Building a Second Brain in the Bowel
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The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’S Disease
life Review The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’s Disease Gianfranco Natale 1,2,* , Larisa Ryskalin 1 , Gabriele Morucci 1 , Gloria Lazzeri 1, Alessandro Frati 3,4 and Francesco Fornai 1,4 1 Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (F.F.) 2 Museum of Human Anatomy “Filippo Civinini”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy 3 Neurosurgery Division, Human Neurosciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00135 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 4 Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is provided with a peculiar nervous network, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is dedicated to the fine control of digestive functions. This forms a complex network, which includes several types of neurons, as well as glial cells. Despite extensive studies, a comprehensive classification of these neurons is still lacking. The complexity of ENS is magnified by a multiple control of the central nervous system, and bidirectional communication between various central nervous areas and the gut occurs. This lends substance to the complexity of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which represents the network governing homeostasis through nervous, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. The present manuscript is dedicated to Citation: Natale, G.; Ryskalin, L.; identifying various neuronal cytotypes belonging to ENS in baseline conditions. -
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection This guide is for middle and high school students participating in AIMS Anatomy of the Human Brain and Sheep Brain Dissections. Programs will be presented by an AIMS Anatomy Specialist. In this activity students will become more familiar with the anatomical structures of the human brain by observing, studying, and examining human specimens. The primary focus is on the anatomy, function, and pathology. Those students participating in Sheep Brain Dissections will have the opportunity to dissect and compare anatomical structures. At the end of this document, you will find anatomical diagrams, vocabulary review, and pre/post tests for your students. The following topics will be covered: 1. The neurons and supporting cells of the nervous system 2. Organization of the nervous system (the central and peripheral nervous systems) 4. Protective coverings of the brain 5. Brain Anatomy, including cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and brain stem 6. Spinal Cord Anatomy 7. Cranial and spinal nerves Objectives: The student will be able to: 1. Define the selected terms associated with the human brain and spinal cord; 2. Identify the protective structures of the brain; 3. Identify the four lobes of the brain; 4. Explain the correlation between brain surface area, structure and brain function. 5. Discuss common neurological disorders and treatments. 6. Describe the effects of drug and alcohol on the brain. 7. Correctly label a diagram of the human brain National Science Education -
Oxytocin Effects in Mothers and Infants During Breastfeeding
© 2013 SNL All rights reserved REVIEW Oxytocin effects in mothers and infants during breastfeeding Oxytocin integrates the function of several body systems and exerts many effects in mothers and infants during breastfeeding. This article explains the pathways of oxytocin release and reviews how oxytocin can affect behaviour due to its parallel release into the blood circulation and the brain. Oxytocin levels are higher in the infant than in the mother and these levels are affected by mode of birth. The importance of skin-to-skin contact and its association with breastfeeding and mother-infant bonding is discussed. Kerstin Uvnäs Moberg Oxytocin – a system activator increased function of inhibitory alpha-2 3 MD, PhD xytocin, a small peptide of just nine adrenoceptors . Professor of Physiology amino acids, is normally associated The regulation of the release of oxytocin Swedish University of Agriculture O with labour and the milk ejection reflex. is complex and can be affected by different [email protected] However, oxytocin is not only a hormone types of sensory inputs, by hormones such Danielle K. Prime but also a neurotransmitter and a as oestrogen and even by the oxytocin 1,2 molecule itself. This article will focus on PhD paracrine substance in the brain . During Breastfeeding Research Associate breastfeeding it is released into the brain of four major sensory input nervous Medela AG, Baar, Switzerland both mother and infant where it induces a pathways (FIGURES 2 and 3) activated by: great variety of functional responses. 1. Sucking of the mother’s nipple, in which Through three different release pathways the sensory nerves originate in the (FIGURE 1), oxytocin functions rather like a breast. -
The Enteric Nervous System: a Second Brain
