2 Volumes Samuel Charles Turner Phd Department of Archaeology

Home , Gwenter, Lesnewth, Record Commission

Christianity and the Landscape of Early Medieval South-West Britain

2 Volumes (Volume 2)

Samuel Charles Turner

PhD

University of York Department of Archaeology

November 2003 List of Contents

Volume 2

Page Appendix 1: Sourcesof evidence 309 Appendix 1.1 Maps 309

Appendix 1.2: Sources of place-name data 315 Appendix 1.3: Sources of historical evidence 316 Appendix 1.4: Archaeological databases 318

Appendix 2: The project database 322 Appendix 2.1 The tables of the project database 322 Appendix 2.2 Entering data using the database forms 325 Appendix 2.3 Glossary of site types 336

Appendix 3: Tables 340

Appendix 4: Figures 369

Abbreviations 418 Period definitions 419

Bibliography 420

308 Appendix 1

Sources of evidence

This Appendix outlines the main sources of primary data available to the landscape archaeologist in the South West (with special emphasis on Cornwall, as used for the detailed case studies in Chapter 3). It aims to outline the availability of the sources and the extent to which they have been used to provide data for this project. It is divided into four sections covering maps, place-names, historical documents and archaeological databases. The use of these sources was discussed in Chapter 2.

Appendix 1.1 Maps

Maps (particularly pre-twentieth century editions) are potentially of great value in assessing the historic character of the landscape and the nature of its settlement patterns and modes of land-use. For example, historic maps often contain information relating to field systems which have now been destroyed or obscured by nineteenth and twentieth-century developments

(see e.g. Barnatt 1999). The south-western counties are particularly rich in early maps. Nevertheless, as with other sources, the value of map data varies depending on the questions asked of it.

Estate maps

Early estate maps which are useful for landscape archaeology began to appear from c. 1580. Maps became more numerous in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (Rackham 1986: 18), and developed particular importance in estate management from c. 1770 (Haslam 1991: 55). Some estate maps are held in the Public Record Office, and some are still in private collections, but for the South West the biggest corpus is cared for by the local county record offices (see e.g. Ravenhill & Rowe 2002).

309 A particularly notable example in Cornwall is Joel Gascoyne's Lanhydrock

Atlas, produced c. 1695. The Atlas records detailed plans of large areas of Cornwall, and has been particularly useful in this project for the St Neot study area where many of the farms in Cardinham parish were part of the

Lanhydrock estate: a copy was obtained from the Cornwall Record Office of all parts of the map falling within the study areas.

Early estate plans have been used extensively in the preparation of the study area Historic Landscape Characterisations (HLCs) since they normally comprise detailed surveys of fields and enclosures (see below). In addition, they are an important source of place-name evidence (particularly for locating place-names on the ground). All pre-Tithe Map estate maps held for each study area in the County Record Office have been consulted for this project, in addition to other important maps held or published elsewhere. In most cases, they have been photocopied, traced or photographed for subsequent use. The following estate maps were consulted in detail during this research:

Map (& date) CRO Ref. Location and parish Book of Plans (C18th, n.d. ) G1872 Manor of Warleggan, Warleggan Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/614/1512 Carburro, St Neot Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/614/1613 Carpuan, St Neot Lanhydrock Atlas (c. 1695) FS2/614123 20 Dewey Mead, St Neot Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) F52/61 4/23a W Colliver, St Neot Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/614/21 18 Bunings Park, St Neot Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/61 412017 E& WPencastle, etc, St Neot Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/614/1916 Woodland, St Neot Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/614/1815 Bowdens,St Neot Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/614/1714 Castle Dewey, etc, St Neot Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/614/42 41 Tenementsof Cabilla, St Neot Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/61412219 Hulk, etc, St Neot Lanhydrock Atlas (c. 1695) FS2/614/1311 Gormans, St Cleer Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/614/33 31-2 Cabilla, Cardinham Lanhydrock Atlas (c. 1695) FS2/614/34 33 Cabilla Barn, Cardinham Lanhydrock Atlas (c. 1695) F52/614/35 45 Tawna, Cardinham

310 Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/614/36 35 Yetta, Cardinham Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/614/37 36 Gilgoth, Cardinham Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/614/38 37 Cabilla Mooreland, Cardinham Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/614/39 38 Tupton, Cardinham Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/614/40 39 Maidenwell, Cardinham Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/614/4140 Pinsla Park, Cardinham Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/614/42 41 Several tenements, Cardinham Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/614/30 27-8 Calliwiths, Cardinham Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/613/57 62 Hender & Copelstone, Minster Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/613/45 48 Symons Tenement, Tintagel Lanhydrock Atlas (c. 1695) FS2/613/6167 Tenement in Forrabury Lanhydrock Atlas (c. 1695) FS2/612/43 40 Gwenter, Trenance, etc, St Keverne Roskymer Estate (1782) X101/3 Polquest, Trevenwith, etc, St Keverne Book of Plans (C18th, n.d. ) G1868 Traboe, Polkerth, Anhay, Trewillis, Traboe Common, etc, St Keverne Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/612/44 41 Predannickwap, Mullion Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/612/4138 Gilly, St Mawgan in Meneage Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/61 1/65 62 Trenowith, Mawgan in Meneage Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/612/54 54 Perbularock etc, St Anthony in Meneage Lanhydrock Atlas (c.1695) FS2/612/55 SS Caveldra etc, St Anthony in Meneage Bosahan Estate (1789) C 260 Bosahan estate, St Anthony in Meneage Book of Plans (n.d. ) G1879 Estates in St Anthony in Meneage & Manaccan parishes

Map (& date) DRO Ref Location and parish Lands in Sandford (c. 1768) 1238a/PX68 Park House & estate, Sandford Newton St Cyres (c.1765) 64/12/21/2 Newton St Cyres Property of Robert Palk (1809) Z17/3/20-1 Buckfastleigh, Rattery, etc Knowle (1759) ZI/50/11 Knowle, Crediton Hamlyn lands (1778) 1292M/H/J Estates in Colebrooke Norden's Crediton Map 48/12/40/13 Crediton Manor, (1808 copy (S4pp. ) of 1598 original) in Crediton Hundred

311 Early county maps In addition to the Lanhydrock Atlas, Joel Gascoyne also produced the first relatively large scale map of an English county with his survey of Cornwall in 1699. A county map of Devon by Benjamin Donn appeared in 1765, after failed attempts by both Gascoyne and Thomas Martyn (Ravenhill 1991: 13- 15). Both Donn's Devon map and Gascoyne's Cornwall map have been re- published by the Devon and Cornwall Record society (Ravenhill 1965; Ravenhill and Padel 1991).

Early county maps such as Andrew and Drury's 1773 map of Wiltshire have sometimes been used to build interpretations about possible medieval settlement patterns (WANHSRB 1952; see Lewis 1994). However, in the relevance of this approach to the real distribution of medieval settlement has been questioned after excavated evidence has shown that in some areas the post-medieval maps do not accurately represent the location of medieval settlement (e.g. Reynolds 1994). In Cornwall, the evidence of excavated medieval settlements suggests there was less change between the medieval period and the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries than in other parts of the country (see e. g. Bodmin Moor: Johnson & Rose 1994), but it is still necessary to exercise caution when using large-scale county maps to illustrate earlier settlement. These maps are therefore most useful for information about routes of communication and general areas of settlement but lack detail necessary for the close study of localities such as field- boundaries and village or hamlet plans.

