The Enteric Nervous System: a Second Brain
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The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’S Disease
life Review The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’s Disease Gianfranco Natale 1,2,* , Larisa Ryskalin 1 , Gabriele Morucci 1 , Gloria Lazzeri 1, Alessandro Frati 3,4 and Francesco Fornai 1,4 1 Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (F.F.) 2 Museum of Human Anatomy “Filippo Civinini”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy 3 Neurosurgery Division, Human Neurosciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00135 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 4 Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is provided with a peculiar nervous network, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is dedicated to the fine control of digestive functions. This forms a complex network, which includes several types of neurons, as well as glial cells. Despite extensive studies, a comprehensive classification of these neurons is still lacking. The complexity of ENS is magnified by a multiple control of the central nervous system, and bidirectional communication between various central nervous areas and the gut occurs. This lends substance to the complexity of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which represents the network governing homeostasis through nervous, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. The present manuscript is dedicated to Citation: Natale, G.; Ryskalin, L.; identifying various neuronal cytotypes belonging to ENS in baseline conditions. -
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection This guide is for middle and high school students participating in AIMS Anatomy of the Human Brain and Sheep Brain Dissections. Programs will be presented by an AIMS Anatomy Specialist. In this activity students will become more familiar with the anatomical structures of the human brain by observing, studying, and examining human specimens. The primary focus is on the anatomy, function, and pathology. Those students participating in Sheep Brain Dissections will have the opportunity to dissect and compare anatomical structures. At the end of this document, you will find anatomical diagrams, vocabulary review, and pre/post tests for your students. The following topics will be covered: 1. The neurons and supporting cells of the nervous system 2. Organization of the nervous system (the central and peripheral nervous systems) 4. Protective coverings of the brain 5. Brain Anatomy, including cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and brain stem 6. Spinal Cord Anatomy 7. Cranial and spinal nerves Objectives: The student will be able to: 1. Define the selected terms associated with the human brain and spinal cord; 2. Identify the protective structures of the brain; 3. Identify the four lobes of the brain; 4. Explain the correlation between brain surface area, structure and brain function. 5. Discuss common neurological disorders and treatments. 6. Describe the effects of drug and alcohol on the brain. 7. Correctly label a diagram of the human brain National Science Education -
Pin Faculty Directory
Harvard University Program in Neuroscience Faculty Directory 2019—2020 April 22, 2020 Disclaimer Please note that in the following descripons of faculty members, only students from the Program in Neuroscience are listed. You cannot assume that if no students are listed, it is a small or inacve lab. Many faculty members are very acve in other programs such as Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Biology, etc. If you find you are interested in the descripon of a lab’s research, you should contact the faculty member (or go to the lab’s website) to find out how big the lab is, how many graduate students are doing there thesis work there, etc. Program in Neuroscience Faculty Albers, Mark (MGH-East)) De Bivort, Benjamin (Harvard/OEB) Kaplan, Joshua (MGH/HMS/Neurobio) Rosenberg, Paul (BCH/Neurology) Andermann, Mark (BIDMC) Dettmer, Ulf (BWH) Karmacharya, Rakesh (MGH) Rotenberg, Alex (BCH/Neurology) Anderson, Matthew (BIDMC) Do, Michael (BCH—Neurobio) Khurana, Vikram (BWH) Sabatini, Bernardo (HMS/Neurobio) Anthony, Todd (BCH/Neurobio) Dong, Min (BCH) Kim, Kwang-Soo (McLean) Sahay, Amar (MGH) Arlotta, Paola (Harvard/SCRB) Drugowitsch, Jan (HMS/Neurobio) Kocsis, Bernat (BIDMC) Sahin, Mustafa (BCH/Neurobio) Assad, John (HMS/Neurobio) Dulac, Catherine (Harvard/MCB) Kreiman, Gabriel (BCH/Neurobio) Samuel, Aravi (Harvard/ Physics) Bacskai, Brian (MGH/East) Dymecki, Susan(HMS/Genetics) LaVoie, Matthew (BWH) Sanes, Joshua (Harvard/MCB) Baker, Justin (McLean) Engert, Florian (Harvard/MCB) Lee, Wei-Chung (BCH/Neurobio) Saper, Clifford -
The Remarkable, Yet Not Extraordinary, Human Brain As a Scaled-Up Primate Brain and Its Associated Cost