The Enteric Nervous System: A Second Brain MICHAEL D. GERSHON Columbia University Once dismissed as a simple collection of relay ganglia, the enteric nervous system is now recognized as a complex, integrative brain in its own right. Although we still are unable to relate complex behaviors such as gut motility and secretion to the activity of individual neurons, work in that area is proceeding briskly--and will lead to rapid advances in the management of functional bowel disease. Dr. Gershon is Professor and Chair, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. In addition to numerous scientific publications, he is the author of The Second Brain (Harper Collins, New York, 1998). Structurally and neurochemically, the enteric nervous system (ENS) is a brain unto itself. Within those yards of tubing lies a complex web of microcircuitry driven by more neurotransmitters and neuromodulators than can be found anywhere else in the peripheral nervous system. These allow the ENS to perform many of its tasks in the absence of central nervous system (CNS) control--a unique endowment that has permitted enteric neurobiologists to investigate nerve cell ontogeny and chemical mediation of reflex behavior in a laboratory setting. Recognition of the importance of this work as a basis for developing effective therapies for functional bowel disease, coupled with the recent, unexpected discovery of major enteric defects following the knockout of murine genes not previously known to affect the gut, has produced a groundswell of interest that has attracted some of the best investigators to the field. Add to this that the ENS provides the closest thing we have to a window on the brain, and one begins to understand why the bowel--the second brain--is finally receiving the attention it deserves. -
Neurotransmitter Actions
Central University of South Bihar Panchanpur, Gaya, India E-Learning Resources Department of Biotechnology NB: These materials are taken/borrowed/modified/compiled from various resources like research articles and freely available internet websites, and are meant to be used solely for the teaching purpose in a public university, and for serving the needs of specified educational programmes. Dr. Jawaid Ahsan Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology Central University of South Bihar (CUSB) Course Code: MSBTN2003E04 Course Name: Neuroscience Neurotransmitter Actions • Excitatory Action: – A neurotransmitter that puts a neuron closer to an action potential (facilitation) or causes an action potential • Inhibitory Action: – A neurotransmitter that moves a neuron further away from an action potential • Response of neuron: – Responds according to the sum of all the neurotransmitters received at one time Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine • Monoamines – modified amino acids • Amino acids • Neuropeptides- short chains of amino acids • Depression: – Caused by the imbalances of neurotransmitters • Many drugs imitate neurotransmitters – Ex: Prozac, zoloft, alcohol, drugs, tobacco Release of Neurotransmitters • When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, Ca+ channels in the neuron open • Causes Ca+ to rush in – Cause the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane – Release the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft • After binding, neurotransmitters will either: – Be destroyed in the synaptic cleft OR – Taken back in to surrounding neurons (reuptake) Excitable cells: Definition: Refers to the ability of some cells to be electrically excited resulting in the generation of action potentials. Neurons, muscle cells (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth), and some endocrine cells (e.g., insulin- releasing pancreatic β cells) are excitable cells. -
Pin Faculty Directory
Harvard University Program in Neuroscience Faculty Directory 2019—2020 April 22, 2020 Disclaimer Please note that in the following descripons of faculty members, only students from the Program in Neuroscience are listed. You cannot assume that if no students are listed, it is a small or inacve lab. Many faculty members are very acve in other programs such as Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Biology, etc. If you find you are interested in the descripon of a lab’s research, you should contact the faculty member (or go to the lab’s website) to find out how big the lab is, how many graduate students are doing there thesis work there, etc. Program in Neuroscience Faculty Albers, Mark (MGH-East)) De Bivort, Benjamin (Harvard/OEB) Kaplan, Joshua (MGH/HMS/Neurobio) Rosenberg, Paul (BCH/Neurology) Andermann, Mark (BIDMC) Dettmer, Ulf (BWH) Karmacharya, Rakesh (MGH) Rotenberg, Alex (BCH/Neurology) Anderson, Matthew (BIDMC) Do, Michael (BCH—Neurobio) Khurana, Vikram (BWH) Sabatini, Bernardo (HMS/Neurobio) Anthony, Todd (BCH/Neurobio) Dong, Min (BCH) Kim, Kwang-Soo (McLean) Sahay, Amar (MGH) Arlotta, Paola (Harvard/SCRB) Drugowitsch, Jan (HMS/Neurobio) Kocsis, Bernat (BIDMC) Sahin, Mustafa (BCH/Neurobio) Assad, John (HMS/Neurobio) Dulac, Catherine (Harvard/MCB) Kreiman, Gabriel (BCH/Neurobio) Samuel, Aravi (Harvard/ Physics) Bacskai, Brian (MGH/East) Dymecki, Susan(HMS/Genetics) LaVoie, Matthew (BWH) Sanes, Joshua (Harvard/MCB) Baker, Justin (McLean) Engert, Florian (Harvard/MCB) Lee, Wei-Chung (BCH/Neurobio) Saper, Clifford -
Enteric Nervous System (ENS): 1) Myenteric (Auerbach) Plexus & 2
