Proof of an Increased Ability on the Part of the State to Make Good on Its Promises

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Proof of an Increased Ability on the Part of the State to Make Good on Its Promises UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The clamor for schools: Indigenous communities, the state, and the development in indigenous education in Bolivia, 1900-1952 Brienen, M.W. Publication date 2011 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Brienen, M. W. (2011). The clamor for schools: Indigenous communities, the state, and the development in indigenous education in Bolivia, 1900-1952. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:04 Oct 2021 The Clamor for Schools: Indigenous Communities, the State, and the Development of Indigenous Education in Bolivia, 1900–1952 ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op maandag 12 december 2011, te 14:00 uur door Marten Willem Brienen Geboren te Utrecht Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof. dr. J.M. Baud Overige leden: Prof. dr. H.W. van Schendel Prof. dr. C.G. Koonings Prof. dr. W.F.H. Adelaar Dr. M. Irurozqui Victoriano Dr. A.J. Salman Faculteit der Maatschappij- en Gedragswetenschappen Acknowledgements This work took significantly longer than I had anticipated, largely because life intervened. I owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to my advisor, Michiel Baud, as well as to my abnormally patient wife, Rebecca Parker Brienen. Their tolerance for delay, it seems, knows no bounds. I would also like to acknowledge Eugenia Bridikhina of the Archivo de La Paz for allowing me to sort through the bags of volumes of the Ministry of Education. Furthermore, I would like to thank Edmund Abaka, Rebecca Biron, and Traci Ardren for their faith in me and their continuing support. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge the now defunct School for African, Asian, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS) for its financial and intangible support. 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................1 Table of Contents ...................................................................................................2 Table of Figures......................................................................................................4 Introduction............................................................................................................6 A Dark Age in Educational Reformism...............................................................6 Prejudice Made Brick and Mortar......................................................................12 Framing Indigenous Education..........................................................................20 Regarding Indigenous Education.......................................................................27 Problematizing Indigenous Education ...............................................................33 Making the Case for Education..........................................................................37 Organization.......................................................................................................41 Chapter I: The Prehistory of Bolivian Indigenous Education.........................45 Neither Real nor Serious....................................................................................45 A Grand Design .................................................................................................50 An Incontinence of Reformism..........................................................................54 The Birth of the Indigenous School...................................................................59 Wouldacouldashoulda........................................................................................63 A Weak State .....................................................................................................72 Chapter II: The More Things Change...............................................................76 The Significance of Liberalism..........................................................................76 The Invention of the Indigenous School............................................................80 Reconsidering Liberal Reformism.....................................................................90 The Re-Creation of Institutional Chaos ...........................................................100 The More They Stay the Same.........................................................................107 Chapter III: Chaos Reigns, The State of Education Prior to 1931 ...............110 A Blind Spot ....................................................................................................110 Remarkably Unremarkable ..............................................................................112 A Quiet Revolution..........................................................................................121 A Rather Confusing Numbers Game ...............................................................131 Change without Reform...................................................................................138 Chapter IV: The Dawn of the Age of Warisata ..............................................145 2 THE CLAMOR FOR SCHOOLS The Symbolism of Warisata.............................................................................145 Changing Attitudes ..........................................................................................153 Old Problems ...................................................................................................166 An Official School ...........................................................................................170 The Theory of Warisata ...................................................................................175 True Innovation................................................................................................187 Not What It Seems...........................................................................................193 Chapter V: The Nuclear Age Begins................................................................198 The Legacy of Warisata...................................................................................198 A “New Bolivia” Indeed..................................................................................201 Military Socialism and Education....................................................................210 