How Does the Brain Produce Movement?
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Cerebral Cortex Structure, Function, Dysfunction Reading Ch 10 Waxman Dental Neuroanatomy Lecture Suzanne Stensaas, Ph.D
Cerebral Cortex Structure, Function, Dysfunction Reading Ch 10 Waxman Dental Neuroanatomy Lecture Suzanne Stensaas, Ph.D. March 15, 2011 Anatomy Review • Lobes and layers • Brodmann’s areas • Vascular Supply • Major Neurological Findings – Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Limbic • Quiz Questions? Types of Cortex • Sensory • Motor • Unimodal association • Multimodal association necessary for language, reason, plan, imagine, create Structure of neocortex (6 layers) The general pattern of primary, association and mulimodal association cortex (Mesulam) Brodmann, Lateral Left Hemisphere MCA left hemisphere from D.Haines ACA and PCA -Haines Issues of Functional Localization • Earliest studies -Signs, symptoms and note location • Electrical discharge (epilepsy) suggested function • Ablation - deficit suggest function • Reappearance of infant functions suggest loss of inhibition (disinhibition), i.e. grasp, suck, Babinski • Variabilities in case reports • Linked networks of afferent and efferent neurons in several regions working to accomplish a task • Functional imaging does not always equate with abnormal function associated with location of lesion • fMRI activation of several cortical regions • Same sign from lesions in different areas – i.e.paraphasias • Notion of the right hemisphere as "emotional" in contrast to the left one as "logical" has no basis in fact. Limbic System (not a true lobe) involves with cingulate gyrus and the • Hippocampus- short term memory • Amygdala- fear, agression, mating • Fornix pathway to hypothalamus • -
The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’S Disease
life Review The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’s Disease Gianfranco Natale 1,2,* , Larisa Ryskalin 1 , Gabriele Morucci 1 , Gloria Lazzeri 1, Alessandro Frati 3,4 and Francesco Fornai 1,4 1 Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (F.F.) 2 Museum of Human Anatomy “Filippo Civinini”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy 3 Neurosurgery Division, Human Neurosciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00135 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 4 Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is provided with a peculiar nervous network, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is dedicated to the fine control of digestive functions. This forms a complex network, which includes several types of neurons, as well as glial cells. Despite extensive studies, a comprehensive classification of these neurons is still lacking. The complexity of ENS is magnified by a multiple control of the central nervous system, and bidirectional communication between various central nervous areas and the gut occurs. This lends substance to the complexity of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which represents the network governing homeostasis through nervous, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. The present manuscript is dedicated to Citation: Natale, G.; Ryskalin, L.; identifying various neuronal cytotypes belonging to ENS in baseline conditions. -
(Mpfc-Lpmc) Affects Subjective Beauty but Not Ugliness
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 08 December 2015 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00654 Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Left Primary Motor Cortex (mPFC-lPMC) Affects Subjective Beauty but not Ugliness Koyo Nakamura1 and Hideaki Kawabata2* 1 Graduate School of Human Relations, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan, 2 Department of Psychology, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan Neuroaesthetics has been searching for the neural bases of the subjective experience of beauty. It has been demonstrated that neural activities in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the left primary motor cortex (lPMC) correlate with the subjective experience of beauty. Although beauty and ugliness seem to be semantically and conceptually opposite, it is still unknown whether these two evaluations represent extreme opposites in unitary or bivariate dimensions. In this study, we applied transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to examine whether non-invasive brain stimulation modulates two types of esthetic evaluation; evaluating beauty and ugliness. Participants rated the Edited by: subjective beauty and ugliness of abstract paintings before and after the application of Edward A. Vessel, tDCS. Application of cathodal tDCS over the mPFC with anode electrode over the lPMC, New York University, USA which induced temporal inhibition of neural excitability of the mPFC, led to a decrease Reviewed by: Zaira Cattaneo, in beauty ratings but not ugliness ratings. There were no changes in ratings of both University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy beauty and ugliness when applying anodal tDCS or sham stimulation over the mPFC. Andrea Antal, Results from our experiment indicate that the mPFC and the lPMC have a causal role University Medical Center Goettingen, Germany in generating the subjective experience of beauty, with beauty and ugliness evaluations Gerald Cupchik, constituting two distinct dimensions. -
