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The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’S Disease
life Review The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’s Disease Gianfranco Natale 1,2,* , Larisa Ryskalin 1 , Gabriele Morucci 1 , Gloria Lazzeri 1, Alessandro Frati 3,4 and Francesco Fornai 1,4 1 Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (F.F.) 2 Museum of Human Anatomy “Filippo Civinini”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy 3 Neurosurgery Division, Human Neurosciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00135 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 4 Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is provided with a peculiar nervous network, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is dedicated to the fine control of digestive functions. This forms a complex network, which includes several types of neurons, as well as glial cells. Despite extensive studies, a comprehensive classification of these neurons is still lacking. The complexity of ENS is magnified by a multiple control of the central nervous system, and bidirectional communication between various central nervous areas and the gut occurs. This lends substance to the complexity of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which represents the network governing homeostasis through nervous, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. The present manuscript is dedicated to Citation: Natale, G.; Ryskalin, L.; identifying various neuronal cytotypes belonging to ENS in baseline conditions. -
Neurosurgery Residency Training Program Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts OVERVIEW
Neurosurgery Residency Training Program Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts OVERVIEW The goal of the residency training program at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) is to train neurosurgeons who will become leaders in academic neurosurgery. The program has a long and proud tradi- tion of training surgeons who have made major clinical and scientific contributions to the field of neurosurgery. More recently, the program has undergone a significant expansion with appointment of new faculty members and the planned move into new operative suites and patient units in the Building for the Third Century (B3C), with a doubling of the department’s laboratory space. The program is dynamic, growing, and strongly positioned to continue this tradition of leadership into the 21st century. The philosophy of the program is to expose residents to a large number of high-quality cases spanning the entire range of neurosurgery. The Massachusetts Robert L. Martuza, M.D. General Hospital is a tertiary referral center for the entire New England area as well as for many parts of the United States and the world. Accordingly, the program benefits from access to an excellent variety and quantity of cases. As train- ing progresses, residents gain more responsibility in perform- ing surgery and in managing cases. This process reaches its ‘We aim to culmination when the trainee becomes a full attending of the produce excellent North service at the MGH for a six-month period at the end of the program. During this period the North attending has full ad- clinical surgeons mitting and operating privileges and runs his or her own service with a passion for with the support of the faculty. -
Synapse – Autumn 2005 Page 1
Synapse – Autumn 2005 Page 1 Table of Contents pages Event Reports 2 SP Foundation 2-8 Caregiving 12 Living with PLS/HSP 13-19 Medical Updates 8-12 Event Photos 20 TeamWalks - 2005 National - Ohio October 2 Northeast September 11 Northwest October 8 Oklahoma September 17 Autumn 2005 Serving the Primary Lateral Sclerosis Community since 1997 Welcoming the SP Foundation since 2003 and Carrol Doolen at the Red Lobster. We when a cure is found, I will be roller blading had a great meal and visit. Marlene was one right along side of her, holding her hand. of the founding board members of the SPF Norman Regional Hospital brought out lunch and it was indeed a pleasure to meet her. for us to enjoy after the walk. They also sent On Saturday, it was very nice to be able to Chaplin, Mike Bumgarner to lead us in a place faces with e-mail contacts and also to very informative discussion about visit with old friends at the same time. After depression. His discussion was based on visiting a while, we walked and rolled along our comments to him about depression the beautiful Legacy Trail. My daughter led related to a variety of situations including the walk wearing her roller blades because, loss of jobs due to disability, losing the ability to do things we used to do and being annual Austin Patient Connection was held dependent on someone else. His main pointtoday. "We are the Experts" was the theme. was to find a sounding board, an impartial After a tasty lunch, we held a round table person you can talk with about how you feel discussion about a variety of subjects and what you are going through. -
AM6516 Neuromechanics of Human Movement - Syllabus
