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3-1946 Handbook on USSR Military Forces, Chapter VII: Logistics War Department (USA)

Robert L. Bolin , Depositor University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected]

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Technical Manual TM 30-430 Handbook on USSR Military Forces Chapter VII Logistics

Robert L. Bolin, Depositor University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected]

Technical Manual, TM 30-430, Chapter VI 1 March 1946

Handbook on USSR Military Forces Chapter VII Logistics

War Department Washington, DC

Comments

The copy digitized was borrowed from the Marshall Center Research Library, APO, AE 09053-4502.

Abstract

TM 30-340, Handbook on USSR Military Forces, was “published in installments to expedite dissemination to the field.” TM30-430, Chapter VII, 1 March 1946, “Logistics,” is a discussion of rear area organization, administration, supply, transportation, medical services, and maintenance and repair services. This chapter is illustrated with organizational charts.

This manual is listed in WorldCat under Accession Number: OCLC: 19989681

1 Mar 46 TM 30-430

CHAPTER VII LOGISTICS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page INTRODUCTION...... •• ••••••••.•• VIJ-I List of Illustrations Figure Page 1. General...... V II-I 1. Basic supplies carried by a rifle division ...... 2. Responsibili ty ...... VJI-l VII--8 2. Organization of rear services and supply 3. Snpply and Evacuation ...... VII-I channels of Red Army regiments, divisions, 4. Future Trtnds ...... VII-2 armies and army groups (front.s) ...... VII-S Section I. ORGANIZATION OF REAR 3. Channels of supply and evacuation for ar- SERVICES ...... VJI-2 mored and mechanized units ...... VII-9 1. General ...... VII-2 4. Time required for deployment and reassem- 2. Peoples' Commissariat of Armed Forces .. VII-2 bly of rear area installations ...... VII-IO 3. Rear Services, Army Group and Army Levels ...... VII-3 5. Organization of division supply point ...... VII-ll 4. Rear Services, Rifle Corps Level ...... VII-5 6. Vnits of fire for principal weapons and distri- 5. Rear Services, Rifle Division Level ...... VIJ-5 bution of ammunition ...... VII-I4 6. Rear Services, Rifle Hegiment Level .... . V11-6 7. Channels of requisition and supply of artillery 7. Rear Services of Mobile Formations .... . VII-6 arm of the Red Army ...... VII-IS S. Ammunition required by an army at the Section II. SUPPLy ...... VII-7 beginning of an offensive operation ...... VII-I6 1. General ...... VII-7 9. Distribution of ammunition at the beginning 2. near Areas and Installations ...... VII-7 of an offensive operation ...... 3. Supply Channels to Battle Front...... VJI-7 VII-I6 10. Channels of requisition and supply of fuel 4. Artillery Supply ...... VII-13 and lubricants in the Red Army ...... 5. Fuel and Lubricants Supply ...... VII-16 VII-I6 II. Fuel capacity and consumption of Red Army 6. Rations and Fodder Supply ...... VII-16 motor vehicles ...... VJI-17 7. Water Supply ...... VII-17 12. Breakdown of individual ration ...... VII-17 8. Motor and Armored Vehicle Supply .... . VII-IS 13. Breakdown of individual emergency ration .. 9. Clothing Supply...... VII-IS VII-l 7 14. Breakdown of individual fodder ration ...... VJI-17 Section III. TRANSPORTATION ...... YlI-2I 15. Daily water requirements ...... VII-IS 1. Rail Transportation ...... VII-2I 16. Channels of requisition and supply of rations 2. Road Transportation ...... VII-23 and fodder in the Red Army ...... VII-I9 3. Water Transportation ...... VII-26 17. Channels of requisition and supply of motor 4. Maintenance ...... VII-27 transport and tanks in the ned Army .... VII-20 Section IV. MEDICAL AND VETEHINARY 18. Channels of requisition and supply of clothing SEHVICES ...... VII-27 in the Red Army ...... VII-21 1. Organization and Evacuation ...... VII-27 19. Estimated serviceability and basis of issue of 2. Veterinary Service ...... VII-31 clothing and individual equipment ...... VII-21 Section V. MAINTENANCE AND MISCEL- 20. Logistical data on principal Red Army field LANEOUS SEHVICES ...... VII-32 formations and units ...... VII-23 21. Capacities of Russian railroad cars ...... VII-23 1. Maintenance ...... VII-32 22. Average capacities of Russian railroad cars 2. Captured Weapons ...... VII-33 by types of load ...... VII-23 3. Prisoner-of-war Evacuation ...... VII-33 23. Maximum permissible time for the loading of 4. Postal Service ...... VII-34 arms and services on trains ...... VII-24 Section VI. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCE- 24. Standard ammunition loads per transport DURE ...... VII-34 unit ...... VII-24; 1. Basic Staff Procedure ...... V 11-34 25. Load capacities of U. S. S. R. transport 2. Administrative Estimates and Supply units ...... VII-24 Plan ...... VII-34 26. Food supplies carried by each unit of trans- 3. Command Decision ...... VII-35 port ...... VU-25 4. Administrative Orders ...... VII-35 27. Channels of medical evacuation in the Red 5. Periodic Reports ...... VII-36 Army ...... VII-28