A Revised Computational Neuroanatomy for Motor Control
This is the author’s final version; this article has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1 A Revised Computational Neuroanatomy for Motor Control 2 Shlomi Haar1, Opher Donchin2,3 3 1. Department of BioEngineering, Imperial College London, UK 4 2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel 5 3. Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel 6 7 Corresponding author: Shlomi Haar ([email protected]) 8 Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK 9 10 Acknowledgements: We would like to thank Ilan Dinstein, Liad Mudrik, Daniel Glaser, Alex Gail, and 11 Reza Shadmehr for helpful discussions about the manuscript. Shlomi Haar is supported by the Royal 12 Society – Kohn International Fellowship (NF170650). Work on this review was partially supported by 13 DFG grant TI-239/16-1. 14 15 Abstract 16 We discuss a new framework for understanding the structure of motor control. Our approach 17 integrates existing models of motor control with the reality of hierarchical cortical processing and the 18 parallel segregated loops that characterize cortical-subcortical connections. We also incorporate the recent 19 claim that cortex functions via predictive representation and optimal information utilization. Our 20 framework assumes each cortical area engaged in motor control generates a predictive model of a different 21 aspect of motor behavior. In maintaining these predictive models, each area interacts with a different part 22 of the cerebellum and basal ganglia. These subcortical areas are thus engaged in domain appropriate 23 system identification and optimization. This refocuses the question of division of function among different 24 cortical areas. -
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection This guide is for middle and high school students participating in AIMS Anatomy of the Human Brain and Sheep Brain Dissections. Programs will be presented by an AIMS Anatomy Specialist. In this activity students will become more familiar with the anatomical structures of the human brain by observing, studying, and examining human specimens. The primary focus is on the anatomy, function, and pathology. Those students participating in Sheep Brain Dissections will have the opportunity to dissect and compare anatomical structures. At the end of this document, you will find anatomical diagrams, vocabulary review, and pre/post tests for your students. The following topics will be covered: 1. The neurons and supporting cells of the nervous system 2. Organization of the nervous system (the central and peripheral nervous systems) 4. Protective coverings of the brain 5. Brain Anatomy, including cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and brain stem 6. Spinal Cord Anatomy 7. Cranial and spinal nerves Objectives: The student will be able to: 1. Define the selected terms associated with the human brain and spinal cord; 2. Identify the protective structures of the brain; 3. Identify the four lobes of the brain; 4. Explain the correlation between brain surface area, structure and brain function. 5. Discuss common neurological disorders and treatments. 6. Describe the effects of drug and alcohol on the brain. 7. Correctly label a diagram of the human brain National Science Education -
Structure and Function of Visual Area MT
AR245-NE28-07 ARI 16 March 2005 1:3 V I E E W R S First published online as a Review in Advance on March 17, 2005 I E N C N A D V A Structure and Function of Visual Area MT Richard T. Born1 and David C. Bradley2 1Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5701; email: [email protected] 2Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Neurosci. Key Words 2005. 28:157–89 extrastriate, motion perception, center-surround antagonism, doi: 10.1146/ magnocellular, structure-from-motion, aperture problem by HARVARD COLLEGE on 04/14/05. For personal use only. annurev.neuro.26.041002.131052 Copyright c 2005 by Abstract Annual Reviews. All rights reserved The small visual area known as MT or V5 has played a major role in 0147-006X/05/0721- our understanding of the primate cerebral cortex. This area has been 0157$20.00 historically important in the concept of cortical processing streams and the idea that different visual areas constitute highly specialized Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 0.0:${article.fPage}-${article.lPage}. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org representations of visual information. MT has also proven to be a fer- tile culture dish—full of direction- and disparity-selective neurons— exploited by many labs to study the neural circuits underlying com- putations of motion and depth and to examine the relationship be- tween neural activity and perception. Here we attempt a synthetic overview of the rich literature on MT with the goal of answering the question, What does MT do? www.annualreviews.org · Structure and Function of Area MT 157 AR245-NE28-07 ARI 16 March 2005 1:3 pathway. -
Neural Control of Movement: Motor Neuron Subtypes, Proprioception and Recurrent Inhibition