The remarkable, yet not extraordinary, human brain as a scaled-up primate brain and its associated cost Suzana Herculano-Houzel1 Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia/Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia, 04023-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil Edited by Francisco J. Ayala, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved April 12, 2012 (received for review February 29, 2012) Neuroscientists have become used to a number of “facts” about the The incongruity between our extraordinary cognitive abilities human brain: It has 100 billion neurons and 10- to 50-fold more glial and our not-that-extraordinary brain size has been the major cells; it is the largest-than-expected for its body among primates driving factor behind the idea that the human brain is an outlier, and mammals in general, and therefore the most cognitively able; an exception to the rules that have applied to the evolution of all it consumes an outstanding 20% of the total body energy budget other animals and brains. A largely accepted alternative expla- despite representing only 2% of body mass because of an increased nation for our cognitive superiority over other mammals has been metabolic need of its neurons; and it is endowed with an overde- our extraordinary brain size compared with our body size, that is, veloped cerebral cortex, the largest compared with brain size. our large encephalization quotient (8). Compared -
Identification of a Rhythmic Firing Pattern in the Enteric Nervous System That Generates Rhythmic Electrical Activity in Smooth Muscle
This Accepted Manuscript has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. A link to any extended data will be provided when the final version is posted online. Research Articles: Systems/Circuits Identification of a rhythmic firing pattern in the enteric nervous system that generates rhythmic electrical activity in smooth muscle Nick J Spencer1, Timothy J Hibberd1, Lee Travis1, Lukasz Wiklendt1, Marcello Costa1, Hongzhen Hu2, Simon J Brookes1, David A Wattchow3, Phil G Dinning1,3, Damien J Keating1 and Julian Sorensen4 1College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia 2Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA 3Discipline of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia. 4Cyber Sensing and Shaping, Cyber & Electronic Warfare Division, Defence, Science & Technology Group, Edinburgh, South Australia, Australia. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3489-17.2018 Received: 7 December 2017 Revised: 30 April 2018 Accepted: 9 May 2018 Published: 28 May 2018 Author contributions: N.J.S., M.C., and H.H. designed research; N.J.S. wrote the first draft of the paper; N.J.S., S.J.B., D.A.W., P.D., D.J.K., and J.S. edited the paper; N.J.S., T.H., M.C., H.H., and J.S. wrote the paper; T.H. and L.T. performed research; T.H. contributed unpublished reagents/analytic tools; T.H., L.T., L.W., and J.S. analyzed data. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing financial interests. The experiments carried out in this study were funded by grants to NJS (grant # 1067317 & 1127140) from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NH & MRC) of Australia. -
The Autonomic Nervous System and Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders
NEUROMODULATION THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND GASTROINTESTINALTRACT DISORDERS TERRY L. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE UNIVERSITY • MULTIPLE REFRACTORY GI DISORDERS EXIST. • VISCERAL ATLASES OF THE GI TRACT ARE AVAILABLE. • REMEDIATION WITH ELECTROMODULATION MAY BE PRACTICAL. TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEUROMODUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND GASTP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNIVERSITY 50 INTERNATIONAL I:"' NEUROMODULATION SOCIETY 0 40 ·IS 12TH WORLD CONGRESS -I: -• 30 !"' A. -..0 20 ..a• E 10 z::::t TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEUROMODUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND GASTP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNIVERSITY DISORDERS TO TREAT WITH NEUROMODULATION ACHALASIA DYSPHAGIA GASTROPARESIS GERD GUT DYSMOTILITY MEGA ESOPHAGUS DYSPEPSIA ,, VISCERAL PAIN l1 ' I NAUSEA, EMESIS OBESITY ,, ' 11 I PYLORIC STENOSIS ==..:.= --- "" .:.= --- .. _ _, DUMPING REFLUX COLITIS I:' . - IBS -·-- - CROHN'S DISEASE HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE CHAGAS DISUSE Gastrointestinal Tract Awodesk@ Ma;·a@ TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEUROMODUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND GASTP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNIVERSITY TIME The Obesity Epidemic in America ·. TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEU ROMODUlATION : THE AUTO N OMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM A N D G A STP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNI V E R SI TY ROUX-EN-Y BYPASS Bypassed portion of stomach Gastric -"'~ pouch Bypassed - Jejunum duodenum -1" food -___----_,,.,. digestivejuice TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEU ROMODUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM A N D GASTP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNIVERSITY 8y~s~ portionof i t()(l\3Ch • TERRYl. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEUROMOOUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ANO 0.-STP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UHIVlflSITY • DESPERATE PATIENTS • ABSENCE OF SATISFACTORY PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS • POPULAR MEDIA HYPE • ABSENCE OF A SOLID MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING • UNCRITICAL ACCEPTANCE OF PROPONENT'S CLAIMS • MYOPIA REGARDING SIDE EFFECTS TERRY l. -