Enteric Nervous System (ENS): 1) Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus & 2) Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus à both triggered by sensory neurons with chemo- and mechanoreceptors in the mucosal epithelium; effector motors neurons of the myenteric plexus control contraction/motility of the GI tract, and effector motor neurons of the submucosal plexus control secretion of GI mucosa & organs. Although ENS neurons can function independently, they are subject to regulation by ANS. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): 1) parasympathetic (rest & digest) – can innervate the GI tract and form connections with ENS neurons that promote motility and secretion, enhancing/speeding up the process of digestion 2) sympathetic (fight or flight) – can innervate the GI tract and inhibit motility & secretion by inhibiting neurons of the ENS Sections and dimensions of the GI tract (alimentary canal): Esophagus à ~ 10 inches Stomach à ~ 12 inches and holds ~ 1-2 L (full) up to ~ 3-4 L (distended) Duodenum à first 10 inches of the small intestine Jejunum à next 3 feet of small intestine (when smooth muscle tone is lost upon death, extends to 8 feet) Ileum à final 6 feet of small intestine (when smooth muscle tone is lost upon death, extends to 12 feet) Large intestine à 5 feet General Histology of the GI Tract: 4 layers – Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, and Serosa Mucosa à epithelium, lamina propria (areolar connective tissue), & muscularis mucosae Submucosa à areolar connective tissue Muscularis externa à skeletal muscle (in select parts of the tract); smooth muscle (at least 2 layers – inner layer of circular muscle and outer layer of longitudinal muscle; stomach has a third layer of oblique muscle under the circular layer) Serosa à superficial layer made of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium (a.k.a. -
The Remarkable, Yet Not Extraordinary, Human Brain As a Scaled-Up Primate Brain and Its Associated Cost
The remarkable, yet not extraordinary, human brain as a scaled-up primate brain and its associated cost Suzana Herculano-Houzel1 Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia/Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia, 04023-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil Edited by Francisco J. Ayala, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved April 12, 2012 (received for review February 29, 2012) Neuroscientists have become used to a number of “facts” about the The incongruity between our extraordinary cognitive abilities human brain: It has 100 billion neurons and 10- to 50-fold more glial and our not-that-extraordinary brain size has been the major cells; it is the largest-than-expected for its body among primates driving factor behind the idea that the human brain is an outlier, and mammals in general, and therefore the most cognitively able; an exception to the rules that have applied to the evolution of all it consumes an outstanding 20% of the total body energy budget other animals and brains. A largely accepted alternative expla- despite representing only 2% of body mass because of an increased nation for our cognitive superiority over other mammals has been metabolic need of its neurons; and it is endowed with an overde- our extraordinary brain size compared with our body size, that is, veloped cerebral cortex, the largest compared with brain size. our large encephalization quotient (8). Compared -
Oxytocinergic-System-A-Proposal.Pdf
Opinion Article iMedPub Journals ACTA PSYCHOPATHOLOGICA 2018 www.imedpub.com ISSN 2469-6676 Vol.4 No.3:14 DOI: 10.4172/2469-6676.100170 Oxytocinergic System: A Proposal João Paulo Correia Lima* and Avelino Luiz Rodrigues Received: April 17, 2018; Accepted: May 07, 2018; Published: May 18, 2018 Department of Clinical Psychology and Nucleus of Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Introduction Paulo, Brazil Since 1910, when Ott and Scott [1] published their discovers about the oxytocin participation in milk ejection, the comprehension *Corresponding author: about function and role of oxytocin in several physiological João Paulo Correia Lima functions didn’t stop enlarging and growing. In birth, through his action over uterus contractions, in uterus contractions in [email protected] women’s orgasm and men’s erection [2,3], for instance. However, this approach always considers its peripheral effects. After this, Psychologist for Neuroscience and Behavior, some oxytocin effects had been reported to have actions over Institute of Psychology, University of Sao behavioural traits, like we can see in publishings of Pedersen and Paulo, Brazil. Prange [4] and Winslow and co-workers [5], reporting the oxytocin actions over, respectively, maternal behaviour and pair bonding. Tel: +55-11-32852420; +55-11-983439754 Since then, the increasing data about the oxytocin’s function in behaviour and its central action can’t be ignored. In this short proposal, we’ll consider the opportunity or utility of thinking Citation about oxytocin as a system, instead of a single neurotransmitter. : Lima JPC, Rodrigues AL (2018) Oxytocinergic System: A Proposal. Acta Neurotransmitter or Hormone: Central Psychopathol Vol.4 No.3:14 and Peripheral Actions of Oxytocin Once a molecule could have his function defined through the way death, passive avoidance). -
Identification of a Rhythmic Firing Pattern in the Enteric Nervous System That Generates Rhythmic Electrical Activity in Smooth Muscle