VII-I 1 Mar 46 TM 30·430

CHAPTER VII LOGISTICS

INTRODUCTION staffs. They are required to assume the initiative in supply and evacuation problems. 1. GENERAL Red Army field service regulations specifically The supply and transportation system of the Red designate the responsibility for supply and transpor­ Army is characterized by rigid adherence to several tation. The design, development, and production of basic concepts. These include long-term planning, equipment for various arms and services are the command position of the chiefs of rear services, responsibility of the arm or service concerned. The grouping of supply and maintenance responsibilities chiefs of arms and services are charged with the according to arm, differences of supply systems be­ procurement and distribution of supplies for which tween rifle and mobile formations, dependence on their arm is responsible down to and including the rail transportation, and priority 01 ammunition and army. Transportation for the delivery of all sup­ fuel over all other classes of supplies. plies is controlled by the chiefs of rear services. The planning of supply and transportation re­ 3. SUPPLY AND EVACUATION quirements of the Red Army is coordinated with the Supply and evacuation systems for mobile forma­ production and delivery programs by the civilian tions and units which normally form the mobile commissariats. Specifications for civilian goods reserve of the over-all commander differ from those parallel specifications for military goods. Tractors, of rifle formations and units in order to provide maxi­ for example, which are manufactured for civilian mum flexibility and to guarantee the flow of fuel, use are built according to military specifications. ammunition, and replacements under varied con­ They are included in the system for mobilization of ditions. the Red Army and are inspected periodically by rep­ The flow of supplies to the Red Army from pro­ resentatives of the Red Army. duction centers is dependent almost entirely upon rail Key civilian commissariats, such as the Peoples' transportation. Rail transportation, therefore, is a Commissariat of Transportation and the Peoples' key factor in all major plans. It is extended as far Commissariat of Signal Communications, are organ­ forward as possible. Although rail transportation ized along military lines. They are adaptable to usually extends only to army railheads, numerous military control. instances of railheads being established in the rear areas of rifle divisions have been reported. 2. RESPONSIBILITY N arrow gauge lines are constructed to serve tr'oops The Chief of the Rear Services of the Red Army is operating in mountainous terrain. a deputy to the Peoples' Commissar of Defense. The To achieve maximum coordination of rail trans­ portation with military requirements, the People's ~hief of rear services, at each level of command, is a Commissariat of Transportation was militarized deputy to the over-all commander. He also may be early in World War II. referred to as the Deputy Commander for the Rear Supply and evacuation schedules for personnel Services. Thus the rear services participate in the and materiel are determined by a rigid system of planning and coordination of all operations as well priorities, especially with regard to the flow of sup­ as in problems of transportation and supply. plies to the front lines. The delivery of ammunition Authority of the chiefs of rear services is second and fuel always takes precedence over all other only to that of the over-all commanders and the classes of supplies. chiefs of staff. Commanders of the rear area serv­ Supply and evacuation systems of the Red Army ices are represented in the forward echelons of the were modified, developed, and supplemented during

