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Home , Brodmann area, Inferior frontal gyrus, Operculum (brain), Prefrontal cortex

Brodmann areas 44 & 45 deficits and their impact on and Amber Guynup SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY

Introducon Broca’s Area as a whole 44 Broca’s Conclusion Broca’s area is generally found in the le posterior frontal Research shows le hemispheric dominance during tasks requiring Brodmann area 44 is part of the in the With respect to the language areas in cortex of the . This area of the brain consists of naming, judgments of phonology, semancs and syntax. Broca’s and is located anterior to the the le of the brain and the two cytoarchitectonically defined regions called Brodmann region is also acvated during acquision off grammacal rules, BA6 and inferior to BA9 on the lateral surface. amount of research that has been done areas 44 & 45 (Also referred to as, BA44 and BA45) discriminaon of speech sounds, producon of words, esmaon of Due to the fact that Brodmann area 44 is just anterior to the on this area, it makes sense to refer to (Davis, 2008). me intervals, and reproducon of rhythms (Nishitani, 2004). mouth area of the motor strip, it has been widely discovered Broca’s aphasia is a non-fluent type of aphasia that is the le inferior frontal as the Broca’s Area Research done on Broca’s area 44 & 45 show increased levels of that the locaon of Broca’s area reflects the involvement of commonly associated with: language relevant part of the frontal acvaon as a funcon of syntacc processing during language this cortex with the motor Arculatory aspects of speaking • verbal apraxia, cortex. According to researchers, it has • agrammac speech comprehension. This area as a whole also parcipates largely in verbal (Horwitz, 2003). • relavely good auditory become clear that in addion to BA44 • and poor repeon fluency as well (Friederici, 2007). comprehension and 45, at least BA47 and part of BA6 Some researchers claim that Broca’s area is essenal for creang and Area 44’s main job is language producon, and is responsible that is caused by an infarct/lesion in Broca’s area(BA 44 and/ (probably the ventral part) should be maintaining chains of movement in movement derived sentences for several language producon tasks. or 45). Because of the locaon of Broca’s area in the le included in the le frontal language (passive and objecve clause sentences), while others argue that this Just to name a few, these include: hemisphere of the brain, it is also commonly associated with network (Hagoort, 2005). area is more generally required for themac role assignments for weakness of the arm and leg muscles of the right side of the As menoned prior, damage to Broca’s A number of studies have indicated that Brodmann areas 44 verbal (semanc or phonological) working . Several studies •Speech intonaon •Word generaon body. Doctors look at repeon to help them to make the area is not always a permanent deficit. & 45 play a crucial role in understanding and producing have shown increased acvaon for the processing of non-canonical •Express emoons •Syntacc, Episodic, and final diagnosis of Broca’s aphasia. Standardized tesng is During rehabilitaon, recovery may be language, as well as aiding in many language funcons. sentences in which words are moved out of their original posion as •Arculatory complexity most frequently used, where they usually ask the person with due to: These funcons include: compared to sentences of canonical word order (Friederici, 2007). •Tacle imagery •Linguisc Fluency aphasia to repeat words, phrases, and the sentences to see •Reorganizaon- which is when other •Language producon •Grammar Acvaon in both areas is also reported for the processing of •Goals •Grammar what he/she can produce. Medical professionals use parts of the brain may assume funcons •Syntax •Memory grammacal rules defined in terms of hierarchical phrase structure as •Sentence comprehension •And many more different types of words and phrases, from everyday phrases of the damaged part •Semancs • compared to non-grammacal rules based on sequenal cues to more complicated or strange phrases. Repeon however •Or rehabilitaon may have provided •Fluency •Comprehension (Friederici, 2007). Broca’s are is involved in modulaon of motor Studies have shown that this area is important for processing can be affected by apraxia, which makes tesng a lile more alternave strategies or cognive excitability during speech percepon and can be acvated by listening word sequences at the syntacc level, as well involved in difficult. Many people are diagnosed with Broca’s aphasia mechanisms for compleng the task as well as many others. However, areas 44 & 45 have their to speech. high-level aspects of programming speech producon everyday. With connued therapy sessions and lots of at (Davis, 2008). own specific language funcons to each parcular area Roughly speaking according to extensive research, BA47 and BA45 are (Amunts, 2004). Phonological tasks are also found to acvate home work, individuals with aphasia can work towards Depending on the site of lesion and that impacts our everyday speech and language abilies. involved in semanc processing, BA45 and BA44 contribute to this area of the le frontal cortex as well. increasing speech output, increasing reading and wring reason for each individual’s specific With this being said, individuals with lesions to either of syntacc processing, and Finally BA44 and parts of BA6 have a role in skills, and increasing repeon and comprehension skills. The language deficits, the amount of these areas can cause significant speech and language phonological processing (Hagoort, 2005). severity of aphasia can be changed over me, as well as recovery me differs. However with the difficules. These difficules may include; Agrammac Many paents with damage to Broca’s area have language deficits BA6/FO changed to a different classificaon of aphasia based on right medical aenon and therapy speech, verb producon, and spelling just to name a few. inially but recover over me, oen aer rehabilitaon. (Frontal ) improvement post treatment. plan, it is highly likely that language can return to an intelligible state.

