Marketing Fragment 6 X 10.T65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-01662-9 - Ancient Tiwanaku John Wayne Janusek Index More information

Index

achachilas (ancestral mountain spirits), 39 Anders, Martha, 274 agriculture. See farming. See also andesite, 173–182 raised-ﬁeld farming, Iwawe, 96 terraced-farming Tiwanaku construction, 138–140 Akapana, 110, 111f, 113–118, 119f, Angrand, Leonce, 7f, 8 121–123, 128, 130, 133, 149f, 165, Aqo Wayqo, 262 166 Arapa, 213f and Aymara, 50 Arapa-Thunderbolt Stela, 98, 99 ceramic vessels, 157 archaeobotany, 33 chachapuma, 295 Archaic period, 67–69 Colonial Period, 4 archaic states, 29–30 elite residence, 144, 148 Arequipa region, 36f, 242–243, 251f, 262, excavations, 17 280, 281f plaza, 126, 132 volcanic eruptions, 47 ritual offerings, 145, 196–199, 265 and Wari, 25 symbolic portal, 128 Arica, 234 transformation, 294 Asana, 36f, 69 view of Mount Kimsachata, 166 Asiruni Akapana East, 109f, 150f, 153, 155f, 157, iconographic style, 84–85, 86, 98–99, 195f, 211–225 104, 180 abandonment, 294 site, 80 burials, 162 Atacama Desert, 237 feasting, 148–152, 153, 156 Auca Runa, 299, 299f, 301 hallucinogenic complex, 224 Ayacucho Basin, 24, 252, 262, 288, 305 residential compounds, 157, 158 and Aymara, 51 ritual structures, 163, 165, 166, 210 ayllu, 165 Albarracin-Jordan, Juan, 16, 185f Aymara solstice celebration, 95 Alca, 268 historical formation, 302–304 Aldenderfer, Mark, 69 leadership, 55–56, 57f, 63 alpaca. See camelids macro-ayllus, 54, 55, 175, 303, 304 altiplano, 37, 38–42 micro-ayllus, 54, 155–156 Alto Pukara, 73f, 74, 77, 77f, 78 mythical origins, 300 Alto Ramirez, 21, 224, 235 organization, 54–56, 57f Amaguaya, 224 post-Tiwanaku, 300 Amazon Basin, 44 proto-ayllus, 174 Amazonian lowlands, 161, 225, 228 raised-ﬁeld farming, 188 Ancash region, 273 verticality, 58 ancestors, 60 Aymara, 63 and landscape features, 60–61 ethnic group, 50–52, 301, 304 anchovies, 284 invasion hypothesis, 293 anchovy production, 44 language, 50, 51 Andean cross, 141 leaders, 63

357

358 Index

Aymara (cont.) Icla, 241 political movements, 307 Kallawaya, 224 polities (señorios), 51, 300 Katari Valley, 204–206, 215 productive livelihoods, 170, 178, 199 Pikillacta, 269 solstice celebration, 39–40, 95 San Pedro de Atacama, 237 Tiwanaku, 314 Tiwanaku, 143f, 144, 165, 255 Tiwanaku origins, 8, 12 Tiwanaku households, 165 axis settlements, 198 Wari, 126, 255–256, 275 ayni,55 Azángaro, Cabuza site, 251f, 273f, 274, 276 cultural phase, 235 valley, 80 cacera, 59, 190, 199 Wari cosmology, 278 Cahuachi, 251f, 270 Azapa, 36f, 90, 234–236, 245, 310 Cajamarca, 251f, 262, 272 calendars. See calendrical knowledge. See Bandelier, Adolph, 10 also celestial observations Bandy, Matthew, 78, 79, 94, 172 calendrical knowledge, 114, 130, 131, 137, basalt, 17, 70, 81, 220. See also Querimita 152, 167, 311. See also celestial Querimita, 220, 221–222 observations Tiwanaku, 160 and music, 211 basketry Calle Linares lintel, 135, 136f, 138–140, Juch’uypampa, 223 225 kero, 223 Calvario, 213f, 218 Beaule, Christine, 220 Camata, 79 Benitez, Leonardo, 119f Camelid Woman, 97, 98f Bennett Monolith, 103, 129, 131f, 138, camelids, 22, 37f, 38, 42. See also wilancha 140, 141, 167 (blood sacrifice), llama caravans, Bennett, Wendell, 11, 76, 103 ritual offerings Beringa, 266 alpaca wool, 140 Bermann, Marc, 16, 92 butchering, 156 bioarchaeology, 33, 158, 223–224, consumption, 70, 179, 194, 284 265 domestication, 69 bird feathers dung, 194 tropical, 68 effigy, 257f birds geoglyphs in Moquegua Valley, 233 consumption, 179, 196 guánuco, 38 flamingos, 177f, 179 herding, 192, 193, 199–200, 215, 218, qochas, 183 241, 302, 312 raised-fields, 187 iconography, 103f, 139f Blom, Deborah, 158 llama amulets, 225 bone tools, 238 llama fetus, 62 blood, 62 mandible tools, 209f, 210 bodily adornments, 194 musical instruments, 212 body symbolism, 52, 62 Pikillacta, 268 Bourdieu, Pierre, 27 post-Tiwanaku ceramic iconography, bronze. See metal 304 Browman, David, 16, 84, 99, 159, 245 qochas, 183, 184 Buck, Fritz, 10 ritual offerings, 195f, 196, 214 burials snuff tablet iconography, 238 Akapana East, 163f textile iconography, 260 Azapa Valley, 235 Tiwanaku site, 154 Cerro Baúl,284 vicuña,38 Conchapata, 263f, 264 Wankarani stone effigies, 70, 71, 72f elite, 126–127 Wari iconography, 258 Huaro, 268 cañiwa,40