VJI-I TM 30-430 1 Mar 46

W orId War II according to the dictates of combat fense). He serves as a deputy to the Commissar of experience and tactical requirements. All transpor­ Defense in supply matters. He is assisted by a staff tation was consolidated under a single command. and a personnel department. (For details of the Supply was transferred from a staff function to a structure of the high command, see Chapter I, Na­ command function. An echelon maintenance system tional Defense System. For Red Army personnel was established. The utiHzation of local resources and training agencies, see Chapter II, Personnel and captured equipment became standard procedure Administration. ) for all levels of command. The following administrative offices are under the Evaluation of the supply and evacuation systems jurisdiction of the Chief of the Rear Services: of the Red Army must take into account the critical Main Administration of Army Transportation_ shortage of equipment. The shortage of railroad This administration is responsible for the allo­ tank cars, tank trucks, special evacuation equipment, cation of railroad rolling stock for army and ambulances was especially acute. Military pipe movements and for supplies. lines were virtually non-existent. Main Administration of Motor Transport. This administration was organized in January 4. FUTURE TRENDS 1943 to increase control over available motor It is expected that the Red Army improvement of its transport. I t also took over from the main supply system will be directed toward improvement administrations of armored and motorized in quality and quantity of equipment, military high­ troops such duties as the control of schools, ways, and railroad nets. supply troops, technical services, and depots. Main Administration of Roads. Section I. ORGANIZATION OF REAR Main Administration of Intendance. This ad­ SERVICES ministration is in charge of clothing, some 1. GENERAL individual equipment, laundries, and work­ The Chief of the Rear Services controls all transpor­ shops. tation other than air transport (see Chapter XI, Air Main Administration of Rations and Fodder. Forces) and all supplies except weapons, ammuni­ Attached to it is the Main Administration of tion, and technical equipment. He supervises medi­ Post Exchange Services, which is subordinate cal and veterinary services, road maintenance, and to the Peoples' Commissariat of Trade and other service agencies. which functions independently down to army The Chief of Artillery controls the supply of level. weapons and ammunition from the factories to front· Main Administration of the Medical Service of lin,e units down to rifle regiments. A special organi­ the Red Army. This administration func­ zation exploits captured weapons and materiel. tions under the Chief of the Rear Services and Technical equipment for armored troops, chemical also has its own service channels down to regi­ warfare troops, engineers, and signal troops is con­ mental level. Key personnel of the medical trolled by their respective supply organizations. service also hold positions in the Peoples' Transportation for supplies is furnished the supply Commissariat of Public Health, which' has organizations of the Chief of Artillery and the tech­ over-all responsibility for all medical matters. nical services by the Chief of the Rear Services. The same system applies to the veterinary Because of the number of agencies at each com­ service. mand level co,n~erned with supply, close coordina-' Administration of the Veterinary Service of the tion and supervision of their activities by the Chief Red Army. of the Rear Services is essential. This coordination Motor Fuel and Lubricants Administration of is implemented by centralized control of trans­ the Red Army. portation. Finance Administration of the Red Army. At­ tached to it is an office of the State Bank of 2. PEOPLES' COMMISSARIAT OF ARMED FORCES the Soviet Union, which has its own channels a. Chief of the Rear Services of the Red of communication down to regimental level. Army. The Chief of the Rear Services is one of Administration for Personnel Losses of Enlisted the members of the Peoples' Commissariat of Armed Men and Relief (pensions) for their Families. Forces (formerly Peoples' Commissariat of De- It is believed that this administration is VII-2 I Mar 46 TM 30-430

