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ௐ 2 ഇ! ࢱ 173-211! 2020 ѐ/आ؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 16 International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 173-211 Summer 2020

荷蘭的獨立建國

߉ϒዡ ර̂ጯϔ୉ְચၱ൴णጯրି଱ڌ

ၡ ࢋ

ώ͛͹ࢋд̬௜ఈᜋ௲ᗓҘ঱Ͱ҃፾ϲ۞࿅඀ĄࢵАĂԧࣇА ൴णĂତ۞˭̝ڼᜋҹͳ઼௚ڱ૟̬௜ఈᜋ۞ѝഇ።ΫĂপҾߏд ᖼ۞઼ޓ።ΫĂГֽ҂၅ৠཐᘲ੺۞˭ڼґௐ઼̳௚ݎ඾аᜪд ൴જă̈́፾ϲ۞ۋͽ፾ϲጼޢĂ౵ڼᑭෛҘ঱Ͱ۞ᇷࢅ௚ޢԶĂ൒ ቁϲઇඕԍĄ۞

ăҘ঱Ͱ઼ޓґௐ઼̳ăৠཐᘲ੺ݎᜋҹͳ઼ăڱᙯᔣෟĈఈᜋă ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 174

壹、前言

ĞNetherlands of Independenceğ˫Ⴭࠎఈᜋ੓ཌྷۋఈᜋ፾ϲጼ ĞDutch RevoltğĂߏ޽ఈᜋȈ˛࠷ĞSeventeen , 1549-81ğĂд ѐ̝มࠎ௲ᗓҘ঱Ͱݣο೻ಢͳഈĞHabsburg , 1516-1700ğ 1568-1648 ഇдቁϲܐۋĞEighty Years’ WarğĄጼۋỷ⅃ٙઇ۞Ӆ˧Ă˫ჍˣȈѐጼ நĞde jureğ፾ϲĞ1649ğڱפۋΗొ݋дޢ၁ኳĞde factoğ፾ϲĞ1581ğĂ ϲ˞ఈᜋВ׶઼1ޙĞWikipedia, 2020: Dutch RevoltğĄ௣տĂΔΗొјΑ 2 ĞDutch , 1581-1795ğĂݑ Η ొ ݋ᔒᖼࢉϠࠎͧӀॡăͽ̈́ᎊ഑ಢĄ ਠٙჍ۞઼छĶఈᜋķĂϒё۞઼Щ׎၁ߏ the Netherlands3Ğࢰᛌࠎ˘ Ⴭࠎఈ˫ــκᇇᜋğĂБЩߏκᇇᜋͳ઼ĞKingdom of the NetherlandsğĂ ᜋͳ઼4ĄгநЩෟκᇇᜋຍޥߏҲг઼ĞLow CountriesğĂࣧώᔘΒӣͧӀ ЪჍࠎĶͧఈᎊķĞBeneluxğˬ઼Ą׎၁Ăκᇇــ˭ॡăͽ̈́ᎊ഑ಢĂ༊ ᜋҋֽಶѣఈᜋұ઼ĞCounty of Hollandğăఈᜋ࠷ĞProvince of Hollandğ5Ă ࿅඀Էႊࢦࢋ۞֎ҒĂᙱҺజ۞઼ޙă̈́གྷᑻ˯۞͚੨Ăд፾ϲڼЯࠎ߆ ፋ઼࣎छĄд఺྆Ăκᇇᜋߏ޽።Ϋ˯۞Ҳг઼Ă׌۰Ϲֹ̢ϡĂײोֽჍ னд۞ఈᜋ6Ąܧ҃

ϒё઼Щߏκᇇᜋ˛࠷ᓑЪВ׶઼ĞRepublic of the Seven United NetherlandsğăᖎჍᓑ 1 ࠷В׶઼ĞUnited Provinces of the , United ProvincesğĄ ֽޢăჍࠎҘᛳκᇇᜋĞSpanish Netherlands, 1556-1714ğĂڼҘ঱Ͱ௚צݑ͞݋ᚶᜈତ 2 ޢӌĂ౵׀઼ڱᖼ͘ࠎ๸ᛳκᇇᜋĞAustrian Netherlands, 1714-97ğăତ඾д 1795 ѐజ ̶Ҿ፾ϲࠎᎊ഑ಢĞ1815ğăͽ̈́ͧӀॡĞ1830ğĄ :ᄬ Les Pays-Basڱఈᄬ NederlandĈnetherĞҲğ+ landsĞгğŶNetherlandsĞҲг઼ğĄ 3

PaysĞ˿гă઼छğ+ BasĞҲğŶҲг઼Ą ो৔૬അགྷԬങ˘࣎౱ᐻ઼ Kingdom of HollandĞ1806-10ğĂᖙᛌ੓ֽߏт઄Βೱ۞ఈ 4 ཌྷĄڡᜋͳ઼Ă࠹༊ ೻প̜ğăؒܠϫ݈ĂྍгдҖ߆˯ထ̶ࠎΔఈᜋĞNorth HollandĂ౵̂۞ݱξߏࢵౌ 5 ݑఈᜋĞSouth HollandĂ౵̂۞ݱξߏ౩প̜ Rotterdamğ׌࣎࠷̶Ą̈́ ࠹ᙯЩෟ۞۬ཀྵă̈́ᗃ୻Ă֍ GeylĞ1958, 18-19ğĄ 6 175 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ

貳、早期歷史

֎߷ĞRhine--Scheldtˬګ೻ঔႬᇇ-ګᐵਬ-ګ඿਩ٺҲг઼Ҝ Җ࠷˭҅͟તκֲĞGermania Inferior, 83-475ğĄݑొ۞઼ޓdeltağĂߏᘲ੺ ౶Ⴌপ୉ĞCeltsğ۞֓ႬᄏˠĞBelgaeğొརĂдҘ̮݈ 57ٺࣧҝϔߏᛳ ă˘ొ̶ྭঔ̙ЕᙹԸያ୉ˠćΔొΔᙝᑺঔѣ҅͟ત୉۞ڇفѐజ౶ᖠ ĄڇĂ҃ݑᙝ۞͐྿ჯֲˠĞBataviğ௣տҊ૱̙ڇහ̀ᜋˠĞFrisiansğăݔ ࢑యїч۞઼ޓĂആᘲ੺اᜋҹˠĞFranksğдα͵ࡔҘொؠڱ۞͞ڌٺҜ හ̀ᜋĞFrisia, FrieslandğĄڇفڱᙝᘟĂݒؕ௣൑

໚ĈWikipediaĞ2020: Migration PeriodğĄֽ

ဦ 1Ĉ៌୉ˢܬᘲ੺ޓ઼ྮቢ

ĞFrancia, Kingdom઼ޓᜋҹͳ઼Ǩڱҹࠃჯ˘͵ĞClovis I, 481-511ğߏ فᜋҹˠొརăڱፋЪٙѣޘof the , Frankish Empireğ۞ಧૄ۰Ăࢵ Ăޢϲግࠃ໢ͳഈĞMerovingian DynastyğĄд΁Ѫޙ੼ᎊΔొ̈́̚ొĂ˞ڇ Ϥρ̄ҹޢॲፂ҅͟તˠ۞็௚Ăᅳ˿ࣧА̶ගα࣎׊̄ᚶٚĂ̙࿅Ă౵ Ăᅳг໰ּϤαޢࠃ঍Ⴌ˘͵ĞChlothar I, 511-61ğᝃ߁Ąҹࠃ঍Ⴌ˘͵Ѫ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 176

൑ޢߤந֓Ⴌপ˘͵ĞCharibert I, 561-67ğѪ̄ܜٺ࣎׊̄Ӯ̶Ă௣տĂϤ ,ᜋҹͳ઼۞ᅳ˿ˬ̶͇˭Ĉ੒প६ĞGuntramڱ๠Ăᅳгజˬ࣎ԙԙϝ̶Ă ґௐĞBurgundyğĂҘР֓Ⴌপ˘͵ĞSigebert I, 561-75ğݎ561-92ğᅳѣݑొ۞ ๸೻পٛҘֲĞAustrasia, 511-687ğăΒӣහ̀ᜋͽγ۞Ҳг઼Ă۞ొڌז̶ ,Ҙొ۞৸೻পӀֲĞNeustriaזԓႬׂ֧ҹ˘͵ĞChilperic I, 567-84ğ଀ 611-751ğĄ

໚ĈWikipediaĞ2020: Merovingian DynastyğĄֽ

ᜋҹͳ઼ڱ۞˭ဦ 2Ĉግࠃ໢ͳഈ

ซˢ˛͵ࡔĂ๸೻পٛҘֲӖͳు႙਽ୀĂझ࠹ĞMayor of the Palaceğ ˟ᜋ൳۞ͶπĞPepin of , 623-29, 639-40ğ၁ᅫೠᝋć΁۞γगͶπ 7Ă֭ͷд 687טᜋҹͳ઼झ࠹۞͵᝚ڱĞPepin of , 680-714ğቁϲ͵

ґௐ۞झ࠹ĂѨ̄̈ॾ֧ᇝႬݎࢶᕠ̳ᒑᇇᘲ͖ĞDrogo of Champagneğϲࠎ̄ܜ΁૟ 7 ᇇĞGrimoald the Youngerğϲࠎ৸೻পֲ֧झ࠹Ą 177 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ

ᜋҹͳ઼ĄͶπ˟͵۞ռϠ̄ߤநą੺পĞCharlesڱ˘ӌ৸೻পӀֲĂ௚׀ѐ Martelğ֗ࣘ๸೻পٛҘֲĞ715-41ğă̈́৸೻পӀֲĞ718-41ğ۞झ࠹Ă ుੜݑϚ۞හ̀ᜋˠĄߤநą੺প۞׊̄༣̄ͶπĞPepin the Short, 751-68ğ ,ཐΕΐӀֲĞPope Zachary؟дିֽޢࣧώߏ৸೻পӀֲ۞झ࠹Ğ741-51ğĂ ѐᆿᕈግࠃ໢ͳഈ۞ϐ΃઼ͳԓႬᇇ֧ҹ 751 ٺ741-52ğ۞Тຍ˭Ă઀਑ ͳഈĞCarolingianڒϲΐࠃޙĞChilderic III, 743-51ğĂҋϲࠎͳă͵ˬ DynastyğĄ༣̄Ͷπ۞׊̄ߤநତҜĞCharlemagne, 768-814ğĂд 800 ѐజ ķĞEmperor of theޓ։ˬ͵ĞPope Leo III, 795-816ğΐકࠎĶᘲ੺ˠ۞࠱؟ି RomansğĂӈߤநત̂ޓĞCharles the GreatğĂజෛࠎৠཐᘲ੺ޓ઼ĞHoly Ҳг઼Δ͞۞හ̀ᜋˠăڇفٺRoman , 800/962-1806ğ۞൴੖Ą΁௣ Δ͞۞ᇩҹᅊˠĞSaxonsğĄڌ̈́

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2020: File:Frankish Empire 481 to 814-en.svgğĄֽ

ᜋҹͳ઼ڱဦ 3ĈБ஽ॡഇ۞ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 178

ދĞLouis the Pious, 814-40ğާ඾ҋٽঽѪĂ׊̄਴ྕ۰ྮޓߤநત̂ Ăˬ࣎׊̄дĺ˲Ⴌޢய۞׊̄ቪᕈĞ833-34ğć΁Ѫ̶ڇజ̙ޘ˘ࠎ࠱Ă ୧Ĉܜဦෘྋࠎˬ࣎ۍᜋҹͳ઼Ă૟ڱ൳୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of , 843ğϝ̶ ᜋҹͳ઼ĞKingdom of theڱາన̚זࠃ঍Ⴌ˘͵ĞLothar I, 817-55ğ̶̄ܜ Middle Franks/Middle , 843-55ğ̈́Щ᜖˯۞࠱ҜĂ΁۞ᅳгϤཌྷ̂Ӏ ĞLouis theٽҲг઼ćˬ̄҅͟તˠྮ۞˾ګ඿਩ٺΔঔĂΒӣҜזΔొؼ ᜋҹͳ઼ĞKingdom of the East Franks, EastڱڌGerman, 817-76ğᚶٚ ,ᇇ઼ć҃˴̄վᐝߤநĞCharles the Bald۞ޢFrancia, 843-962ğĂ˵ಶߏ͟ ,ᜋҹͳ઼ĞKingdom of the West Franks, West Franciaڱ840-77ğ݋ᒔ଀Ҙ Ą઼ڱ۞ֽޢ843-987ğĂӈ

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2019: File:Treaty of Verdun 843.pngğĄֽ ᜋҹͳ઼ڱ۞ޢဦ 4Ĉ˲Ⴌ൳୧ࡗ

ᜋڱࠃ঍Ⴌ˘͵Ѫ݈Ă౅࿅ĺ೼ӕؒ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Prüm, 855ğ૟̚ ࠱Ҝ̈́זĞLouis II of , 844-75ğ̶͵˟ٽྮ̄ܜҹͳ̶઼ගˬ࣎׊̄Ĉ ĞLombardyğćѨ̄ࠃ঍Ⴌ˟͵ĞLothar IIğᚶٚࠃ঍غཌྷ̂ӀΔొ۞ࣖ͐ ĞLorraineğăҲг઼ăڒႬͳ઼ĞKingdom of , 855-959ğĂΒӣࠃ ,ґௐĞUpper Burgundyğć҃̈׊̄ߤநĞCharles of Provenceݎ˯ͽ̈́ ґௐĞLower BurgundyğĄݎ˭೻ĞProvenceğĂΒӣٻ855-63ğ݋ᒔ଀೼ᘲ 179 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ

໚ĈWikipediaĞ2019: Treaty of PrümğĄֽ ᜋҹͳ઼ڱ۞ޢဦ 5Ĉ೼ӕؒ୧ࡗͽ

ݎ˭ז̶͵˟ߤநд 863 ѐѪ˸൑๠Ăᅳгజ׌࣯࣯࣎ϝ̶Ĉࠃ঍Ⴌ ೻౺˭۞ొ̶Ąࠃ঍Ⴌ˟͵д 869 ѐѪ˸൑ٻ೼ᘲז݋̶͵˟ٽґௐĂྮ ᘪࢎĺ୥Ⴌ഑୧ࡗĻĞTreaty ofץץᜋҹͳ઼۞׌ҜڱăҘڌڼ๠Ă௚ ΔΗొă̈́ז̶ٽᜋҹͳ઼۞҅͟તˠྮڱڌMeerssen, 870ğΐͽϝ̶Ă ґݎ˭ᜋҹͳ઼۞վᐝߤநᒔ଀ڱґௐĂ҃Ҙݎ˯ݑΗొ۞̂ొ̶ٺҜ ԊࢬĂҲг۞˭̶͇ˬזᜋҹͳ઼˫аڱґௐ۞ҘొĄ௣տĂݎ˯ௐă̈́ ᜋҹͳ઼Ąڱڌᕩᛳ઼ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 180

໚ĈWikipediaĞ2019: Treaty of MeerssenğĄֽ

ᜋҹͳ઼ڱ۞ޢဦ 6Ĉ୥Ⴌ഑୧ࡗͽ

ᜋҹˠ۞ᖠҹ഑̳ᒑқӀ˘͵ĞHenry I the Fowler, 912-19ğд 919ڱܧ ,ᜋҹͳ઼઼ͳĞ919-36ğĂ౹ϲᖠҹ഑ͳഈĞSaxon Dynastyڱڌѐజଯᓝࠎ ᜋҹͳ઼ԼЩࠎᇇຍԠͳ઼ĞKingdom of GermanyğĂ΁ڱڌ919-1024ğă૟ ᜋᇇ೻ĞFlandersğͽγ۞Ҳг઼ĄқӀΝ͵Ă΁۞׊̄ญڱд 925 ѐӖᓜ ࡶ୕Ȉ؟΁۞ିٺဦ˘͵ĞOtto I the Great, 936-73ğତЇĂд 962 ѐϤѣՐ ଂȈޢĄѩޓ࠱઼ޓᘲ੺ΐકࠎৠཐᘲ੺ٺĞPope John XII, 955-64ğ͵˟ ڱᜋҹĞڱᜋᇇ೻ұ઼ĞCounty of FlandersğߏҘڱ˞Ȉα͵ࡔĂੵזࡔ͵ Ğᇇ઼ğćጐგтѩĂ઼ޓৠཐᘲ੺ٺڇ૶γĂ׎΁Ҳг઼ᅳ͹Ҋܢğ۞઼ ᝋĄڼă̈́ҋޘЧᅳгᔘߏჯ޺࠹༊̂۞ҋϤ 181 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ

參、勃艮第公國統治下的尼德蘭

ґௐ઼̳8ݎͳࡗᎰ˟͵ĞJohn II of , 1350-64ğд 1363 ѐ૟ڱ ĞDuchy of BurgundyğϹ˴̄හӀ೼˟͵ĞPhilip the Bold, 1363-1404ğĂ΁ ೻˟͵ĞLouis II of Flandersğ۞ಏ็̃׊Ⴓٽᜋᇇ೻̳ᒑྮڱд 1369 ѐો ೻˟͵д 1384 ѐ࿅͵ĂහӀ೼ٽॾᚊপˬ͵ĞMargaret III of Flandersğćྮ ϤҁछĞproperğ۞ௐѕعґௐ઼̳ࢵݎᜋᇇ೻ᅳгĂ૟ڱ۞ͭدତќ͵˟ ,ґௐĞValois Burgundyݎοጆ๫ႬĂΫჍϞᎊϞזΔዏـĞ ğ ğκᇇ۞˭ڼґௐĞ௚ݎBurgundian State, 1363-1482ğĂѩॡ۞Ҳг઼Ⴭࠎ Ȉ˛࠷۞ᗖԛ̏֍Ąְ၁۞ޢᜋĞBurgundian Netherlands, 1384-1482ğĂ͟ ă઼ܭ଀۞఺๴઼̳ăפາײґௐझԗĞдௐѕğϡֽჍݎĂҲг઼ߏ˯ ᅳг۞ඕЪវĞWHKMLA, n.d.ağĄ̈́

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2019: File:Map Netherlands 1477-en.pngğĄֽ ĈȈ˛࠷۞၆໰Щಏ֍ WikipediaĞ2020: Seventeen ProvincesğĄځᄲ

κᇇᜋ۞˭ڼґௐ௚ݎဦ 7Ĉ

ґௐˠ۞ͳ઼ĞKingdom ofݎґௐͳ઼ĞKingdom of Burgundyğăٕݎᇃཌྷ఼Ⴭ۞ٺТ̙ 8 the , 411-534ğĄ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 182

හӀ೼ˬ͵ĞPhilipזґௐ็ݎϞᎊϞ the Good, 1419-67 ğĂᅳгੵ˞൴໚г Ğproperğݎґௐ઼̳ă̈́ݎґௐĞҋϤğ ұ઼ĞFree of Burgundyğ9Ăᔘஉ ᄏೀͼٙѣҲг઼࠷̶10Ą΁඾͘κᇇᜋ छχౄĂপҾߏдࣧѣЧ࠷۞ᛉ઼۞ع߆ ົĞStates, Staten, Provincial Estatesğ˯ࢬ నཉκᇇᜋᓁᛉົĞStates General, ٺ Staten-Generaal11 of the NetherlandsğĂ֭ 1464 ѐдοጆ͟ࢵޘΡฟБဩົᛉćࠎ˞ ͞ܮќඁĂහӀ೼ˬ͵д 1430 ѐ౹నѿͨ ᗨ̀ဥĞOrder of the Golden Fleeceğ᝕ඛ ༊гᝋෳĞIsrael, 1995: 21-23ğĄጐგ̚δ ᔘზ؎્Ă௫ၚ፾ϲҋ͹۞ڱะᝋ̼۞ү ᜋᇇڱ12ă̈́็௚ĂڱᅳгЧҋѣ׎ၚ௫ ໚ĈLook and LearnĞ2020ğĄֽ 13 ೻̂ݱοጆ͟ĞBruges ğă̈́ॲপĞGhentğ ဦ 8ĈහӀ೼ˬ͵ᗉᑅοጆ͟ Ğ1437-38, 1449-53ğĂහӀۋ੓ཌྷԩޢА ԽݱᗉᑅĄܑࢬ˯Ҭ˧ڠঈމ೼ˬ͵୮̙ Ձ۞็௚Ăݒ̙௲ளٲͼநྋҲг઼̙జ ώኳĄ۞ڼ୉௚