Heparin-Binding EGF-Like Growth Factor Promotes Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Protects the Enteric Nervous System After Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Articles | Translational Investigation nature publishing group Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor promotes neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression and protects the enteric nervous system after necrotizing enterocolitis Yu Zhou1, Yijie Wang1, Jacob Olson1, Jixin Yang1 and Gail E. Besner1 BACKGROUND: Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is produced by myenteric neurons. Neuronal nitric oxide associated with alterations of the enteric nervous system synthase (nNOS)-producing neurons and choline acetyl (ENS), with loss of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)- transferase (ChAT)-producing neurons are two major intest- expressing neurons in the intestine. The aim of this study was inal neuronal subpopulations involved in the regulation of to investigate the roles of heparin-binding EGF-like growth intestinal motility, and nNOS/ChAT misbalance has been factor (HB-EGF) in neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation, nNOS reported in certain inflammatory intestinal diseases and expression, and effects on ENS integrity during genetic intestinal motility disorders (2,3). We have shown experimental NEC. that neonatal NEC is associated with alterations of the ENS, METHODS: The effects of HB-EGF on NSC differentiation and with significant loss of nNOS-expressing neurons not only in nNOS production were determined using cultured enteric the acute stages of the disease but also months later at the NSCs. Myenteric neuronal subpopulations were examined in time of stoma closure (4). This decreased nNOS expression HB-EGF knockout mice. Rat pups were exposed to experi- may explain the intestinal dysmotility seen in NEC patients mental NEC, and the effects of HB-EGF treatment on nNOS even after recovery from the acute event. Current therapy for production and intestinal neuronal apoptosis were intestinal dysmotility is limited mainly to palliation, and new determined. -
Neuroscience: Systems, Behavior & Plasticity 1
Neuroscience: Systems, Behavior & Plasticity 1 Neuroscience: Systems, Behavior & Plasticity Debra Bangasser, Director 873 Weiss Hall 215-204-1015 [email protected] Rebecca Brotschul, Program Coordinator 618 Weiss Hall 215-204-3441 [email protected] https://liberalarts.temple.edu/departments-and-programs/neuroscience/ A major in Neuroscience enables students to pursue a curriculum in several departments, colleges, and schools at Temple University in one of the most dynamic areas of science. Neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field addressing neural and brain function at multiple levels. It encompasses a broad domain that ranges from molecular genetics and neural development, to brain processes involved in cognition and emotion, to mechanisms and consequences of neurodegenerative disease. The field of neuroscience also includes mathematical and physical principles involved in modeling neural systems and in brain imaging. The undergraduate, interdisciplinary Neuroscience Major will culminate in a Bachelor of Science degree. Many high-level career options within and outside of the field of neuroscience are open to students with this major. This is a popular major with students aiming for professional careers in the health sciences such as in medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, physical and occupational therapy, and veterinary science. Students interested in graduate school in biology, chemistry, communications science, neuroscience, or psychology are also likely to find the Neuroscience Major attractive. Neuroscience Accelerated +1 Bachelor of Science / Master of Science Program The accelerated +1 Bachelor of Science / Master of Science in Neuroscience: Systems, Behavior and Plasticity program offers outstanding Temple University Neuroscience majors the opportunity to earn both the BS and MS in Neuroscience in just 5 years. -
Neuroscience: the Science of the Brain
NEUROSCIENCE SCIENCE OF THE BRAIN AN INTRODUCTION FOR YOUNG STUDENTS British Neuroscience Association European Dana Alliance for the Brain Neuroscience: the Science of the Brain 1 The Nervous System P2 2 Neurons and the Action Potential P4 3 Chemical Messengers P7 4 Drugs and the Brain P9 5 Touch and Pain P11 6 Vision P14 Inside our heads, weighing about 1.5 kg, is an astonishing living organ consisting of 7 Movement P19 billions of tiny cells. It enables us to sense the world around us, to think and to talk. The human brain is the most complex organ of the body, and arguably the most 8 The Developing P22 complex thing on earth. This booklet is an introduction for young students. Nervous System In this booklet, we describe what we know about how the brain works and how much 9 Dyslexia P25 there still is to learn. Its study involves scientists and medical doctors from many disciplines, ranging from molecular biology through to experimental psychology, as well as the disciplines of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology. Their shared 10 Plasticity P27 interest has led to a new discipline called neuroscience - the science of the brain. 11 Learning and Memory P30 The brain described in our booklet can do a lot but not everything. It has nerve cells - its building blocks - and these are connected together in networks. These 12 Stress P35 networks are in a constant state of electrical and chemical activity. The brain we describe can see and feel. It can sense pain and its chemical tricks help control the uncomfortable effects of pain. -