responsible also for graves registration. agencies down to division level and is responsible Losses of commissioned personnel and pen­ for the technical analysis of new enemy weapons. sions for their families probably are handled In addition, it is charged with the recovery of dam­ by the Chief of Personnel Administration of aged Soviet weapons and equipment and their trans. the Peoples' Commissariat of Armed Forces. portation to the rear. The Chief of the Main Administration for the Economic Management Administration of Army Transportation coordinates of the Peoples' Commissariat of Armed transportation requirements with the Committee for Forces. Captured Weapons. Captured air force equipment Administration for the Economic Management is handled by the air force. of the Peoples' Commissariat of Armed e. Supply depots. Each main administration Forces. Publication Office of the Journal, of the rear services and the main administrations of "Rear Services and Supply of the Red Army." arms and technical services maintain a number of h. Schools of the rear services. The Chief central depots or supply bases. These central depots of the Rear Services is responsible for the operation or supply bases in the interior of the U. S. S. R. pro­ of schools to train officer specialists for the rear vide general reserves of all classes of supplies. From services. The Molotov Military Academy trains of­ them come the replacement supplies for troop units ficers for the rear services and supply organizations and establishments of each military district or army, of the Red Army. Kaganovich Military Academy and the reserve supplies of each district command. trains officers for the transport service. The artillery supply reserves of the Peoples' Com­ The Main Administration of the Medical Service missariat of Armed Forces are stored in central of the Red Army and the Administration of the Vet­ artillery depots. Each category of artillery supp1ie~ erinary Service of the Red Army are responsible is stored separately. Ammunition is segregated ac­ for the Pirogov and Kirov military medical acade­ cording to manufacturer, lot number, and year of mies and the military veterinary academy. manufacture. The splitting of an ammunition lot c. Coordination of transportation. The between warehouses is prohibited. Artillery reserve Chief of the Rear Services coordinates transportation supplies are separated from artillery supplies for cur­ problems with the following members of the Peo­ rent requirements. ples' Commissariat of Defense and their organiza­ A supply depot includes headquarters, warehouses. tions responsible for supplying troops with technical workshops, and laboratories. Each supply depot is equipment, weapons, and ammunition: guarded by security and fire-defense (or passive The Chief of Chemical Troops. antiaircraft defense) troops supplied by the NKVD. The Chief of Engineers. Supply depots are located in compliance with in­ The Chief of Signal Communications. structions from the General Staff of the Red Army The Chief of Armored and Motorized Troops. in accordance with operational and tactical r~quire. The Chief of Artillery. ments. Generally, they are located within a mile of The Chief of the Rear Services also coordinates railroads or highways. Many types of storage in­ with the Chief of Railroad Troops, who is directly stallations with widely varying capacities are used. responsible to the General Staff of the Red Army. Each military district has from 15 to 50 supply The Chief of Railroad Troops commands a limited depots. They include depots for artillery, ammuni· number of specialized railroad maintenance units tion, transport, fuel and lubricants, food~ engineer and controls all personnel of the Peoples' Commis­ supplies, medical supplies, and clothing. Some dis­ sariat of Transportation operating trains for military tricts also have depots for chemical supplies, armored supply or movements. It is believed that railroad equipment, explosives, signal equipment, and other troop commanders attached to army groups (fronts) special supplies. function as deputies to the Chief of Railroad Troops. d. Captured weapons. A Committee for Cap­ 3. REAR SERVICES, ARMY CROUP AND ARMY LEVELS tured Weapons and its main administration are part of the Peoples' Commissariat of Defense. It is not a. General. The organization of rear services under the jurisdiction of the Chief of the Rear Serv­ at army group (front) and army levels parallels the ices. The Main Administration for Captured Weap- organization of the Peoples' Commissariat of De­ 0ns handles recovery, transportation, storage, and fense. There are administrations (army group reconditioning of captured weapons. It has its own level) or divisions (army level) for army transporta-