List of Papers This thesis is based on the following papers, which are referred to in the text by their Roman numerals. I Enjin A, Rabe N, Nakanishi ST, Vallstedt A, Gezelius H, Mem- ic F, Lind M, Hjalt T, Tourtellotte WG, Bruder C, Eichele G, Whelan PJ, Kullander K (2010) Identification of novel spinal cholinergic genetic subtypes disclose Chodl and Pitx2 as mark- ers for fast motor neurons and partition cells. J Comp Neurol 518:2284-2304. II Wootz H, Enjin A, Wallen-Mackenzie Å, Lindholm D, Kul- lander K (2010) Reduced VGLUT2 expression increases motor neuron viability in Sod1G93A mice. Neurobiol Dis 37:58-66 III Enjin A, Leao KE, Mikulovic S, Le Merre P, Tourtellotte WG, Kullander K. 5-ht1d marks gamma motor neurons and regulates development of sensorimotor connections Manuscript IV Enjin A, Leao KE, Eriksson A, Larhammar M, Gezelius H, Lamotte d’Incamps B, Nagaraja C, Kullander K. Development of spinal motor circuits in the absence of VIAAT-mediated Renshaw cell signaling Manuscript Reprints were made with permission from the respective publishers. Cover illustration Carousel by Sasha Svensson Contents Introduction.....................................................................................................9 Background...................................................................................................11 Neural control of movement.....................................................................11 The motor neuron.....................................................................................12 Organization -
Corticospinal Fibers
151 Brain stem Pyramids/Corticospinal Tract 1 PYRAMIDS - CORTICOSPINAL FIBERS The pyramids are two elongated swellings on the ventral aspect of the medulla. Each pyramid contains approximately 1,000,000 CORTICOSPINAL AXONS. As the name suggests, these axons arise from the cerebral cortex and descend to terminate within the spinal cord. The cortical cells that give rise to corticospinal axons are called Betz cells. As corticospinal axons descend from the cortex, they course through the internal capsule, the cerebral peduncle of the midbrain, and the ventral pons (you will learn about these structures later in the course so don’t worry about them now) and onto the ventral surface of the medulla as the pyramids (see below). When corticospinal axons reach the medulla they lie within the pyramids. The pyramids are just big fiber bundles that lie on the ventral surface of the caudal medulla. The fibers in the pyramids are corticospinal. It is important to REMEMBER: THERE HAS BEEN NO CROSSING YET! in this system. The cell bodies of corticospinal axons within the pyramids lie within the IPSILATERAL cerebral cortex. Brain stem 152 Pyramids/Corticospinal Tract At the most caudal pole of the pyramids the corticospinal axons cross over the midline and now continue their descent on the contralateral (to the cell of origin) side. This crossover point is called the PYRAMIDAL DECUSSATION. The crossing fibers enter the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord where they are called the LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT (“corticospinal” is not good enough, you have to call them lateral corticospinal; LCST - remember this one??). LCST axons exit the tract to terminate upon neurons in the spinal cord gray matter along its entire length. -
Motor Control: a Sense of Movement
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS MOTOR CONTROL A sense of movement Neuroscience textbooks tell us that with a shorter latency after S1 stimu- whisker protraction, and that M1retract the motor cortex controls move- lation than after M1 stimulation. only induces whisker retraction ment. But now, Carl Petersen and Thus, S1 and M1 are both involved in indirectly, through S1 activation. colleagues show that sensory cortex whisker motor and sensory process- By mapping the neural pathways may have an equally important role ing. The M1 area that induced C2 involved in C2 whisker retraction in motor control. retraction was termed M1retract; a and protraction, the authors found The authors showed that a single, more medial M1 region that induced that M1C2 and S1C2 have reciprocal brief deflection of the C2 whisker C2 protraction under microstimula- connections and project to adjacent induced activity in the correspond- tion was termed M1protract. regions in subcortical areas. In the ing barrel column of the primary The authors next investigated the brain stem, this includes the reticular somatosensory cortex (S1), followed functional relevance of this finding. formation as a projection area of M1, by a response in a small area in the By attaching metal particles to the C2 and the spinal trigeminal nuclei as primary motor cortex (M1). Direct whisker and applying a pulsed mag- a projection area of S1. Both areas microstimulation or optogenetic netic field, the authors could evoke project to the facial nucleus, which stimulation of either area induced C2 whisker deflections. The whisker contains whisker motor neurons. a brief retraction of the C2 whisker, retracted in response to this stimulus, Indeed, direct electrical stimula- and this response was abolished when tion of the reticular formation and S1 was inactivated — but not spinal trigeminal nuclei induced when M1 was inactivated — with whisker protraction and retraction, tetrodoxin (TTX). -
GLOSSARY Glossary Adapted with Permission from R