The Expansion of the Núcleos .........................................................................217 The Deadliest Núcleos .....................................................................................222 The State of Education.....................................................................................228 The Expanded Reach of the State ....................................................................236 Order out of Chaos...........................................................................................244 Chapter VI: Internationalization .....................................................................249 A Verdant Wasteland: 1940–1952...................................................................249 A Deconstruction of the Destruction of Warisata............................................252 The Rule of the CNE: Informed Continuity and Subtle Change .....................261 The Americans Are Coming ............................................................................277 Competing Indian Policies...............................................................................293 The Progress of the Schools By 1952 ..............................................................298 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................307 The Dawn of the Revolution............................................................................307 The Weak State................................................................................................310 Indigenous Communities .................................................................................316 Cultural Conflict ..............................................................................................319 Summary.............................................................................................................325 Samenvatting......................................................................................................331 List of Abbreviations .........................................................................................337 Bibliography.......................................................................................................338
Recommended publications
  • Universidade Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro Centro De Ciências Sociais Instituto De Estudos Sociais E Políticos
    Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Centro de Ciências Sociais Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos Clayton Mendonça Cunha Filho A construção do horizonte plurinacional: liberalismo, indianismo e nacional- popular na formação do Estado boliviano Rio de Janeiro 2015 Clayton Mendonça Cunha Filho A construção do horizonte plurinacional: liberalismo, indianismo e nacional-popular na formação do Estado boliviano Tese apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor, ao programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política do Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Cesar Coelho Guimarães Rio de Janeiro 2015 CATALOGAÇÃO NA FONTE UERJ/REDE SIRIUS/BIBLIOTECA IESP AUTORIZO, APENAS PARA FINS ACADÊMICOS E CIENTÍFICOS, A REPRODUÇÃO TOTAL OU PARCIAL DESTA TESE, DESDE QUE CITADA A FONTE. ____________________________ __________________________ Assinatura Data Clayton Mendonça Cunha Filho A construção do horizonte plurinacional: liberalismo, indianismo e nacional-popular na formação do Estado boliviano Tese apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor, ao programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política do Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Aprovada em 06 de março de 2015. Banca Examinadora: Prof. Dr. Cesar Coelho Guimarães (Orientador) Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos - UERJ Profa. Dra. Maria Regina Soares de Lima Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos - UERJ Prof. Dr. Breno Bringel Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos - UERJ Profa. Dra. Ingrid Sarti Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Prof. Dr. Salvador Schavelzon Universidade Federal de São Paulo AGRADECIMENTOS A tentativa de elencar a todos que de alguma maneira contribuíram para o sucesso de qualquer empreendimento carrega sempre consigo o risco de ver-se traído pela memória e acabar cometendo a injustiça de esquecer-se de mencionar a alguém que merecia ter sido mencionado.
    [Show full text]
  • EXPERIENCIA EN LA Fiscalía DEPARTAMENTAL DE Potosí AÑOS DE EJERCICIO COMO FISCAL
    REFERENCIAS PERSONALES RELACiÓN CURRICULAR DATOS PERSONALES NOMBRE: Antonio Said Leniz Rodríguez FECHA DE NACIMIENTO: 06 de abril de 1972 NACIONALIDAD: Boliviano LUGAR DE NACIMIENTO: Potosí. ciudad, provincia Frías PADRES: Víctor Leniz Virgo Constancia Rodríguez Condori ESTADOCIVIL: Casado CEDULA DE IDENTIDAD: No. 3710893 Exp. En Potosí PROFESION: Abogado MATRICULA PROFESIONAL: ILUSTRECOLEGIO DE ABOGADOS No. 550 MATRICULA PROFESIONAL: MINISTERIODE JUSTICIA:3710893ASLRI-A RADICATORIA ACTUAL: Localidad de Betanzos, Potosí DIRECCION ACTUAL: Ciudad de Potosí. calle 26 de Infantería, Urbanización el Morro No. 22, zona San Martín, ciudad de Potosí. TELEFONO: 62-26711; Cel. 68422230; 67937058. CORREO ELECTRONICO: [email protected] EXPERIENCIA El ejercicio de la profesión de abogado desde la gestión 2000, en el ámbito del derecho penal; en el ejercicio libre de la abogacía, el Poder Judicial-Corte Superior de Distritode Potosí,actual Tribunal Departamental de Justicia de Potosí. Fiscalía Departamental de Potosí, Fiscalía General del Estado en sus instancias de la Inspectoría General del Ministerio Público y Coordinación Nacional en Delitosde Corrupción; finalmente en Fiscalía Departamental de Potosí como Fiscal Departamental SIL. y actualmente como FiscalProvincial. Fiscalía General del Estado y Docencia Universitaria. Adquirió, aptitudes profesionales en la investigación, procesamiento y sanción de casos penales; en todas sus fases en calidad de Asistente Fiscal; Fiscal Asistente; Fiscal Adjunto; Fiscal de Materia, Fiscal Departamental en SIL; en el inicio, investigación de procesos penales en todas sus Fiscalías y reparticiones. Fiscal Inspector en el Régimen Disciplinario del Ministerio Público, con la investigación, procesamiento de procesos disciplinarios. Coordinación Nacional en Delitos contra la Corrupción de la Fiscalía General, con investigación, procesamiento y sanción de casos penales de corrupción.