Index 359

cannibalism, 165 Tiwanaku style, 141, 142f, 146, 151f, Capriles, Jose, 179 152, 153, 157, 158, 168, 174, 180, Carangas, 52, 54, 301, 303f 215, 233, 285 cariño, 44, 55 Tumilaca style, 285 Castelnau, Francis de, 7 Tupuraya style, 241 Ccapia mountain, 3f, 130, 134, 173, 176, Wari “oversize” vessels, 259–260 213f Wari style, 214, 258, 259f, 260, 275, 284 ceja de montaña,44 Yampara style, 241 celestial observations, 60, 62, 130, Yayamama, 83 134–135, 154, 168. See also Cerro Amaru, 278 calendrical knowledge Cerro Baúl,233, 251f, 283f, 285, 292 ceramic vessels, 22, 246–247 Cerro Echenique, 232, 285 burial offerings, 144 Cerro Petroglifo, 282–283 Cajamarca style, 288 Cerro Trapiche, 284–285 challador (narrow-based kero), 227 Cerro Zapaleri, 242 Chen Chen style, 285 chachapuma (were-feline), 116, 295, 297f Chiripa, 79, 81f figurines, 214 and clothing. See textiles. Iruhito, 216, 217f Cochabamba-Tiwanaku style, 227, 228, Chan Chan, 153 241 Chanka and commensalism. See feasting ethnic group, 305–306 Conchopata, 264, 265 Charcas, 52, 301 and corn. See maize charqui (jerked beef), 40, 194, 220 diversity, 204 Chávez, Karen Mohr, 76, 82 eastern valleys, 226 Chávez, Sergio, 76, 82, 97 Icla, 241 Chen Chen incense burners (incensarios), 148, 204, cultural phase, 232 233 settlements, 292 Juli-Pomata, 220 site, 230f, 232, 241 Kalasasaya, 91, 92f, 96, 100 Cheqo Wasi, 253f. See also Wari site. keros,, 116, 138, 142f, 143, 151f, 160, chicha (fermented beverage), 3f, 25–44, 214, 238, 246–247, 304 46, 55, 61, 62, 139, 141, 144, 146, keros, stylistic variation of, 234f, 246 148, 174, 244, 247, 267 keros from Azapa Valley, 235 ceramic iconography, 204 keros from eastern valleys, 226 Cerro Baúl,284 keros from Moquegua Valley, 234f maize, 285, 287 keros, Post-Tiwanaku, 303f molle berry, 25, 284, 285, 287 Late Formative, 90–91, 100, 105 Moquegua Valley, 231 and llama caravans, 198 San Pedro de Atacama, 238 Lukurmata style, 204, 205f, 206 Tiwanaku, 152, 233 miniatures, 233 Wari, 256 Mojocoya style, 228, 241 Chicha culture, 238 Moquegua Valley, 231 ch’iji (low grass), 38 Nasca style, 258, 288 Ch’iji Jawira, 109f, 153, 157, 158, 160, Omereque style, 226–228, 241 228 Pachacamac style, 288 chili peppers (aj´ı ), 42, 46, 82, 222, 241, Pariti offerings, 214, 216f 284 post-Tiwanaku, 304 and llama caravans, 198 Qeya, 96, 100–101, 101f, 141 Chinchorro culture, 36f, 68 ritual offerings, 264, 270 Chiribaya, 36f, 234, 245 San Pedro de Atacama, 238 Chiripa, 177 specialized production, 160 culture, 18, 72–80, 309, 311 tanwares, 204 shifting lake levels, 49 Tiwanaku incense burner (sahumador), site, 3f, 73f, 74, 75f, 76–78, 93, 173, 194, 233 213f, 215