GLOSSARY Glossary adapted with permission from R. Kalb (ed.) Multiple Sclerosis: The Questions You Have: The Answers You Need (5th ed.) New York: Demos Medical Publishing, 2012. This glossary is available in its entirety (as well as additional MS terms) online at nationalMSsociety.org/glossary. 106 | KNOWLEDGE IS POWER 106 | KNOWLEDGE IS POWER Americans with Disabilities Act Blood-brain barrier (ADA) A semi-permeable cell layer around The first comprehensive legislation blood vessels in the brain and spinal to prohibit discrimination on the cord that prevents large molecules, basis of disability. The ADA (passed immune cells, and potentially in 1990) guarantees full participation damaging substances and disease- in society to people with disabilities. causing organisms (e.g., viruses) from The four areas of social activity passing out of the blood stream into the covered by the ADA are employment; central nervous system (brain, spinal public services and accommodations; cord and optic nerves). A break in the transportation; and communications blood-brain barrier may underlie the Autoimmune(e.g., telephone disease services). Centraldisease process nervous in system MS. A process in which the body’s immune The part of the nervous system that system causes illness by mistakenly includes the brain, optic nerves, and attacking healthy cells, organs or tissues Cerebrospinalspinal cord. fluid (CSF) in the body that are essential for good health. In multiple sclerosis, the specific antigen — or target — that the immune A watery, colorless, clear fluid that cells are sensitized to attack remains bathes and protects the brain and unknown, which is why MS is considered spinal cord. -
Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum
1/2/2019 This power point is made available as an educational resource or study aid for your use only. This presentation may not be duplicated for others and should not be redistributed or posted anywhere on the internet or on any personal websites. Your use of this resource is with the acknowledgment and acceptance of those restrictions. Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum – a quick overview MHD-Neuroanatomy – Neuroscience Block Gregory Gruener, MD, MBA, MHPE Vice Dean for Education, SSOM Professor, Department of Neurology LUHS a member of Trinity Health Outcomes you want to accomplish Basal ganglia review Define and identify the major divisions of the basal ganglia List the major basal ganglia functional loops and roles List the components of the basal ganglia functional “circuitry” and associated neurotransmitters Describe the direct and indirect motor pathways and relevance/role of the substantia nigra compacta 1 1/2/2019 Basal Ganglia Terminology Striatum Caudate nucleus Nucleus accumbens Putamen Globus pallidus (pallidum) internal segment (GPi) external segment (GPe) Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra compact part (SNc) reticular part (SNr) Basal ganglia “circuitry” • BG have no major outputs to LMNs – Influence LMNs via the cerebral cortex • Input to striatum from cortex is excitatory – Glutamate is the neurotransmitter • Principal output from BG is via GPi + SNr – Output to thalamus, GABA is the neurotransmitter • Thalamocortical projections are excitatory – Concerned with motor “intention” • Balance of excitatory & inhibitory inputs to striatum, determine whether thalamus is suppressed BG circuits are parallel loops • Motor loop – Concerned with learned movements • Cognitive loop – Concerned with motor “intention” • Limbic loop – Emotional aspects of movements • Oculomotor loop – Concerned with voluntary saccades (fast eye-movements) 2 1/2/2019 Basal ganglia “circuitry” Cortex Striatum Thalamus GPi + SNr Nolte. -
Basal Ganglia Anatomy, Physiology, and Function Ns201c
Basal Ganglia Anatomy, Physiology, and Function NS201c Human Basal Ganglia Anatomy Basal Ganglia Circuits: The ‘Classical’ Model of Direct and Indirect Pathway Function Motor Cortex Premotor Cortex + Glutamate Striatum GPe GPi/SNr Dopamine + - GABA - Motor Thalamus SNc STN Analagous rodent basal ganglia nuclei Gross anatomy of the striatum: gateway to the basal ganglia rodent Dorsomedial striatum: -Inputs predominantly from mPFC, thalamus, VTA Dorsolateral striatum: -Inputs from sensorimotor cortex, thalamus, SNc Ventral striatum: Striatal subregions: Dorsomedial (caudate) -Inputs from vPFC, hippocampus, amygdala, Dorsolateral (putamen) thalamus, VTA Ventral (nucleus accumbens) Gross anatomy of the striatum: patch and matrix compartments Patch/Striosome: -substance P -mu-opioid receptor Matrix: -ChAT and AChE -somatostatin Microanatomy of the striatum: cell types Projection neurons: MSN: medium spiny neuron (GABA) •striatonigral projecting – ‘direct pathway’ •striatopallidal projecting – ‘indirect pathway’ Interneurons: FS: fast-spiking interneuron (GABA) LTS: low-threshold spiking interneuron (GABA) LA: large aspiny neuron (ACh) 30 um Cellular properties of striatal neurons Microanatomy of the striatum: striatal microcircuits • Feedforward inhibition (mediated by fast-spiking interneurons) • Lateral feedback inhibition (mediated by MSN collaterals) Basal Ganglia Circuits: The ‘Classical’ Model of Direct and Indirect Pathway Function Motor Cortex Premotor Cortex + Glutamate Striatum GPe GPi/SNr Dopamine + - GABA - Motor Thalamus SNc STN The simplified ‘classical’ model of basal ganglia circuit function • Information encoded as firing rate • Basal ganglia circuit is linear and unidirectional • Dopamine exerts opposing effects on direct and indirect pathway MSNs Basal ganglia motor circuit: direct pathway Motor Cortex Premotor Cortex Glutamate Striatum GPe GPi/SNr Dopamine + GABA Motor Thalamus SNc STN Direct pathway MSNs express: D1, M4 receptors, Sub.