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The Independence of the Netherlands

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The Independence of the Netherlands ௐ 2 ഇ! ࢱ 173-211! 2020 ѐ/आ؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 16 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 173-211 Summer 2020 荷蘭的獨立建國 ߉ϒዡ ර̂ጯϔ୉ְચၱ൴णጯրି଱ڌ ၡ ࢋ ώ͛͹ࢋд̬௜ఈᜋ௲ᗓҘ঱Ͱ҃፾ϲ۞࿅඀ĄࢵАĂԧࣇА ൴णĂତ۞˭̝ڼᜋҹͳ઼௚ڱ૟̬௜ఈᜋ۞ѝഇ።ΫĂপҾߏд ᖼ۞઼ޓ።ΫĂГֽ҂၅ৠཐᘲ੺۞˭ڼґௐ઼̳௚ݎ඾аᜪд ൴જă̈́፾ϲ۞ۋͽ፾ϲጼޢĂ౵ڼᑭෛҘ঱Ͱ۞ᇷࢅ௚ޢԶĂ൒ ቁϲઇඕԍĄ۞ ăҘ঱Ͱ઼ޓґௐ઼̳ăৠཐᘲ੺ݎᜋҹͳ઼ăڱᙯᔣෟĈఈᜋă ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 174 壹、前言 ĞNetherlands War of Independenceğ˫Ⴭࠎఈᜋ੓ཌྷۋఈᜋ፾ϲጼ ĞDutch RevoltğĂߏ޽ఈᜋȈ˛࠷ĞSeventeen Provinces, 1549-81ğĂд ѐ̝มࠎ௲ᗓҘ঱Ͱݣο೻ಢͳഈĞHabsburg Spain, 1516-1700ğ 1568-1648 ഇдቁϲܐۋĞEighty Years’ WarğĄጼۋỷ⅃ٙઇ۞Ӆ˧Ă˫ჍˣȈѐጼ நĞde jureğ፾ϲĞ1649ğڱפۋΗొ݋дޢ၁ኳĞde factoğ፾ϲĞ1581ğĂ ϲ˞ఈᜋВ׶઼1ޙĞWikipedia, 2020: Dutch RevoltğĄ௣տĂΔΗొјΑ 2 ĞDutch Republic, 1581-1795ğĂݑ Η ొ ݋ᔒᖼࢉϠࠎͧӀॡăͽ̈́ᎊ഑ಢĄ ਠٙჍ۞઼छĶఈᜋķĂϒё۞઼Щ׎၁ߏ the Netherlands3Ğࢰᛌࠎ˘ Ⴭࠎఈ˫ــκᇇᜋğĂБЩߏκᇇᜋͳ઼ĞKingdom of the NetherlandsğĂ ᜋͳ઼4ĄгநЩෟκᇇᜋຍޥߏҲг઼ĞLow CountriesğĂࣧώᔘΒӣͧӀ ЪჍࠎĶͧఈᎊķĞBeneluxğˬ઼Ą׎၁Ăκᇇــ˭ॡăͽ̈́ᎊ഑ಢĂ༊ ᜋҋֽಶѣఈᜋұ઼ĞCounty of Hollandğăఈᜋ࠷ĞProvince of Hollandğ5Ă ࿅඀Էႊࢦࢋ۞֎ҒĂᙱҺజ۞઼ޙă̈́གྷᑻ˯۞͚੨Ăд፾ϲڼЯࠎ߆ ፋ઼࣎छĄд఺྆Ăκᇇᜋߏ޽።Ϋ˯۞Ҳг઼Ă׌۰Ϲֹ̢ϡĂײोֽჍ 6 னд۞ఈᜋ Ąܧ҃ ϒё઼Щߏκᇇᜋ˛࠷ᓑЪВ׶઼ĞRepublic of the Seven United NetherlandsğăᖎჍᓑ 1 ࠷В׶઼ĞUnited Provinces of the Netherlands, United ProvincesğĄ ֽޢăჍࠎҘᛳκᇇᜋĞSpanish Netherlands, 1556-1714ğĂڼҘ঱Ͱ௚צݑ͞݋ᚶᜈତ 2 ޢӌĂ౵׀઼ڱᖼ͘ࠎ๸ᛳκᇇᜋĞAustrian Netherlands, 1714-97ğăତ඾д 1795 ѐజ ̶Ҿ፾ϲࠎᎊ഑ಢĞ1815ğăͽ̈́ͧӀॡĞ1830ğĄ 3 :ᄬ Les Pays-Basڱఈᄬ NederlandĈnetherĞҲğ+ landsĞгğŶNetherlandsĞҲг઼ğĄ PaysĞ˿гă઼छğ+ BasĞҲğŶҲг઼Ą ो৔૬അགྷԬങ˘࣎౱ᐻ઼ Kingdom of HollandĞ1806-10ğĂᖙᛌ੓ֽߏт઄Βೱ۞ఈ 4 ཌྷĄڡᜋͳ઼Ă࠹༊ ೻প̜ğăؒܠϫ݈ĂྍгдҖ߆˯ထ̶ࠎΔఈᜋĞNorth HollandĂ౵̂۞ݱξߏࢵౌ 5 ݑఈᜋĞSouth HollandĂ౵̂۞ݱξߏ౩প̜ Rotterdamğ׌࣎࠷̶Ą̈́ ࠹ᙯЩෟ۞۬ཀྵă̈́ᗃ୻Ă֍ GeylĞ1958, 18-19ğĄ 6 175 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ 貳、早期歷史 ֎߷ĞRhine-Meuse-Scheldtˬګ೻ঔႬᇇ-ګᐵਬ-ګ඿਩ٺҲг઼Ҝ Җ࠷˭҅͟તκֲĞGermania Inferior, 83-475ğĄݑొ۞઼ޓdeltağĂߏᘲ੺ ౶Ⴌপ୉ĞCeltsğ۞֓ႬᄏˠĞBelgaeğొརĂдҘ̮݈ 57ٺࣧҝϔߏᛳ ă˘ొ̶ྭঔ̙ЕᙹԸያ୉ˠćΔొΔᙝᑺঔѣ҅͟ત୉۞ڇفѐజ౶ᖠ ĄڇĂ҃ݑᙝ۞͐྿ჯֲˠĞBataviğ௣տҊ૱̙ڇහ̀ᜋˠĞFrisiansğăݔ ࢑యїч۞઼ޓĂആᘲ੺اᜋҹˠĞFranksğдα͵ࡔҘொؠڱ۞͞ڌٺҜ හ̀ᜋĞFrisia, FrieslandğĄڇفڱᙝᘟĂݒؕ௣൑ ໚ĈWikipediaĞ2020: Migration PeriodğĄֽ ဦ 1Ĉ៌୉ˢܬᘲ੺ޓ઼ྮቢ ĞFrancia, Kingdom઼ޓᜋҹͳ઼Ǩڱҹࠃჯ˘͵ĞClovis I, 481-511ğߏ فᜋҹˠొརăڱፋЪٙѣޘof the Franks, Frankish Empireğ۞ಧૄ۰Ăࢵ Ăޢϲግࠃ໢ͳഈĞMerovingian DynastyğĄд΁Ѫޙ੼ᎊΔొ̈́̚ొĂ˞ڇ Ϥρ̄ҹޢॲፂ҅͟તˠ۞็௚Ăᅳ˿ࣧА̶ගα࣎׊̄ᚶٚĂ̙࿅Ă౵ Ăᅳг໰ּϤαޢࠃ঍Ⴌ˘͵ĞChlothar I, 511-61ğᝃ߁Ąҹࠃ঍Ⴌ˘͵Ѫ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 176 ൑ޢߤந֓Ⴌপ˘͵ĞCharibert I, 561-67ğѪ̄ܜٺ࣎׊̄Ӯ̶Ă௣տĂϤ ,ᜋҹͳ઼۞ᅳ˿ˬ̶͇˭Ĉ੒প६ĞGuntramڱ๠Ăᅳгజˬ࣎ԙԙϝ̶Ă ґௐĞBurgundyğĂҘР֓Ⴌপ˘͵ĞSigebert I, 561-75ğݎ561-92ğᅳѣݑొ۞ ๸೻পٛҘֲĞAustrasia, 511-687ğăΒӣහ̀ᜋͽγ۞Ҳг઼Ă۞ొڌז̶ ,Ҙొ۞৸೻পӀֲĞNeustriaזԓႬׂ֧ҹ˘͵ĞChilperic I, 567-84ğ଀ 611-751ğĄ ໚ĈWikipediaĞ2020: Merovingian DynastyğĄֽ ᜋҹͳ઼ڱ۞˭ဦ 2Ĉግࠃ໢ͳഈ ซˢ˛͵ࡔĂ๸೻পٛҘֲӖͳు႙਽ୀĂझ࠹ĞMayor of the Palaceğ ˟ᜋ൳۞ͶπĞPepin of Landen, 623-29, 639-40ğ၁ᅫೠᝋć΁۞γगͶπ 7Ă֭ͷд 687טᜋҹͳ઼झ࠹۞͵᝚ڱĞPepin of Herstal, 680-714ğቁϲ͵ ґௐ۞झ࠹ĂѨ̄̈ॾ֧ᇝႬݎࢶᕠ̳ᒑᇇᘲ͖ĞDrogo of Champagneğϲࠎ̄ܜ΁૟ 7 ᇇĞGrimoald the