    [Show full text]
  • Lista De Proveedores Del Ministerio De Educacion
    LISTA DE PROVEEDORES DEL MINISTERIO DE EDUCACION # Proveedor Dirección Telefono 4119944 - 1 A Y B EVENTOS Y ARTE S.R.L. Calle Chuquisaca Nº544, Piso PB, Zona Prado 70729929 - ABENDROTH INTERNACIONAL DE SERVICIOS AUTÓNOMOS 2 Calle Enrique Peñaranda Q11 N° 969 - Zona San Miguel 2795279 FARMACÉUTICOS S.R.L. ABENDROTH INTERNATIONAL DE SOLUCIONES ANALÍTICAS Y 3 Calle Enrique Peñaranda, Bloque Q11, Zona San Miguel 2794452 TECNOLÓGICAS S.R.L. 4 ACTERNA COMUNICACIONES LTDA. D. Guerrilleros Lanza N° 1437 2111627 5 Adalid Copana Misme B/ 27 de mayo S/N Pdo. 79117711 6 Adela Revollo Callau CALLE ROMULO ANTELO S/N 60202097 7 Adolfo Torrico Chore Barrio El Palmar Mzo. 12 73123658 8 Adrian Alvaro Chambi Quenta Calle J. Esquivel Nº 960, Zona San Juan Lazareto 72092883 2311060 - 9 AGB BOLIVIA S.R.L. Av. Montes N° 716 70194447 - 70671259 10 AGENCIA BOLIVIANA ESPACIAL Av. 6 de agosto N° 2577 2141110 11 AGENCIAS GENERALES AGENTAR Av. Cristo 6to Anillo, Ciudad Jardin Amapolas 16 - Santa 3448797 Cruz 13 AIDA VICKY MORALES MAMANI Calle Ingavi N° 684 Zona Central 2409386 14 AJCL IMPRESIONES de Marfa Juana Lozada de Camara Calle Inca Sebastian Acosta N° 784 Dpto. 2 2234402 15 ALBERTO HUGO FERNANDEZ PEÑA Calle 1-A N° 1060 - Zona Ciudad Satelite 70534890 16 Alejandra Cristina Portocarrero Pareja Av. Gamarra N° 1150 70180666 17 Alejandra Silvia Martínez Serrano CALLE ELIODORO Nº911 VILLAZON POTOSI 73870778 18 ALEX GILAGACHI JUSTINIANO Calle Las Pajarillas Nº 22 69393042 Calle Pasoskanqui Nº1529 - Condominio Killa, Zona 19 ALFREDO PARDO ZENTENO 2249126 Miraflores 20 Alga Marina Barriga Cano Barrio Menero, Calle 31 de Octubre Nº 139 71769406 21 ALL SERVICE C&C S.R.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Caso: Provincia Ingavi)
    UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONOMICAS Y FINANCIERAS CARRERA: ECONOMIA TESIS DE GRADO La Incidencia de la Inversión Pública en la Inversión Privada (Caso: Provincia Ingavi) Postulante: Nancy Jimenez Paco Tutor : Lic. Mcs. Pastor Yanguas La Paz - Bolivia 1999 Este trabajo lo dedico a mi querida familia por su apoyo y comprensión. En primer lugar quiero agradecer a Dios, en segundo lugar la colaboración especial de mi tutor Lic. Pastor Yanguas, un excelente profesional que como pocos comparte con sus estudiantes sus conocimientos brindándonos su apoyo y su amistad. Y por último a todos los docentes y amigos que de alguna manera fueron partícipes de la culminación del presente trabajo. 4 INDICE INTRODUCCION 7 CAPITULO I PLANTEAMIENTO GENERAL 1. ANTECEDENTES 12 2. DIAGNOSTICO 14 3. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 19 4. JUSTIFICACION DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 20 5. DELIMITACION GEOGRAFICA 21 6. OBJETIVO DE LA INVESTIGACION 22 7. MARCO TEORICO 23 8. PLANTEAMIENTO DE LA HIPOTESIS 26 9. METODOLOGIA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 27 CAPITULO II ECONOMIA RURAL i. ESTRUCTURA Y CARACTERISTICAS DE LA UNIDAD ECONOMICA FAMILIAR 28 2. SISTEMA DE PRODUCCION 30 3. MIGRACION TEMPORAL 33 4. SISTEMA DE COMERCIALIZACION 35 4.1. CIRCUITOS COMERCIALES 35 4.2. INTERMEDIARIOS COMERCIALES 36 4.3. COMERCIALIZACION DIRECTA 38 s. SISTEMA FINANCIERO 40 6. POTENCIALIDADES 44 7. POLITICAS 54 CAPITULO III LA INCIDENCIA DE LA INVERSIÓN t. INVERSION PUBLICA 58 2. INVERSION PRIVADA 62 3. INVERSION EN LA PROVINCIA INGAVI 66 4. LA IMPLEMENTACION DE LA ECONOMIA DE LIBRE MERCADO 70 s. LA TRANSFORMACION DE LA INVERSION PUBLICA 74 CAPITULO IV LA ECONOMIA REGIONAL EN DECADA DE LOS NOVENTA.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Policies and Processes in the Bolivian Andes
    Public policies and processes in the Bolivian Andes Diego Muñoz Elsner A country case study report for: Policies that Work for Sustainable Agriculture and Regenerating Rural Economies Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DANIDA), Department for International Development (DFID, UK), Kreditanstalt für Wiederafbau (KfW, Germany, Senegal case study), Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) N.B: This publication is the English translation of the extended executive summary of the Bolivian case study report ‘Politicas Públicas Y Agricultura Campesina’, which is available from the IIED bookshop. IIED is particularly grateful to Lucy Ambridge and DFID, who contributed generously to the final stages of the project, and without whom the case studies could not have been published. Copies of this report and others in the Policies that Work series are available from: Bookshop, International Institute for Environment and Development 3 Endsleigh Street, London WC1H 0DD, UK Tel: +44 (0) 20 7388 2117 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7388 2826 e-mail: [email protected] www.iied.org/agri/projects.html Contact the author: Diego Muñoz E. Calle Muñoz Cornejo 2819 esq. Vincentti Phone: +(591 2)241-5759 Fax: +(591 2)241-3082 La Paz - Bolivia E-mail: [email protected] Photos: courtesy of Panos Pictures, www.panos.co.uk unless stated. Design by Eileen Higgins. Layout by Bridget Tisdall & Andy Smith. Printed by Folium, Birmingham, UK. A collaborative research project of the Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods Programme International Institute for Environment and Development 3 Endsleigh Street, London WC1H 0DD, United Kingdom Tel + 44 (0) 20 7388 2117 Fax +44 (0) 20 7388 2826 Email: [email protected] Web-site: www.iied.org Policies that Work web-site: www.iied.org/agri/proj_ptw.html Khanya, South Africa; Green Senegal, Rodale Institute, Senegal; Tegemeo Research Institute, Kenya; Chiang Mai University, Thailand; Development Support Centre, India; SPEECH, India; AS-PTA, Brazil; Diego Muñoz, Bolivia; IUCN, Pakistan.