360 Index

Ch’isi, 3f, 76, 213f Lukurmata, 204–217 Chivay, 242–243 musical instruments, 212 Choquepacha spring, 123, 124f shells, 241 Chronological chart, 19f Tiwanaku, 156, 160 chucara (native Tiwanaku name), 1 cranial modification, 53, 158–159, 159f, Chucaripupata, 213f, 218–219 233, 238, 247 chullpas, 275, 303, 303f, 304 Juch’uypampa, 223 Chunchukala, 196 Katari Valley, 206 chuño (freeze-dried potato), 40, 41f, 72, Créqui-monfort, Georges de, 10–11 220 cultural evolution models, 26 Chuñuni,73f, 91 Cuzco, 36f, 80–81, 251f Chuquiapu Valley, 222 Cuzco region, 305 Chuquisaca, 237, 240–241 source of obsidian, 89 Cieza de Leon, Pedro, 4–5 Ckackachipata, 21 D-shaped structures, 263, 291 climate change, 46–50, 91, 96, 105, Cerro Baúl,284 312 Conchopata, 263f, 264, 265 drought, 293 Honco Pampa, 273 coca, 23, 45f, 46, 55, 56, 62, 82, 101, Wari site, 255 161–162, 196, 222, 267, 310 d’Orbigny, Alcides D. de, 6, 7f and llama caravans, 198 decimal system, 138 Cochabamba, 23, 36f, 72, 96, 226, 234f, deer, 284 241, 244, 308, 310 Desaguadero Basin, 69–70, 94, 175, 184, Cochabamba peninsula, 76 186, 212 Coipasa salt pan, 36f, 37 Desaguadero River, 3f, 25, 36f, 37, 73f, Colca Valley, 68, 165 137, 176, 177, 213f, 215, 216 Colonial Period, 5, 182, 224, 296 and Uru, 52 haciendas (landed estates). See Colonial diet Period Tiwanaku, 158 reducciones (reduction towns). See Dietler, Michael, 277, 284 Colonial Period Diez de Medina, Colonel, 10 at Tiwanaku, 314 Dillehay, Tom, 16, 68 Tomas Katari, 5 drainage, 116, 118, 126, 145, 146, 155, Tupac Amaru, 5 157, 257 Colla, 51–52 drought. See climate change. communities of practice, 28, 193, drug cult. See psychotropic substances 197–199, 200, 308 duality, 55, 175, 210, 214, 300, 304 Katari Valley, 206 Durkheim, Emile, 297 and musical instruments, 212 Conchopata, 251f, 258–259, 263f, 264, earthquakes, 47 288 Eastern Cordillera, 2f, 37 burials, 126 and Inca mythology, 4 Conklin, William, 110, 260 El Niño, 44, 47–48 contradictory consciousness, 30 El Palacio, 272 Cook, Anita, 270 El Paso aqueduct, 282 Copacabana, 213f elites Corralón,280 Tiwanaku, 144–153 cotton, 42, 274 environmental shift. See climate shift. See Cotos, 90, 213f also lake levels Courty, George, 11 Erickson, Clark, 16, 82, 187, 188, Couture, Nicole, 145 293 Coyo cemetery, 237f Estevez Island, 213f, 219 craft production, 173–174 ceramic vessels, 160, 264, 270 farming, 182 lithic tools, 160 fat, 62