Regional Complexity in Enteric Neuron Wiring Reflects Diversity of Motility
RESEARCH ARTICLE Regional complexity in enteric neuron wiring reflects diversity of motility patterns in the mouse large intestine Zhiling Li1, Marlene M Hao2, Chris Van den Haute3,4, Veerle Baekelandt3, Werend Boesmans1,5,6*, Pieter Vanden Berghe1* 1Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; 2Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; 3Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; 4Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; 5Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; 6Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium Abstract The enteric nervous system controls a variety of gastrointestinal functions including intestinal motility. The minimal neuronal circuit necessary to direct peristalsis is well-characterized but several intestinal regions display also other motility patterns for which the underlying circuits and connectivity schemes that coordinate the transition between those patterns are poorly understood. We investigated whether in regions with a richer palette of motility patterns, the underlying nerve circuits reflect this complexity. Using Ca2+ imaging, we determined the location *For correspondence: and response fingerprint of large populations of enteric neurons upon focal network -
10 Things to Know About Neuromodulation. Minimally Invasive Procedures to Reduce Or Alleviate Pain
NORTH AMERICAN NEUROMODULATION SOCIETY 4700 W. Lake Avenue Glenview, IL 60025 www.neuromodulation.org Rubenstein Public Relations Contact: Eve McGrath Tel: 212-843-8490 Email: [email protected] FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE 10 Things to Know About Neuromodulation Minimally Invasive Procedures to Reduce or Alleviate Pain NEW YORK – February 24, 2010 – Robert Foreman, Ph.D., president of the North American Neuromodulation Society (NANS), stated, “Neuromodulation is among the most rapidly growing fields in medicine today. It can help to relieve chronic back pain, pain from cancer and other nerve injuries, pain from Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) and Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD) greatly improving the quality of life for patients.” Neuromodulation encompasses the application of targeted electrical, chemical and biological technologies to the nervous system in order to improve function and quality of life. The appropriate therapy (low level electrical pulses or micro-doses of medicine) are targeted to nerves along the spinal cord to block pain signals to the brain According to Joshua Prager, MD, MS, former president of NANS, “Neuromodulation can give people their lives back. Patients have gone from wheelchairs back to the tennis court, back to the sidelines of their children’s soccer games, back to their jobs. There are few treatments that can improve the activity level and the psychological outlook of a patient in pain like neuromodulation techniques.” NANS has compiled ten things everyone should know about neuromodulation: 1. Neuromodulation alleviates or lessens pain without putting patients into a “drug fog.” By relieving pain with neuro-stimulation or a drug-delivery system, that provides micro- doses of medicine, the patient can avoid some side effects, including excessive sedation or clouding of thoughts. -
The Resilient Brain
research into practice The Resilient Brain Larry K. Brendtro and James E. Longhurst Brain research opens new frontiers in working with children and youth experiencing conflict in school and community. Blending this knowledge with resilience science offers a roadmap for reclaiming those identified as “at risk.” This article applies findings from resilience research and recent brain research to identify strategies for reaching challenging youngsters. All young persons have strengths and with positive support can change the course of their lives. They have resilient brains that can be “rewired” by positive learning experiences. Risk and Resilience rather than breaks. To extend the analogy, a resilient youth not only springs back from adversity but can Resilience is the ability to thrive in spite of risk or become stronger in the process, like tempered steel. adversity. Youth at risk and children at risk first came They can develop an inner strength that has been into wide use in the 1980s. Originally this referred to called “survivor’s pride” (Wolin & Wolin, 2004). dangerous environments, such as disrupted families This feeling of accomplishment that comes from and dysfunctional schools. But terms like at-risk solving challenging life problems is at the core of youth and high risk behavior shifted the focus from resilience. But those who take a “deficit” perspective how to build supportive environments to finding overlook the potential strengths of youth to sur- supposed defects in the child. Those who labeled mount difficult experiences and environments. youth as “violent” or “predators” created fear of dangerous children while letting adults off the hook Initially some researchers thought resilience was a (Males, 1996).