,ᜋ൝- ૵ಟ̂ડĞBourgogne-Franche-Comtéڱ -ґௐݎࠎ׀Ă׌гЪ઼ڱдன΃۞ 9 -Free CountyğĄ ಢĞLimburgğĂତ඾ឭࢴ ӌ֤ᇍڒ଀οٛ঱পĞBrabantğă̈́פ ౵ѝߏд 1404-1406 10 ႬĞ , 1421ğăఈᜋĞHollandğྫྷ፨ᜋĞZeeland, 1425-28ğăऄᏚĞHainaut, 1428ğă ᎊ഑ಢĞ1451ğăঔႬᇇᜋĞGelderlandğĞIsrael, 1995: 21ğĄ ͛ Estates GeneralĂ˵ಶߏ General Assemblyăڱٺࡻ͛ General States ᑕྍߏۡᛌĂ࠹༊ 11 General ParliamentĄ ఢΐ੓ֽѣ 700 к჌ĞLimm, 1989: 9ğĄڱҲг઼Чг۞ 12 ઼ڱĂপҾߏҘݑొͧዐڱ޸̈́ڱᇇᄬ۞᝝ٺᄬăࠤҌڱѣఈᄬăــҲг઼۞гЩĂ 13 -ᄬߏ Bois-leڱгડĂᛊт's-HertogenboschĞ೻ঔћқ౾೻ĂᖎჍ Den ൳౾೻ğ ၆໰ĄڱDucĄኛણ҂ GeylĞ1958: 20ğ۞ఈă 183 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ

ăᇇڱତЇ۞̂ᓙߤநĞCharles the Bold, 1467-77ğр̂ಈΑĂࠎ˞ᄃ ඕా˧ڠဦĂ඾͘౅࿅ۍ΁ྏဦޭೇࠃ঍Ⴌͳ઼۞۞ݎݎൺĂฯ͕ܜྵ˘ ґௐұ઼ğăΔĞҲг઼ğ̝ม۞ᅳгјࠎ˘࣎፾ϲͳݎґௐ઼̳ăݎݑĞ ݑٺѪޢă̈́༄̀኏ࡎĂ౵ڒ଀ֲႬᖠ೻ĞAlsaceğ҃ᄃࠃפ˞ĂপҾࠎ઼ ᐁጼԝĞBattle of Nancy, 1477ğĄт͇̚͟۞̂ᓙߤநΑୀݬјĂ҃ͅឰ܎ ґௐ̳ݎפȈ˘ĞLouis XI of France, 1461-83ğ෺෍҃ˢ᝿ٽͳྮڱෛᶵᶵ Ă᏷ᚔࡗҹ۞ႳॾᚊপĞMargaret of , 1468-77ğΪܲѣҲг઼ă઼̈́ ݎґௐұ઼ĞGeyl, 1958: 30; Holborn, 198: 41ğĄ

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2019: File:Karte Haus Burgund 4 ZH.pngğĄֽ ဦ 9Ĉ̂ᓙߤநॡݎґௐ઼̳ᅳг ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 184

ґݎһᓜݱ˭Ăκᇇᜋᓁᛉົ෺፟ࢋՐ̃׊઼ڱᓙߤந՟ѣշ๠Ă̂ ĻĞGreatېௐ۞ႳᚊĞMary of Burgundy, 1477-82ğᚶٚᘪཌĺ̂পధ ᝋڼPrivilege, 1477ğĂቁᄮޭೇහӀ೼ˬ͵ă̈́̂ᓙߤநٙᆿੵ۞г͞ҋ ઼ޓᝋ˧ćѩγĂᓁᛉົ˫щଵс๹ගৠཐᘲ੺۞عӀĂТॡ݇ऴ̚δ߆ දপধˬ͵ĞFrederick III, Holy Roman , 1452-93ğ۞׊̄ݣοޓ࠱ ,೻ಢͳഈ۞๸гӀ̳̂੺ҹҘѼӀщĞArchduke Maximilian of ੺ҹҘѼӀщ˘͵14ĞMaximilianޓ࠱઼ޓৠཐᘲ੺۞ޢ1493-1519ğĂϺӈ͟ ґௐ۞Ⴓᚊ՟ѣ̦ᆃᏴፄĂݎI, , 1508-19ğĄૻᇲᒖҨĂ Ϗ΍إهٚҲг઼Ąд̚͵ࡔĂன΃ˠϔ͹ᝋநפȈ˘՟ѣᖣ˾৶ٽឰྮ Ğdynastic unionğĂ֗Ъ઼ބ࠹̢ᓑــЧ჌҂ณĂٺม΍̝ވனĂͳ ĄވĞpersonal unionğΦ۩֍ၚćκᇇᜋᓁᛉົ˼ზ༱ზĂݒߏ͔ফˢ

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2017: File:Maximilian I and Maria von Burgund.jpgğĄֽ ґௐ۞Ⴓᚊݎဦ 10Ĉ੺ҹҘѼӀщો

ޓ੺ҹҘѼӀщАд 1486 ѐᒔ଀Ķᘲ੺ˠ۞઼ͳķĞKing of the Romansğ۞ৠཐᘲ੺ 14 Νᘲ੺۞ྮ౉͉ПٺᏐදপধˬ͵۞д 1493 ѐ࿅͵ତҜĂϤͭזᐼӖ̶֗Ăඈޓ࠱઼ Ąޓጏர˟͵ĞPope Julius II, 1503-13ğΐકࠎ࠱؟οҋ̎జିކᐍĂ΁д 1508 ѐ 185 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ

神聖羅馬帝國統治下的尼德蘭

ٛ೻୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of , 1482ğܠᘪĺ઼ڱႳᚊд 1482 ѐᆩ੺֗˸Ă ґݎϒёٚᄮс۞׊̄හӀ೼˘͵ĞPhilip the Handsome, 1482-1506ğᚶٚ ׊̄හӀ۞̂ܜௐĂҭ̙Тຍс۞ˮ͈੺ҹҘѼӀᚶٚᅳгĄдοጆ๫Ⴌ ۞઼ޓҋ̎ତЇৠཐᘲ੺זۡ˘೼˘͵ѐρĂЯѩϤ੺ҹҘѼӀщᛷ߆Ă ࠱ҜĞ1508ğĂ̖ᔘ߆׊̄Ă̙࿅Ăֶ൒ᔘߏϤ΁၁ኳೠଠҲг઼Ą੺ҹҘ ѼӀщд 1512 ѐࢦፋᅳгĂనཉ˞˘࣎ݎґௐҖ߆઻ĞBurgundian Circle, ѺѐჍࠎݣο೻ಢ۞ޢ1512-1806ğֽგᔑĂҲг઼Ȉ˛࠷జஉᄏд̰Ăѩ κᇇᜋĞHabsburg Netherlands, 1482-1581ğĞHolborn, 198: 44-46, 49ğĄ

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2017: File:Burgundian Circle-2005-10-14-en.pngğĄֽ ґௐҖ߆઻ݎგᔑ۞઼ޓဦ 11Ĉৠཐᘲ੺

ґௐ۞ႳᚊྫྷҲгݎ̄؍ٺሹზĂ੺ҹҘѼӀщૄώ˯၆ڼߊ൒ߏ߆ ͵˘හӀ೼̄ܜĂщଵ઼ڱĄ΁ࠎ˞၆ԩޞĻҽ႐ͽېᘪཌ۞ĺ̂পధ઼ ͳ೺࢚ݑ˟͵ĞFerdinand II of , 1479-1516ğᄃΙ઼تોҘ঱Ͱֲٛ ˘೻೩Ⴌ̃ͳϿ௻֓ٛ˘͵ĞIsabella I of Castile, 1474-1504ğ۞Ѩ̃ࡧщऌ ĞJoanna of Castile, 1504-55ğĂ׌ˠϠ˭ߤந̣͵ĞCharles VğĄͳഈඕ͵ ᔞ឵፾ϲĄٺЪĂଂѩ૟Ҳг઼۞׻ྻᄃҘ঱Ͱ஝Եд˘੓Ă௣ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 186

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2020: File:Bernhard Strigel 003b.jpgğĄֽ ႳᚊĞΠ˘ğĂӱ۰̶؍Ĉ৭ϲ۰̶Ҿߏ੺ҹҘѼӀщĞν˘ğă׊හӀ೼˘͵Ğν˟ğăځᄲ ߏग̃Ⴓᚊ۞ˮځगߤந̣͵Ğν˟ğĂΠ˘ဦͯᄲܜҾߏѨग೺࢚ݑ˘͵Ğν˘ğă ಪٛࡗ̦˟͵ĞLouis II of HungaryğĂ̙࿅Ă࠻੓ֽͧྵညߏग̃ႳᚊĄ͈ ဦ 12Ĉৠཐᘲ੺ޓ઼࠱ޓҹҘѼӀщ˘͵छ୉