Index 361

feasting, 173–200, 246–247, 249, 287, Giesso, Martin, 160, 221f, 242 293, 294, 297, 304, 313–314 Gigantic Monolith, 295, 297f, 298 Akapana East, 156, 232 gold. See metal Cerro Baúl,284 Goldstein, Paul, 132, 226, 231 Cerro Trapiche, 285 gourds, 42, 46 Cochabamba, 227 Graffam, Gray, 188 Conchopata, 264 Guaman Poma, 299, 299f, 300 Corralón,280 Guaqui, 73f Huaro, 268 guinea pigs (cuy), 69, 173, 211, 269, 284 Moquegua Valley, 232–233 Pikillacta, 269 Haenke, Tadeo, 6 Putuni complex, 232 hallucinogenic complex. See psychotropic San Pedro de Atacama, 238 substances Tiwanaku, 160 Hastorf, Christine, 3f Tiwanaku site, 157, 166, 167 heterarchy, 30 Wari, 258–259, 262, 276 Honco Pampa, 251f, 273 Wari centers, 273, 274, 276 households, 155, 162 Feline Man, 97, 98f huaca (sacred place or shrine), 294 felines Inca, 4 jaguar canines, 225 Huamachuco region, 272, 278 Late Formative effigy vessels, 100 Huamanga drainage, 253 Late Formative iconography, 37 Huancane, 213f symbolism, 134 HuancanéValley, 90 fish, 178–179, 297 Huanta drainage, 253, 274, 276, 278 in burials, 78 Huaña,96, 218, 220 carachi, 178, 179 Huaracane, 21, 226, 232, 282, 284 catfish (Trichomycterus sp.), 41, 179 Huaro, 251f, 268, 305 Chiripa, 78 Wari cosmology, 277 iconography, 181f, 187f Huatacoa, 80 ispi, 179 Huatta, 82, 186, 213f, 219 Iwawe, 92 raised-field farming, 187, 191 pupfish (Orestias sp.), 41, 179 Huaynaputina, 47, 243 qochas, 187 Humboldt Current, 44, 47 raised-fields, 183 hypoxia, 40 trout, 42, 179 umantu, 42, 179 Ica, 238, 270 fishing, 82, 176–182, 192, 193, 198, 199, Ichma polity, 279 203, 312 ichu (bunchgrass), 40, 61f Huatta Pampa, 219 Icla, 36f, 240–241, 245 Lukurmata, 192 Ilave River, 3f, 213f Taraco Peninsula, 215 Illampu mountain, 176 techniques, 179 Illimani mountain, 17, 130, 155, 176 foot plow, 190 Inca Fraile (Monk) Monolith, 163 aclla, 248, 268 fruit and Aymara polities (señorios), 51 lúcuma,12 camelid blood sacrifice, 39–40 pacay,12 camelid wool, 38 Wari empire, 267 celestial observations, 115 Cochabamba, 227, 228 Gate of the Sun. See Sun Portal Collasuyu province, 302 gender, 214 conquest of altiplano, 26 Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Cuzco, 153 33 ear plugs, 214 geophysical survey, 33 gold, 135 Giddens, Anthony, 27 Island of the Sun, 218

362 Index

Inca (cont.) east entrance, 127f maize, 43 early excavations, 14 Manco Capac, born at Tiwanaku, 4 elite burial, 126 mit’a labor, 138, 270 entrance, 127, 130 mitmaq colonies, 227 Fraile (Monk) Monolith, 140 moiety structure, 55 during Late Formative, 91, 97, 172 music, 211 monoliths, 140 obsidian, 242 Ponce Monolith, 129 panaca, 55, 127, 227 recent significance, 315 pilgrimage rites, 37 Sun Portal, 137 quipus, 261 compared with Wila Kollu, 206–208 regional centers, 276 Kalisaya, Cesar, 115 religion, 2 Kallamarka, 73f, 91, 179 road networks, 267 Kallawaya, 46, 53, 54, 62, 224, 227, 239 solar deity (Inti ), 37, 280, 300 Kanamarca, 73f, 213f spondylus shells, 280 Kantatayita, 125, 125f, 295 state rise, 305 architrave, 135–136, 136f textiles, 140 katari (mythical lake serpent), 180 and Tiwanaku collapse, 295, 299–300 Katari River, 3f, 73f, 175, 188, 213f Tiwanaku in creation myths, 3 Katari Valley, 49f, 244, 298, 310, 313f Tiwanaku, veneration of, 314 cranial modification, 158 Inca rulers formative monoliths, 102 Atawallpa, 4 formative settlement, 90 Wayna Capac, 227 Koani Pampa, 187f, 189f Iruhito, 3f, 73f, 177, 178, 182, 189–193, during Late Formative, 92–93 213f, 216 Katavi mountain, 183 Isbell, William, 291 Kerikala, 109f, 144, 145 Island of the Sun, 3f, 218–219, 310 kero, 140. See also ceramic vessels Archaic occupation, 68 Khonkho formative occupation, 76, 87 sculptural style, 101, 102–104, 133, and Inca creation myths, 4 180 maize production, 43 Khonkho Wankane, 3f, 21, 73f, 91–95, Tiwanaku ritual center, 24 95f, 96, 97, 103, 103f, 114, 116, Iwawe, 3f, 73f, 92, 96, 134, 173, 175f, 130, 135, 172, 176, 190, 198, 213f, 178, 182, 312 215–216 Dual-Court complex, 96, 114 Jachakala, 220–221 monoliths, 102 jaguar pelts and canines, 46 Kidder II, Alfred, 11 Janusek, John, 16 Killakas, 52, 54, 61, 63, 301 Jaqui Kayu, 198 Kimsachata mountain, 17, 111, 114, 123, Jargampata, 251f, 273 125, 155, 165, 174, 176 Jesus de Machaca Kimsachata-Chilla range, 3f, 39, 94, 134, Aymara solstice celebration, 39–40 215 Jincomocco, 251f, 270, 273–274 Kirawi, 73f, 93 Juch’uypampa, 223–224, 245 kiswara (Andean tree), 42 Jujuy Kk’araña,73f, 91, 109f Juli-Pomata, 87, 173, 186, 187, 213f, 218, Koani Pampa, 93, 212, 215, 294, 297 219–220, 245 Kochamama Monolith, 141 Kolata, Alan, 14–15, 84, 132, 139f, 154, Kala Uyuni, 21, 73f, 91, 93, 93f, 94, 96 156, 159, 170, 193, 199 Kalasasaya, 15f, 92f, 109f, 110–111, 113, on climate change, 293 113f, 115, 144, 166 on llama caravans, 245 celestial observations, 114, 115 on raised-field farming, 188 Colonial Period, 4 Korpisaari, Antti, 214