    [Show full text]
  • N 0'For Publication
    N 0' FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT WRITER'S CONSENT INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS WLM-14 21 April 1989 La Paz, BOLIVIA Peter Bird Martin Executive Director Institute of Current World Affairs Wheelock House 4 West Wheelock Street Hanover, NH 03755 Dear Petei, In the days before the Andean Wars of Independence (1809--1826), when Bolivia was still known as Upper Peru, addressing Ferdinand VII, the King of Spain, was no simple matter. And in Upper Pet"u, %he center of Royalist support was the cap.ital La Plala. LocaTed in the Chuquisaca valley, La Plata was the seat of the Audiencia de Charcas that administered the royal edicts firsl tnder the ju'isdiction of the Viceroyalty of Lima-- and after 1776, under the jurisdict+/-on of the Viceroyalty in Buenos Aires. No long after silver mining began in Poosi in 545, La Plata became a principal crossroads of the Spanish Empire. Miners and landowners flocked to Chuquisaca to inves heir profits [n elegant homes and educate their children at one of the New World's finer institutions, the bniversiT.y de Sai Francisco Xavier (founded 16'74). For bola ininers and large landowners, there was no question of allegiance. The Spanish monarchy, despite feeble atempts to assure the rights of indigenous peoples after the Conquest, generelly tolerated the "mira" and the "pongo." The forner sent thousands of Aymaras and Quechuas to the Potoai mines and hei[ deaths. The allowed landowners, o "hacendados" to exploit Indian "co]ones" who already worked %he patron's lands 3-5 days a week, forcing the "pongo" to give up least one week a year to attend his master's needs in the ci%y of La Plata without pay.
    [Show full text]
  • Oil Nationalizations in Bolivia and Mexico Established a Period of Tension and Conflict with U.S
    The Oil Nationalizations in Bolivia (1937) and Mexico (1938): a comparative study of asymmetric confrontations with the United States Fidel Pérez Flores IREL/UnB [email protected] Clayton M. Cunha Filho UFC [email protected] 9o Congreso Latinoamericano de Ciencia Política ¿Democracias en Recesión? Montevideo, 26-28 de julio de 2017 2 The Oil Nationalizations in Bolivia (1937) and Mexico (1938): a comparative study of asymmetric confrontations with the United States I. Introduction Between 1937 and 1942, oil nationalizations in Bolivia and Mexico established a period of tension and conflict with U.S. companies and government. While in both cases foreign companies were finally expelled from host countries in what can be seen as a starting point for the purpose of building a national oil industry, a closer look at political processes reveal that the Bolivian government was less successful than the Mexican in maintaining its initial stand in face of the pressure of both the foreign company and the U.S. Government. Why, despite similar contextual conditions, was it more difficult for Bolivian than for Mexican officials to deal with the external pressures to end their respective oil nationalization controversy? The purpose of this study is to explore, in light of the Mexican and Bolivian oil nationalizations of the 1930’s, how important domestic politics is in less developed countries to maintain divergent preferences against more powerful international actors. This paper focuses on the political options of actors from peripheral countries in making room for their own interests in an international system marked by deep asymmetries. We assume that these options are in part the product of processes unfolding inside national political arenas.