Enclosure maps Enclosure maps relating to Acts of Parliament exist in all the counties of the south-western peninsula, although they are not as plentiful in as in the counties of easternand central England (see Chapman 1991). They have not been a major sourcefor this project.

312 Tithe maps & apportionments The tithe surveys of the south-western counties are the most comprehensive in their coverage of any of the counties of England and Wales, and are also the among the most detailed (Kain et al. 1991). They are generally the earliest large-scale maps of complete parishes in Cornwall (dating to around 1840), and as a result they have been used extensively in this project. They show much topographical information of value, particularly relating to field- systems and boundaries. In some cases they pre-date the nineteenth-century enclosure of areas of heath and moorland.

Not all tithe maps were made to the same standards, and this means some are more detailed than others. For example, whilst the tithe map of St Cleer in Cornwall shows the names of many settlements and some topographical features, that of Tintagel omits all place-names. This makes the Tintagel map rather more difficult to use. Nevertheless, all the tithe maps in the study area share many features. They all have detailed surveys of fields and field- boundaries, and these depictions clearly show how much field patterns have changed in some areas over the intervening 160 years. In addition, they all have accompanying Tithe Awards which list the field names in each parish

(although some of these are now partly illegible on the copies available for public consultation, e.g. the Trevalga Tithe Award). They also show the parish boundaries as they were in the mid-nineteenth century, and this represents the closest widely available approximation to their medieval extent (Orme 1999: 212).

Copies of the Tithe Maps for all the parishes in the three Cornish study areas were obtained from the Cornwall Record Office and used in the preparation of the HLCs.

313 The early Ordnance Survey maps The complete coverage of the first edition one-inch OS maps have been re- published by David and Charles. These maps are useful for the identification of place-names and routes of communication, although they do contain various errors, for example where neighbouring settlements have accidentally had their names swapped. They are useful for their approximate depictions land-use, which indicate areas of woodland and heathland.

First edition six-inch and twenty-five inch OS maps were produced relatively late for the South-Western counties (Oliver 1991). However, they still depict in great detail the landscape before twentieth century alterations and are therefore of great value, particularly for undertaking HLCs.

Modern maps OS mapping generally provides a reasonablyaccurate, fairly modern survey. Unfortunately, although electronic versions of the maps have been published by the OS, they are not available at the University of York. Printed OS maps are generally available for researchuse without additional charge (OS website last consulted 12/08/02; http://www. ordsvy.gov. uk).

Electronic Bartholomew map data have been available for use in this research through the University of York's subscription. From 2000 the projection of these maps has been altered so that it coincides accurately with OS mapping. They are useful primarily for data such as coast outlines and rough depictions of relief since the scale at which they are digitised is too small to be used at a local level.

Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

The DEM used to provide elevation data in this thesis is the 25m Landmap DEM derived from Landsat satellite data (Landmap website last consulted 15/01/03: http://www. landmap.ac. uk).

314 Appendix 1.2 Sources of place-name data

Institute of Cornish Studies (ICS) place-names index The major source of information on Cornish place-names is the Institute of Cornish Studies' Cornish Place-Names Index, compiled by Oliver Padel and colleagues and housed at the Institute (now in Truro). The Index includes details of all categories of place-name, but is most comprehensive in its coverage of settlement names. The Index includes much information (often with Padel's corrections) from earlier surveys of Cornish place-names, particularly the unpublished typescript of J.E. B. Gover (1948) housed at the Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro and the Cornwall Record Office. It also draws data from original research on a wide range of medieval and post- medieval manuscript and map sources housed in the County Record Office and elsewhere.

English Place-NameSociety (EPNS) volumes The EPNS has published volumes on all the counties of the South West except Somerset. The oldest are the Devon volumes, and although they are still of considerable value they are badly in need of updating (Gover et al. 1932). Dorset and Cornwall have had the most recent treatment. The Cornwall volume complements the ICS Place-Name Index, as it lists the elements found in Cornish place-names with examples rather than each individual occurrence (Padel 1985).

315 Appendix 1.3 Sources of documentary evidence

Pre-Conquest charters

Charters are documents relating to land grants (catalogued in Sawyer 1968;

see now the revised version: Electronic Sawyer). Most have been published at least partly in printed editions on various occasions, and a comprehensive listing of these is published in the Electronic Sawyer.

Pre-Conquest charters survive from all parts of the South West, although they are particularly plentiful in the eastern counties of the region such as Wiltshire. They have been the subject of recent work by Hooke and Costen (e.g. Hooke 1994a;Costen 1994).

Other pre- Conquestwritten sources Other relevant pre-Conquest written sources include the Anglo-Saxon

chronicle (e. g. Swanton 1996), laws (e.g. Attenborough 1922), various vitae, including Asser's Life of King Alfred (Keynes & Lapidge 1983) and several saints' lives (e. g. Vita Prima Sancti Samsonis; Fawtier 1912),

ecclesiastical documents (e.g. manumissions (Hooke 1994a) and certain literary sources, such as Aldhelm's letters (Lapdige & Herren 1979). This

corpus of historical material relating to the South West is relatively small, and has been fairly well studied by historians. The present project therefore relies on the published editions and discussions of these sources.

DomesdayBook

Domesday Book survives at least partially in two versions for the counties of Devon, Cornwall, Somerset and Dorset. These are the Exchequer and Exeter (or Exon) Domesdays. Domesday Book has most recently been published with notes (following the text of Farley 1783-1816) in the

Phillimore editions edited by John Morris, and in this series the differences

316 between the Exchequer and Exon texts are noted. However, the thoroughness of the notes and commentary varies widely between the county volumes, even when produced by the same author(s). For example, the Cornwall volume has only minimal notes, whereas Devon is very fully commented upon (this deficiency is partly compensated by the Devon volume since much of relevance to Cornwall is described there; Thorn & Thorn 1979a; Thorn & Thorn 1985). Domesday contains the earliest recorded use of many place-names and hundred-names, as well as invaluable information about taxation, agriculture, population and land-use.

Later medieval documents:ecclesiastical records Later medieval ecclesiastical records such as episcopal registers (e. g. EAA Exeter), charters (e.g. the cartularies of St Michael's Mount and Launceston:

Hull 1962; Hull 1987) and ecclesiastical taxation records (e. g. the 1291 Pope Nicholas Taxation: Hingeston-Randolph 1889) have been used in the present study when they cast light on the institutional status of individual churches, church estates, and their relationships with other bodies. Where available, published editions have been consulted. However, the majority of medieval documents exist only in manuscript form, and in these cases the main source for Cornwall is the massive corpus of notes (mainly manuscript, but some published) compiled by Charles Henderson in the early twentieth century (e. g. Henderson EA; EAEC; EC; 1958). Henderson was a pioneering interdisciplinary scholar (though trained as a historian) who undertook extensive research on the medieval documents, topography and monuments of Cornwall in preparation for the publication of a planned Ecclesiastical History of Cornwall and Topography of Cornwall. He died before his work was complete so there is some variation in the comprehensiveness with which his notes cover different parishes.

317 Later medieval documents: secular records Manorial extents, grants to secular land-holders and related documents have occasionally been used in the present study when they have some bearing on the extent or nature of ecclesiastical estates or settlement patterns. The main sources used in the present study are published editions (e.g. Hull 1971) and Henderson's notes (see above).

Post-medievaldocuments

Certain types of post-medieval documents such as glebe terriers may provide some indication as to the status of medieval churches and their relationships to other monuments (see e. g. Cardinham in St Neot case study). The sources used include published versions (e. g. Potts 1974) and Henderson's notes.

