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Religion, Russo-British Diplomacy and Foreign Policy in Anna Ivanovna's University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2015 RELIGION, RUSSO-BRITISH DIPLOMACY AND FOREIGN POLICY IN ANNA IVANOVNA’S RUSSIA (1730-1740) Kyeann Sayer Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, European History Commons, History of Religion Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, and the Public History Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Sayer, Kyeann, "RELIGION, RUSSO-BRITISH DIPLOMACY AND FOREIGN POLICY IN ANNA IVANOVNA’S RUSSIA (1730-1740)" (2015). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 4535. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4535 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RELIGION, RUSSO-BRITISH DIPLOMACY AND FOREIGN POLICY IN ANNA IVANOVNA’S RUSSIA (1730-1740) By Kyeann Sayer M.A, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, 2008 BA, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 2013 BA, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 1999 Masters Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History The University of Montana Missoula, MT August 2015 Approved by: Sandy Ross, Dean of The Graduate School Graduate School Robert Greene, Chair History Ardi Kia Anthropology, Central and Southwest Asian Studies Mehrdad Kia History i © COPYRIGHT by Kyeann Sayer 2015 All Rights Reserved ii Sayer, Kyeann, M.A., Summer 2015 History Religion, Russo-British Diplomacy, and Foreign Policy in Anna Ivanovna’s Russia (1730-1740) Chairperson: Robert Greene The reign of Russian empress Anna Ivanovna (1730-1740) has been known primarily for disproportionate “German” influence, Anna’s refusing the “conditions” imposed by the supposedly backward-looking noble faction that engineered her succession, and unflattering court spectacle. Religion and foreign policy have received relatively little attention. Meanwhile, the formalization of Anglo-Russian diplomatic and trade relations during Anna’s reign has been seen as the triumph of “modern” nobility who rose as a result of the Petrine reforms. Examination of the concomitant diplomatic relations has focused on the strategies and personalities of Anna’s “German” advisors and portrays Russia as dependent. Finally, the Russo-Turkish War of 1736-39, if mentioned at all, is generally seen as a humiliating defeat. This study reveals the “Lutheran Yoke” as an aspect of the infamous “German Yoke,” in the context of ongoing integration of Lutheran Baltic German elites whose territories were annexed during Peter I’s reign. Religion had been a divisive issue within and without Russia when Peter’s church reforms were criticized as “Lutheran” by clergy with roots in Kiev and sympathetic to Catholic doctrine. 1730s Russia remained a locus of interdenominational cross-fertilization and conflict, integrated into confessional struggles across Europe. Russia did not overcome backwardness to enter into the Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1734. Nor did the British carry off a diplomatic coup by forcing Russia to move forward without a reciprocal defensive alliance. Rather, after the resolution of decades of Jacobite/Hanoverian and strategic struggle that strained relations, Russia used the Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1734 as leverage to secure the British/Dutch mediation that allowed it to remove troops from Poland during the War of the Polish Succession. Though some attribute religious motivations to the Russo-Turkish war of 1736- 39, nearly all historians consider control of the Crimea and Black Sea the objective. British correspondence reveals Russia’s additional motivation to maintain the Caucasian isthmus as a buffer and trade zone. The Treaty of Belgrade (1739), disallowing Russia from fortifying Azov or sailing its own ships on the Black Sea, appears less humiliating when we recognize that Russia continued to benefit from Persian trade without the expense of occupation. iii Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter I - Interdenominational Russia: Lutheranism and Elite Integration in the Post-Petrine Age .......................................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2 - Anglo-Russian Commerce as Diplomatic Leverage: Russia’s “Forward” Maneuvers in the War of the Polish Succession ........................................................................................ 31 Chapter 3 – The Russo-Turkish War of 1736 and Maintenance of the Persian Buffer ............. 48 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 69 Works Cited ........................................................................................................................... 72 iv Introduction Anna Ivanovna’s reign (1730 – 1740), a decade receiving relatively little attention in English-language Russian historiography, deserves fresh examination. The last English book-length exploration of Empress Anna’s rule was a biography published in 1974.1 When Anna ascended in 1730, she became the third sovereign to reign since Peter I's death in 1725 and in so doing thwarted the plans of a section of the nobility who attempted to place restraints on her monarchical power through the famous “conditions” she initially accepted. Her reign has been known primarily for the events surrounding her succession; disproportionate “German” influence; and unflattering, cruel court spectacle.2 Other aspects of her rule have been highlighted, however. The court returned to St. Petersburg in 1732 after having returned to Moscow during the reign of Peter II, resulting in a reinvigoration of the city and a rehabilitation of the navy. Anna’s court was known for its incredible splendor, rivaling those of Western Europe, as well as for the development of the ballet, and the Italianizing of court music.3 The Land Forces Cadet College, opened in Moscow in 1731, was the first indigenous institution to offer performing arts training, providing young men instruction in music and dance. In 1738 a ballet school, which would eventually become the St. Petersburg School of Ballet, 1 Mina Curtiss, A Forgotten Empress – Anna Ivanovna and Her Era: 1730 – 1740 (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1974). 2 Alexander Lipski, in "A Re-Examination of the 'Dark Era' of Anna Ionnovna," American Slavonic and East European Review 15 no. 4 (1956), rehabilitated Anna’s reign by countering vitriolic, anti-“German” nineteenth-century historiography with an emphasis on the westernizing achievements of prominent Germanophone servitors. Curtiss emphasized cultural developments but also positioned Anna’s reign as a dark harbinger of the most oppressive aspects of Soviet rule. 3 Marina Ritzarev, Eighteenth-century Russian Music (Aldershoot: Ashgate, 2006), 39. 1 opened to males and females.4 In 1734, Russia decided officially to make the Orenburg fort complex across the Qupchaq steppe its “Window to the East,” initiating a more concerted effort to govern the nomadic peoples of the steppe, extend its frontiers into Central Asia, and build wealth through Central Asian trade.5 In the legal sphere, Anna reversed Peter the Great’s Law of Single Inheritance in 1731, apparently securing noble women’s rights and over time, leading to an expansion of the rights of other women.6 In 1736, Anna “reduced the [noble] service requirement to 25 years and allowed one son to stay home and look after the estate.”7 Laws promulgated under Anna forbid peasants from buying “real estate or mills, establish factories, or become parties to government leases or contracts.” After 1731, “landlords acquired increasing financial control over their serfs, for whose taxes they were held responsible.” Subsequent to 1736, they had to obtain landlord permission before departing for temporary employment.8 This work turns toward less explored and misinterpreted areas of Anna’s reign. Religion and foreign policy have received little attention relative to the above-mentioned developments. Additionally, the formalization of Anglo-Russian diplomatic and trade relations during Anna’s reign has been erroneously interpreted as the triumph of “modern” nobility who rose as a result of the Petrine reforms. Examination of the diplomatic relations surrounding the Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1734 has 4 Lurana Donnels O’Malley, “Signs from Empresses and Actresses: Women and Theatre in the Eighteenth Century,” in Women in Russian Culture and Society, 1700-1825 (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 12. 5 Michael Khodarkovsky, Russia’s Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500-1800 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002), 156. 6 Barbara Alpern Engel, Women in Russia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004) xv. 7 Lindsey Hughes, The Romanovs: Ruling Russia 1613-1917 (New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2008), 97. 8 Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia Fifth Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 250. 2 focused on
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