    [Show full text]
  • Gobierno Municipal De Sorata 1Ra Sección Provincia Larecaja
    Universidad Mayor de San Andrés Facultad de Arquitectura, Artes, Diseño y Urbanismo Carrera de Arquitectura MEMORIA DE TRABAJO DIRIGIDO Gobierno Municipal de Sorata 1ra Sección Provincia Larecaja POSTULANTE: Pamela Isabel Mendoza Espinoza ASESOR: ARQ. GUSTAVO ARCE La Paz – Bolivia 2008 2008 Facultad de Arquitectura Artes Diseño y Urbanismo Carrera Arquitectura Agradecimientos Quiero dar las gracias en primer lugar a Dios, a mis papas por estar siempre pendientes de mí, a toda mi familia por todo el apoyo brindado, al H.G.M.S. por acogerme y brindarme tanta cordialidad, y confianza, a mis docentes por todos los consejos, y a todos los amigos involucrados en el transcurso de mi Trabajo Dirigido. Sin ustedes todo esto no hubiese sido posible. Postulante _ Univ. Pamela Isabel Mendoza Espinoza Trabajo Dirigido _ MUNICIPIO DE SORATA Facultad de Arquitectura Artes Diseño y Urbanismo Carrera Arquitectura edicatoria D Dedico especialmente este trabajo a Gonzalito, gracias por todo el amor, el apoyo y la confianza que depositaste en mí. Postulante _ Univ. Pamela Isabel Mendoza Espinoza Trabajo Dirigido _ MUNICIPIO DE SORATA Facultad de Arquitectura Artes Diseño y Urbanismo Carrera Arquitectura INDICE INDICE…………………………………..……………………………………………………..… 1 A INTRODUCCION ................................................................................................................. 3 B JUSTIFICACION DEL TRABAJO DIRIGIDO.- ..................................................................... 4 C OBJETIVOS .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Bolivia En Arguedas Y Tamayo
    LATINOAMERICA CUADERNOS DE CULTURA LATINOAMERICANA 79 JOSE LUIS ROCA BOLIVIA EN ARGUEDAS Y TAMAYO COORDINACION DE HUMANIDADES CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS LATINOAMERICANOS/ Facultad de Filosofía y Letras UNION DE UNIVERSIDADES DE AMERICA LATINA UNAM JOSE LUIS ROCA BOLIVIA EN ARGUEDAS Y TAMAYO UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO COORDINACIÓN DE HUMANIDADES CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS LATINOAMERICANOS Facultad de Filosofía y Letras UNIÓN DE UNIVERSIDADES DE AMÉRICA LATINA José Luis Roca, el altiplano boliviano ha sido objeto de crudos análisis por diversos intérpretes de su historia y cul­ tura. Entre ellos Alcides Arguedas (Cf. Latinoamérica 46). Un pensamiento pesimista que tiene su origen en la amarga derrota frente a Chile en 1883, por la que perdió las tierras que le daban salida al mar. El indígena, estratificado por el impacto de la conquista, parecía ser la clave de la negativa situación. Alcides Arguedas abunda en este campo apoya­ do, en parte, en las ideas que sobre otra realidad, la de la planicie latinoamericana, sostuvieron los civilizadores como Domingo F. Sarmiento de la Argentina. Frente a Arguedas están Frank Tamayo que busca lo que llama la redención de indio y, con ello, su incorporación a Bolivia. De cualquier forma, expulsado o redimido, el indígena es el problema. Es un análisis que hace José Luis Roca sobre los dos pensado­ res de la realidad boliviana, Arguedas y Tamayo. Un aná­ lisis en el que se hacen expresos los problemas con los que tuvo y tienen que luchar el olvidado hombre del altiplano en esa región de América. Un ensayo vivo, actual, con proble­ mas que aun reclaman respuesta.