Index 363

Kumana, 213f Lumbreras, Luis, 12, 251 Kumana Peninsula, 213–215 Lupaca, 51–52, 300 Lur´ınValley, 278 La Aguada, 238, 240 La Barca, 70–71 Machaca region, 90, 94, 198, 213f, 215, La Joya, 36f, 70 298, 302f La Karaña,109f maize, 23, 24, 43–44, 46, 81, 222, 296, La Paz, 130, 133 310 La Raya pass, 37, 262 Akapana East, 152 Lakaya, 192 Central Andean sierra, 266 lake levels, 48, 51f, 96 Chiripa, 78 Lake Poopó,37, 52, 69, 221, 224, 240, Cochabamba, 227 241 consumption in Tiwanaku, 158 Lake Titicaca, 36f, 213f, 251f Icla, 241 Lake Titicaca Basin, 40–42 and llama caravans, 198 Lake Wiñaymarka (southern portion of Jincomocco, 274 Lake Titicaca), 48, 49–50, 78, Moquegua Valley, 232–233 80–82, 93, 96, 174, 212, 293 yungas, 244 Lanning, Edward, 12, 14 malachite, 225 Larco Hoyle, Rafael, 250 mallkus (Aymara leaders), 40 Late Intermediate Period, 299–305 manioc, 267 Le Paige, Gustavo, 237 Manzanilla, Linda, 17 libations, 176 Marcahuamachuco, 272 Lillimani Valley, 192 marine resources, 234 lithic tools, 160. See also obsidian, basalt marine shells arrow (projectile) points, 160, 161f Jachakala, 220 hoes, 184–186, 190 marka, 56, 59, 60 llama. See camelids. See also llama markets, 56, 59, 159, 198 caravans. Markham, Clemens, 6 llama caravans, 20, 23, 44, 58–59, 64, 72, Marx, Karl, 309 78–79, 81, 90, 105, 160, 167, 182, Mathews, James, 294 194, 197, 197f, 200, 223–224, 228, Maymi, 270 233, 236, 239, 240, 245, 310 McAndrews, Tim, 70 rituals, 241 McEwan, Gordon 292 Locumba Menzel, Dorothy, 12, 251 site metal valley, 235 bodily adornments, 229f Lucre Basin, 267–268, 269f, 277, bronze, 17, 21, 225 291–292, 305 copper, 42, 146, 151, 220, 240, 280 Lukurmata, 3f, 16, 21, 22, 24, 73f, 148, copper tupu pins, 264, 268, 269 172, 176, 178, 190, 207f, 293 gold, 135–136, 147, 219, 237, 260 ceramic vessels, 205f production, 219 Ch’iarkala sector, 208 silver, 42, 147, 222 circular dwelling (Misiton), 210 Metraux, Alfred, 193 decline, 192, 193 mica, 225 K’atupata sector, 204, 210 mind-altering substances. See psychotropic during Late Formative, 91, 92, 96 substances Misiton sector,. 29, 210, 212 Misti, 243 musicians, 212 Mizque Valley, 21, 36f, 226, 228–229, Ridgetop occupation, 204, 207f, 209f 235–236, 241, 245, 310 and shifting lake levels, 48, 49 moat Sunken Temple, 206, 207f Lukurmata, 206 Wila Kollu mound, 206, 207f, 208f, 210 Tiwanaku, 148, 153, 154, 157, 165, Wila Waranka, 208 167

