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Home , Henry III of France

State Power & Religious Conflict

1500-1618

Habsburg-Valois-Ottoman wars 1494-1559

Italian Wars

“ 1494 “ Escalate “ Ottoman sultan and Christian monarchs “ Valois vs Habsburg “ Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis “ 1559 “ Valois capitulates

1 Issues

“ England “ Changes sides on power issue “ Papacy and Italian states “ Over domination of Italy “ Religious reasons “ German princes want religious freedom “ - expansion

Major conflicts

“ Suleiman I “the Magnificent” “ 1520-1566 “ Mohács 1526 “ Defeat of Hungarian army “ 1529 – seige of Vienna “ 1535 – Charles V “ Tunis “ Francis I – allies with sultan “ Nice and Toulon

Finance and Technology

“ Costs “ Heavier artillery “ Fortresses “ England “ Devalues coinage “ Charles V in debt “ and Spain nearly bankrupt

2 Result

“ Fugger Bank – Augsburg “ Largest in Europe “ Mint and mining concession from Maximilian I (grandfather of Charles V) “ Branches “ Elected Charles V “ Peace of Augsburg 1555 “ Recognizes Lutheran church in empire “ Prince determines religion “ Excludes Calvinists and Anabaptists

Spread of Protestantism 16th Century

French Wars of Religion

“ 1540- one third French nobles convert to Calvinism “ “ Valois “ Francis I d. 1547 “ Henry II r. 1547-1559 “ Francis II r. 1559-1560 “ Charles IX r. 1560-1574 “ Bourbon “ Guise

3 Charles IX

“ Age 10 “ Catherine de Medicis “ Marriage of Marguerite de Valois to Henry of Navarre, a Bourbon “ Failed assassination of Gaspard de Coligny “ St. Bartholomew’s Day, August 24, 1572 “ 3000 “ Wider conflict “ 10,000

Henry IV

“ Henry III succeeded Charles IX r. 1574-1589 “ Fear of Guise faction alliance with Philip II “ “ Assassinations “ No heirs “ Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV “ Paris is worth a mass 1593 “ Defeat of ultra-Catholic opposition “ Edict of Nantes “ 1598 “ Toleration “ 1.2 million “ Free worship in specific towns “ Own courts, troops, fortresses “ Many had emigrated – perhaps the best of them

Wider conflict

“ Charles V – HRE “ Lutheran princes “ Peace of Augsburg 1555

“ Recognizes Lutheran church

“ Secularization of church lands “ Resigns in favor of

“ Philip II of Spain – Netherlands, Spain

“ Ferdinand, his brother, Austria

4 Philip II

“ Escorial “ Restore Catholicism “ Married to Elisabeth de Valois, sister of Charles IX and Henry III of France “ Most powerful ruler in Europe “ Revolt of Moriscos “ 90 priests, 1500 Christians “ 1571 “ Lepanto “ Turks “ 1580 – Portugal and its empire

Netherlands

“ 1566 “ Attack on Catholic churches “ Philip II sends army “ 1100 executed “ William of Orange “ 1576 “ Spanish sack of Antwerp “ Catholics ally with Protestants “ Spanish troops expelled

5 Thirty Years War 1618-1648

“ Final religious war “ Origins “ Religious, political and ethnic divisions in HRE “ Peace of Augsburg “ May 23, 1618

Participants

“ France declares war on Spain “ Alliance with the Dutch “ 1585-1642 “ Louis XIII r. 1610-1643 “ Denmark 1625 “ Christian IV invades Germany Sweden attacks Germany 1630 “ Gustavus Adolphus r. 1611-1632 “ Portugal revolts 1640 “ Declare independence

Peace of Westphalia 1648

“ France becomes major power “ Alsace “ Sweden gains northern territories “ Dutch - Independence recognized “ Habsburgs lose the most “ Religion “ Lutherans – north “ Calvinists – Rhine River “ Catholics - south

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