Youngerğϲࠎ৸೻পֲ֧झ࠹Ą 177 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ ᜋҹͳ઼ĄͶπ˟͵۞ռϠ̄ߤநą੺পĞCharlesڱ˘ӌ৸೻পӀֲĂ௚׀ѐ Martelğ֗ࣘ๸೻পٛҘֲĞ715-41ğă̈́৸೻পӀֲĞ718-41ğ۞झ࠹Ă ుੜݑϚ۞හ̀ᜋˠĄߤநą੺প۞׊̄༣̄ͶπĞPepin the Short, 751-68ğ ,ཐΕΐӀֲĞPope Zachary؟дିֽޢࣧώߏ৸೻পӀֲ۞झ࠹Ğ741-51ğĂ ѐᆿᕈግࠃ໢ͳഈ۞ϐ΃઼ͳԓႬᇇ֧ҹ 751 ٺ741-52ğ۞Тຍ˭Ă઀਑ ͳഈĞCarolingianڒϲΐࠃޙĞChilderic III, 743-51ğĂҋϲࠎͳă͵ˬ DynastyğĄ༣̄Ͷπ۞׊̄ߤநତҜĞCharlemagne, 768-814ğĂд 800 ѐజ ķĞEmperor of theޓ։ˬ͵ĞPope Leo III, 795-816ğΐકࠎĶᘲ੺ˠ۞࠱؟ି RomansğĂӈߤநત̂ޓĞCharles the GreatğĂజෛࠎৠཐᘲ੺ޓ઼ĞHoly Ҳг઼Δ͞۞හ̀ᜋˠăڇفٺRoman Empire, 800/962-1806ğ۞൴੖Ą΁௣ Δ͞۞ᇩҹᅊˠĞSaxonsğĄڌ̈́ ໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2020: File:Frankish Empire 481 to 814-en.svgğĄֽ ᜋҹͳ઼ڱဦ 3ĈБ஽ॡഇ۞ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 178 ދĞLouis the Pious, 814-40ğާ඾ҋٽঽѪĂ׊̄਴ྕ۰ྮޓߤநત̂ Ăˬ࣎׊̄дĺ˲Ⴌޢய۞׊̄ቪᕈĞ833-34ğć΁Ѫ̶ڇజ̙ޘ˘ࠎ࠱Ă ୧Ĉܜဦෘྋࠎˬ࣎ۍᜋҹͳ઼Ă૟ڱ൳୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Verdun, 843ğϝ̶ ᜋҹͳ઼ĞKingdom of theڱາన̚זࠃ঍Ⴌ˘͵ĞLothar I, 817-55ğ̶̄ܜ Middle Franks/Middle Francia, 843-55ğ̈́Щ᜖˯۞࠱ҜĂ΁۞ᅳгϤཌྷ̂Ӏ ĞLouis theٽҲг઼ćˬ̄҅͟તˠྮ۞˾ګ඿਩ٺΔঔĂΒӣҜזΔొؼ ᜋҹͳ઼ĞKingdom of the East Franks, EastڱڌGerman, 817-76ğᚶٚ ,ᇇ઼ć҃˴̄վᐝߤநĞCharles the Bald۞ޢFrancia, 843-962ğĂ˵ಶߏ͟ ,ᜋҹͳ઼ĞKingdom of the West Franks, West Franciaڱ840-77ğ݋ᒔ଀Ҙ Ą઼ڱ۞ֽޢ843-987ğĂӈ ໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2019: File:Treaty of Verdun 843.pngğĄֽ ᜋҹͳ઼ڱ۞ޢဦ 4Ĉ˲Ⴌ൳୧ࡗ ᜋڱࠃ঍Ⴌ˘͵Ѫ݈Ă౅࿅ĺ೼ӕؒ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Prüm, 855ğ૟̚ ࠱Ҝ̈́זĞLouis II of Italy, 844-75ğ̶͵˟ٽྮ̄ܜҹͳ̶઼ගˬ࣎׊̄Ĉ ĞLombardyğćѨ̄ࠃ঍Ⴌ˟͵ĞLothar