    [Show full text]
  • El Presente Trabajo Analiza Las Soluciones Que Proponen Las Obras
    Revista de Indias, 1992, vol LII, IZÚIIS. 195/196 MARTA IRUROZQUI VICTORIANO El presente trabajo analiza las soluciones que proponen las obras de Alcides Arguedas, Pueblo Enferino y Raza de Bronce, y de Franz Tamayo, Creación de la Pedagogía Nacional al problema indígena y a la relación que existe entre el indio y el mestizo (1) respecto a la cuestión electoral. Ambos aspectos conllevan al mismo tiempo una discusión sobre la conversión de Bolivia en un Estado-nación moderno cuya trasfondo es, en realidad, encu- brir una competencia en el interior de la élite (2) por controlar el poder político (3) a principios del siglo XX. El estudio de las cues- tiones aludidas se realiza en dos niveles, mientras el primero ofrece una perspectiva general sobre el debate acerca de qué hacer con el indio, el segundo se refiere a las soluciones que le dan ambos autores, relacionándolas con un proyecto intelectual (AME90-0849-C02-01)Proyecto Plan Nacional 1 + D. (1) No se pretende una definición clasificatoria de las categorías @dio y mesiEo. Ambos térniinos son entendidos como bloques cerrados que si bien hacen mención a realidades muy com lejas pueden sintetizarse según el valor que Franz Tamayo y Alcides Arguedas Es dan. Por tanto, indio será sinónimo de campesino comunario vinculado a una hacienda del Altiplano y mestizo equiva~ lente a cholo urbano de extracción social baja, migrante desarraigado del campo y con aspiraciones a formar parte de la vida política del país a través de la Administración Pública. (2) Se trata de un concepto en lobador de aquellos sectores sociales que poseen poder político y económico y %e a uellos otros que constituyen su margen de reclutamiento y reserva.
    [Show full text]
  • Linking Urban Centres and Rural Areas in Bolivia
    World Derelopment. Vol. II, No. I, pp.31—53 1983. 0305—750X!83/0l003 1—23803.00/0 Printed in Great Uritain. © 1983 Pergamon Press Ltd. Integrated Regional Development Planning: Linking Urban Centres and Rural Areas in Bolivia DENNIS A. RONDINELLI* Syracuse University and HUGH EVANS Massachusetts Institute of Technology Summary. — Ilighly polarized settlement systems in developing countries reflect and iend to reinforce strong disparities in levels of development between the largest city and other regions and between urban centres and thefr hinterlands in rural regions. Integrated regional develop ment planning seeks to create a more diffuse and articulated system of settlements in order to diversify the services and facilities available to rural residents, increase theiraccess to town-based markets, new sources of agricultural inputs and non-agricultural employment opportunities, and to provide guidelines for sectural investment and lomtion decisions. One approach to integrated regional development planning — ‘Urban Functions in Rural Development’ — was tested in the Department of Potosi, Bolivia, and its results provide insights not only into the metl,odology of analysis but also into the complex relationships among rural development, patterns of human settlement and processes of spatial interaction. I. INTRODUCTION happened in many industrialized countries of Europe and North America. But experience has The pattern of economic development that shown that the trickle down effects of concen has emerged in most of South America during trated
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 23 Historians in Spanish South America: Cross-References Between Centre and Periphery
    OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 09/22/2011, SPi Chapter 23 Historians in Spanish South America: Cross-References between Centre and Periphery Juan Maiguashca The purpose of this chapter is to offer an overview of the historiography of Spanish South America (SSA) in the nineteenth century and the fi rst half of the twentieth. It does not treat the nine countries individually but takes the region as a whole as the unit of analysis. 1 This can be done because during the period in question there emerged in this part of the Americas an intellectual common market, la república de las letras , which grew in size and complexity. To be sure, an interchange of ideas and intellectual products took place during the late colonial period. The density of exchanges, however, increased after independ- ence. They dealt with a variety of subjects: political, military, economic, liter- ary, and historiographical. This chapter will deal exclusively with the latter. The idea of a common market in historical writing was suggested but not developed by Germán Colmenares about twenty years ago in his Las convenciones contra la cultura: Ensayos sobre la historiografía hispanoamericana del siglo XIX [Conventions against Culture: Essays on Nineteenth-Century Spanish American Historiography] (1987). There he writes: ‘Hispanic American historians have constantly referred to the Europeans. All of them had access to the same authors, French mostly . But there were cross-references among them as well. Ideological connections, generational affi nities, exile, common experience or incompatibilities, real or imagined, permitted these references.’2 More recently, Josep Barnadas has referred to these cross-references more forcefully: ‘it must be remembered’, he writes, ‘something that has been usually forgotten: that the Spanish American elites cultivated among themselves intellectual, political and 1 The countries in question are: Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela.
    [Show full text]