This Accepted Manuscript has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. A link to any extended data will be provided when the final version is posted online. Research Articles: Systems/Circuits Identification of a rhythmic firing pattern in the enteric nervous system that generates rhythmic electrical activity in smooth muscle Nick J Spencer1, Timothy J Hibberd1, Lee Travis1, Lukasz Wiklendt1, Marcello Costa1, Hongzhen Hu2, Simon J Brookes1, David A Wattchow3, Phil G Dinning1,3, Damien J Keating1 and Julian Sorensen4 1College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia 2Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA 3Discipline of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia. 4Cyber Sensing and Shaping, Cyber & Electronic Warfare Division, Defence, Science & Technology Group, Edinburgh, South Australia, Australia. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3489-17.2018 Received: 7 December 2017 Revised: 30 April 2018 Accepted: 9 May 2018 Published: 28 May 2018 Author contributions: N.J.S., M.C., and H.H. designed research; N.J.S. wrote the first draft of the paper; N.J.S., S.J.B., D.A.W., P.D., D.J.K., and J.S. edited the paper; N.J.S., T.H., M.C., H.H., and J.S. wrote the paper; T.H. and L.T. performed research; T.H. contributed unpublished reagents/analytic tools; T.H., L.T., L.W., and J.S. analyzed data. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing financial interests. The experiments carried out in this study were funded by grants to NJS (grant # 1067317 & 1127140) from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NH & MRC) of Australia. -
The Autonomic Nervous System and Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders
NEUROMODULATION THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND GASTROINTESTINALTRACT DISORDERS TERRY L. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE UNIVERSITY • MULTIPLE REFRACTORY GI DISORDERS EXIST. • VISCERAL ATLASES OF THE GI TRACT ARE AVAILABLE. • REMEDIATION WITH ELECTROMODULATION MAY BE PRACTICAL. TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEUROMODUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND GASTP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNIVERSITY 50 INTERNATIONAL I:"' NEUROMODULATION SOCIETY 0 40 ·IS 12TH WORLD CONGRESS -I: -• 30 !"' A. -..0 20 ..a• E 10 z::::t TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEUROMODUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND GASTP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNIVERSITY DISORDERS TO TREAT WITH NEUROMODULATION ACHALASIA DYSPHAGIA GASTROPARESIS GERD GUT DYSMOTILITY MEGA ESOPHAGUS DYSPEPSIA ,, VISCERAL PAIN l1 ' I NAUSEA, EMESIS OBESITY ,, ' 11 I PYLORIC STENOSIS ==..:.= --- "" .:.= --- .. _ _, DUMPING REFLUX COLITIS I:' . - IBS -·-- - CROHN'S DISEASE HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE CHAGAS DISUSE Gastrointestinal Tract Awodesk@ Ma;·a@ TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEUROMODUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND GASTP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNIVERSITY TIME The Obesity Epidemic in America ·. TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEU ROMODUlATION : THE AUTO N OMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM A N D G A STP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNI V E R SI TY ROUX-EN-Y BYPASS Bypassed portion of stomach Gastric -"'~ pouch Bypassed - Jejunum duodenum -1" food -___----_,,.,. digestivejuice TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEU ROMODUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM A N D GASTP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNIVERSITY 8y~s~ portionof i t()(l\3Ch • TERRYl. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEUROMOOUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ANO 0.-STP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UHIVlflSITY • DESPERATE PATIENTS • ABSENCE OF SATISFACTORY PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS • POPULAR MEDIA HYPE • ABSENCE OF A SOLID MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING • UNCRITICAL ACCEPTANCE OF PROPONENT'S CLAIMS • MYOPIA REGARDING SIDE EFFECTS TERRY l. -
1 the Anatomy and Physiology of the Oesophagus
111 2 3 1 4 5 6 The Anatomy and Physiology of 7 8 the Oesophagus 9 1011 Peter J. Lamb and S. Michael Griffin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 911 2011 location deep within the thorax and abdomen, 1 Aims a close anatomical relationship to major struc- 2 tures throughout its course and a marginal 3 ● To develop an understanding of the blood supply, the surgical exposure, resection 4 surgical anatomy of the oesophagus. and reconstruction of the oesophagus are 5 ● To establish the normal physiology and complex. Despite advances in perioperative 6 control of swallowing. care, oesophagectomy is still associated with the 7 highest mortality of any routinely performed ● To determine the structure and function 8 elective surgical procedure [1]. of the antireflux barrier. 9 In order to understand the pathophysiol- 3011 ● To evaluate the effect of surgery on the ogy of oesophageal disease and the rationale 1 function of the oesophagus. for its medical and surgical management a 2 basic knowledge of oesophageal anatomy and 3 physiology is essential. The embryological 4 Introduction development of the oesophagus, its anatomical 5 structure and relationships, the physiology of 6 The oesophagus is a muscular tube connecting its major functions and the effect that surgery 7 the pharynx to the stomach and measuring has on them will all be considered in this 8 25–30 cm in the adult. Its primary function is as chapter. 9 a conduit for the passage of swallowed food and 4011 fluid, which it propels by antegrade peristaltic 1 contraction. It also serves to prevent the reflux Embryology 2 of gastric contents whilst allowing regurgita- 3 tion, vomiting and belching to take place.