Some works of early post-medieval scholarship such as Roscarrock's Lives of the Saints of Devon and Cornwall have been used for information relating to ecclesiasticalinstitutions (Orme 1992; seealso Orme 2000).

Appendix 1.4 Archaeological Databases

Sites Monuments Records and - Sites and monuments records (SMRs) are databases of information about archaeological sites and events which are normally maintained at the county or unitary authority level. The way information is held and the amount of data varies between SMRs depending on how each one has been compiled and who has been responsible for maintaining it.

In Cornwall the SMR has been one of the most important sources for the present study, and a considerable volume of information about

318 archaeological sites in each of the study areas has been extracted from the database.

The Cornwall SMR is maintained and held in Truro by the Cornwall Historic Environment Service (CHES; formerly the Cornwall

Archaeological Unit), part of Cornwall County Council. CHES is also the Council's archaeological contractor and carries out most of the archaeological work undertaken in the county. The SMR is held on computer as a Microsoft Access database, which means records are easy to search and locate by keyword. The database has its origins in the records of the Cornwall Committee for Rescue Archaeology, and prior to the mid-

1990s was held in paper files. The process of conversion to computer files was sub-contracted to an external data-entry company who were not archaeological specialists (Ann Preston-Jones, pers. comm. ). This means that some records are confused, although the old files are still available for consultation. Unfortunately, the inaccuracies which can exist in the data (most commonly incorrect grid references) mean that apart from very general purposes (e. g. production of county-wide distribution maps) all references from the SMR have to be checked against modern maps, and sometimes against the original paper files.

In addition to the database of sites, the SMR includes a large collection of air photographs, a complete set of 1S`edition OS 6-inch maps, and a full set of Cornwall's tithe maps on microfiche. During research for the study areas (Chapter 3), air photos and historic mapping were consulted in cases where the SMR contains an unclear or muddled site description. A decision was then made about the identity of the site in question on the basis of all

available evidence.

One major drawback of the SMR is that the data is not uniformly detailed acrossthe county for each different category of site, and this will inevitably have affected some of the data gathered for the present project (e.g. distribution of rounds; see Herring & Johnson 1997). Fortunately, the

319 Cornwall SMR database has benefited from innovative initiatives such as the Rapid [monument] Identification Surveys carried out in 1993-4 and the ongoing English Heritage National Mapping Programme (NMP), which is being carried out for Cornwall by CHES. Results from all these projects are incorporated into the SMR with the aim of correcting some of the current imbalances in the database (CAU 1995).

Archaeological expertise in Cornwall is relatively centralised within CHES, and relatively few other contractors work in the county. CHES therefore generates and inputs most new SMR records. The modern and efficient method of data storage makes the Cornwall SMR relatively coherent and easy to use.

Other SMRs have also been used for the present study for various sorts of information, but as noted above, the level of information and ease of access at each SMR is different. The Devon SMR, for example, is maintained by the Devon County Council Environment Department at their offices in Exeter. Unlike Cornwall, Devon County Council have maintained responsibility only for the curatorial side of archaeology, with survey and fieldwork being sub-contracted to commercial units such as Exeter

Archaeology. This makes transfer of information into the SMR database more difficult than in Cornwall. Another dissimilarity is that whilst CHES have fully computerised their records, the Devon SMR still has to be consulted in paper files organised by OS map square. This means searching the Devon SMR and noting relevant records is considerably more time- consuming than working on its Cornish equivalent.

National Monuments Record

The National Monuments Record (NMR) is an extensive database of archaeological sites, air photos, surveys, buildings records and an excavation archive (catalogue publicly available at http://ads. ahds. ac. uk).

320 Although it is in many ways complementary to the SMRs, the NMR also contains much information that is repeated.

This is particularly the case in Cornwall. In some local authority areas (such as Devon) the results of survey activity conducted by English Heritage (and the former Royal Commission on Historic Monuments of England (RCHME)) is not necessarily incorporated into the local SMR (or copies even held there), but rather archived directly with the NMR (see e.g. RCHME 1999: Appendix). However, in Cornwall much survey work is undertaken by CHES, or with their participation, so the results are generally incorporated into the SMR.

This also applies to the results of the National Mapping Programme (NMP), which is being incorporated straight into the Cornwall SMR upon completion of each section. The NMP for the whole of the Tintagel study area had been completed and the results incorporated into the SMR in time for use in the present study. Unfortunately, this work has not been completed in the other study areas (although see Johnson & Rose 1994 for part of the St Neot study area).

The NMR has therefore not been a major source for data about the Cornish study areas. However, it has been consulted for the results of English Heritage/RCHME surveys and other data in some other parts of the South West.

321 Appendix 2 The Project Database

The database used to hold data for the case studies in this project has been created using Borland Paradox v. 7, software available to this project via the University of York's license.

Appendix 2.1 The Tables of the Project Database

The main tables and their contents (in outline) are as follows:

1. Sites & Monuments

This table contains various pieces of information about the name(s) of each site, the date of origin (or date range), the type of evidence the data on the site is derived from, and the class and type of the site.

The possible classes ('Broad terms') and types ('Narrow terms') are listed in the `Glossary of Site Types' (below, Appendix 2.3). This is based on the RCHME's Thesaurus of Monument Types 2°d edition (RCHME 1998b), although some adaptation has occurred to allow the classes and types to be used most effectively in the present project. The `Broad' and `Narrow' terms are generally intended to describe the site's original use rather than any subsequent or modem use (for which see `Phases' table, below).

The name of the site is the modem name, or that by which the site is most commonly known. There is a separate field for recording the earliest known name form and the date this was first recorded.

Another feature of the `Sites & Monuments' table is the `Evidence Qualifier' field. The nature of some sites is not securely identified (e.g. some earthworks, cropmarks or sites indicated by place-names). This feature

322 allows the researcher to indicate the level of certainty with which the `class' and `type' of any site has been identified from the source of evidence indicated (on a scale of `Certain', `Probable' or `Possible').

2. Site/Monument Location

This table records details about the known location(s) of each site or monument. In the case of monuments which are known to have moved in the past (common in the case of crosses, for example), one entry in the `Sites & Monuments' table will require more than one entry in the `Location' table.

3. Site/MonumentPhase

The `Phases' table records information about the different uses each site or monument may have had in each location. The classification used is the same as that in the `Sites & Monuments' table, as described in the Glossary (below, Appendix 2.3). The approximate period of time for each `phase' is also indicated.

4. Publication

All sites entered must have at least one reference to show the source the data was derived from. These references can be to published items or to unpublished databases such as SMRs. Details about these references and full bibliographic data are held in the `Publication' table.

S. Subsidiary tables: (i) Crossesand (ii) Inscribed Stones These two tables are linked directly to the `Sites & Monuments' table and hold extra data on crossesand inscribed stones (respectively) that could not be included there (e.g. texts of inscriptions, detail about decoration). The `Crosses' table contains a further level of classification relating to ornament on crossesand related monuments. A glossary for this field is included in Appendix 2.

323 6. Sub-table: References

This sub-table's main role is to link the `Sites & Monuments' and `Publication' tables, as shown in Table 2.2. It additionally contains information such as page references in a given book or article, or reference numbers in an archaeological database (e. g. SMR numbers).

324 Appendix 2.2 Entering data using the database forms

The sources used to provide the information included in the database are outlined in Appendix 1. Data has been entered onto the database using three `forms'. These `forms' display the data from one or many tables together, in a more user-friendly format than the tables themselves. The `Sites' form displays data from the `Sites & Monuments', `Location', 'Phases' and

'Reference' tables which relate to each individual entry in the `Sites & Monuments' table (see above, Appendix 2.1). The `Stone monuments' form combines data from the `Crosses' and `Inscribed Stones' tables (see above). The `Publications' form displays only bibliographic information form the

`Publication' table (see above) and is not discussed further.

The following text describesin some detail the conventions developed for entering data onto the database.The text, the mini-glossaries it contains, and the `Glossaryof Site Types' (below, Appendix 2.3), were intended to ensure that the data used in the case-studieshad been entered in a reliable and consistent manner according to established standards(see RCHME 1998a; 1998b).

Using the `Sites' Form

The `Sites' form is made up of information from the `Sites & Monuments', `Location', `Phases' and `References'tables, presentedin that order.

Sites & Monuments

Site No: Unique identifier, increasing by one with each entry Name: The commonly used (or modem) name of a site

325 Site Type (BT): The Broad Term for the type of site as it is classified archaeologically. Thus the BT for a Cornish round is SETTLEMENT. The terms are laid out in the `Glossary of Site Types' (below, Appendix 2.3), which is based on the RCHM(E)'s Thesaurus of Monument Types (RCHME 1998b).

Sub Type (NT): Gives more precision to the Broad Term. Thus the NT for a round is ROUND, making the whole `Type' for a round: (BT) SETTLEMENT - (NT) ROUND. Seethe `Glossaryof Site Types.' Special Note:

When entering SETTLEMENTs where `splitting' has occurred (see Austin et al. 1989), e.g. Great Tredinnick and Little Tredinnick, or West Northwood and East Northwood, both settlements have been entered as separate records in the following format: TREDINNICK GREAT

and TREDINNICK LITTLE

Both have the same `evidence qualifier' (see below) unless there is a good reason to differentiate between them. Also both have the same `category of evidence', `name first recorded' and `date first recorded' etc. (see below)

Category of Evidence: The main source of evidence used to identify the site, denoted by the following codes: AIR Air Photo DOC Documentary EXC Excavated EXT Extant FDS Field Survey MAP Cartographic evidence OTH Other PFN Place-name

Form of Evidence: based on the glossary used in the Cornwall SMR (with additions): AIR Air Photo Site ARC Architectural feature/fitting

326 CHF Chance find CRP Cropmark DIS Disused DOC Documentary evidence EWK Earthwork EXF Excavated find EXS Excavated Site EXT Extant monument FWF Fieldwalking find GPH Geophysical survey LOS Lost MAP Cartographic evidence PFN Placename/fieldname PPN Earliest reference is a personal name including the place-name (evidence qualifier = PROB) ROB Roofed building RUB Ruined building SLM Soilmark SOF Site of STR Structure SWK Stonework TRA Traditional Site UNF Unprovenanced Find WWK Woodwork

Evidence Qualifier: Describes the level of certainty that the site was what it has been interpreted as in the database record. Evidence qualifier is based on the type of the evidence used and has been applied consistently throughout the database (examples below): CERT Certain PROB Probable POSS Possible e.g. CERT: a stone monument with distinctively Hiberno-Saxon ornament as an indicator of a pre-conquestCross e.g. PROB: a place-name including `gear' as an indicator of round e.g. POSS: a place-name with `CROSS PARK' next to a cross-roads as indicator of the former site of a stone cross

Min Century of Origin: Earliest likely date of origin, based on archaeological/ historical data or analogy with other sites of the sameType (intendedonly as a very roughguide).

327 Max Century of Origin: Latest date site/monument is believed to have been created, based on archaeological / historical data or analogy with other sites of the same Type (e. g. 7= during the seventh century. Intended only as a very rough guide).

Period of Origin: Intended as a rough guide to the period of origin of the site. One of the following has been used: UX Unknown PX Prehistoric undated BC HX Historic undated AD BA Bronze Age 2500-800 BC IA Iron Age 800 BC- AD 50 RB Romano-British AD 50-AD 400 MX Medieval uncertain AD 400-AD 1600 EM Early Medieval AD 400-AD 1100 LM Later Medieval AD 1100-AD 1600 PM Post medieval AD 1600-AD 1900 MO Modern AD 1900-present

To Third of Century: If the date of origin is known precisely, 1,2, or 3 has been used to indicate which third of the century the site or monument dates from.

Name Form First Recorded: The earliest known form of the site's name Name Language: The languageof the earliest known form: BRITISH (for sites not in Cornwall with Brittonic place-names) BRETON (for borrowings from Breton, e.g. Kenketh & Kenkeese in Cardinham, Cornwall) CORNISH (for sites in Cornwall) ENGLISH (placeswith English names) UNKNOWN (where languageof name is unclear) Date Name First Recorded: The date the earliest known form was recorded Domesday Form: The name form first recorded in Domesday Book, if applicable

Name Elements 1,2 & 3: The elementsof the name (e.g. tre-, caer-, -tun) Name Meaning: The meaning of the name, as given by relevant authority (e.g. Padel 1986; ICS Index)

328 Location

The `Location' section of the form contains information about a site's known current and previous locations.

Location No: Starting with the earliest known location for each site/monument as Location No. `1' 100 km: OS 100 km grid square,e. g. SX NGR East: The Basting as located in sources or on modem 1:25,000 OS Explorer map NGR North: The northing as located in sources or on modem 1:25,000 OS Explorer map GIS East: The easting as a 6-figure reference (i. e. theoretically accurate to 1m). The first letter of the 100km grid square is represented by the first digit, to give an absolute Basting (see RCHME Midas data standard handbook (RCHME 1998a;- e. g. the `S' in `SX' becomes 2). If the NGR East (the source) is only a 3- or 4-figure reference, the missing end digits have been replaced with 5s (the site is therefore plotted in the middle of the correct grid square rather than in one corner). GIS North: As for GIS East. (e. g. The `X' in `SX' becomes 0)

Height: Height above ordnance datum (to within 5 metres)

Civil Parish: The present civil parish Ecclesiastical Parish: The historic ecclesiastical parish, based on the Tithe Map Hundred: The Domesday hundred (after Thorn & Thorn 1979a; 1979b; 1980; 1983; 1985) County: Pre-1974 county

Setting: The topographical location of the site (after Cornwall SMR terminology, with alterations):

BEACH - Beach, above high water CLIFF - Cliff top, sea stack

329 COLL - Col DUNE - Dune ESTU - Estuary CFACE - Cliff face HLSLP - Hillslope HLTOP - Hilltop ISLSEA - Island in sea ISLRIV - Island in river ISLLAK - Island in lake ISLMAR - Island in marshland MARN - Marine PLAT - Plateau headland PROM - Promontory, RIDGE - Ridge SPUR - Spur TIDAL - Inter-tidal zone VALBO - Valley bottom VALHD - Valley head VALSD - Valley side

Phases

Phase No: Starting with the earliest known phase for each site (as Phase No. `1'). A `phase' is defined here as a period of use for a particular purpose, e.g. the period during which a carved cross shaft was used as a doorstep, etc.

Location No: The location (as entered above) in which this phase took place.