ґௐᅳгݎґௐႳᚊ۞ݎߤந̣͵˘Ϡ˭ֽĞ1500ğಶߏࢋᚶٚয়ϓ ґௐұ઼ğăয়ͭ੺ҹҘѼӀщ˘͵۞๸гӀăγয়ͭ೺࢚ݎĞӣҲг઼ă ˚Ğӣΐ঍ษκֲăϞࣖҘֲă֤̙ઙ೻ăҘҘ֧ă̈́ᖠتݑ˟͵۞ֲٛ ᏐѝీĞ1506ğăϓͭٺκֲğăͽ̈́γয়ϓϿ௻֓ٛ˘͵۞Ι೻೩ႬĄϤ Ꮠ൴ႺĂߤந̣͵Аߏᚶٚয়ϓдҲг઼۞ᅳгĞ1506-55ğĂତ඾˫ᚶٚ γয়ͭϓ۞ᅳгĞ1516-56ğĂΒ߁Ҙ঱Ͱăݑཌྷ̂Ӏăͽ࡚̈́߷۞ᛳгĂ ˞Ğ1519-56ğĂ˫кޓ࠱઼ޓ᜕۞΁ତҜৠཐᘲ੺רয়ͭ࿅͵Ăଂ̈זඈ ๸гӀ఺๴ᅳгĞ1519-21ğĄߤந̣͵૟Δొ࠷̶ৼˢޓ઼ᅳ˿Ăޭೇд ॡ΃۞̂˘௚15Ąޓߤநત̂

ӌහ̀ᜋĂ1528׀ѐĄ΁ д 1524 ѐ 1519 זߤந̣͵۞ͭᏐд 1506 ѐ࿅͵ĂϤয়ͭᛷ߆ 15 187 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ

ᜋᇇ೻̂ݱॲপĂଂ̈ϤፉЇҲг઼ᓁ༛۞ڱಱ૷۞ٺߤந̣͵΍Ϡ ๸гӀ۞ႳॾᚊপĞArchduchess Margaret of Austria, 1507-30ğᛷ߆Ăؑؑ ᄬߏϓᄬĂ΁˵ጯ༊г۞ڱ˞Ăੵ̂ܜѐᔘ߆ĄЯࠎд౪֘ׄ۞झԗ 1515 ҲٺᄬĞFlemishğĂߤந̣͵̙ညͭᏐහӀ೼˘͵၆ځĶ͞֏ķఈᄬǨҢ඿ Ҙ঱ͰᄃϓᏐـг઼ෛ̙҃֍ĂЯѩĂజෛࠎ̥ݓ۞ӖͳĄ΁д 1517 ѐ݈ ĂԯҲг઼ϹගؑؑႳॾᚊপ16Ăጐგ˘ฟᐝ֗ᙝᜪયᔘкֽҋҲгڼВ ઼ڱҘ঱Ͱ̼ăΒ߁ጯΙ೻೩ႬᄬĂు႙ෛҲг઼ࠎྫྷצĂ௣տυืତ઼ ᗗϓĂ̙Һ͔੓ͅຏĄܛฟጼٙᅮ࢕෱۞ ෗ҿି؟ԼࢭдҲг઼۞൴णĂд 1522 ѐޭೇି؟टԡڱߤந̣͵൑ ٙăѨѐдοጆ๫Ⴌ̳ฟ፵Ѫ׌ЩளბາିवĂ୎ѐ˫࿴Ҷĺҕ΄ĻĞEdict of Blood, 1550ğĂՀߏ୮̙ᆵޞćд΁ે߆ॡഇĂѣ 2,000 າିवͽளბజ ጼĂߤந̣͵௣տ൑˧૟ᅳг௚Ъࠎ˘͇࣎͹ି઼ف఍ѪĄጐგ੺̙ઃᏦ ,छĄЯࠎႳॾᚊপঽీĂߤந̣͵Ї׻Тͭளϓࡪ؏ႳᚊĞMary of གྷរ۞ႳᚊĂ΁д 1531 ѐᏐڼ1531-55ğࠎҲг઼ᓁ༛Ąࠎ˞ᅃҥ՟ѣ߆ οጆ๫ႬĂనཉ˞઼ચ؎ࣶົĞCouncilזϤ౪֘ׄዏعҲг઼Ă૟߆זҋа of Stateğăੑ߆؎ࣶົĞCouncil of Financeğă̈́ ᇽ ૜ ੰĞPrivy Council, Secret CouncilğĂЪჍ֭ϲ؎ࣶົĞCollateral CouncilsğĂϡֽٛᘇ༊гሕд۞ள ຆ˘͵ĞWilliam theރߐ̝͟ځᛉᐝˠĂΒ߁ଂ̈எ଀ߤந̣͵ᗿຑ۞ Silent, 1559-67ğĄ

ѐќনপઙ͚ĞUtrechtğă̈́˯ຑ๫ĞOverijsselğĂ1536 ѐЫॾᘲှॲĞGroningenğă ĞZutphenğĄ܆ঔႬᇇᜋă̈́ჸপڇ๸ᐵᜋ൳ĞOmmelandenğăᇇ ࣖ পĞDrentheğĂ1543 ѐ ڱᜋᇇ೻ăϞษāڱҜĈఈᜋă፨ᜋăοٛ঱পăזѐĂϏֽ۞Ȉ˛࠷Бొ 1548 ˞ז ဦϞĞArtoisğăᎊ഑ಢăऄᏚă౪֘ׄĞMechelenğă֤ܠᜋᇇ೻ĞWalloon Flandersğă ಢăဦႬ؉ĞTournaiğăনপڒᇍႬăॾᘲှॲĞӣ๸ᐵᜋ൳ğăහ̀ᜋăঔႬᇇᜋă ğĄ׀ઙ͚ă˯ຑ๫ᄃᇇࣖপĞЪ ௡ဥ˭̝ޤ˘ᝋĂҲг઼ෳ୉ރੵ˞ᄲ֗ᙝ۞ᝋҊ͹ࢋߏγ઼ˠĂႳॾᚊপ۞ࢲॾ࠹༊ 16 ҋ̎۞ؑؑፍͽ̂ཌྷĂপҾߏࢦ̂۞ՙඉࢋᏙྙ༊ྫྷܫ੺ᇇ֧Ăߤந̣͵ΪрᆷזېӘ гෳ୉ĞIsrael, 1995: 35ğĄ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 188

໚ĈLuikenĞn.d.ğĄֽ ೻প̜జൎؒܠᏚିव 1549 ѐдܝဦ 13ĈˣЩ

西班牙統治下的尼德蘭

ዸĂజෛܜ΁֭Ϗٺॡഇ̂࡭πᐖĂ̙࿅ĂϤڼҲг઼дߤந̣͵௚ ਾĂ҃΁݋̙ଓܐࠎᙝห۞༊гˠᙱҺϠީĂপҾߏඁќ࿁ͅग़኎ώг۞ ᗉᑅԩ١ࡳඁ۞ॲপĞ1539-40ğĄд 1549 ѐĂߤந̣͵࿴Ҷ˧ڠف଄ዼᏐ ˛ĺ઼ְ෢३ĻĞPragmatic Sanction of 1549ğĂࢋՐκᇇᜋᓁᛉົТຍ૟Ȉ ۰υืТ˘࣎ˠćΪ̙࿅ĂҖ߆ಏҜ۞ፋЪڼ࠷ፋЪࠎ˘វĂӈϏֽ۞௚ ϏυܲᙋဥඕĄд 1555 ѐĂߤந̣͵Яࠎ൭ࢲă̈́ε্ჟি˧აĂᑚᆐّ οᅊҜ17ĂԯҘ঱Ͱă̈́Ҳг઼็ᅍගࢲဧဉဉϤކгдοጆ๫Ⴌ۞ᓁᛉົ ޓ੺ᇇֽ֧݈۞͵̄හӀ೼˟͵ĞPhilip II of Spain, 1556-98ğĂ҃ৠཐᘲ੺ ,Ğ๸гӀğ݋Ϲගࡪԙ೺࢚ݑ˘͵ĞFerdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor઼ 1556-64ğĂݣο೻ಢͳഈĞHabsburg , Habsburg Empire, 1282-1918ğ ଂѩ̶ࠎҘ঱Ͱݣο೻ಢĞSpanish Habsburgsğă̈́๸гӀݣο೻ಢĞAustrian Habsburgs, , 1556-1740ğĄҲг઼ҋѩᕩҘᛳκᇇᜋĂඕՁ ᄃ҅͟ત۞ᓑᘭᕝརĂҲг઼ు႙൴ण፾ٺĄϤڼѺѐݣο೻ಢκᇇᜋ௚ পϔ୉ᄮТĞStrayer, et al., 1974: 289ğĄ

ຆ˘͵Ğ1533-84ğ۞ރߤந̣͵૟ͳҜϹගྱ඾۞හӀ೼˟͵Ğ1527-98ğĂν͘ລд 17 ౎͕ă҃ߏయЇຏĂҊϔٺΠ۷Ăಛᒭ඾ѿͨᗨ̀ဥĂҁஊᓂፖгܑϯٙүٙࠎ̙ߏ΍ ΗܫΗႷĞGeyl, 1958: 60-61ğĄ 189 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ

໚ĈPaelinckĞ1836ğĄֽ ဦ 14Ĉߤந̣͵ᅊҜ File:Abdication de charles quint Louis Gallait.jpg

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2020: File:The Low .pngğĄֽ ဦ 15ĈҘᛳκᇇᜋĞ1556-1648ğ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 190

