architekturze urzeXIX w. XIX pojawia w. pojawia się eklektyzm się eklektyzm: : -history-historyczny czny(neogotyk, (neogotyk,You neorenesans, help neorenesans, in theneobarok neobarokcataloguing, neoklasycyzm,, neoklasycyzm, of facades. czyli czylikopie kopie stylów stylów) ) 3.- romantycznyPomagasz-romantyczny w (mieszanie inwentaryzacj (mieszanie różnych rói bużnych neostylówFinddowlanej neostylów and). elewacji number:). . Znajdź i ponumeruj: Architecture • w kamienicach neorenesansowych : gzyms nadokienny (1), fryz (2), gzyms INmi NEO-RENAISSANCE3.ę Pomagaszdzykondygnacyjny3. Pomagasz w inwentaryzacj w inwentaryzacj TENANT (3), archiwolti bu HOUSES:dowlaneji budowlaneję (4), over-window elewacji łezki elewacji (gutta. Znajd moulding. )Znajd zdobiź i ponumeruj:ź ąi (1)ceponumeruj: ,dó friezeł gzymsu (2) , inter-storey (5), wykusz mould (6),- ingkonsole 3), archivolt• w wspi• kamienicach w(4)eraj kamienicach, guttaące wykuszdecorating neorenesansowych neorenesansowych (7) the, boniowanie bottom of : gzyms the (8) : moulding,gzyms walcowa nadokienny nadokienny (5)ty, wykuszbay (1) ,window fryz (1) inspirowany, (2)fryz, (6)gzyms (2), ,consoles gzyms support- and tenant houses ingrenesansemmi theędzykondygnacyjnymi bayędzykondygnacyjny window francuskim (7), rusticatio (3) (9),, archiwolt (3) arkady, (8)archiwolt, cylindricalę (10) (4),ę ,ł ezkipilastry(4), bay ł(guttaezki window (11).(gutta) zdobi )inspired zdobiące dóące był gzymsu dó theł gzymsu French (5), wykuszRenaissance (5), wykusz (6), (6),(9), konsolekonsole wspi wspierająerajce wykuszące wykusz (7), boniowanie (7)arcades , boniowanie(10) (8), pilasters, walcowa (8), walcowa (11)ty wykuszty wykusz inspirowany inspirowany renesansemrenesansem francuskim francuskim (9), arkady (9), arkady (10), (10)pilastry, pilastry (11). (11). Before towns appeared, town architecture and Kropidło mobilised Opole residents to erect stone and ...... tenant houses, a man sculpted (30 000 a.c.n.), brick houses in the city centre, safer in the event of a fire. ... painted (20 000 a.c.n.) and, finally, started There are only Gothic basement vaults left in the city cen- tre housing development in Opole from the Middle Ages. to create facilities of an architectural value ...... The City architecture changes slowly and takes over the (9 000 a.c.n.). features of subsequent styles. Establishing Opole as the ... capital city of the Upper Silesia District in 1816, the immi- ...... The oldest buildings in Poland are pre-historical wooden gration of Prussia officials, iron railway and demolition of remains of the settlement in Biskupin from the 6th c. a.c.n. defensive walls enlivened Opole architecture. ... and Romanesque stone sacral and defensive buildings, In the 19th c. there was a dynamic development of the i.a. St. Prokop rotunda in Strzelin from 1133, the Piast Cas- city. A style and number of decorations demonstrate tle in Legnica from the 12th c., the Piast Tower from Opole the value of the building and prestige of residents. IN NEO-BAROQUE• w kamienicach TENANT neobarokowych: HOUSES: volutas woluty/ side volutas/ spływy (1), wolutowemoulding (2) (1),, ornaments, gzymsy (2), garlands, • w• kamienicachw kamienicach neobarokowych: neobarokowych: woluty woluty/ spływy/ sp łwolutoweywy wolutowe (1), gzymsy (1), gzymsy (2), (2), from the 13th c. Opole founded in 1217 is one of the old- ribbons, puttaornamenty, (as pediments girlandy, – decorative wstęgi, windowputta (jako frames) frontony, (3), triangular czyli dekoracyjne peaks (4), vases obramienia or obelisks on New tenant houses were built and the facades of the ornamenty,ornamenty, girlandy, girlandy, wstę wstgi, puttaęgi, putta (jako (jako frontony, frontony, czyli czylidekoracyjne dekoracyjne obramienia obramienia est cities in Poland, older than Wrocław (1226), Kraków okien) (3), trójkątne szczyty (4),the facadewazy lub peaks obeliski (5) na szczycie fasady (5). old ones were changed. In the architecture of the 19th okienokien) (3), )trójk (3), ątrójktne ąszczytytne szczyty (4), wazy (4), wazy lub obeliski lub obeliski na szczycie na szczycie fasady fasady (5). (5). (1228), (1243) or (1300). Until the 15th c. eclecticism appeared:-Historic (Neo-Gothic, Neo-Re- c. timber was the main building material used for houses naissance, Neo-Baroque, Neo-Classicism, which are ...... in Opole. After the year 1421, the donations of Bishop Jan copies of styles) -Romantic (mixing various styles). ...