364 Index

Mocachi, 82 niched halls iconographic style, 84, 85, 99–100, 102 Pikillacta, 269, 271f Moche, 48, 272 Viracochapampa, 272 moieties, 55, 62, 63, 175–176, 304 Nielson, Axel, 197f Mojocoya culture, 238 NiñoKorin, 224, 238 molle berries, 42, 267, 284 nuñas (popping beans), 40 Mollo Kontu, 109f, 153, 154, 157, 164f, Nuñez,Lautaro, 16 165, 166 qochas, 183 obsidian, 17, 23, 42, 68, 70, 80, 81, 105, compared with Wila Waranka, 241–243 Lukurmata, 208 Jachakala, 220 Mongachayoq, 253f. See also Wari site. Mollo Kontu, 165 monoliths, 311. See also Bennett Monolith, Moquegua Valley, 285 Ponce Monolith, Fraile (Monk) Pukara culture, 20, 89–90 Monolith, Kochamama Monolith Putuni complex, 146 formative, 97–100 Qaluyu culture, 18 Tiwanaku, 134, 138, 154, 220 quarries near Cuzco, 268 Monte Verde, 68 Tiwanaku, 160 Moquegua Valley, 23, 24, 36f, 90, 158, Wari empire, 274 226–227, 229, 230, 230f, 234–281, Obsidiana, 173 281f, 286–292, 296, 298, 308, 310 Omo and Wari, 25 cultural phase, 233 Moraduchayoq, 253f. See also Wari site M10, 231f, 286 mortuary practices. See burials M12, 231, 233 Moseley, Michael, 47, 230 site group, 231f, 232 mountains, 61, 62, 116, 130, 155, 158, ORSTOM, 48 168, 175–176 “orthogonal cellular architecture,” 257 in Wari empire, 277–278 Osmore Drainage, 230 multicommunity polities, 90–97, 172, 309 Pacajes, 51–52 mummies, 270 federation, 300 Akapana, 118 pacarinas, 277 Chinchorro, 68–69 Pachacamac, 168, 250, 251f, 252, 276, Inca, 153 278, 288 Nasca, 275 Pachacamac Grifin, 279, 279f post-Tiwanaku, 303–304 Pachacamac Temple, 278, 280 Pukara, 76, 88 Pachacuti, 305 Putuni complex, 145–146 pachamama, 60, 61, 62 Recuay, 86 Pacheco, 251f, 258, 259, 270 Murra, John, 159 Pacific Coast, 42, 44, 140 music Pajchiri, 73f, 213 Kalasasaya effigy whistle, 211 paleoecology, 46, 293 musical instruments, 194, 209f, Palermo, 21, 213f, 218, 302 210–212, 237 Pancha, 219 musicians, 62 Paracas, 100, 214 Muyu Urqo, 262 Pariti Island, 73f, 212, 214, 216f Parsons, Jeffrey, 12 Nadaillac, Marquise de, 8 Pärssinen, Martti, 214 Nair, Stella, 135 Pasto Grande, 222 Nasca, 24, 254, 270, 273 Pauketat, Timothy, 167 Nash, Donna, 283 peanuts, 267, 284 awimpukyo, 24, 262 peer-polity interaction, 95 Nazca Plate, 36, 47 petroglyphs Neolithic Revolution, 66 Icla, 241 New Age ideas about Tiwanaku, 8 Tiwanaku Valley, 173

Index 365

Pikillacta, 251f, 269f, 271f, 291, 305 language, 36f, 193 and Wari cosmology, 277 productive livelihoods, 170, 199 Pilcomayo River, 241 Pumapunku, 17, 120f, 121f, 122f, 123f, pilgrimage, 61, 132, 176, 180, 257 125, 128f, 133, 164f, 166–167 Pachacamac, 278 construction, 110 Island of the Sun, 219 entrance, 127 Pillo Inca occupation, 295 Piñami,227 Late Formative, 91, 172 Pizarro, Francisco, 4 plaza, 126, 132 plazas portals, 127 Khonkho Wankane, 94 symbolic portal, 128 Tiwanaku, 126, 132, 160 totora reed lintels, 132, 167, 311 Pokotia, 73f, 101–102, 102f transformation, 294 Ponce Monolith, 129, 131f, 138, 141, 160, view of Illimani, 130–131 167, 180f, 296 puna, 38, 41, 67f recent significance, 315 Archaic camps, 67 Ponce Sanginés,Carlos, 91, 115, 159, 252 Late Intermediate Period occupation, Bolivian National Revolutionary 302 Movement, 12–14 Punanave, 219 excavations in Kalasasaya, 14 Puno Bay, 80, 90, 183, 219–220, 244 Tiwanaku chronology, 14 and Uru, 52 portals,. 127, 130. See also Sun Portal Purun Runa, 300 Posnansky, Arthur, 8, 82, 124f, 126, 133, Putina Valley, 90, 213f 135 Putuni complex, 23, 109f, 133, 144, 146f, Potos´ı,36f, 223, 240, 310 147f, 151, 153, 157, 158, 255, 296 during Colonial Period, 5 destruction, 294, 314 pottery. See ceramic vessels East Palace, 146 practice theory Putuni Monolith, 295 Program Cuntisuyu, 230 Project Wila Jawira, 14 Qaluyu, projectile points. See lithic tools site, 36f, 79, 80, 88, 90 Protzen, Jean-Pierre, 135 culture, 18, 309 psychotropic substances, 46, 101, 104, Qaraqara, 52, 63, 301 139, 195f, 222, 238, 310 Qeyakuntu, 73f, 173 ayahuasca,46 Qolla, 300 Brugmansia,46 Qollahuaya. See Kallawaya eastern valleys, 241 Qoripata, 268, 291 hallucinogenic complex,, 193, 101, 138, quartz, 225 140, 162, 162f, 174, 194, 222–225, Quechua 227, 237, 238–239, 239f, 240, 246, language, 50 247, 268 Quelccaya glacier, 48 Pukara culture, 99 Querimita, 70, 160, 221, 221f, 222, 241, San Pedro cactus, 46, 139 244 vilca, 46, 258, 267 Quillacollo, 227, 228 Pukara quinoa, 40, 310 ceramic style, 97 Akapana East, 152 culture, 20–21, 88, 96, 97–100, 106, in burials, 78 133, 180, 218, 226, 235, 245, 309 Central Andean sierra, 266 iconographic style, 101–102 Chiripa, 78 site, 88, 89f, 105, 172, 213f consumption at Tiwanaku, 158 Pukara de Khonkho, 302f Formative consumption, 68, 69 pukaras (fortresses), 300, 301, 302f, Uru, 193 304–305 Wankarani, 72 Pukina, 52, 63, 293 Quiripujo Mound Group, 93, 178, 190, ethnic group, 193 192