Ι೻೩Ⴌ۞झԗĂҘٺܜ˿΁۞ͭͳߤந̣͵Ă˿ϠٺහӀ೼˟͵ள ᄬăՀ̙ϡᄲఈᄬĂ˵՟ѣ͕Νጯ௫ĂЯѩྫྷڱ঱Ͱྖߏ΁۞ϓᄬĂ̙ົ Ąහޞ΁дҲг઼۞̄ϔ՟ѣВТ۞г͞Ă༊൒ົజ༊үࢪϠ۞γ઼ˠ࠻ ୢćٸӀ೼˟͵ྫྷߤந̣͵˘ᇹĂԯҲг઼༊үয়А۞᏷யă඗၆̙Ξͽ Ǩݣο೻ಢͳഈ۞ᙝหĂҲг઼Ϊ̙࿅ߏϡ઼ޓᄲаֽĂүࠎҘ঱Ͱ˫ྖ ᖳಱੑ໚Ă຋̙֖྽Ă༊൒̙ົߏᐹА҂ᇋ۞၆෪ć۞ۋ͚޺၆γ۞ጼֽ Ꮒఢ୓ᐌĂහӀ೼˟͵តώΐᆖĂ̙ᕝдߊѣ۞ኬඁ˯ࢬፖΐࡳॕᗔඁĂ ۰ྫྷҲг઼ͅϫј̩ߏѝ୎۞ְĄڼᅌᅈ۞௚

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2019: File:Carlos I y Felipe II.jpgğĄֽ ͵˟ဦ 16Ĉߤந̣͵ᄃ׊̄හӀ೼

හӀ೼˟͵д 1559 ѐᗓฟοጆ๫ႬаҘ঱ͰĂѩޢϏГኼ˯Ҳг઼Ą Ⴌ੺۞ႳॾᚊপĞMargaret ofس؏؏΁۞ࢵЇҲг઼ᓁ༛ߏТͭளϓ ॾᜋჯႬᇽ፟͹ିĞAntoine PerrenotܫParma, 1559-67ğĂ၁ᝋ݋ፆд΁۞Ꮠ ෗ҿăՔࢦି؟de GranvelleğĂ׌ˠ᎕ໂଯજҘ঱Ͱ઼ͳિ޺۞߆ඉĂΒ߁ ҋϤ็௚۞Ҳгˠ๻ೋĄ˘ฟᐝĂහإඁॕăͽ̈́ࠁዸ࢕ฤĂ༊൒͔੓ૣ Ӏ೼˟͵ဘྏщᇬ݈ഈ঻˭ֽ۞༊гᝋෳፉЇ઼ચ؎ࣶĂͽ՞୶γֽҘ঱ ຆ˘͵ࠎఈᜋă፨ᜋăͽ̈́নপઙ͚۞࠷ރО෪Ă˫Ї׻۞عͰˠ·ϋ߆ 191 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ

,ĞStadtholderğĂТᇹгĂጼΑఎࠏ۞ऄॾᄋপұᒑٛంٛႬĞLamoralܜ ć׌ˠܜဦϞ۞࠷ܠᜋᇇ೻ă̈́ڱCount of Egmont, 1559-67ğ˵జЇ׻ࠎ ෗ҿ۞ॾᜋჯႬϏਕтᙸĂऄॾᄋপѨѐି؟д 1564 ѐࢋՐ઼ͳၣೱ͹ጱ ੺ᇇ֧ॢ֍઼ͳኛᙸव౻൑ΑĂֽ͔୭̝֗჋18ĄـᏐ д 1566 ѐĂ300 ѐᅅ۞ෳ୉ඕ༖ĞLeague of Noblesğ֕˯οጆ๫Ⴌූ ĻםᐝĂШᓁ༛ႳॾᚊপӔᅍ˘Њ 400 ˠాཌ۞ኛᙸ३ĺෳ୉۞ԁ አፋາ࿴Ҷ࢝चາିव۞পعĞCompromise of the , 1566ğĂࢋՐ߆ ԩᇷĂݒ˧ڠҾ୧ּĞplacardsğăޭೇઃฟ۞κᇇᜋᓁᛉົĂӎ݋૟෦ኜ ϡ఺࣎ЩෟĄႳॾᚊڻĂ੓ཌྷ۰ҋᄹгޢజᆚ৯ࠎ˘ཏ˶̘Ğgueuxğć͟ পТຍдኛϯ઼ͳහӀ೼˟͵෗ՙ̝݈ᇶቤ၁߉ćࢬ၆ቤһ̝ࢍĂރຆ˘ ͵ăऄॾᄋপă̈́ঔႬᇇĞGueldersğ࠷ܜᐒाұᒑĞPhilip de Montmorency, ᜋᇇ೻̏ڱ਎̙ଓᙜᖚ΍֕ᇇ઼ĄΪ̙࿅Ăቤ̙ᑻާĂރCount of Hornğ ѣᇷϔ኏ซ͇͹ିૅăٕ࣒ੰĞ1566/8/10ğĂͽૣ޵ઊညࠎϤຮ໑ཐˠᐎည ຆ˘͵੟аރΔቺؼ̙Ξќ߂ĂـϤݑͫޤĞBeeldenstorm, IconoclasmğĂ ऄॾᄋপ̙ۢѪഇ૟ҌĄ۞مᇇ઼۞ᅳгĂຌ

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2019: File:Philip IIֽ of Spain berating William the Silent of by .jpgğĄ Ҙ঱ͰӈҜ݈ـ݈͵˟ဦ 17ĈහӀ೼ ϋయރຆ˘͵Ğ1559ğ

г͞˯၆ڍᆶҿ̈́఍Ѫ̏གྷ͌֍Ă׌ˠд઼ચ؎ࣶົͅߍϔຍᄲĂтି؟၁˯Ăѩॡְ 18 ăഴᅅ఍ჳĂٙͽТຍऄॾᄋপࢬཐĄޠڱว؇ౚ࿁Ă֤ಶᑕྍ࣒Լޠڱٺ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 192

Ҳг઼۞ѐᅅෳ୉ཏᐷ൑ࢵĂႳॾᚊপ۞࢕ฤ̙ᙱќೇ஍ౝ۞ݱٺϤ හӀ೼˟͵ેຍೱଫႳॾᚊ۞ޤଐ๕̂࡭аೇπᘦĂΪ̙࿅Ă஽ڼᗉĂ߆ পăԼЇܠႬϞ̳ᒑĞFernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd of Alba, 1567-73ğ ୻ฏ19Ăֽ๕ࠂࠂ۞فႬϞதᅳ 10,000 ొฤϤཌྷ̂ӀᅈܠࠎҲг઼ᓁ༛Ą ΁నཉٙᏜĶੵᇷ؎ࣶົķĞCouncil of Troublesğă˫ჍĶҕབྷ؎ࣶົķ ݔਗ਼Ă̱ѐมᆶҿ˞ 14,000 Іளڼளბ༊ү߆ି؟ĞCouncil of BloodğĂԯ ბĂҤࢍ 1,000-8,000 ˠజ఍ѪĞᕝᐝăУѪă୩ࢵϯிă߿ःğă30,000 ˠϣய՟ќă100,000 ˠజ࢝߹˸Ą

獨立戰爭開始

,ߏऄॾᄋপăͽ̈́ᐒाұᒑĞPhilip de Montmorency۞ږ׎̚౵ࣙ Ⴌܠຆ˘͵۞ᛋӘĄރහӀ೼˟͵Ă̙ᜪمCount of HornğĂ΁ࣇҋᄮࠎड़ జงॏĂͽளბ۞ཋЩдοጆ๫Ⴌ̂ޢजܝϞ޵੉ႳॾᚊপᔛजĂ׌ˠᕃ ߏĂ΁ࣇҌѪౌߏ਴ྕ۞͇͹ିवĂ҃ͷ֭ϏણᄃĶݔ۞וᇃಞజᕝᐝćᏝ ͇˘ѐᅅ۞ෳ୉̙ࢋఁᇠҖְĄ׌ˠআᙱ۞఺ܡᔘᚍٺใķăࠤҌ ຆ˘͵˘ШҲአă੼ރฟχĄે׌ϡ̚۞ۋӘఈᜋ፾ϲጼކĞ1568/6/5ğĂ ۞̋ୖ˯ຆķĞWilliam the Silentğ20Ă࿀ރஎంീĂЯѩ˫జჍࠎĶՕᐵ۰ ΁ଂѩјࠎ፾ϲྻજ۞၁ኳᅳጱ۰21Ą ᅈĂҘ঱ͰᚶٚҲг઼ಶზ˞Ăౣ൒ᔘࠁޓ༊гˠֽᄲĂ͇੼࠱ٺ၆ ຆ˘͵ͽᜭుҘ঱ރ࢕ฤֽ݈ᗉᑅĂߏΞԡă૖̙Ξԡĉ߹˸ᇇ઼ᅳг۞ Ͱ࢕ฤࠎཱིΡ٢һ෴੺Ăд 1568 ѐத࢕ 30,000 ซҖࡎ᝚Ăणฟκᇇᜋ፾ϲ

Β߁Ҙ঱Ͱă֤̙̈́ઙ೻۞ϒఢ࢕Ăΐ˯ᇇ઼ᅃӄొฤĞIsrael, 1995: 155ğĄ 19 ຆ˘͵ᅲѣ͕ރIsraelĞ1995: 140ğ۞ϡфߏ֍ˠᄲˠྖĄॾᜋჯႬᛋӘහӀ೼˟͵Ă 20 ྅ౄͅĂഅགྷд઼ચ؎ࣶົڠຆ˘͵ጐგᔖҺ̳ฟ࣍ᛉރ፟ă҃ͷߏંӖ̄ćְ၁˯Ă ି؟ҋϤğ۞Ӗͳăિ޺හӀ೼˟͵ԼؽՀૺି؟Ҋϔ։͕ĞטฟܑϯĂͅ၆ຐࢋଠ̳ ߆ඉĞLimm, 1989: 19ğĄ ຆĞPhilip William, Prince ofރහӀ೼đ̄ܜ۰۞ޢຆ˘͵ϏਕˢᕺĂރޤႬϞ೗ܠ 21 ޢҘ঱Ͱ༊ˠኳĂͭ̄׌ˠѩזOrangeğϒрдጆզ̂ጯળ३Ă༊ॡΪѣȈˬ໐ĂజԹ ϏГ֍ࢬĄ 193 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ

໚ĈMilitary History MattersĞ2014ğĄֽ ฟؕĞ1566ğۋဦ 18Ĉ፾ϲࢭ׻ጼ

೻ĞLouis of NassauğϤঔ˯தٽԔ၌ćΞଓĂࡪԙोᛢ۞ྮ۞ۋˣȈѐጼ ᅳ߹˸ࡻ઼۞ಁႬ͛າିवĞCalvinistsğֽ଀͉ᏵĂࡻ઼ă̈́ᇇ઼ݒՎĂ ᑒѓࡧॾᏚࠁĞHuguenotsğາିवχጼĄҘ઼ڱזव౻൑ΑĂΈԙΪрੜ ঱Ͱдઙ঱ܟጼԝĞBattle of Lepanto, 1571ğχୀญဦતޓ઼ঔ࢕ޢĂහӀ ࠁ࢕൳ౙҲг઼ĄޘĂГه೼˟͵̏൑ᚙ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 194

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2015: File:Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1572b.pngğĄֽ Ҳг઼۞غဦ 19Ĉ1572 ѐ

ຆ˘͵൴ன੠ᐌ੓ཌྷ۰̙кĂΪਕ૙୕γރĂڼႬϞ۞੼ᑅ௚ܠࢬ၆ Ą΁ࣧώఢထд 1572 ѐणฟˬࢬԽᑝĂҋ̎ވͳ઼ڱ೯ĂপҾߏࡻ઼ă̈́ ˯૲ᅳᇇ࢕ԽˢĂࡧॾᏚࠁࠁһΔ˯ĂГϤ߹˸ࡻ઼ăజჍࠎĶঔ͞ڌϤ ௺ռଟֽڌአָ̙ĂםķĞWatergeuzenğ۞ᗔൕ࢕൴જঔ˯᝚ᑝĂጐგ̘˶ 195 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ

ĞMeuse, Massğ˾̈ᗉο֧ઙĞBrielle, Brillğ೧ګౚ᏾วम෺෍ҫᅳᐵਬ ᖼହᕇĂৌϒฟχăϔ͕̂ॎĂఈᜋ̈́፨ᜋۋၮĞ1572/4/1ğĄ఺ߏ፾ϲጼ ܆೻প̜ăͽ̈́೻߸ᐒؒܠ˞ତͳरĂੵܓݱᗉ৾৾ᜭుҘ࢕ăฟݱ۞ ĞSchoonhovenğĂᄹ྿ĞGoudağăкᇇઙҹĞDordrechtğăݣࣖĞHaarlemğă ރ඿൳ĞLeidenğă౩প̜ඈ׎΁̂ݱ˘˘ֽᕩĄଐ๕˘ͯ̂рĂிˠጾᑛ Ąࠎ˞ዮ׽າିव۞͚޺Ă΁д 1573 ѐ࠲ֶಁႬ͛ءຆ˘͵ࠎБဩ۞ે߆ າି۞ఈᜋᕩϒିົĞDutch Reformed Churchğ22Ą ڌдטຆ˘͵۞ొฤజ஝ރٺႬϞ̙ϟϯऴ˭΄णฟ੅ЂĂϤܠᓁ༛ ܆ΔొĂ౪֘ׄĞ1572/10/2ğăৼႬ൳ĞNaarden, 1572/10/22ğă̈́ჸপ ⪠ૻᇷĂຍд୭ᗗͫٸ۰୮̙঻ଐ୭ˠܝĞ1572/11/17ğ࠹ᚶ஍ౝĂ١ฟݱ ൚ćགྷ።౵ၝধ۞ߏఈᜋ࠷ݱݣࣖĞ1572/12/11-1573/7/13ğĂགྷ࿅˛࣎͡۞ ᚱ࢕ˠѣ 1,600ڱԸࢫ;᏿෴׻Ă4,000 Щчݱ۞ࡻᚱă̈́ٺΒಛĂ੹ϔ௣ ܠጼĂ˫ಛӧفΔـႬϞᚶᜈܠඔѪĄءЩϏጼѪĂБᇴၝዎૠ୭Ă޽೭ Ⴌҹ੺ႬĞAlkmaar, 1573/8/21-10/8ğĂ௣տĂރຆ˘͵˭΄ՙಟͪஂዸ௛ಛ Ыୀ΂Ă఺ߏ፾ޘႬϞࢵܠጩг۞ᇲ࢕Ă̙Ꮯّͪ۞၆͞ΪрԸࢫၣ࢕ć ᖼହᕇĂଂѩҲг઼̙Гፉ͕జಛݱĄ۞ۋϲጼ ߏӎࢋᚶᜈχ޺˳ጼѣ̙Т࠻ٺ׌࢕࠹޺̙˭Ă੺ᇇ֧̰ొ၆ٺϤ Ă௣տĂ൘Ꮲ̙ՙ۞හӀ೼˟͵ੱ݈ೱࢫĂͽ࿩ҹᖠ೻ĞLuis de Requesensڱ ྋՙĂЍߏҲг઼۞ጼۋy Zúñiga, 1573-76ğତЇᓁ༛ĄҘ঱Ͱ˲ְ෦ኜጼ ෱෹࿅Ι೻೩ႬăҘ঱Ͱ࡚߷ᛳгٙ଀Ă઼ऱѝ୎৔யĂ̙ॡ൑᏿൴ᅹĂ ፵۞ޢ೫൸ć౵ᒷᎣ۞ߏဌไһԽ˭ݱܝॡ൴ϠһតĂဌไһѣॡ࣏ฟ̙ ᓟͪ۞ဌไһҖຬĂ఼Ⴭࠎז᝘Їࠈެăٕߏᅳ̙ء୭ፃଟĂ̙გߏ޽೭ ķĞSpanish Fury, 1572-79ğĂ඿൳Ğ1573/10-1574/10/3ğޤĶҘ঱Ͱˠ۞ᇙ ሲٕࠪߏٺຆ˘͵ାһྋಛ੟࿅˘Ӄă18,000 Щξϔѣˬ̶̝˘ѪރЯࠎ ዴѪĂ๸ᇇաপĞ1575/7/19-8/7ğၝዎૠݱăщপ኎೼ĞAntwerp,1576/11/4ğ ੺ҹҘޓ࠱઼ޓႬϞ໢׶Ă΁дৠཐᘲ੺ܠͧ˯໑ˠ˸Ą࿩ҹᖠ೻࠹၆ޏ

າିवĂд 11 ໐۞ॡ࣏ĂૅΈઙ̰đՒᐷĞRen of Chalonğ࿅ߏ൑؟ຆ˘͵ࣧώߏྮᇇރ 22 ൒ඍᑕĄڟ͹ି̖ਕᚶٚᘀ̂۞ᅳгĂ΁۞ͭϓྫྷҋ͇̎؟ຆ˘͵Լރ๠Ăߤந̣͵ࢋՐ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 196

ރѼӀщ˟͵ĞMaximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, 1564-76ğ۞ၭ୊˭ᄃ યᗟ̙ᝌ҃೸ăࢦ੓һѕĂ̂ᓝԽ˭፨ᜋᅳгĂݒି؟ຆ˘͵׶ኘĂЯࠎ Яࠎဌไһ৿ᅹ˘ГݔតĂጼְͤ̚˘ѐĂ࿩ҹᖠ೻ូ൒࿅͵Ăཌྷ࢕෺˫ ፟ዮ׽Δ͞๕˧ቑಛĄ

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2017: File:Beleg - Executies door de Spanjaarden.jpgğĄֽ

ဦ 20Ĉఈᜋ࠷ݱݣࣖ࢕ᒉд 1573 ѐၝዎૠ୭

,හӀ೼˟͵Ї׻۞Тͭளϓԙԙ๸гӀ۞࣫ࡧщĞJohn of Austria Ҳг઼Ă̙˳ӈԽ˭֤ᇍႬĂזֽ 1576-78ğତ͘Ă΁д 1577 ѐ૲һ 3,000 ጆզĞLeuvenğඈפдοᎊጼԝĞGembloux, 1578/1/31ğࢦक़၆͘ăГ˫ ຆ˘͵੟ᗓοጆ๫ႬĂݑొ۞͇͹ିव႙൑ள͕Ą࣫ࡧщ՟кރгĂֹ࢝ Ⴌ੺̳ՙسႬ੺۞Ⴓॾᚊপ۞׊̄سሲࠪঽѪĂѝА૲һ࿺೯۞݈ᓁ༛˳ Ⴌ̰๫ĞAlexander Farnese, Duke of , 1578-92ğତ Ї Ăڱ።ॹᇇᘲđֲ οጆ๫ႬĂ̙זฟؕ඾͘ዮ׽ݑ͞Ч࠷ć఺ߏᆖच۞֎ҒĂଂ̈ྫྷϓᏐֽ ซˢ၈າ۞ล߱ĄۋЇ΁Ă፾ϲጼܫ༊гෳ୉͌ 197 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2019: File:Veen01.jpgğĄֽ ဦ 21Ĉރຆ˘͵ྋಛ඿൳Ğ1574ğ

獨立的確立

፾ϲ۞ຐညĂٺߏ˘࡭۞Ăҭߏ၆ޘĂጐგҲг઼ͅ၆Ҙ঱Ͱ۞ၗ̫֞ ĄЯࠎһត߾Ӄ۞ݱᗉ̶̙ϲಞĂాڱ͹ିवᄃາିव֭՟ѣ˘࡭۞࠻͇ Ă͍׎ߏщপ኎೼۞ၝ൭གྷរצԡڱ͹ିवౌ൑͇۞ވҘ঱Ͱͳٺم ѣ׶ྋ۞ٺຆ˘͵ᄃܲͳࠁ௣ރĞ1576/11/4ğĂ7,000 ξϔ˘̝͟มజૠĂ ݵ፟Ąఈᜋă̈́፨ᜋ۞΃ܑд 1576 ѐᄃݑొ࠷̶۞ᓁᛉົᘪࢎĺॲপ׶π ăВڡ̶۞˯ି؟ѩдك˭ٸؠĻĞPacification of GhentğĂᗕ͞Тຍᇶॡם ׶πķĞreligious Peaceğ֭ซ˘ՎдѨѐᘪࢎି؟Т၆ԩҘ঱ͰĂ˵ಶߏĶ ĺοጆ๫ႬТ༖ĻĞUnion of BrusselsğĄ Ⴌ̰๫ڱుି̀Ğ1578ğĂឰາᓁ༛ٸ͹ିૅă͇ދॲপߤٺ࿅ĂϤ̙ ᜋᇇ೻ă૵ο࿩ڱ．ဦϞăϞษܠѣᗓม۞፟ົĂྻүݑ͞۞ऄᏚă ,ٛ೻Т༖ĻĞUnion of ArrasܠಢᘪࢎĺڒĞCambraiğă֤ᇍႬăᎊ഑ಢă ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 198

ҘͳහӀ೼˟͵ĂჍࠎ͇͹ିव۞Ķึଂ࠷̶ķĞObedientمᄰड़ކ1579ğă ProvincesğĄఈᜋă፨ᜋăনপઙ͚ăঔႬᇇăॾᘲှॲăහ̀ᜋă̈́˯ຑ ˫Ăט๫Δ͞˛࠷ᅁღᘪࢎĺনপઙ͚Т༖ĻĞUnion of , 1579ğͅ ϲޙΒटă௲ᗓҘ঱ͰĂି؟ჍĶՀღ૜۞Т༖23ķĞCloser UnionğĂᄰ֏ ࠷ᓑЪВ׶઼ć఺ֱ࠷ତ඾˫д 1581 ѐͽĺ̳ฟୢ඗ĻĞAct of˛˞ Abjurationğϒёୢ඗හӀ೼˟͵ăࢋՐ᏿။ोଫ΁۞ւညĂ఺Њ͛Іజෛ ֏ĻĞ1581ğĂ˵ߏϏֽࢭ׻ă̈́፾ϲ۞׏ቑĄކࠎĺఈᜋ፾ϲ

໚ĈEichman ᄃ AltmannĞ1856ğĄֽ ဦ 22Ĉনপઙ͚Т༖Ğ1579ğ

,ᜋ৶Ϟ˟͵24ĞFrancis II of Franceڱͳڱຆ˘͵д 1579 ѐಶᔛኛރ 1559-60ğ۞˴ԙщਭ̳ᒑτ६Ҙ೻ĞFrancis, Duke of AnjouğፉЇ͵᝚ ӖͳĂ҃ͷ΁˵ᄃκᇇᜋᓁᛉົᘪࢎĺ೼඿Ҙݱಢ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of ຆރ࢕জজᎿᎿֽ݈ĂڱPlessis-les-, 1580ğЪຍĄ΁д 1582 ѐ૲ᅳ ˵ᜋᇇ೻̂ݱοጆ͟ă̈́ॲপڱତĂܓᏐҋдτӀ֙ाĞVlissingenğ͵˘

ࣧАᓁᛉົ॰ߛ˭۞Ķ˘ਠǨᓁТ༖ķĞGeneral UnionğĂ˵ಶߏĺοጆ๫Ⴌٺ఺ߏ࠹၆ 23 ,ఈᜋĞHollandğྫྷ፨ᜋᘪࢎ۞ჍࠎĺপؠТ༖ĻĞ Particular UnionٺТ༖ĻĄҌ 1575/1576ğĄ ˬᜋ৶Ϟ˟͵ൺ׻Ă࠹ᚶϤ׌Ҝԙԙߤந˝͵ĞCharles IX of France, 1560-74ğăқӀڱ 24 ͵ĞHenry III of France, 1574-89ğତЇĄ 199 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ

໚ĈSchultszĞ1786ğĄֽ ׎΁፟ၹĂᛊтع΃ܑ߆ڑĈፘॲ΃ܑᘪཌনপઙ͚Т༖۞˛࣎࠷Ăፘ຅΃ܑᓁᛉົĂፘځᄲ Ąځચ؎ࣶົćણ҂ Jacob ᄃ MijnhardtĞ1992: 120ğ۞ᄲ઼ טဦ 23ĈఈᜋВ׶઼۞វ

͹ିव۞΁͇צႬ̰๫Ă፨ᜋă̈́ఈᜋ׌࠷١඗ତڱܡĂјΑᑂܓᖃ࠹̂ क़ѷᐝ˿ᓚăࠤצރૻҖϲ˧ڠࠎͳć௣տĂ΁லౣ̙ϟፉЇ෍ҜӖͳĂ ΪрдѨѐ଑଑൒ᗓΝĂ૲ֽ۞ొฤޢႬ̰๫ѣຳሹĂ౵ڱజኳႷྫྷٺҌ ঻˭ֽ༊ไһĞGeyl, 1958: 188-90ğĄ Ⴌ̰๫Խ˭οጆ͟ăϿࠢႬĞYpresğăڱҲг઼д 1584 ѐ߹ѐ̙ӀĂ ॲপĞ9/17ğĂјΑќೇ˞κᇇᜋݑొ۞Ȉ࣎࠷ЊĂˠ͕೙೙Ą͕ѷຍҽ̈́ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 200

జᚙካຳז҂ᇋߏӎ઀਑ࢼࢵჍҊăତგఈᜋұ઼Ă՟ຐޘ˘͵˘ຆރ۞ Ⴌ̰๫෺౼˫ќοڱ҂֤ᆃк˞Ąౠ˯ΐᔶĂޥ୭Ѫ˸Ğ7/10ğĂ˵ಶ̙ϡ ϔࣗ࠱اጆ๫ႬĞ1585/3/10ğă̈́ᓜঔ̂പщপ኎೼Ğ8/17ğĂདྷҖଟဳĂ ˘ጼಞᇂ୭ă̈́ಛݱĂঔ˯݋ரᅊٺрĂҘ࢕ٕధචض೻প̜ĄؒܠΔ੟ ՙ೩͔ͪஂౙĂ఺ֱԿᐲ̄ಶ˘ᚯంणĂΪਕྯ˯೩֨ڍᚯĂΔ͞ཌྷ࢕т ߏརͪஂѪĞWHKMLA, n.d.bğĄݑΔᗕ͞۞ෘஶܮĂ௣տ̙ߏԸࢫăͪྴ Ă˵ಶߏᒺͪ۞ҘᛳκᇇᜋĞன΃۞ͧӀॡğăځѩ঑ഺ̶كᓀЪĂڱགྷ൑̏ κᇇᜋ˛࠷ᓑЪВ׶઼Ğன΃۞ఈᜋğĄ̈́

໚ĈPearson EducationĞ2005ğĄֽ

ဦ 24Ĉ1580 ѐ΃۞Ҳг઼ 201 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ

ͳқӀˬ͵ăࡻڱᔛኛޢႸ়Ğ1584ğĂκᇇᜋᓁᛉົАٺщਭѪٺϤ ͳፉЇӖͳዎ١Ă̙࿅Ăࡻ઼̃ͳϿఆ௻Ϩ˘͵Ğ1558-1603ğጐგ̙ᙸຍ ϒࢬྫྷҘ঱Ͱ኏ࡎĂࣆߏᘪ˞ĺᗕ൑झ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Nonsuch, 1585ğĂ ТຍԯҲг઼ෛࠎ઼᜕ܲĂ޽ࠁᏐܫ඿೻পұᒑᘲұপđ྿ᇇӀĞRobert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, 1564-88ğፉЇᓁ༛ĞҖ߆ࢵܜğĄ඿೻পᄃރຆ ྋಛـ݈ ൒ᅳ࢕ 8,000ڟϹрĂѝд 1574 ѐಶኛឈ૲һཌྷӄҲг઼Ă͵˘ ୢٸٺĄซ൑Վăੜ൑ྮĂκᇇᜋᓁᛉົ௣ܔĞ1585-87ğăݒ᜻൒൑Α҃ ຆ˘͵۞Ѩ̄ो৶۞֧ͨਲރ˯ĂԱטВ׶វפӖ͹߆វĂѪ͕๲гଳ ĞMaurice, , 1585-1625ğତЇĄ ۋහӀ೼˟͵ϲຍି੊ࡻ઼Ăᗕ͞χ˞˘ಞጼ۞ޤဦ቎˨֍Ă೗௧ј ĞAnglo- Spanish War, 1585-1604ğĂ130 Ꮉጼᚻ௡ј۞Ҙ঱ͰᚻฤĞSpanish ਎ĂТॡ˵ឰˠ࠻ރArmadağд 1588 ѐ㍵Ҁ҃ᕩâ͞ࢬ̼ྋ၆Ҳг઼۞ ͳқӀˬ͵д 1589 ѐڱ൑ᇲĄ˭͇ܧ৔͘ཙĂֽࣧĂαࢬፘᇲ۞Ҙ঱Ͱ֭ ͳҜᚶٚ۞઼̰ڱႬ̰๫̬ˢڱ΄˭͵˟හӀ೼۞ڠĂ቎һ៧˸֗ו࿃ ٺጼĂ֧ͨਲ෺፟ќаధкεౝ۞Δ͞ݱᗉćགྷ࿅Ȉѐ۞үጼĂ֧ͨਲ௣ οҲг઼ᓁކͽΔ25Ąд 1590 ѐ 7 ͡ 25 ͟ò࠷۞ᛉົګ૟ᇲˠᅁ΍඿਩ ᛉົ΃઼ܑछ͹ᝋĂଂѩĂκᇇᜋ˛࠷ᓑЪϒёјࠎఈᜋВ׶઼Ą ଀đा೻পđكႬ̰๫д 1592 ѐ֗˸ĂහӀ೼˟͵Ї׻΃நᓁ༛ڱ ฾đત೻෱Ⴌᇇ-ჯᇇᘲপĞPeter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort, 1592-94ğ ा೻প̳̂ĞArchduke Ernest of Austria, 1594-95ğ̄ހҋ̎۞זତ͘Ăۡ ତЇĂ఺ॡ࣏ĂҘ঱Ͱ̏གྷ৔யă࢕ฤݔ੟ĂдҲг઼۞ጼְౝˢቱ඾Ă හӀ೼˟͵ঽ߇ĂତЇזд 1596 ѐ၁ኳٚᄮҲг઼፾ϲĄඈ઼ڱࡻ઼ă̈́ ͟ګහӀ೼ˬ͵ĞPhilip III of Spain, 1598-1621ğ̏གྷ൑᏿χጼĂ઼˧ѯ۞ ؠĻĞTwelve Years’ TruceğĂᔵםᄮ׻д 1609 ѐᘪࢎĺȈ˟ѐઃጼٺĂ௣˭ ൒ቁܲ˞ಱྈ۞ݑκᇇᜋĞSouthern Netherlands, 1556-1714ğĂݒ၁ኳٚᄮ ΔκᇇᜋĞNorthern Netherlandsğ۞፾ϲĄ