Use Type and Use Sub Type: Ùse Types' (BT) and Ùse Sub Types' (NT) are the same categories as the `Site Types' and `Sub Types' defined above for the `Sites and Monuments' part of this form, although here they refer to the function of a monument in the particular phase in question. A pre- Conquest cross with two phases, first used for its original monumental purpose and later re-used as a step would have the following phases and ÙseTypes':

330 Phase Use Type (BT) Use Sub Type (NT) 1 CROSS HIBERNO-SAXON 2 PEDESTRIAN TRANSPORT STEP

Min Century: the earliest likely century this phase began. Derived from archaeological / historical data or analogy with other sites of the same type (rough guide only).

Max Century: The latest century during which this phase may have begun. Derived from archaeological / historical data or analogy with other sites of the same type (rough guide only). Note that the uncertainty inherent in using the latest reasonable date for one phase and the earliest reasonable date for the next phase may mean that the dates of phases in the database for any given site may well overlap. Hence e.g. for a round: Phase Use Type Min Date Max Date 1 SETTLEMENT 16 2 AEL* 3 20

*(where AEL = Anciently Enclosed Land, i. e. medieval farmland as identified by the HLC)

Period: Many phases will have overlapped several chronological period divisions noted below. Where this is the case the period when the phase began is indicated. E. g. the `phases' for a round abandoned in the late Roman period would be entered as follows:

Phase Use Type Min Date Max Date Period 1 SETTLEMENT 1 6 RB 2 AEL 3 20 EM

331 The `period' indicators have been selected from the following categories: UX Unknown PX Prehistoric undated BC HX Historic undated AD BA Bronze Age 2500-800 BC IA Iron Age 800BC-AD50 RB Romano-British AD 50-AD 400 MX Medieval uncertain AD 400-AD 1600 EM Early Medieval AD 400-AD 1100 LM Later Medieval AD 1100-AD 1600 PM Post medieval AD 1600-AD 1900 MO Modern AD 1900-present

Status: This field gives an idea of the status of the site in the context of this phase. It is intended mainly for use with sites that have `SETTLEMENT' as their BT.. If a settlement has reverted to some other use, e.g. a round to a field, NAP (Not Applicable) has been used for the post-settlement phases. Choosefrom: CAT Cathedral CCH Collegiate church CHAP Chapel EC Estate centre ECH Estatechurch IND Industrial (e. g. mills, tin-works, etc. ) MAN Manorial centre MINCH Major ecclesiasticalcentre MON Monastery NAP Not Applicable ORS Other religious settlement OSS Other secular settlement PAR Parish church REC Royal estatecentre RMAN Royal manor TOWN Town

Owner Name: If the name of (an) owners during this phaseis known, insert it here

Owner at Date: Insert the date(s)of their ownership Tenant Name: If the name of (a) tenant(s) during this phase is known, insert it here

Tenant Status: Insert the date(s) of their tenancy

332 References

The database includes references to each site in primary and secondary published and `grey' sources. Generally they are self-explanatory. This form was used to enter references relating to the site in question. A different for `Reference no' was entered each relevant source - i. e. one for the SMR number, one for the NMR number, one each for references in any published items, one for a reference in Domesday Book, etc. Published/Grey Item: Harvard reference: `Bloggs 1999'. If `Bloggs 1999' was already a in the database, new items were differentiated using `b', `c', `d', etc, i. e. Bloggs 1999, Bloggs 1999b, Bloggs 1999c, Bloggs 1999d etc. will all be different publications. Pages: This field refers to the page numbers in the item indicated where the reference to the site in question can be located.

Using the `Stonemon' (Stone Monuments) form

This form was used for storing additional information about crosses (see Langdon 1896; Preston-Jones & Okasha 1997) and inscribed stones (see Thomas 1994; Okasha 1993). The `Sites' form was always completed before adding additional details were added here.

Site No, Name, References, etc Entered through the `sites' form.

UNIVERSITY 333 OFYORK For Crosses Only:

Ornament Type: Refers to the type of ornament on the stone. Acted as a second level of `Sub Type (NT)' (see `Sites' form, above) specific to crosses: CHAMFERED SHAFT GOTHIC INCISED CROSS INTERLACE KEY PATTERNS LANTERN HEAD WITH FIGURES NOT APPLICABLE MANX RING CHAIN RELIEF CARVED CROSS RING HEAD RING KNOT SPIRAL SCROLLWORK TRIQUETRA KNOT WINCHESTER STYLE

Okasha Number: (If applicable: Okasha 1993) Macalister/Thomas Number: (If applicable: after Thomas 1994) Language of Names: The language of any personal names appearing on the monument: ENGLISH BRITISH LATIN UNKNOWN

Inscription Language: The language of the inscription: ENGLISH LATIN UNKNOWN

Inscription Text: The text of the inscription as given in the relevant authority, e.g. Okasha 1993 Notes: Free-text notes field up to 255 characters. Used for notes necessary to qualify any of the above entries, especially regarding Ornament Type or Inscription Text

334 For Inscribed Stones Only: Okasha Name: (After Okasha 1993) Okasha Number: (After Okasha 1993) Macalister/Thomas Number: (After Thomas 1994) Formula: Chosenfrom: FILI HIC IACIT SINGE NAME UNKNOWN Script: (SeeOkasha 1993: 18ff.) Chosenfrom: CAPITAL INSULAR OGAM ONLY UNKNOWN Names Language: (See Okasha 1993: 43ff. ) Chosen from: PCELTIC British QCELTIC Irish UCELTIC Unknown Celtic LATINLatin UNKNOWN Unknown Layout: Chosen from: HORIZONTAL VERTICAL Letter Forms: Chosen from: ANGLE BAR A HORIZONTAL I NOT APPLICABLE Art: Choose: YES NOT APPLICABLE Inscription Text: Text as cited in Okasha 1993 Notes: Free-text notes field up to 255 characters. Used for notes necessary to qualify any of the above entries, especially regarding Art or Inscription Text

335 Appendix 2.3

Glossary of Site Types

[Words in square brackets expand abbreviations only used in database and noted here]

BT NT

ADMINISTRATIVE SITE GALLOWS MEETING PLACE MEETING PLACE MOUND POUND

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURE(S) BURIED FEATURE(S)

ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENT AGRICULTURAL USE ARCH FRAGMENT PINNACLE WALL FABRIC

BURIAL SITE CAIRN CEMETERY CAIRN SINGLE BARROW CEMETERY BARROW SINGLE CREMATION CEMETERY CREMATION SINGLE EXECUTION CEMETERY EXECUTION BURIAL FIELD NAME INHUMATION CEMETERY INHUMATION CEMETERY CIST GRAVES INHUMATION SINGLE INHUMATION SINGLE CIST GRAVE PLACE NAME

CASTLE MOTTE AND BAILEY HIGH MEDIEVAL

CERAMIC ASSEMBLAGE EARLY MEDIEVAL POTTERY LATER MEDIEVAL POTTERY POSTROMAN MEDITERRANEANPOTTERY

336 ROMANO BRITISH POTTERY ROMAN TILE

CIVIL DEFENCE BEACON

CHURCH CHAPEL CHURCH CATHEDRAL FIELD NAME GRANGE HERMITAGE HOSPITAL MONASTERY

COIN ROMAN COIN ROMAN COIN HOARD

CROSS CROSS BASE FIELD NAME GRAVE MARKER OTHER HIBERNO SAXON INCISED LANTERN HEADED LATIN PLACE NAME POST CONQUEST OTHER ROUND HEADED UNDIAGNOSTIC FRAGMENT NT2: Ornament Type (in Crosses sub-table) CHAMFERED SHAFT GOTHIC INCISED CROSS INTERLACE KET PATTERNS LANTERN HEAD WITH FIGURES NOT APPLICABLE MANX RING CHAIN RELIEF CARVED CROSS RING HEAD RING KNOT SPIRAL SCROLLWORK TRIQUETRA KNOT WINCHESTER STYLE

