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Perfil De Tesis 1 UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA URBANISMO, DISEÑO Y ARTES CARRERA DE ARQUITECTURA “CRITERIOS DE SELECCION DE LUGAR PARA LA CONSTRUCCION DEL CENTRO RITUAL EN KHONKHO WANKANE; PERIODO FORMATIVO TARDIO” Tesis para obtener el grado de licenciatura POR: GUILLERMO RODRIGO CASTILLLO OLMOS TUTOR: ARQ. JAVIER ESCALANTE M. LA PAZ – BOLIVIA 2012 UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA URBANISMO, DISEÑO Y ARTES CARRERA DE ARQUITECTURA Tesis de grado: “CRITERIOS DE SELECCION DE LUGAR PARA LA CONSTRUCCION DEL CENTRO RITUAL EN KHONKHO WANKANE; PERIODO FORMATIVO TARDIO” Presentada por: Univ. Guillermo Rodrigo Castillo Olmos Para optar el grado académico de Licenciado en Arquitectura Nota numeral:………………85……………………………. Nota literal:……………Ochenta y cinco…………………... Ha sido: Aprobado con distinción y mención especial en la línea de investigación de promoción de patrimonio con identidad…………………… Director de la carrera de Arquitectura: Ing. Richard Fernández Tutor: M. Sc. Arq. Javier Escalante Moscoso Tribunal: Ph. D. Arq. Max Arnsdorff Hidalgo Tribunal: M. Sc. Arq. Luis Arellano López Tribunal: M. Sc. Arq. Zazanda Salcedo Gutiérrez 2 A mi madre, Jeanette: Quien me ensenó a sentir con mi piel desnuda la desnuda piel de la naturaleza. 3 TABLA DE CONTENIDO 1 INTRODUCION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Pag. 1 1.1 Motivaciones para elección del tema…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Pag. 2 1.2 Objetivos del trabajo………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....………………………. .Pag. 3 1.2.1 Objetivo general………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....……………… Pag. 4 1.2.2 Objetivos específicos …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Pag.4 1.3 Planteamiento del problema…………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………… Pag.4 1.4 Hipótesis……………………………………………………………………………………….………….…………………………………………….……….... Pag.5 1.5 Marco investigativo ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………...……………... Pag.5 1.5.1 Marco temporal……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………....……. Pag.5 1.5.2 Marco Espacial…………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………...…. Pag.6 1.6 Enfoque metodológico…………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………..………………… Pag.8 1.7 Alcances del tipo de investigación…………………………………………………………….……………………………………………….......………… Pag.9 1.8 El fenómeno. …………………………………………………………………..……………….……………………………………………………...…….. Pag.10 1.9 Contribuciones y perspectivas de la investigación ……………………………….……………….……………………………………………………………...Pag.13 1.10 Metodología………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………...………..… Pag.14 1.10.1 El entorno físico natural ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………...…... Pag.17 1.10.2 Entorno construido ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….. Pag.18 1.10.2.1 Indagación en prensa y revistas…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... Pag.19 1.10.2.2 Indagación en libros e informes de investigaciones arqueológicas ……………………………….………………………………………………….…….Pag.19 1.10.3 Análisis del entorno simbólico……………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………….….Pag.20 1.11 Proceso para la obtención de objetivos ……………………………………………………………….……………………………………………...………… Pag.21 1.12 Trabajo de campo…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…. Pag.23 1.12.1 Instrumentos de recolección de datos en campo…………………………….……………………………………………………………………………….. Pag.25 1.13 Sistematizacion de datos…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………. Pag.28 1.14 Breve balance del conocimiento…………………………………………………………………….………………………………….………………………..Pag.30 1.15 Fuentes complementarias antropológicas y etnohistóricas. ……………….……………………………………………………………………………………Pag. 32 2 Incursiones teóricas …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….……… Pag.33 2.1 El paradigma de la concepción de la realidad…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Pag.35 2.2 Lecturas alternativas…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………… Pag.36 2.3 El paisaje…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… Pag.36 2.3.1 El lugar de origen: Las pacarinas …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……….... Pag.37 2.3.2 El lugar de poder; Las Wak’as…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………… Pag.38 2.3.3 El lugar de la crianza: Los achachilas ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Pag.42 2.4 El paisaje como extensión de nuestro ser…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… Pag.44 2.4.1 El paisaje como memoria y resistencia……………………………………………………………………………………………………....………………… Pag.45 2.4.2 El paisaje como escritura………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Pag.46 2.5 La historia de la región…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…... Pag.47 2.5.1 El origen mítico de Jesús de machaca………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... Pag.49 2.6 El significado de Khonkho Wankané……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………….... Pag.51 2.6.1 La sugerente ubicación de Khonkho Wankané ……………………………………………………………………………………………..………………… Pag.52 2.6.2 La invasión aymara a Khonkho………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….. Pag.55 2.6.3 Khonkho Wankané como centro generador de rebelión…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…. Pag.56 2.6.4 Tata K’ala protector de los hijos de Jesús de Machaca en la guerra del chaco……………………………………………………………………………….. Pag.56 2.6.5 Warisata: la escuela ayllu en Khonkho Wankané………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……Pag.57 2.6.6 Sistema de autoridades ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………. Pag.58 2.6.7 Elección de autoridades en Wankané ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Pag.59 ANALISIS DEL ENTORNO CONSTRUIDO 1 Cronología cultural ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… Pag.61 1.1 Una propuesta mas cercana………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...