Ğ1591ğă೻ሞࢮ܆ਲЍೇο࿩྿ĞBreda, 1590ğă؉࡚ॲĞNijmegen, 1591ğăჸপ֧ͨ 25 ҹĞSteenwijk, 1592ğăऱ჊Ⴌ൳ĞCoevorden, 1592ğă೻ሞࢮҹĞSteenwijk, 1993ğăঔ পઙϿ൳֓ᄿĞGeertruidenberg, 1593)ăॾᘲှॲĞ1594ğă๸Ⴌ൳͙ႬĞOldenzaal, 1597ğă ा೻ᄿᇇĞEnschede, 1597ğăͽ̈́ᄿᐷࠃĞGrol, 1597ğĄ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 202

໚ĈMilitary History MattersĞ2014ğĄֽ ؠॡ۞ࠧቢĞ1609ğםဦ 25ĈȈ˟ѐઃጼ

д 1621 ѐጼͫГ੓ĂҘ঱ͰϤЩ૟щοᘲҘ๸đ೻ϩᏚٛĞAmbrogio Spinola, 1st of Los BalbasesğĂ̂ѣୈᒔĂ൒҃Ă஽͵̙Гă਽࠹ ႙ᜨĂপҾߏঔ࢕ᚻฤౣ൒జఈᜋࢦक़ĞBattle of the Downs, 1639ğĄ౵ޢĂ හӀ೼ˬ͵૪ᵜĂତЇ۞හӀ೼α͵ĞPhilip IV of Spain, 1621-65ğ൑ٺϤ ೻প׶ࡗĻĞPeace of MünsterğĂٚᄮκᇇځ᝽ጼĂ௣տд 1648 ѐᘪࢎĺ͕ ຍᏴፄᏴፄд 6 ͡ 5 ͟ѝ˯ 10 ᕇ८ࣞĂגੰڱᜋ˛࠷ᓑЪВ׶઼Ăఈᜋ౵੼ ĄגಶߏˣȈѐ݈ऄॾᄋপă̈́ᐒाಶཌྷ۞̄͟ྫྷॡ˵ 203 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ

໚ĈVisscherĞ1609ğĄֽ Ҳг઼гဦېဦ 26Ĉઃጼॡഇ۞ฯर

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2020: File:Westfaelischer Friede in Muensterֽ (Gerard Terborch 1648).jpgğĄ ೻প׶ࡗĻĞ1648ğځဦ 27Ĉĺ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 204

֏ĻĞ1581ğ۞ࢵࢱ26ކᐂ 1Ĉĺఈᜋ፾ϲܢ

໚ĈNationaal ArchiefĞn.d.ğĄֽ 26 205 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ

The States General of the United Provinces of the , to all whom it may concern, do by these Presents send greeting: As it is apparent to all that a prince is constituted by to be ruler of a people, to defend them from oppression and violence as the shepherd his ; and whereas God did not create the people slaves to their prince, to obey his commands, whether right or wrong, but rather for the sake of the subjects (without which he could be no prince), to govern them according to equity, to love and support them as a father his children or a shepherd his flock, and even at the hazard of life to defend and preserve them. And when he does not behave thus, but, on the contrary, oppresses them, seeking opportunities to infringe their ancient customs and privileges, exacting from them slavish compliance, then he is no longer a prince, but a tyrant, and the subjects are to consider him in no other view. And particularly when this is done deliberately, unauthorized by the states, they may not only disallow his authority, but legally proceed to the choice of another prince for their defense. This is the only method left for subjects whose humble petitions and remonstrances could never soften their prince or dissuade him from his tyrannical proceedings; and this is what the law of nature dictates for the defense of , which we ought to transmit to posterity, even at the hazard of our lives. And this we have seen done frequently in several countries upon the like occasion, whereof there are notorious instances, and more justifiable in our land, which has been always governed according to their ancient privileges, which are expressed in the oath taken by the prince at his admission to the government; for of the Provinces receive their prince upon certain conditions, which he swears to maintain, which, if the prince violates, he is no longer sovereign. . . . ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 206

27ۋຆ˘͵ခᄅԩރᐂ 2Ĉܢ

Awake therefore and do not allow yourselves to be further deceived by those totally false and vain promises which your oppressors and the common enemies put about in order to win a richer booty later. Do not allow your minds to be bewildered any longer by the beautiful to which they refer in that edict and generally in relation to all their activities, trying to justify their iniquities, acts of violence, massacres and rapines by the authority of the , the of the governor, the name of justice, the respect of sovereignty, the of edicts, the pretext of religion, the hope of pardon, the feigning of clemency, the assurance of gentleness, the promise of grace, and so many other sweet and beautiful attributes with which the prologue of that edict has been embellished. Do not be blinded henceforth by the unjust strictures which our common enemies pass on the virtuous acts of our liberators in order to hoodwink your trustful minds, calling them in that edict rebellious, guilty of the crime of lèse-majesté (divine and human), seditious, mutinous, wretched forgers, enemies and disturbers of the public , rabble-rousers, distributors of notorious pamphlets, publishers of booklets, seditious, malicious, turbulent, impudent people, accusing them of so many other vices and trying most unjustly to defame them. Open your eyes and consider the present situation more closely. If you sift out all the deeds and acts of one party and the other, you shall undoubtedly find the truth to be that all the vices with which those tyrants attempt to slander and traverse the holy, reasonable and necessary enterprises of those who for the true service of God, the king and the fatherland and the deliverance of you all, courageously endanger their lives, property and wealth, are in fact their own vices. It is they who must be blamed for deeds by which they openly disgrace themselves. You well know that by the king's own proper consent you are free and released from the oath and obedience you owe him, if he or others in his name infringe the promises and conditions on which you have accepted and received him, until finally every right has been restored. I also remind you that according to your privileges you are permitted to close the gates of your towns and to resist by force not only the servants of your prince but also the prince himself, in person, whenever he attempts to proceed by force of arms. You may also be assured that when later the king knows the truth, His

27 William the SilentĞ1568 /1974ğĄ 207 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ

will rightly be most angry that you did not resist those tyrants more vigorously in order to preserve his highly prosperous countries from extreme ruin, poverty and depopulation, or from the tyrant’s efforts to establish their domination and satisfy their avarice. So nobody, neither you nor your liberators, may properly be accused of rebellion, disloyalty or other crimes if in fulfilling the duties, obligations and oaths which you all must observe, you do all you can to obviate and resist such manifest violent infringements of your privileges, such suppression of your , such massacre of yourselves and ravishing of your possessions, and exert yourselves to the utmost to chase away those foreign and tyrannical invaders, true rebels and common enemies of God, the king, the fatherland and all the inhabitants living here at present as well as those who have gone away. Look at the argumentation and conclusion of that edict and you will see that if they should be in a position to rule the Netherlands, you who have stayed in this , have no hope of being better treated than the who might fall into their power. Do they not declare in that edict that there are among you a great multitude of people guilty of lèse-majesté and that they have only proceeded against those who are most culpable? Do they not call you the accomplices of the others, though you have dissimulated up till now? Do they not suggest you are daily piling up new crimes one upon another? Do they not suspect you of , rebellion and revolt, as they wrongly call the duty which they know you are entitled to perform? Do they not command such a pitiless inquisition against you all that there will hardly be one whom they may not in some way or another judge guilty if they so wish? Do they not force you either to become accusers and betrayers of all the good virtuous men who love the fatherland and your liberty or to suffer death or other heavy punishment according to the rules of their blood-thirsty cruelty? Do they not want to force you, by putting a rope round your neck, for ever to stop speaking not only about your salvation but also about your liberty, rights and customs? Do you not see how they put you at the mercy of officers, provosts and fiscals by confounding all order and justice? Do you still expect any grace, pardon or impunity, when it is so widely known that they have had so many good inhabitants apprehended and killed in divers places simply for having attended sermons, which they say are new, although they were tolerated and permitted by the and the magistrates? Therefore, my seigniors, brethren and companions, put aside these vain expectations, cease breaking your oaths, recognise the truth, take a firm stand for the maintenance of your own welfare, resist your oppressors with all your might, help by all means those who exert themselves to pull you out of this miserable servitude. ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 208

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The Independence of the Netherlands

Cheng-Feng Shih Professor, Department of Indigenous Affairs and Development National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng, Hualien, TAIWAN

Abstract

The purpose of this note is to look into the process of the Netherlands’ independence. We shall start with an introduction of its earlier history, with a special focus on the rule of the Kingdom of the Franks. We then examine that under of Burgundy and that under the Holy . Further, we will examine the brutal rule under the Habsburgs Spain. Finally, we will conclude with the outbreak of the Dutch rebellion and the final settlement of the Dutch independence.

Keywords: the Netherlands, Dutch independence, Kingdom of the Franks, , , Habsburgs Spain