CROSSING

337 CROSSROADS BRIDGE FORD

ENCL [Enclosure] ENCL ENCL CIRCULAR ENCL CURVILINEAR ENCL RECTILINEAR 66 SD [Single-ditched] 44 DD [Double- ditched] 96 MD [Multiple ditches]

FIELD BOUNDARY GATEPOST HEDGE BANK WALL

FORT CIVIL WAR FORT CLIFF CASTLE HILLFORT ROMAN FORT

INSCRIBED STONE INSCRIBED STONE ROMAN INSCRIPTION

MISCELLANEOUS SMALL FIND MISC SMALL FIND ASSEMBLAGE STONE MORTAR

LOST LOST

PEDESTRIAN TRANSPORT FOOTBRIDGE STEPS

RELIGIOUS RITUAL OTHER FOGOU STANDING STONE

SETTLEMENT COUNTRY HOUSE HAMLET HOMESTEAD MILL

338 ROUND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL SALTWORKING SITE ROYAL CENTRE TOWN TRANSHUMANCE DWELLING VILLA VILLAGE

SUNDIAL SUNDIAL PLINTH

WELL HOLY WELL SPRING WELL

Land-Use Categories*: (* Land-usecategories for use with post-abandonmentPhases of deserted settlementsites, after Cornwall County Council 1994).

AEL* [Anciently Enclosed Land] AELP [Anciently Enclosed Land - prehistoric enclosure] AELM [Anciently Enclosed Land - medieval enclosure] AEL19 [Anciently Enclosed Land - significantly alteration in C1Ö`h/C 19th] AEL20 [Anciently Enclosed Land - significantly alteration in C20`h]

MILITARY* AIRFIELD

REL* [Recently Enclosed Land] RELPM [Recently Enclosed Land - post-medieval enclosure] REL20 [Recently Enclosed Land - C20`henclosure]

RGR* [Rough Ground] CRGR [Coastal Rough Ground] URGR [Upland Rough Ground]

SSV* [Steep Sided Valleys] SSV [Steep Sided Valleys]

UNKNOWN UNKNOWN

339 Appendix 3

Tables

340 Histories & chronicles Place-names Poetry Earthworks Saints' lives Cropmarks Excavation data Folklore Pollen studi Standing Buildings Archaeological syntheses HLC Stone (e. g. artef act typologies) Charters monuments

Correlation & Contrast Localised

Table 2.1: Two types of data

1. Sites & ý-º 6.Reference H 4. Publications Monuments

5a. Crosses F 2. Locations 5b. Inscribed Stones I 3. Phases

Table 2.2 Data model showing relationships between tables in the project database

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344 Church Distance Royal Centre Status: (certainty that (to nearest site was a Phase 2 royal 0.5km) centre) St Petroc, Bodmin 12 km Lanescot Probable Constantine 7.5 km Helston Very Probable Crantock 11.5 km Arralas Possible Lammana 12 km Liskeard Very Probable Launceston 20 km Lesnewth Probable Minster 2 km Lesnewth Probable Old Kea 13 km Arralas Possible Padstow 18.5 km Helstone Very Probable

Paul 3.5 km Lesingey Possible Phillack 14 km Lesingey Possible Probableus 6.5 km Arralas Possible St Anthony 9.5 km Lestowder Possible St Buryan 6 km Lesingey Possible St Cadix 5.5 km Lanescot Probable St Germans 12.5 km Liskeard Very Probable St Gorans 15 km Lanescot Probable St Keverne 2 km Lesneague Possible St Kew 8 km Helstone Very Probable St Michaels Mount 6 km Lesingey Possible St Neot 7.5 km Liskeard Very Probable St Pirans Oratory 11.5 km Arralas Possible Perranzabuloe

Table 3.3: Distance from high-statuschurches to the possible royal centresof the sixth-ninth centuriesAD in Cornwall (italics: churchesof particularly doubtful status: Olson 1989: 105)

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z 0 ö 3 3 3 3 3 358 Valley bottom or Valley head Hill slope Hill top or spur island in marsh Padstow Doulting Glastonbury Exeter St Kew Shaftesbury Axminster Malmesbury Crediton (Glastonbury) Plympton Beaminster Cranborne Gillingham Iwerne Minster Sherbome Sturminster Marshall Wareham Whitchurch Canonicorum Wimborne Muchelney Bath Athelney Taunton Wells Banwell Cheddar Congresbury Damerham Bradford on Avon Britford Tisbury Ramsbury

Table 4.2: Locations of major churcheswith reliable evidence for foundation in the C9th or earlier

359 Valley Valley side / Hill slope Hilltop / bottom Valley head ridge / promontory (of all sites) (59%) (15%) (10%) (17%)

Wiltshire 79% 6% 6% 9% Somerset 63% 17% 8% 11% Dorset 60% 24% 8% 8% Devon 45% 15% 11% 29% Cornwall 36%2 23% 18% 23%

'Includes sites on low islands in marshland 2Includessites amid sanddunes 3Includessites on islands in the sea.Figures are approximate since identifications of minsters remain provisional

Table 4.3: Physical locations of ecclesiastical centres

360 Royal Vill First Domesday County Holder in 1066 Recorded Name

Axminster 757 Alseminstre Devon King Edward

Axmouth Alfred's will Alsemvde Devon King Edward Branscombe Alfred's will Branchescome Devon Bishop Leofric Of Exeter Braunton 973 Brantone Devon King Edward Colyton 939x946 Cvlitone Devon King Edward

Cullompton Alfred's will Colitone Devon Thorbert Exminster Alfred's will Axeminstre Devon King Edward Hartland Alfred's will Hertitone Devon Countess Gytha Lifton Alfred's will Listone Devon Queen Edith Tiverton Alfred's will Tovretone Devon CountessGytha Damerham Alfred's will Dobreham Dorset King Edward Dorchester 833 Dorecestre Dorset King Edward Puddletown 976 Piretone Dorset Earl (King) Harold

Sturminster Alfred's will Sturminstre Dorset Archbishop Marshall Stigand Sutton Poyntz 891 Sutone Dorset King Edward Wareham 786 Warham Dorset (Town)

Whitchurch Alfred's will Witcerce Dorset St Wandrille's Canonicorum (1086)

Table 4.4 Royal vills with pre-AD1000 evidence in Devon, Dorset, Somersetand Wiltshire and their Domesday Book holders THE (after Sawyer 1983, with additions; seealso Wormald 2001: 272-273). King Alfred's will probably datesto between 872-888 (Keynes & Lapidge 1983). (Table continued overleaf).

361 Royal Vill Date First Domesday County Holder in 1066 Recorded Name

Bath 796 Bade Somerset Queen Edith

Burnham Alfred's will Bvrneham Somerset Brictsi Cannington Alfred's will Candetone Somerset King Edward Carhampton Alfred's will Carentone Somerset King Edward Cheddar 956 Cedre Somerset King Edward

Chewton Mendip Alfred's will Ciwetvne Somerset Queen Edith Congresbury Alfred's will Cvngresberie Somerset Earl (King) Harold

Crewkerne Alfred's will Crvche Somerset QueenEdith Frome 955 Frome Somerset King Edward Kilton Alfred's will Chilvetvne Somerset Alfward & Leofric

Somerton 733 Svmertone Somerset King Edward Taunton 722 Tantone Somerset Archbishop Stigand

Wedmore Alfred's will Wetmore Somerset King Edward Wimborne 718 Winborne Somerset King Edward Yeovil Alfred's will Me Somerset Thegns

Table 4.4 (Continued from previous page; continues overleaf).