… Pag.61 1.2 Observaciones a la cronología de Ponce Sanjinés ………………………………………………………………………………………………...…………Pag. 63 1.3 La periodificacion asumida……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………. Pag.64 1.4. El formativo en el área sur central altiplánica……………………………………………………………………………………………..……………….…… Pag.66 1.5. Las culturas más resaltables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Pag.66 2 Antecedentes de las investigaciones arqueológicas. ………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………… Pag.70 2.1 La legislación y Khonkho Wankané……………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………….. Pag.71 2.2 El comienzo del conocimiento publico urbano sobre Khonkho Wankané……………………………………………………………………………………… Pag. 71 2.3 Maks Portugal Zamora……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….. Pag.74 2.4 Stig Ryden……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… Pag.76 2.5 Otros observadores………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Pag.78 2.6 Alan Kolata…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…………………………. Pag.79 2.7 Proyecto arqueológico Jach’a Machaca…………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………. Pag.80 3 Consideraciones previas………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………….. Pag.82 4 Equipamiento y características arquitectónicas ………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………….. Pag.83 4.1 Las plataformas………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………. Pag.85 4.2 Templos semi hundidos………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………. Pag.85 4.3 Muros perimetrales……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……… Pag.87 4.4 Áreas residenciales……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... Pag.87 4.5 Plaza mayor……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Pag.89 4.6 Canal subterráneo…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….. Pag.90 5.- Funeraria…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Pag.91 6 Fases constructivas……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....… Pag.93 6.1 Fase 1 y Fase 2………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………. Pag.93 6.2 Fase 3…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……… Pag. 94 6.3 Fase 4………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… Pag. 94 6.4 Fase 5……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………….... Pag.95 6.5 Fase 6s……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………..… Pag.96 7 Manufacturas………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Pag.96 7.1 Cerámica……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………….. Pag.97 7.2 Herramientas en hueso……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….. Pag.98 7.2.1 Sistematización de datos artefactuales y de herramientas………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..Pag.101 4 8 Proceso de asentamientos………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Pag.102 8.1 Formativo medio………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…………………………...….………Pag.103 8.1.1 Wila Nayrani (JM-104) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................Pag.103 8.1.2 Sikuya Qhuntu (JM-110)………………………………………………………………………………………………...…………………………………… Pag.103 8.2 Formativo Tardío 1 (100 a.C. – 200 d.C.)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Pag.104 8.3 Formativo tardío 2 (200 – 500 d.C.)………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… Pag.104 8.4 Tiwanaku (500 – 1100 d. C.)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Pag.106 9 Estudio de accesos, uso y visibilidad del centro ritual………………………………………………………………………………………………….……...…. Pag.106 9.1 Las plataformas y el paisaje……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………....………….Pag.110
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    7KH$UFKDHRORJ\RI$QGHDQ3DVWRUDOLVP -RVp0&DSULOHV1LFKRODV7ULSFHYLFK 3XEOLVKHGE\8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ0H[LFR3UHVV &DSULOHV-0 7ULSFHYLFK1 7KH$UFKDHRORJ\RI$QGHDQ3DVWRUDOLVP $OEXTXHUTXH8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ0H[LFR3UHVV 3URMHFW086( :HE$SU KWWSVPXVHMKXHGX )RUDGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKLVERRN KWWSVPXVHMKXHGXERRN Access provided by University of California @ Berkeley (15 Apr 2016 08:48 GMT) Chapter 5 Gifts from the Camelids archaeobotanical insights into camelid pastoralism through the study of dung Maria C. Bruno and Christine A. Hastorf • s archaeobotanists we query the archaeological “The sheep eat it.” While some of these wild plants had plant record to understand ancient wild plant additional uses as medicines, infusions, or matés, most of A gathering, agriculture, and foodways: the quin- them were only recognized based on their contribution tessential components of human interactions with the to the animals’ well-being. plant world. When working with macrobotanical records In this chapter, we consider what the patterns in the ar- from the high Andes, however, we confront the reality chaeobotanical record of the southern Lake Titicaca basin that most of the wild plant remains we encounter in can tell us about the ancient camelids themselves, and the archaeological settings are the direct result of a human- plants they interacted with as they grazed. This, in turn, animal interaction via the use of camelid dung for fuel provides insight into several important processes related to (Winterhalder et al. 1974). Because only carbonized plant past pastoral behaviors rooted in both environmental and remains preserve in the seasonally wet environments of sociopolitical processes. In order to accomplish this, we the Andean mountains, the plants we see are those that examine a large dataset of botanical remains from two were burned.
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