VlI_'ll TM 30-430 I Mar 46 tion, motor transport, roads, intendance, rations and single railroad serve several armIes, they use a fodder, medical service, veterinary service, motor common regulating station. ,- fuel and lubricants, finance, and personnel losses of The Chief of an army supply base is responsible enlisted men. to the army Chief of the Rear Services. Representa­ The army group (front) or army Chief of the tives of the artillery, fuel, and intendance supply Rear Services is the third ranking officer, ranked sections act as his assistants. only by the Commander ani the Chief of Staff. He Army field depots are established at railroad sta­ also is a member of the Military Council, which tions near the army regulating station. Depots han­ formulates all administrative policies and effects dling inflammable supplies are located 1 to 1V2 miles civil-military coordination through attached political from other depots or station buildings. personnel, usually the secretary of the regional Com­ Depots usually are provided with special branch munist Party. lines or sidings. Chiefs of field depots are responsi­ Membership in the Military Ceuncil of the Chief ble to the Chief of the Army Supply Base and to the of the Rear Services fosters cooperation in supply Chiefs of artillery, armored troops, and technical problems with the Chief of Armored Troops and the services. various technical services. ,..r The permanent fixed reserves normally maintained The Chief of the Rear Services also exercises at army field depots are as follows: strong influence on the supply administrations of the Ammunition ______Up to 1 unit of fire. technical services, armored arms, and artillery. '(he Rations and fodder ______3 to 4 rations. supply administrations are located in the second Fuel and lubricants ______Up to 2 refills. echelon of the army group or the army headquarters, Reserves maintained of other supplies are gov­ which are under the over-all jurisdiction of the Chief erned by operational requirements. of the Rear Services. The Chief of the Rear. Services The Commander of the army also may order the also controls all transportation of supplies. accumulation of the following mobile reserves: An army group (front) Chief of the Rear Services A~munition ______Up to 14 unit of fire. requests air transportation from the army group Rations and fodder ______Up to 2 rations. Commander, who issuea orders to the Commander "­ Fuel and lubricants ______Up to 1 refill. of the subordinate air force, usually an air army. Personnel of Army Field Depots Supplies are delivered by air to support a tank or (Tank army) : Adminis· 'Pmonnl!l mechanized operation when forces -outdistance tratifJl! NCO', Type of depot: Officers & EM ground communications. Supplies delivered by air Rations and fodder______8 23 usually are limited to ammunition and fuel. ~edical______5 7 Automotive repair parts______2 2 h. Army group and army supply bases, Weapons and equipment______19 26 depots, other installations. Large depots for all Fuel and lubricants______9 25 classes of supplies, except chemical agents, are main­ Advance fuel______9 29 tained for army groups (fronts). They are located Ammunition______41 72 at suitable railroad stations or at unloading points Armor repair parts______3 19 Army clothing______? ? behind the army group's rear boundary. Unload­ (Personnel strength will vary according to the number ing points may be brought forward to within 95 to of divisions in the army.) 125 miles from railheads. Branches of army field depots are located within Unloading points normally are located in rear of 11;2 to 3 miles of railheads, at connecting points be­ switching or regulating stations from which separate tween rail and road nets within the army's rear area. rail lines run to individual armies. Guard and labor Normally, there is one railhead for each army. Each units are assigned to army group depots. The indi­ army includes from 6 to 10 rifle divisions. vidual supply depots and their administrations func­ Mechanized and cavalry units normally maintain tion under the army group ( front) Chief of the their own supply depots at the railheads of the rifle Rear Services and the Chiefs of artillery, armored units with which they are operating. Occasionally troops, and technical services. separate railheads are organized for individual mo­ Army supply bases are located near the regulating bile, mechanized, and cavalry corps. station in the rear of each army zone. One regulat­ In fluid s,ituations, unloading stations (temporary ing station is established for each army. Should a railheads) are established instead of railheads. Sup-