IIğᚶٚࠃ঍غཌྷ̂ӀΔొ۞ࣖ͐ ĞLorraineğăҲг઼ăڒႬͳ઼ĞKingdom of Lotharingia, 855-959ğĂΒӣࠃ ,ґௐĞUpper Burgundyğć҃̈׊̄ߤநĞCharles of Provenceݎ˯ͽ̈́ ґௐĞLower BurgundyğĄݎ˭೻ĞProvenceğĂΒӣٻ855-63ğ݋ᒔ଀೼ᘲ 179 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ ໚ĈWikipediaĞ2019: Treaty of PrümğĄֽ ᜋҹͳ઼ڱ۞ޢဦ 5Ĉ೼ӕؒ୧ࡗͽ ݎ˭ז̶͵˟ߤநд 863 ѐѪ˸൑๠Ăᅳгజ׌࣯࣯࣎ϝ̶Ĉࠃ঍Ⴌ ೻౺˭۞ొ̶Ąࠃ঍Ⴌ˟͵д 869 ѐѪ˸൑ٻ೼ᘲז݋̶͵˟ٽґௐĂྮ ᘪࢎĺ୥Ⴌ഑୧ࡗĻĞTreaty ofץץᜋҹͳ઼۞׌ҜڱăҘڌڼ๠Ă௚ ΔΗొă̈́ז̶ٽᜋҹͳ઼۞҅͟તˠྮڱڌMeerssen, 870ğΐͽϝ̶Ă ґݎ˭ᜋҹͳ઼۞վᐝߤநᒔ଀ڱґௐĂ҃Ҙݎ˯ݑΗొ۞̂ొ̶ٺҜ ԊࢬĂҲг۞˭̶͇ˬזᜋҹͳ઼˫аڱґௐ۞ҘొĄ௣տĂݎ˯ௐă̈́ ᜋҹͳ઼Ąڱڌᕩᛳ઼ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 180 ໚ĈWikipediaĞ2019: Treaty of MeerssenğĄֽ ᜋҹͳ઼ڱ۞ޢဦ 6Ĉ୥Ⴌ഑୧ࡗͽ ᜋҹˠ۞ᖠҹ഑̳ᒑқӀ˘͵ĞHenry I the Fowler, 912-19ğд 919ڱܧ ,ᜋҹͳ઼઼ͳĞ919-36ğĂ౹ϲᖠҹ഑ͳഈĞSaxon Dynastyڱڌѐజଯᓝࠎ ᜋҹͳ઼ԼЩࠎᇇຍԠͳ઼ĞKingdom of GermanyğĂ΁ڱڌ919-1024ğă૟ ᜋᇇ೻ĞFlandersğͽγ۞Ҳг઼ĄқӀΝ͵Ă΁۞׊̄ญڱд 925 ѐӖᓜ ࡶ୕Ȉ؟΁۞ିٺဦ˘͵ĞOtto I the Great, 936-73ğତЇĂд 962 ѐϤѣՐ ଂȈޢĄѩޓ࠱઼ޓᘲ੺ΐકࠎৠཐᘲ੺ٺĞPope John XII, 955-64ğ͵˟ ڱᜋҹĞڱᜋᇇ೻ұ઼ĞCounty of FlandersğߏҘڱ˞Ȉα͵ࡔĂੵזࡔ͵ Ğᇇ઼ğćጐგтѩĂ઼ޓৠཐᘲ੺ٺڇ૶γĂ׎΁Ҳг઼ᅳ͹Ҋܢğ۞઼ ᝋĄڼă̈́ҋޘЧᅳгᔘߏჯ޺࠹༊̂۞ҋϤ 181 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ 參、勃艮第公國統治下的尼德蘭 ґௐ઼̳8ݎͳࡗᎰ˟͵ĞJohn II of France, 1350-64ğд 1363 ѐ૟ڱ ĞDuchy of BurgundyğϹ˴̄හӀ೼˟͵ĞPhilip the Bold, 1363-1404ğĂ΁ ೻˟͵ĞLouis II of Flandersğ۞ಏ็̃׊Ⴓٽᜋᇇ೻̳ᒑྮڱд 1369 ѐો ೻˟͵д 1384 ѐ࿅͵ĂහӀ೼ٽॾᚊপˬ͵ĞMargaret III of Flandersğćྮ ϤҁछĞproperğ۞ௐѕعґௐ઼̳ࢵݎᜋᇇ೻ᅳгĂ૟ڱ۞ͭدତќ͵˟ ,ґௐĞValois Burgundyݎοጆ๫ႬĂΫჍϞᎊϞזΔዏـĞ Dijon ğ ğκᇇ۞˭ڼґௐĞ௚ݎBurgundian State, 1363-1482ğĂѩॡ۞Ҳг઼Ⴭࠎ Ȉ˛࠷۞ᗖԛ̏֍Ąְ၁۞ޢᜋĞBurgundian Netherlands, 1384-1482ğĂ͟ ă઼ܭ଀۞఺๴઼̳ăפາײґௐझԗĞдௐѕğϡֽჍݎĂҲг઼ߏ˯ ᅳг۞ඕЪវĞWHKMLA, n.d.ağĄ̈́ ໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2019: File:Map Burgundian Netherlands 1477-en.pngğĄֽ ĈȈ˛࠷۞၆໰Щಏ֍ WikipediaĞ2020: Seventeen ProvincesğĄځᄲ κᇇᜋ۞˭ڼґௐ௚ݎဦ 7Ĉ ґௐˠ۞ͳ઼ĞKingdom ofݎґௐͳ઼ĞKingdom of Burgundyğăٕݎᇃཌྷ఼Ⴭ۞ٺТ̙ 8 the Burgundians, 411-534ğĄ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 182 හӀ೼ˬ͵ĞPhilipזґௐ็ݎϞᎊϞ the Good, 1419-67 ğĂᅳгੵ˞൴໚г Ğproperğݎґௐ઼̳ă̈́ݎґௐĞҋϤğ ұ઼ĞFree County of Burgundyğ9Ăᔘஉ ᄏೀͼٙѣҲг઼࠷̶10Ą΁඾͘κᇇᜋ छχౄĂপҾߏдࣧѣЧ࠷۞ᛉ઼۞ع߆ ົĞStates, Staten, Provincial Estatesğ˯ࢬ నཉκᇇᜋᓁᛉົĞStates General, ٺ Staten-Generaal11 of the NetherlandsğĂ֭ 1464 ѐдοጆ͟ࢵޘΡฟБဩົᛉćࠎ˞ ͞ܮќඁĂහӀ೼ˬ͵д 1430 ѐ౹నѿͨ ᗨ̀ဥĞOrder of the Golden Fleeceğ᝕ඛ ༊гᝋෳĞIsrael, 1995: 21-23ğĄጐგ̚δ ᔘზ؎્Ă௫ၚ፾ϲҋ͹۞ڱะᝋ̼۞ү ᜋᇇڱ12ă̈́็௚ĂڱᅳгЧҋѣ׎ၚ௫ ໚ĈLook and LearnĞ2020ğĄֽ 13 ೻̂ݱοጆ͟ĞBruges ğă̈́ॲপĞGhentğ ဦ 8ĈහӀ೼ˬ͵ᗉᑅοጆ͟ Ğ1437-38, 1449-53ğĂහӀۋ੓ཌྷԩޢА ԽݱᗉᑅĄܑࢬ˯Ҭ˧ڠঈމ೼ˬ͵୮̙ Ձ۞็௚Ăݒ̙௲ளٲͼநྋҲг઼̙జ ώኳĄ۞ڼ୉௚ ,ᜋ൝- ૵ಟ̂ડĞBourgogne-Franche-Comtéڱ -ґௐݎࠎ׀Ă׌гЪ઼ڱдன΃۞ 9 Burgundy-Free CountyğĄ ಢĞLimburgğĂତ඾ឭࢴ ӌ֤ᇍڒ଀οٛ঱পĞBrabantğă̈́פ ౵ѝߏд 1404-1406 10 ႬĞ Namur, 1421ğăఈᜋĞHollandğྫྷ፨ᜋĞZeeland, 1425-28ğăऄᏚĞHainaut, 1428ğă ᎊ഑ಢĞ1451ğăঔႬᇇᜋĞGelderlandğĞIsrael, 1995: 21ğĄ ͛ Estates GeneralĂ˵ಶߏ General Assemblyăڱٺࡻ͛ General States ᑕྍߏۡᛌĂ࠹༊ 11 General ParliamentĄ ఢΐ੓ֽѣ 700 к჌ĞLimm, 1989: 9ğĄڱҲг઼Чг۞ 12 ઼ڱĂপҾߏҘݑొͧዐڱ޸̈́ڱᇇᄬ۞᝝ٺᄬăࠤҌڱѣఈᄬăــҲг઼۞гЩĂ 13 -ᄬߏ Bois-leڱгડĂᛊт's-HertogenboschĞ೻ঔћқ౾೻ĂᖎჍ Den Bosch ൳౾೻ğ ၆໰ĄڱDucĄኛણ҂ GeylĞ1958: 20ğ۞ఈă 183 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ ăᇇڱତЇ۞̂ᓙߤநĞCharles the Bold, 1467-77ğр̂ಈΑĂࠎ˞ᄃ ඕా˧ڠဦĂ඾͘౅࿅ۍ΁ྏဦޭೇࠃ঍Ⴌͳ઼۞۞ݎݎൺĂฯ͕ܜྵ˘ ґௐұ઼ğăΔĞҲг઼ğ̝ม۞ᅳгјࠎ˘࣎፾ϲͳݎґௐ઼̳ăݎݑĞ ݑٺѪޢă̈́༄̀኏ࡎĂ౵ڒ଀ֲႬᖠ೻ĞAlsaceğ҃ᄃࠃפ˞ĂপҾࠎ઼ ᐁጼԝĞBattle of Nancy, 1477ğĄт͇̚͟۞̂ᓙߤநΑୀݬјĂ҃ͅឰ܎ ґௐ̳ݎפȈ˘ĞLouis XI of France, 1461-83ğ෺෍҃ˢ᝿ٽͳྮڱෛᶵᶵ Ă᏷ᚔࡗҹ۞ႳॾᚊপĞMargaret of York, 1468-77ğΪܲѣҲг઼ă઼̈́ ݎґௐұ઼ĞGeyl, 1958: 30; Holborn, 198: 41ğĄ ໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2019: File:Karte Haus Burgund 4 ZH.pngğĄֽ ဦ 9Ĉ̂ᓙߤநॡݎґௐ઼̳ᅳг ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 184 ґݎһᓜݱ˭Ăκᇇᜋᓁᛉົ෺፟ࢋՐ̃׊઼ڱᓙߤந՟ѣշ๠Ă̂ ĻĞGreatېௐ۞ႳᚊĞMary of Burgundy, 1477-82ğᚶٚᘪཌĺ̂পధ ᝋڼPrivilege, 1477ğĂቁᄮޭೇහӀ೼ˬ͵ă̈́̂ᓙߤநٙᆿੵ۞г͞ҋ ઼ޓᝋ˧ćѩγĂᓁᛉົ˫щଵс๹ගৠཐᘲ੺۞عӀĂТॡ݇ऴ̚δ߆ දপধˬ͵ĞFrederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, 1452-93ğ۞׊̄ݣοޓ࠱ ,೻ಢͳഈ۞๸гӀ̳̂੺ҹҘѼӀщĞArchduke Maximilian of Austria ੺ҹҘѼӀщ˘͵14ĞMaximilianޓ࠱઼ޓৠཐᘲ੺۞ޢ1493-1519ğĂϺӈ͟ ґௐ۞Ⴓᚊ՟ѣ̦ᆃᏴፄĂݎI, Holy Roman Emperor, 1508-19ğĄૻᇲᒖҨĂ Ϗ΍إهٚҲг઼Ąд̚͵ࡔĂன΃ˠϔ͹ᝋநפȈ˘՟ѣᖣ˾৶ٽឰྮ Ğdynastic unionğĂ֗Ъ઼ބ࠹̢ᓑــЧ჌҂ณĂٺม΍̝ވனĂͳ ĄވĞpersonal unionğΦ۩֍ၚćκᇇᜋᓁᛉົ˼ზ༱ზĂݒߏ͔ফˢ ໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2017: File:Maximilian I and Maria von Burgund.jpgğĄֽ ґௐ۞Ⴓᚊݎဦ 10Ĉ੺ҹҘѼӀщો ޓ੺ҹҘѼӀщАд 1486 ѐᒔ଀Ķᘲ੺ˠ۞઼ͳķĞKing of the Romansğ۞ৠཐᘲ੺ 14 Νᘲ੺۞ྮ౉͉ПٺᏐදপধˬ͵۞д 1493 ѐ࿅͵ତҜĂϤͭזᐼӖ̶֗Ăඈޓ࠱઼ Ąޓጏர˟͵ĞPope Julius II, 1503-13ğΐકࠎ࠱؟οҋ̎జିކᐍĂ΁д 1508 ѐ 185 ઼ޙఈᜋ۞፾ϲ 神聖羅馬帝國統治下的尼德蘭 ٛ೻୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Arras, 1482ğܠᘪĺ઼ڱႳᚊд 1482 ѐᆩ੺֗˸Ă ґݎϒёٚᄮс۞׊̄හӀ೼˘͵ĞPhilip the Handsome, 1482-1506ğᚶٚ ׊̄හӀ۞̂ܜௐĂҭ̙Тຍс۞ˮ͈੺ҹҘѼӀᚶٚᅳгĄдοጆ๫Ⴌ ۞઼ޓҋ̎ତЇৠཐᘲ੺זۡ˘೼˘͵ѐρĂЯѩϤ੺ҹҘѼӀщᛷ߆Ă ࠱ҜĞ1508ğĂ̖ᔘ߆׊̄Ă̙࿅Ăֶ൒ᔘߏϤ΁၁ኳೠଠҲг઼Ą੺ҹҘ ѼӀщд 1512 ѐࢦፋᅳгĂనཉ˞˘࣎ݎґௐҖ߆઻ĞBurgundian Circle, ѺѐჍࠎݣο೻ಢ۞ޢ1512-1806ğֽგᔑĂҲг઼Ȉ˛࠷జஉᄏд̰Ăѩ κᇇᜋĞHabsburg Netherlands, 1482-1581ğĞHolborn, 198: 44-46, 49ğĄ ໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2017: File:Burgundian Circle-2005-10-14-en.pngğĄֽ ґௐҖ߆઻ݎგᔑ۞઼ޓဦ 11Ĉৠཐᘲ੺ ґௐ۞ႳᚊྫྷҲгݎ̄؍ٺሹზĂ੺ҹҘѼӀщૄώ˯၆ڼߊ൒ߏ߆ ͵˘හӀ೼̄ܜĂщଵ઼ڱĄ΁ࠎ˞၆ԩޞĻҽ႐ͽېᘪཌ۞ĺ̂পధ઼ ͳ೺࢚ݑ˟͵ĞFerdinand II of Aragon, 1479-1516ğᄃΙ઼تોҘ঱Ͱֲٛ ˘೻೩Ⴌ̃ͳϿ௻֓ٛ˘͵ĞIsabella I of Castile, 1474-1504ğ۞Ѩ̃ࡧщऌ ĞJoanna of Castile, 1504-55ğĂ׌ˠϠ˭ߤந̣͵ĞCharles VğĄͳഈඕ͵ ᔞ឵፾ϲĄٺЪĂଂѩ૟Ҳг઼۞׻ྻᄃҘ঱Ͱ஝Եд˘੓Ă௣ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 186 ໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2020: File:Bernhard Strigel 003b.jpgğĄֽ ႳᚊĞΠ˘ğĂӱ۰̶؍Ĉ৭ϲ۰̶Ҿߏ੺ҹҘѼӀщĞν˘ğă׊හӀ೼˘͵Ğν˟ğăځᄲ ߏग̃Ⴓᚊ۞ˮځगߤந̣͵Ğν˟ğĂΠ˘ဦͯᄲܜҾߏѨग೺࢚ݑ˘͵Ğν˘ğă ಪٛࡗ̦˟͵ĞLouis II of HungaryğĂ̙࿅Ă࠻੓ֽͧྵညߏग̃ႳᚊĄ͈ ဦ 12Ĉৠཐᘲ੺ޓ઼࠱ޓҹҘѼӀщ˘͵छ୉ ґௐᅳгݎґௐႳᚊ۞ݎߤந̣͵˘Ϡ˭ֽĞ1500ğಶߏࢋᚶٚয়ϓ 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    09/25/21 DUTC0003: Born out of Rebellion: The Netherlands from the Dutch Revolt to the Eve of World War I: Ulrich Tiedau | University College London DUTC0003: Born out of Rebellion: The View Online Netherlands from the Dutch Revolt to the Eve of World War I: Ulrich Tiedau Arblaster P, A History of the Low Countries, vol Palgrave essential histories (Palgrave Macmillan 2006) Blom, J. C. H. and Lamberts, Emiel, History of the Low Countries (Berghahn Books 1999) Boogman JC, ‘Thorbecke, Challenge and Response’ (1974) 7 Acta Historiae Neerlandicae 126 Bornewasser JA, ‘Mythical