366 Index

Quispisisa, 242 Santiago de Huata, 76, 87, 87f, 213f, 218 quipus, 261 formative monoliths, 102 qochas (sunken basins), 154, 183, Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro, 4 186–193, 198, 199, 301 Semi-Subterranean temple. See Sunken Temple raised-field farming, 22, 24, 88, 91, 171, settlement fissioning, 172 183–184, 186, 189f, 199, 212, 293, settlement patterns 296, 301, 302, 312 post-Tiwanaku, 294 abandonment, 25 Shea, Dan, 252 causeways, 191 Shining Path, 254 chronology, 189f Sierra Mokho, 227 guardians, 192 Siguas Valley, 280 Huatta Pampa, 219 Silverman, Helaine, 270 rehabilitation, 187 snuffing equipment (hallucinogenic salinization, 313f complex). See psychotropic social organization, 187 substances Rasuwillka mountain, 278 sodalite, 23 reciprocity, 55, 59 Amaguaya, 225 Recuay, 86 Pariti Island, 214 regional archaeology, 169 Putuni complex, 146 Renfrew, Colin, 68, 95 solar cycles. See celestial observations residential compounds, 155–156, 157, Sondondo Valley, 270, 273–274, 291 162–163 sonqo (heart), 62 Rio Muerto, 232 Sonqonata, 243, 281f ritual battle, 55, 300, 306 Sora Sora, 242 ritual offerings, 61–62. See also camelids, Soras, 52 ceramic vessels specialization. See craft production Amaguaya bundle, 224 spondylus shell, 256, 274, 280, 287, 288 Conchopata, 263 Amaguaya, 225 camelids, 195f Conchopata, 264 ceramic vessels, 161 Pikillacta, 269 humans and llamas, 114, 118, 196 Wari cosmology, 278 incense burners (incensarios), 204, 208 Squier, Ephraim George, 6, 8 llama fetuses, 161, 195f, 196 and Sun Portal, 9f misa,62 staff deity, 238 rituals of consumption. See feasting Stanish, Charles “Chip,” 79, 83, 188, 218 rivers, 175–176 Steadman, Lee, 79 road networks, 270 stone tools. See lithic tools Wari empire, 267, 268 storage Rowe, John, 12, 250 Chen Chen, 232 Rydén,Stig, 11 Stübel,Alphonse, 8 Sun Portal, 17, 127, 136, 137f, 138 Sagárnaga, Jedu, 214 calendrical knowledge, 111f, 113, 114 Sajama mountain, 41–51, 52, 114, 176 ceramic iconography, 141–144, 214 salinization, 312 early explorers, 6 salt, 197, 220, 222, 233, 240, 244, 310 snuff tablet iconography, 224 and llama caravans, 198 textile imagery, 140, 223 Schreiber, Katharina, 291 compared with Wari iconography, 259 San Pedro de Atacama, 36f, 42, 222, 223, suni,38 234f, 237, 237f, 245 sunken court San Sebastian, 228 Khonkho Wankane, 94–95 sandstone, 138–140 Omo M12, 233 Santa Rosa, 73f, 96, 215 Sunken Temple, 13f, 109f, 110–111, 111f, Santiago de Huari, 36f, 222, 240, 244, 112f, 113–130, 133 308 early excavations, 14