362 Amesbury 858 Amblesberie Wiltshire King Edward Bedwyn 968 Bedvinde Wiltshire King Edward Caine 977 Cavna Wiltshire King Edward Chippenham 853 Chepenham Wiltshire King Edward Chisledon Alfred's will Chiseldene Wiltshire St Peter's, Winchester

Downton Eadred's will Dvntone Wiltshire Bishop of Winchester Edington 878 Edendone Wiltshire St Mary's, Romsey

Pewsey Alfred's will Pevesei Wiltshire St Peter's, Winchester Wardour 899 Werdore Wiltshire St Mary's, Wilton Warminster 899 Gverminstre Wiltshire King Edward Wilton 838 Wiltvnie Wiltshire (Town)

Table 4.4 (Continued from previous page).

363 Church County Closest royal Distance Ownership viii (to km) Axminster Devon Axminster <1km Royal Crediton Devon Exeter (burh) 11km Ecclesiastical

Exeter Devon Exeter (burh) <1km Royal/Eccl Plympton Devon Plympton <1km Eccl/Royal Beaminster Dorset Kingsland 4km Ecclesiastical Cranborne Dorset Knowlton 4km Ecclesiastical Gillingham Dorset Gillingham 1km Royal Iwerne Minster Dorset Child Okeford 4km Ecclesiastical Shaftesbury Dorset Shaftesbury <1km Royal/Eccl (burh) Sherborne Dorset Milborne Port 4km Ecclesiastical Sturminster Dorset Sturminster <1km Royal Marshall Marshall

Wareham Dorset Wareham <1km Eccl/Royal

Table 4.5: Major early churches (pre-AD 900 evidence) and nearest known royal vill (italics indicate reliable pre-AD1000 evidence for royal vill or burh). ('Ownership' indicates earliest known owner of the estatewhere the church stood ('Ecclesiastical' includes both episcopal and monastic owners). `Eccl/Royal' indicates uncertainty or caseswhere both large royal and ecclesiasticalestates were centred on the samelocation)

364 Church County Closest royal Distance Ownership viii (to km) Whitchurch Dorset Whitchurch <1km Royal Canonicorum Canonicorum

Wimborne Dorset Wimborne

Banwell Somerset Congresbury 6km Royal/Eccl Bath Somerset Bath <1km Royal/Eccl Cheddar Somerset Cheddar

Bradford on Wiltshire Bath 8km Ecclesiastical Avon Britford Wiltshire Britford

Table 4.5: (Continued from previous page):

365 Royal Vill Date First County Nearest Minster Distance Recorded Church or Monastery Axminster 757 Devon Axminster <1 km

Axmouth Alfred's will Devon Colyton 3 km Branscombe Alfred's will Devon Colyton 7 km Braunton 973 Devon Braunton <1 km Colyton 939x946 Devon Colyton <1 km Cullompton Alfred's will Devon Cullompton <1 km Exminster Alfred's will Devon Exminster <1 km Hartland Alfred's will Devon Stoke St Nectan 2.5 km Lifton Alfred's will Devon Launceston 6 km Tiverton Alfred's will Devon Tiverton <1 km Dorchester 833 Dorset Fordington <1 km Puddletown 976 Dorset Puddletown <1 km Sturminster Alfred's will Dorset Sturminster <1 km Marshall Marshall Sutton Poyntz 891 Dorset Preston <1 km Wareham 786 Dorset Wareham <1 km Whitchurch Alfred's will Dorset Whitchurch <1 km Canonicorum Wimborne 718 Dorset Wimborne <1 km Bath 796 Somerset Bath <1 km

Table 4.6: Royal vills (reliable pre-AD1000 evidence) and nearestminster churches(italics indicates reliable pre-AD900 evidence) King Alfred's will probably datesto between 872-888 (Keynes & Lapidge 1983). (Table continued overleaf... )

366 Burnham Alfred's will Somerset Cannington 11 km Cannington Alfred's will Somerset Cannington <1 km Carhampton Alfred's will Somerset Carhampton <1 km Cheddar 956 Somerset Cheddar <1 km Chewton Mendip Alfred's will Somerset Chewton Mendip <1 km Congresbury Alfred's will Somerset Congresbury <1 km Crewkerne Alfred's will Somerset Crewkerne <1 km Frome 955 Somerset Frome <1 km Kilton Alfred's will Somerset Stogumber 9 km Somerton 733 Somerset Northover 6 km Taunton 722 Somerset Taunton <1 km Wedmore Alfred's will Somerset Wedmore <1 km Yeovil Alfred's will Somerset Yetminster 6 km Amesbury 858 Wiltshire Amesbury <1 km Bedwyn 968 Wiltshire Bedwyn <1 km Caine 977 Wiltshire Caine <1 km Chippenham 853 Wiltshire Chippenham <1 km Chisledon Alfred's will Wiltshire Aldbourne 9 km Damerham Alfred's will Wiltshire Damerham <1 km Downton Eadred's will Wiltshire Downton <1 km Edington 878 Wiltshire Westbury 5 km Pewsey Alfred's will Wiltshire Pewsey <1 km Wardour 899 Wiltshire Tisbury 3 km Warminster 899 Wiltshire Warminster <1 km Wilton 838 Wiltshire Wilton <1 km

Table 4.6 (Table continued from previous page)

367 0 0 0 0

4 - N M O CA 0 44

44 . b v d -Ü . 2 1, - = z z z

Wiltshire 20% 50% 30% 0% (40 hundreds) Dorset 31% 53% 13% 3% (39 hundreds) Somerset 22% 61% 14% 3% (36 hundreds) Devon 41% 28% 28% 3% (32 hundreds)

Table 4.7: Certain and likely high-status churches and hundredsin central and western Wessex. Figures are approximate since identifications of minsters remain provisional (extent of hundredsbased on Thorn & Thorn 1979b (Wiltshire); 1980 (Somerset); 1983 (Dorset); 1985 (Devon). Seealso Figs. 4.1,4.2, & 4.3).