Aspects of Dutch Anti-Catholicism in the 19th Century’, Britain and the Netherlands: Vol.5: Some political mythologies (Martinus Nijhoff 1975) Boxer, C. R., The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600-1800, vol Pelican books (Penguin 1973) Cloet M, ‘Religious Life in a Rural Deanery in Flanders during the 17th Century. Tielt from 1609 to 1700’ (1971) 5 Acta Historiae Neerlandica 135 Crew, Phyllis Mack, Calvinist Preaching and Iconoclasm in the Netherlands, 1544-1569, vol Cambridge studies in early modern history (Cambridge University Press 1978) Daalder H, ‘The Netherlands: Opposition in a Segmented Society’, Political oppositions in western democracies (Yale University Press 1966) Darby, Graham, The Origins and Development of the Dutch Revolt (Routledge 2001) Davis WW, Joseph II: An Imperial Reformer for the Austrian Netherlands (Nijhoff 1974) De Belder J, ‘Changes in the Socio-Economic Status of the Belgian Nobility in the 19th Century’ (1982) 15 Low Countries History Yearbook 1 Deursen, Arie Theodorus van, Plain Lives in a Golden Age: Popular Culture, Religion, and Society in Seventeenth-Century Holland (Cambridge University Press 1991) Dhont J and Bruwier M, ‘The Industrial Revolution in the Low Countries’, The emergence of industrial societies: Part 1, vol The Fontana economic history of Europe (Fontana 1973) Emerson B, Leopold II of the Belgians: King of Colonialism (Weidenfeld and Nicolson) Fishman, J.
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