Index 367

Late Formative, 91, 97 totora reed, 22, 41, 43f, 171, 176, 179, monoliths, 103–104, 140 203, 297 tenoned heads, 143 effigy lintels, 121, 132, 167, 311 transformation, 167 and Uru, 52 transhumance, 42, 66–68 Tambo Kusi, 86 trepanation, 224 Taraco trophy heads site in Peru, 80, 213f Conchopata, 264, 265 Taraco Peninsula, 18, 76, 87, 96, 177, iconography, 137, 141, 216 212, 215 Late Formative iconography, 104 formative monoliths, 102 Pukara culture, 99f, 100, 101 formative settlement, 90 snuff tablet iconography, 225 during Late Formative, 93 trumpets, ceramic, 71, 79, 81f, 82, 83 Taraco range, 3f, 176, 191, 213f, 298, tubers, 81, 310. See also chuño 304 bitter potatoes, 38 Tarija, 238 in burials, 78 tarwi (legume), 40, 266 Central Andean sierra, 266 Tatakala monolith, 215 Chiripa, 78 taypi,63 formative consumption, 38 taypikala (native Tiwanaku name), 2 mashwa,40 Tello, Julio, 270 oca,40 terraced farming, 24, 184–186, 191, 218, potatoes, 40 266, 267f, 273–274, 282, 285, 301, Uru, 193 302 Tumatumani, 3f, 173, 213f, 218 Inca, 43 Tumilaca, 292, 298 textiles, 247 Tunasniyoq, 262 hats, 206, 223, 233–234, 235 Tung, Tiffiny, 265 Jalq’a, 100 Tunupa, 137, 175 Juch’uypampa, 223 Tupac Yupanqui, 280 Lima tunic, 260 Turner, Victor, 83, 297 San Pedro de Atacama, 237, 238 turquoise, 256, 260, 274, 280, 287, Tiwanaku style, 140–141 288 Wari, 260 Amaguaya, 225 Wari Fire Tapestry, 260, 261f Conchopata, 264–266 Wari tunics, 276 Pikillacta, 269 weaving tools, 194, 268 Wari cosmology, 278 thola (combustible shrub), 40, 196 Tiahuanaco (modern town), 2, 50 Uhle, Max Tilata, 73f, 92 and Aymara, 51 timber, 46 Iruhito, 189, 193 tinku. See ritual battle Pachacamac, 250, 278 Titikala, 76 and Sun Portal, 9f Titimani, 76, 86, 87, 213f Tiwanaku, 8, 123 Tiwanaku, 36f Umasuyu, 63–64, 210, 304–305 aerial view, 111f Unacollo, 218 collapse, 314 University of Missouri Research Reactor, formative monoliths, 102 242 during Late Formative, 91 Urban revolution, 107 map, 109f Urkosuyu, 63–64, 210, 304–305 site, 3f, 73f, 213f, 251f Uru, 52, 53, 63, 182 state collapse, 292 ethnic group, 193, 199, 304 Tiwanaku River, 73f Iruhito TMV-332, 173 productive livelihoods, 170, 178, 199 tombs. See burials totora reed boats, 41–51, 52, 179 Topic, John and Theresa, 278 Uru-Chipaya, 52, 71f, 193

368 Index

Urubamba River, 37 Moraduchayoq, 253f, 254, 256, 291 Uyuni salt pan, 36f, 37 patio groups, 256 sunken court, 254 Vegachayoq Moqo, 253f. See also Wari site Vegachayoq Moqo, 255 verticality, 58, 159 Wari Willka, 251f Vilcanota range, 36f, 38, 48, 262 Warpa, 24, 254, 262 Viracocha, 3–4, 295 ceramic vessels, 258 and Andean environment, 36 weaving. See textiles Viracochapampa, 251f, 272, 273f, 278, Webster, Ann, 194 292 West Warpa community, 253f, 254 vizcacha, 72, 84, 284 Western Cordillera, 37, 42 volcanic eruptions, 47 and Inca mythology, 4 von Humboldt, Alexander, 6 Wila Kollu, 92, 96 Vranich, Alexei, 119, 122 wilancha (blood sacriﬁce), 39–40, 62 Williams, P. Ryan, 283 Wakuyu, 213f, 218–219 Willey, Gordon, 169–170 Wallace, Dwight, 11–12 wiphala (Aymara banner), 50 Wankarani, 36f, 69–72, 220, 226, 311 Wiracochan mountain, 277 culture, 20 wooden artifacts, 235, 237 excavated structures Wari state, 251f Yaeger, Jason, 295 collapse, 291–292, 296 Yamobamba, 272 expansion, 272 Yaya-Mama stela, 80, 84, 85f studies, history of, 252 Yayamama, 18, 20, 71, 80, 82, 86f, 97, Wari site, 251f, 252, 253f, 258 102, 104, 106, 116, 133, 180, 238, Cheqo Wasi, 255–256 309, 311 “Great Walls” phase, 291 yungas (valleys), 4–5, 42–44, 45f, 46–225, Mongachayoq, 255–256, 257f 244, 246