AM6516 Neuromechanics of Human Movement - Syllabus Objectives: To introduce the neural system responsible for generation of human movements. To introduce neural control of movements (principles and theories) Briefly introduce topics of motor disorders and rehabilitation approaches. Course contents: Features of movement production system: Muscles, Neurons, Neuronal pathways, Sensory receptors, Reflexes and its kinds, Spinal control mechanisms Major brain structures responsible for movement generation: Motor Cortex (including a discussion of premotor and supplementary motor areas), Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, Descending and ascending pathways Control theory approaches to motor control: Force control, generalized motor programs, muscle activation control, Merton's servo hypothesis, optimal control (including Posture based movement control) Physical approaches to motor control: Mass-Spring models, Threshold control, Equilibrium point hypothesis, Referent configurations Coordination of human movement: Approaches to studying coordination: Optimization, Dynamical systems approach, Synergies, Action-Perception interactions and coupling. Exemplary behaviors: Prehension, postural control, locomotion, Kinesthesia. Changing and Evolving behaviors: Changes to movement control due to fatigue and aging. Motor disorders (introduction only): Spinal cord injury and Spasticity, Cortical disorders (Examples: Stroke, Cerebral Palsy), Disorders of Basal Ganglia (Examples: Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease), Cerebellar disorders (Ataxia, Tremor, Timing -
Neuromechanics of the Foot, Footwear and Orthotics Stephen Perry, Phd
Neuromechanics of the Foot, Footwear and Orthotics Stephen Perry, PhD Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Rehabilitation Institute © Stephen D. Perry, PhD Areas of Research Foot Disorders Footwear, Orthotic Characteristics Plantar Surface Sensation Muscle Activation Balance Control Mobility © Stephen D. Perry, PhD Sensory Role Mechanical Role Central Nervous System Impingement Impingement of pathways of pathways inaccurate information decline in muscle strength Sensory Musculoskeletal damage to System receptors System deformities change in strategies available pain Inappropriate detection fatigue of pressure levels impedes transfer of forces shearing forces and reduction in sensitivity Balancing Reactions masking or potential for additional change in mechanical insulating signals postural disturbances properties (e.g. weight, shape) © Stephen D. Perry, PhD Take Home Message Structural and material alterations, such as footwear and orthotic characteristics, fit, integrity and interface (cushioning, sock‐insole, impingements) can affect both sensory and mechanical foot functions. There is also a need to identify and treat mechanical foot misalignments early with all of this taken into consideration. This research is in its early stages. © Stephen D. Perry, PhD References 1. Antonio, P.J. and S.D. Perry, 2019. Commercial pressure offloading insoles: dynamic stability and plantar pressure effects while negotiating stairs. Footwear Science. In Press. 2. Antonio, P.J., Investigating balance, plantar pressure, and foot sensitivity of individuals with diabetes during stair gait, Rehabilitation Science Institute. 2019, University of Toronto. 3. Antonio, P. J., and S. D. Perry. 2014. "Quantifying stair gait stability in young and older adults, with modifications to insole hardness." Gait Posture 40 (3):429‐34. -
The Enteric Nervous System: a Second Brain
The Enteric Nervous System: A Second Brain MICHAEL D. GERSHON Columbia University Once dismissed as a simple collection of relay ganglia, the enteric nervous system is now recognized as a complex, integrative brain in its own right. Although we still are unable to relate complex behaviors such as gut motility and secretion to the activity of individual neurons, work in that area is proceeding briskly--and will lead to rapid advances in the management of functional bowel disease. Dr. Gershon is Professor and Chair, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. In addition to numerous scientific publications, he is the author of The Second Brain (Harper Collins, New York, 1998). Structurally and neurochemically, the enteric nervous system (ENS) is a brain unto itself. Within those yards of tubing lies a complex web of microcircuitry driven by more neurotransmitters and neuromodulators than can be found anywhere else in the peripheral nervous system. These allow the ENS to perform many of its tasks in the absence of central nervous system (CNS) control--a unique endowment that has permitted enteric neurobiologists to investigate nerve cell ontogeny and chemical mediation of reflex behavior in a laboratory setting. Recognition of the importance of this work as a basis for developing effective therapies for functional bowel disease, coupled with the recent, unexpected discovery of major enteric defects following the knockout of murine genes not previously known to affect the gut, has produced a groundswell of interest that has attracted some of the best investigators to the field. Add to this that the ENS provides the closest thing we have to a window on the brain, and one begins to understand why the bowel--the second brain--is finally receiving the attention it deserves. -
Environmental Enrichment and Exercise Are Better Than Social