Brodmann area 45 New Research The human brain is a very Brodmann area 45 is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. References Recent studies have revealed that, in addion Amunts, K., Weiss, P. H., Mohlberg, H., Pieperhoff, P., Eickhoff, S., Gurd, J. M., ... & Zilles, K. (2004). Analysis of neural mechanisms underlying verbal fluency in complex structure and acts This area in contrast to BA44, is located on the lateral surface and to classical language funcons, Broca’s area has novel and cytoarchitectonically defined stereotaxic space—the roles of Brodmann areas 44 and 45. Neuroimage, 22(1), 42-56. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.031 as a control center by inferior to BA9, while adjacent to BA46. Burkhardt, P., Piñango, M. M., & Wong, K. (2003). The role of the anterior le unexpected funcons, serving as a likely interface of acon hemisphere in real-me sentence comprehension: Evidence from split intransivity. Brain and Language, 86(1), 9-22. doi:10.1016/S0093-934X(02)00526-6 receiving, interpreng, and Research shows greater acvaon in BA45 during semanc tasks and and percepon important for both verbal and non-verbal Davis, C., Kleinman, J. T., Newhart, M., Gingis, L., Pawlak, M., & Hillis, A. E. (2008). Speech and language funcons that require a funconing Broca's area. Brain and direcng sensory fluency. It is also involved more in semanc tasks of language Researchers have put forth the finding that Broca’s area 44 Language, 105(1), 50-58. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2008.01.012 communicaon (Judas, 2007). Early research conceptualized Friederici, A. D. (2006). Broca's area and the ventral premotor cortex in language: Funconal differenaon and specificity.Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of informaon throughout the processing. and 45 and the le ventrical premotor cortex known as BA6 Broca’s area as an exclusive speech producon area. Broca’s the Nervous System and Behavior, 42(4), 472-475. Retrieved from hp://search.proquest.com/docview/85394743?accound=13215 body. Area 45’s main job is also language producon, however is responsible together with the frontal operculum support different Hagoort, P. (2005). On Broca, brain, and binding: a new framework. Trends in area is indeed involved in the organizaon of arculatory cognive sciences, 9(9), 416-423. doi:10.1016/j.cs.2005.07.004 Haield, B., Millet, D., Coles, J., Gassaway, J., Conroy, B., & Smout, R. J. (2005). Characterizing for several other language funcons as well that area 44 is not. funcons during language processing. sequences and inner speech, in rehearsal, in the iniaon of speech and language pathology outcomes in stroke rehabilitaon. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitaon, 86(12), S61-S72. doi:10.1016/j.ampr.2005.08.111 Just to list a few differences, these include: The exact funcon of BA6 has yet to be defined. It has not Horwitz, B., Amunts, K., Bhaacharyya, R., Patkin, D., Jeffries, K., Zilles, K., & speech, in phonological processing, in syntacc processing, Braun, A. R. (2003). Acvaon of Broca’s area during the producon of spoken and signed language: a combined cytoarchitectonic mapping and PET analysis. Neuropsychologia, 41(14), been made clear whether this corcal region is involved in including , and syntaccal and phonological 1868-1876. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(03)00125-8 •Lexical search •Retrieving categories Judas, M., & Cepanec, M. (2007). Adult structure and development of the error detecon of local structures or in the processing of human fronto-opercular (Broca's region). Clinical Linguiscs & Phonecs, 21 •Sign language •Syntax working memory. In addion new research suggests that the (11-12), 975-989. doi:10.1080/02699200701617175 Nishitani, N., Schurmann, M., Amunts, K., & Hari, R. (2005). Broca’s region: local structural dependencies in general and only increases in anterior triangular part of Broca’s area is related to lexical from acon to language. Physiology, 20(1), 60-69. •Reason •Heurisc thinking Sirigu, A., Cohen, L., Zalla, T., Pradat-Diehl, P., Van Eeckhout, P., Grafman, J., & Agid, Y. (1998). acvaon once a local structure is violated. Due to this Disnct frontal regions for processing sentence syntax and story grammar. Cortex, 34(5), •Declarave memory •Affecve retrieval, whereas it’s posterior opercular part is involved in 771-778. Retrieved from hp://search.proquest.com/docview/85418775?accound=13215 De Wie, L., Wilssens, I., Engelborghs, S., De Deyn, P.,P., & Mariën, P. (2006). research suggests that more informaon and data is needed motor arculaon (Judas, 2007). Research is ongoing in Impairment of syntax and lexical semancs in a paent with bilateral paramedian thalamic • Digits •Timed behavior infarcon. Brain and Language, 96(1), 69-77. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2005.08.011 before this issue can be resolved (Friederici, 2006). hp://www.brodmannarea.info/index2.htm •Word and face encoding •And many more determining more specifics about Broca’s area. hp://www.theaphasiacenter.com/2012/01/what-is-brocas-aphasia/