......

...

• w kamienicach neoklasycystycznych i w fasadach eklektycznych: symetria, IN NEO-CLASSICISTstatyczność TENANT, wzory HOUSES antyczne AND (1 ECLECTIC), kolumnady FACADES: (2), Symmetry,głowica stability,kolumny antique (3), kopuły (4) , patterns (1), colonnades (2), column head (3), domes (4), porticos (5), sculptures (6), decorative peaks of facadesportyki (pediments) (5), rze (7)ź, byfronton (6), andozdobne over-window szczyty moulding fasad (8) (naczó, mansardsłki) (9) (7),, helmet fronton (10) i gzyms nadokienny (8), mansardy (9), hełm (10) ......

......

......

......

52 53 Jan Cybis & Cybis Gallery ...

Erudite, polyglot, Professor and Master of Polish painters of a few generations with unusual energy and internal harmony, Jan Cybis, taught with his wisdom, talent and sensitive perspective of the world and people, how to observe with joyfulness and se- verity and depict the surrounding reality. Charming paintings full of colours and interesting texture, still life, nudes, por- ... traits and landscapes. Each resident of Opole Province should visit the Gallery of Jan Cybis Paintings in Opole. ...

1. Jan Cybis, an outstanding colourist painter from spread much paint on the canvass “(...) in order to get to Opolszczyzna knew from the Gymansium times that the bottom of the secrecy of painting. What is import- “Grey colour consists of different non-grey colours” and ant in painting cannot be invented - it must be experi- ... that colour “contrasts separate and join” that the art over enced”. the complicated theory is divided into “good and bad” art. “The world has its pictorial beauty. This is what must be “... Good painting is one” - it combines beauty and poetry. achieved in painting. Some people believe what must 2. Oil paintings, sketches and photos document the be. I do not know what must be. We live where we are. ... subsequent stages of the artist’s life. Match and num- “Even the invisible must be expressed by visible means. ber the photos attached to the statements of Jan Cybis These are the rules of fine arts.” provided below. What emotions do the photos and paintings Painting 1 – This is me and my the arts. This dream comes true in from Jan Cybis life evoke in family in front of the house in 1924. you? Which painting makes the Wróblin in the year 1901. I am 4 Painting 5 – These are young paint- greatest impression on you? years old and I am sitting on my ers, learners of Józef Pankiewicz in And why? dad’s lap. I do not know yet that I Paris. Beautiful times although poor. 3. In the Journals 1954-1966 Jan will become a painter. I just make We live for the arts: we paint, we Cybis wrote down his reflec- my first drawing lines. exhibit, we go to open air. ... tions about life, the books read Painting 2 – This is a suitcase Painting 6 – Me and my paintings. and about the arts. Try to inter- which I took with me to the Cath- After the war, I live in Warsaw, I am pret and explain the following olic Gymansium in Głogów, then a professor of the Academy. But, ... three quotations of the Master to Wrocław and to Kraków. I was to in the first place, I am a painter, a concerning the arts. What do become a lawyer but I was attract- colourist. I work with no respite. you think about the “secrecy of ed by the arts. Painting 7 – This is my signature. painting” and about the “world’s Painting 3 – This is me. Elegant. If you can see it on a painting, you pictorial beauty”? Serious. Matura year, 1916. will know that this is my work. “As far as the arts is concerned, Painting 4 – A group of friends Painting 8 – If you want to spend sensitivity and intelligence are from the Fine Arts Academy in more time with me, you can read needed undoubtedly; neverthe- Kraków. Here we are Paris Com- my journals. A sheet of paper and less, they do not mean much mittee which dreams of going to a pen were my companions for without continuous and regu- the capital city of France and of many years. ... lar work” (...). It is necessary to