Environmental enrichment and exercise are better than PNAS PLUS social enrichment to reduce memory deficits in amyloid beta neurotoxicity Mariza G. Prado Limaa, Helen L. Schimidtb, Alexandre Garciaa, Letícia R. Daréa, Felipe P. Carpesb, Ivan Izquierdoc,1, and Pâmela B. Mello-Carpesa,1 aPhysiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS 97500-970, Brazil; bApplied Neuromechanics Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS 97500-970, Brazil; and cMemory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil Contributed by Ivan Izquierdo, January 24, 2018 (sent for review October 24, 2017; reviewed by Michel Baudry and Federico Bermudez-Rattoni) Recently, nongenetic animal models to study the onset and devel- the administration of Aβ protein oligomers (14, 15). However, opment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have appeared, such as the EE as used in animal research usually includes other variables intrahippocampal infusion of peptides present in Alzheimer amyloid than perception and memorization, which make it difficult to plaques [i.e., amyloid-β (Aβ)]. Nonpharmacological approaches to determine the nature of its eventually favorable effects. Animals AD treatment also have been advanced recently, which involve exposed to EE are maintained for long periods in large boxes combinations of behavioral interventions whose specific effects with other conspecifics to promote interaction and socialization are often difficult to determine. Here we isolate the neuroprotective (16). The presence of conspecifics constitutes social enrichment effects of three of these interventions—environmental enrichment (SE), which induces social interactions. Furthermore, activity — (EE), anaerobic physical exercise (AnPE), and social enrichment (SE) wheels, tunnels, and toys that are made available in the boxes β on A -induced oxidative stress and on impairments in learning and used to study EE induce intermittent physical exercise, which is memory induced by Aβ. -
Neuromechanics: from Neurons to Brain
CHAPTER TWO Neuromechanics: From Neurons to Brain Alain Goriely*, Silvia Budday†, Ellen Kuhl{,1 *Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom †Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany { Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States 1Corresponding author: e-mail address: [email protected] Contents 1. Motivation 80 2. Neuroelasticity 82 2.1 Elasticity of Single Neurons 82 2.2 Elasticity of Gray and White Matter Tissue 90 2.3 Elasticity of the Brain 93 3. Neurodevelopment 96 3.1 Growth of Single Neurons 96 3.2 Growth of Gray and White Matter Tissue 103 3.3 Growth of the Brain 106 4. Neurodamage 116 4.1 Neurodamage of Single Neurons 116 4.2 Neurodamage of Gray and White Matter Tissue 119 4.3 Neurodamage of the Brain 126 5. Open Questions and Challenges 128 Acknowledgments 131 Glossary 132 References 133 Abstract Arguably, the brain is the most complex organ in the human body, and, at the same time, the least well understood. Today, more than ever before, the human brain has become a subject of narcissistic study and fascination. The fields of neuroscience, neu- rology, neurosurgery, and neuroradiology have seen tremendous progress over the past two decades; yet, the field of neuromechanics remains underappreciated and poorly understood. Here, we show that mechanical stretch, strain, stress, and force play a critical role in modulating the structure and function of the brain. We discuss the role of neuromechanics across the scales, from individual neurons via neuronal tissue to the whole brain. We review current research highlights and discuss challenges and potential future directions. -
ME234 – Introduction to Neuromechanics
ME234 - Introduction to Neuromechanics ME234 – Introduction to Neuromechanics Fall 2015, Tue/Thu 10:30-11:50, Y2E2-111 Ellen Kuhl ([email protected]) Our brain is not only our softest, but also our least well-understood organ. Floating in the cerebrospinal fluid, embedded in the skull, it is almost perfectly isolated from its mechanical environment. Not surprisingly, most brain research focuses on the electrical rather than the mechanical characteristics of brain tissue. Recent studies suggest though, that the mechanical environment plays an important role in modulating brain function. Neuromechanics has traditionally focused on the extremely fast time scales associated with dynamic phenomena on the order of milliseconds. The prototype example is traumatic brain injury where extreme loading rates cause intracranial damage associated with a temporary or permanent loss of function. Neurodevelopment, on the contrary, falls into the slow time scales associated with quasi-static phenomena on the order of months. A typical example is cortical folding, where compressive forces between gray and white matter induce surface buckling. To understand the role of mechanics in neuroanatomy and neuromorphology, we begin this course by dissecting mammalian brains and correlate our observations to neurophysiology. We discuss morphological abnormalities including lissencephaly and polymicrogyria and illustrate their morphological similarities with neurological disorders including schizophrenia and autism. Then, we address the role of mechanics during brachycephaly, -
Michael Andrew Fox, Phd Professor and Director