368 Appendix 4

Figures

369 a_) ä E O 3 3 0 U -d U E.., O

370 Key:

(For Figs. 2.1-2.3,3.5,3.8-3.25)

Historic Landscape Character types conventions:

Ancient Woodland

0 Medieval Farmland

Rough Ground

Indicative contours (All heights in metres. Elevation data derived from Landsat 25m Digital Elevation Model. Copyright University Of Manchester/University College London Year 2001)

Important rivers and watercourses

s Historic boundary (after Tithe Maps) ecclesiastical parish

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Water bodies

Indicative contours (All heights in metres. Elevation data derived from Landsat 25m Digital Elevation Model. Copyright University Of Manchester/University College London Year 2001)

Important rivers and watercourses

A Selected hilltops. (Elevation data derived from Hard Head Landsat 25m Digital Elevation Model. Copyright 260m University Of Manchester/University College London Year 2001)

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385 Fig. 3.4

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Fig. 3.7

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Fig. 4.1 Late Saxon hundredsand superior early medieval churchesin Wiltshire

Wiltshire Hundreds: 1. Highworth 2. Scipe 3. Staple 4. Cricklade 5. Malmesbury 5a. Chedglow 5b. Startley 6. Dunlow 7. Thorngrove 8. Chippenham 9. Bradford 10. Melksham 11. Whorwellsdown 12. Westbury 13. Warminster 14. Heytesbury 15. Mere 16. Dunworth 17. Chalke 18. Cawdon 19. Cadworth 20. Branch 21. Dole 22. Rowborough Regis 23. Rowborough 24. Cannings 25. Caine 26. Kingsbridge 27. Blackgrove 28. Thornhill 29. Ramsbury 30. Selkley 31. Studfold 32. Swanborough33. Elstub 34. Kinwardstone 35. Amesbury 36. Underditch 37. Alderbury 38. Frustfield 39. Downton 40. Damerham (after Reynolds 1999 and Thorn & Thorn 1979b)

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1 25 MARYCHURCH UCKFAS tT 29 PLYMPTO 28 28 TOTNES 28 30 YEALMPTO

NEWTONFERRER STOKENHAM MODBUR WEST ALVINGTO

Fig. 4.3 Late Saxon hundreds and superior early medieval churches in Devon

Devon hundreds (after Thorn & Thorn 1985) 1. Braunton 2. Shirwell 3. Hartland 4. Shebbear 5. Remington 6. South Molton 7. Witheridge 8. Bampton 9. Tiverton 10. Halberton 11. Black Torrington 12. North Tawton 13. Crediton 14. Budleigh 15. Hayridge 16. Hemyock 17. Axminster 18. Lifton 19. Wonford 20. Cliston 21. Ottery St Mary 22. Colyton 23. Teignbridge 24. Exminster 25. Roborough 26. Plympton 27. Ermington 28. Stanborough 29. Haytor 30. Coleridge 31. Axmouth

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N Elevation F--] 0-39m 40-49m 50-59m = 60-69m - 70-79m M 80-89m = 90-99m = 100-109m M 110-124m M 125-149m M 150-174m M 175+ m

L ar, _map L. 131 3' Cr Vß.. 101 c a3Yr i, ;l l. 1': I..: i iý., IC.. )-. I ro, ri i Hai : ii l ij _Ev _r ,i:. ,, , .,

Fig. 4.4 Newton St Cyres & south-east Crediton, Devon: Iron Age and Romano-British settlement enclosures (open squares) and medieval settlements (first recorded before AD 1550) (open circles)

411 Extent of arable land in the Roman and prehistoric periods

Extent of arable land in the medieval period

Parish boundary

i'. ý, e ii 1 Lrn

i % G .I..

40,

oW0DL ND

Fig. 4.5 The extent of arable land in the prehistoric period and the later middle ages in West Overton and Fyfield, north Wiltshire (after Fowler 2000: 233, Fig. 16.1)

412 U14bö lu Km

Elevation j 0-19m = 20-39m 0 40-59m 60-79m 80-99m - 100-119m 120-139m 140-159m

160-179m 180-199m 200-219m 220+ m

Landmap Digital Elevation Model Copyright Cri, ti. ity UI Manchester, Llrii-r; i; y r_, i-je Londor Year 2001

g. 4.6 Topographical positions of superior early medieval churches on the Devon / Dorset border

413 .ýý >ä

w ý( ýeý J

_i'

'ýýý

Iý, ', :

.fir ý't "'ý". . s'

02 468 10 km

N Elevation 0-39m 40-59m 60-79m 80-99m 100-119m 120-139m 140-159m M 160-179m

- 180-199m 200-219m 220-239m 240+ m

Fig. 4.7 Topographical location of superior early medieval churches in south-cast Wiltshire

414 ------

+ Medievalchurch or chapel Manorialboundary Parishboundary

Fig. 4.8 The post-medieval manorial boundary of Sherbome (after Barker 1984 and Faith 1997: 20). The boundary possibly reflects Sherborne's early medieval praedium (or `inland') (Faith 1997); two medieval chapels lay close to the manorial boundary.

415 aý .n ON

p ,t LO .-M lG

"" 3 ý ! 1 i

I r r '" 0 ýy M as

ro E

N 0-0 rt 0 2 d . 1[ > Q) V t '3' r O .nN i NCL a ! a

ýý V C I C' .N N O i U y' ý' a} a t ý U

ý ä V Týeý

Fig. 4.9 Glastonbury Abbey's Pouholt estate(S 253) (after Aston 1994: 232).

416 $fo Christian Malford (Glastonbury: S 466)

Sutton Benger (Malmesbury)

cristemalforde

Bremhill (Malmesbury: S 1572)

"" N "' 0 500m . A .0..,*ý..

Fig. 4.10 The location of the cristel maelford, Wiltshire (S466; S 1575)

417 Abbreviations

CAU Cornwall Archaeological Unit CHES Cornwall Historic Environment Service (formerly (before 2002) Cornwall Archaeological Unit) CRO Cornwall Record Office DCC Devon County Council DRO Devon Record Office EEA Exeter Barlow, F. (ed.), 1996. English Episcopal Acta XI: Exeter 1046-1184 and English Episcopal Acta XII: Exeter 1186-1257 (2 vols., pages numbered consecutively)

ES = Electronic Sawyer Electronic Sawyer Kelly, S., (ed.) The Electonic Sawyer: an online version of the revised edition of Sawyer'sAnglo- Saxon Charters [S 1-1602] (British Academy/Royal Historical Society Joint Committee on Anglo-Saxon Charters),http: //www. trin. cam.ac. uk/sdkl3/ chartwww/eSawyer.99/eSawyer2. html HLC Historic LandscapeCharacterisation ICS Index Institute of Cornish Studies, University of Exeter: Cornish Place-Names Index

Lake 1 Polsue, J., 1867-73. Lake's Parochial History of the County of Cornwall, Vol.] (Truro: W Lake) Lake 3 Polsue, J., 1867-73. Lake's Parochial History of the County of Cornwall, Vol.3 (Truro: W Lake) RCHME Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England

S Sawyer, P., 1968.Anglo-Saxon Charters: an Annotated Handlist and Bibliography (London: Royal Historical Society)

THE DomesdayBook abbreviation for `In the time of King Edward' (i. e. in 1066)

418 Period Definitions

All datescited in the text are AD, unless otherwise indicated. The following shorthandsare also used:

Iron Age from c. 800 BC to c. AD 50 Roman c.AD 50 - c.AD 400 Romano-British c.AD 50 - c.AD 400 late Roman the third and fourth centuries AD post-Roman from the beginning of the fifth to the end of the sixth century AD late Antique from the mid-fourth century to the end of the sixth century AD late Antiquity from the mid-fourth century to the end of the sixth century AD medieval from the fifth to the mid-sixteenth century AD early medieval from the fifth to the mid-eleventh century AD pre-Conquest before the Norman conquest (AD 1066) and after the fifth century AD early Saxon from the fifth century to the seventhcentury AD middle Saxon from the seventh century to the late ninth century AD conversion period the mid-fifth to seventhcenturies AD (Cornwall); the seventhand early eighth century AD (Wessex) late Saxon the tenth and the first half of the eleventh centuries AD late pre-Conquest the tenth and the first half of the eleventh centuries AD late medieval from the late eleventh to the mid-sixteenth century AD later medieval from the twelfth to the mid-sixteenth century AD post-medieval from the mid-sixteenth to the late nineteenthcentury AD

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