54 55 The National Festival of Polish Songs in Opole The Festival which enlivened Polish Song. Provide a correct answer: In the year 1963, on the only Polish Television channel available, Poles who had the k The National Festival of Polish Songs in Opole has been held contemporary miracle of technology - a television - could watch on a black and white since 1963 or 2015? screen a singing broadcast of the first National Festival of Polish Song in Opole. That k On KFPP, classic or popular music is played? was an extraordinary memorable k 102 artists or bodyguards took part in the first edition of the festival? experience... k In the KFPP second edition, (102+305= ...... ) per- The Amphitheatre was built on Pa- formers took part with the repertoire of 597 songs. sieka on the area of the first Slavic k The most popular stars of Opole Festival settlement in Opole. The audience include, among others: Cécile Corbel or was designed while making use Maryla Rodowicz? Zayn Malik or Czesław of the natural scenery of the Piast Niemen? Anna German or Sia? Tower. At first, the stage had no Czerwone Gitary or The Beatles? roof, what made the performers suffer from rains which were a regular guest of the Festival. Over time, a roof was designed which finally had a fantas- tic modernistic shape of a pan- cake shell.

Opole talents are undoubtedly unique. In order to immortalise these talents, the city created the Avenue of the Polish Song Stars in Opole Town Square. Here is Czesław Niemen who started this tradition.

In which year and with which song, did you win the hearts of the audience?

That was in the year 1967. I was singing the song titled “Dziwny jest ten świat” (this world is strange). My star was displayed in the year 2004.

56 57 58 59 Bibliography

Baldy S., Katedra Świętego Krzyża w Opolu, W 700-le- http://www.historiasztuki.com.pl/stro- cie parafii Św.Krzyża, Wydawnictwo Świętego Krzyźa, ny/003-01-00-HISTORIA-ARCHITEKTURY.html Opole 1994 Kucharz E., Ślady św. Wojciecha na opolskiej ziemi, https://www.bing.com/images/ Drukarnia Wydawnictwa Świętego Krzyża w Opolu, search?q=drzwi+opolskiej+kat- Opole 1997 edry&id=47E839070D1067B4334AEE- 585A09787E99B0CB64&FORM=IQFRBA Opole, dzieje i tradycja, pod red. Linka B., Tarki K., Za- jączkowskiej U., Państwowy Instytut, Instytut Historii https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=kamien- UO, Muzeum Śląska Opolskiego, Opole 2011 ice+Opole&qpvt=kamienice+Opole&FORM=IGRE http://www.opole.pl/opolska-wenecja/ https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=opo- le+kamienice+zdj%c4%99cia&id=259ABF06139BB- http://www.opole.pl/opole-stolica-plemienia-ksi- 4F6A4E9365BE4D1B2315E412F84&FORM=IQFRBA estwa-rejencji-wojewodztwa/

Borkowski M., Opole przełomu wieków XIX/XX, Księży https://plus.nto.pl/magazyn/a/historia-zbawie- Młyn, Łódź 2015 nia-i-regionu-zapisana-w-drzwiach-opolskiej-kat- edry,11599950 https://culture.pl/pl/artykul/sztuka-dwudziestol- ecia-miedzywojennego-w-polsceCybis J., Notatki http://www.poczet.com/jandobry.htm malarskie, Dzienniki 1954-1966, Państwowy Instytut http://www.nz24.pl/publicystyka/adolf-panitz-artys- Wydawniczy, Warszawa 1980 ta-slazak-gawedziarz/ http://www.dokumentyslaska.pl/epitafia/miejscow- Popłonyk U., Opole, Śląsk w zabytkach sztuki, Zakład osci/opole%20katedra.html Narodowy Ossolińskich, Wrocław 1970 http://dziedzictwo.ekai.pl/@@opole_nagrobek_ Śląsk Opolski, Dziedzictwo i współczesność, pod red. jana_dobrego Simonides D., Oficyna Piastowska, Opole 2005 Emmerling R., Zajączkowska U., Opole stolica wo- wikipedia.pl jewództwa opolskiego, Śląskie wydawnictwo ADAN, Opole 2003 http://zasoby.open.agh.edu.pl/~08tszymanski/ data/historyzm.html Hamada A., Architektura wpisana w dzieje miasta, Oficyna Piastowska, Opole 2008

60 61 Opole 2018 A Little Artistic Guide to Opole

Opole

2018