Michael Andrew Fox, PhD Professor and Director 1. PERSONAL INFORMATION: Name - Michael Andrew Fox Titles - Director, School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech Director, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute neuroSURF Program Professor, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech Address - Sandy Hall, Room 212 210 Drillfield Drive Blacksburg, VA 24016 Email – [email protected] Website - http://labs.vtc.vt.edu/fox/ ORCID ID - 0000-0002-1649-7782 2. EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL HISTORY: EDUCATION: Chemistry Major (1995 – 1997) – United States Military Academy, West Point, NY B.S., Chemistry (1999) – The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA Graduated Cum Laude Supervisor: B. Siles Honors Research Thesis: “Determination of cell death mechanisms and separation of polymorphic markers with capillary electrophoresis.” Awarded Highest Honors. Ph.D., Department of Anatomy (2004) – Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA. Supervisor: B. Fuss Thesis: Functional Analysis of Phospohodiesterase 1alpha/Autotaxin in the Central Nervous System Postdoctoral training, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (2004-2007), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Supervisor: Joshua R. Sanes Neural Development and Genetics of Zebrafish Course, Marine Biological Laboratory (2005), Woods Hole, MA. PROFESSIONAL SUMMARY: Primary Research Focus: Developmental Neurobiology Areas of expertise and interest: neural development, extracellular matrix, synaptogenesis, collagens, reelin, CSPGs, metalloproteinases, -
Identification of a Rhythmic Firing Pattern in the Enteric Nervous System That Generates Rhythmic Electrical Activity in Smooth Muscle
This Accepted Manuscript has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. A link to any extended data will be provided when the final version is posted online. Research Articles: Systems/Circuits Identification of a rhythmic firing pattern in the enteric nervous system that generates rhythmic electrical activity in smooth muscle Nick J Spencer1, Timothy J Hibberd1, Lee Travis1, Lukasz Wiklendt1, Marcello Costa1, Hongzhen Hu2, Simon J Brookes1, David A Wattchow3, Phil G Dinning1,3, Damien J Keating1 and Julian Sorensen4 1College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia 2Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA 3Discipline of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia. 4Cyber Sensing and Shaping, Cyber & Electronic Warfare Division, Defence, Science & Technology Group, Edinburgh, South Australia, Australia. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3489-17.2018 Received: 7 December 2017 Revised: 30 April 2018 Accepted: 9 May 2018 Published: 28 May 2018 Author contributions: N.J.S., M.C., and H.H. designed research; N.J.S. wrote the first draft of the paper; N.J.S., S.J.B., D.A.W., P.D., D.J.K., and J.S. edited the paper; N.J.S., T.H., M.C., H.H., and J.S. wrote the paper; T.H. and L.T. performed research; T.H. contributed unpublished reagents/analytic tools; T.H., L.T., L.W., and J.S. analyzed data. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing financial interests. The experiments carried out in this study were funded by grants to NJS (grant # 1067317 & 1127140) from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NH & MRC) of Australia. -
The Autonomic Nervous System and Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders
NEUROMODULATION THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND GASTROINTESTINALTRACT DISORDERS TERRY L. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE UNIVERSITY • MULTIPLE REFRACTORY GI DISORDERS EXIST. • VISCERAL ATLASES OF THE GI TRACT ARE AVAILABLE. • REMEDIATION WITH ELECTROMODULATION MAY BE PRACTICAL. TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEUROMODUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND GASTP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNIVERSITY 50 INTERNATIONAL I:"' NEUROMODULATION SOCIETY 0 40 ·IS 12TH WORLD CONGRESS -I: -• 30 !"' A. -..0 20 ..a• E 10 z::::t TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEUROMODUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND GASTP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNIVERSITY DISORDERS TO TREAT WITH NEUROMODULATION ACHALASIA DYSPHAGIA GASTROPARESIS GERD GUT DYSMOTILITY MEGA ESOPHAGUS DYSPEPSIA ,, VISCERAL PAIN l1 ' I NAUSEA, EMESIS OBESITY ,, ' 11 I PYLORIC STENOSIS ==..:.= --- "" .:.= --- .. _ _, DUMPING REFLUX COLITIS I:' . - IBS -·-- - CROHN'S DISEASE HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE CHAGAS DISUSE Gastrointestinal Tract Awodesk@ Ma;·a@ TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEUROMODUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND GASTP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNIVERSITY TIME The Obesity Epidemic in America ·. TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEU ROMODUlATION : THE AUTO N OMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM A N D G A STP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNI V E R SI TY ROUX-EN-Y BYPASS Bypassed portion of stomach Gastric -"'~ pouch Bypassed - Jejunum duodenum -1" food -___----_,,.,. digestivejuice TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEU ROMODUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM A N D GASTP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNIVERSITY 8y~s~ portionof i t()(l\3Ch • TERRYl. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEUROMOOUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ANO 0.-STP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UHIVlflSITY • DESPERATE PATIENTS • ABSENCE OF SATISFACTORY PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS • POPULAR MEDIA HYPE • ABSENCE OF A SOLID MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING • UNCRITICAL ACCEPTANCE OF PROPONENT'S CLAIMS • MYOPIA REGARDING SIDE EFFECTS TERRY l.