Vll-4 1 Mar 46, TM 30-430

plies are shipped to them by rail for immediate deliv­ Intendance. Controls the clothing dep0t, ar­ ery to troops. Forward elements of army field depots tisans, and laundries. may be established at unloading stations. Should Fuel and Lubricants. Controls fuel and lubri­ the distance between the railhead and troops exceed cants depots. 95 miles, an advance army base is organized on Motor Transport. Has one motor transport the boundary between army and division rear areas. company. Other installations found in army group (front) Technical Equipment and Supplies. and army rear areas include collection points and Finance. An office of the State Bank is attached. repair shops for weapons and armored and motor Division Medical Officer. Controls motor am- vehicles, rep!lir shops for technical equipment, repair bulances, medical battalions, collecting sta­ and maintenance installations for quartermaster sup­ tions, divisional medical stations, pharmacy, plies, collection points for captured weapons and and a delousing station. equipment, clearing stations, evacuation hospitals, Division Veterinary Officer. Controls a veteri­ field hospitals, veterinary evacuation hospitals, vet­ nary hospital, pharmacy, and motor vehicles erinary field hospitals, prisoner-of-war camps, and to transport horses. other installations necessary to maintain army group An artillery supply group functions under the (front) and army personnel. Chief of Artillery. The chief of the artillery supply group controls a weapons, ammunition, and equip­ 4. REAR SERVICES, RIFLE CORPS LEVEL ment depot, an armory, and a workshop. He de­ The rifle corps has limited control of supplies. Com­ pends upon the Chief of the Rear Services for trans­ manders of rifle corps are not assisted by military portation. councils. The independent supply organizations of a. Division supply dumps and other in­ chemical, engineer, and signal troops end at army stallations. Division supply points normally are level. Supply in lower echelons is the responsibility established near the boundary between division and of technical supply units under the Chiefs of the Rear regimental rear areas. Their location is governed Services, who are the deputy commanders for supply. by the decision of the division Commander. The rifle corps Chief of the Rear Services is assisted The supply point in a division rear area includes by a Chief of Staff of the R~r Services. The Chief an artillery dump, an ordnance workshop, a chemi­ of Staff of the Rear Services, in turn, is assisted by cal equipment dump, a fuel dump, ration and fodder a deputy for each of the following activities: organ­ dumps, an assembly point for damaged vehicles, a ization and planning, subsistence, intendance, fuel clothing dump with a reserve of underwear and an supply, requisitioning of motor transport, and tech­ intendance repair shop, and an assembly point for nical equipment. captured materiel. These dumps function under the The corps medical officer and the corps veterinary chiefs of individual supply agencies controlled by officer are responsible directly to the Chief of the the division Chief of the Rear Services and the Chief Rear Services. of Artillery. They are usually of a temporary A rifle corps maintains no supply depots or rear nature. areas, and has only limited personnel to control To support an attack, division supply points are supply. placed approximately 6 to 7 miles from the front line. During an operation, they may be left from 12 to 18 5. REAR SERVICES, RIFLE DIVISION LEVEL miles behind the front line without impeding the The strength of supply organizations at division level flow of supplies. Mobile divisional artillery supply exceeds that of corps. Unlike corps, divisions have units are moved forward within 2lh or 3112 miles their own supply dumps. from the battle front. The divisional Chief of Artil­ The rear services at division level include the fol­ lery Supply usually remains with this advance unit lowing groups: and has at his disposal two to four trucks to carry Organization and Planning. The chief of this ammunition from the main dump to the troops. group is also the first deputy to the division The divisional medical station deploys 3112 to 6 Chief of the Rear Services. miles from the battle front in regimental rear areas. Rations and Fodder. Also is in charge of the In offensive operations, advance mobile supply units bakery. with ammunition and food follow the troops in 6- to

VII-5 TM 30-430 1 Mar 46

Distribution

Supply Total units carried Carried by With man, horse, Carried by battalion or regimental Carried by division transport gun, and machine battery train - train ------1------1------1------Rifle Division: Ammunition (units of fire) __ _ 1.5 0_5 ______0_25 ______0.25 0.5. Fuel (refills) ______2. 0 L ______. 5 0.5. Food (rations) ______5 1 (NZ) __ _ _ _ 1 (in kitchens) _ _ _ _ 1 2. Grain feed (rations) ____ _ 4 1-3 1 ______1 2 1. Bulk feed (rations) ______4 1-2-3 2 ______2- 3 1 1. GHQ Units: Ammunition (units of fire) __ _ 1. 5 0.5 ______0.5 ______In artillery train 0.5. Fuel (refills) ______Food (rations) ______~ 1:: : :: :: : : : t~ -_ ~ ~ :: : : : : : : : : : I 2" 5

t For mounts, artillery and other draft animals-{)ne ration; for remainder-three rations (after hauling). In the regiment's supply column-two rations for mounts, artillery and other draft animals. 2 For mounts, artillery and other draft animals-one ration; for machine-gun-cart teams, medical, signal, and field kitchen animals-two rations; for remainder-three rations (after hauling). a For mounts, artillery and other draft animals-two rations. For machine-gun-cart teams, medical, signal, and field kitchen animalS-{)ne ration. Figure 1. Basic supplies carried by a rifle division.

9-mile bounds, having at their disposal about 25 per­ The Chief of Artillery provides the rifle -regiment cent of all divisional motor vehicles. Dumps of the with arms and ammunition from the artillery dump main supply point are moved forward in bounds of through the Chief of Artillery Supply. Supply 9 to 15 miles. transportation is requisitioned from the regimental Security of dumps at the division supply point Commander's deputy for supply. usually is the responsibility of the motor transport Regimental ammunition dumps are located in the company Commander and is provided by the per­ regimental rear area, 3 to 6 miles from the front line. sonnel of the motor transport company and a special Rations and fodder supply units remain near the labor unit which performs loading and' unloading rear boundary of the regimental rear area. operations at the main and advance supply points. When a regiment is extended in mountain opera­ The Chief of Artillery Supply, or an especially desig­ tions, regimental ammunition dumps usually are not nated officer, is responsible for security of advance deployed. Ammunition is deliver-ed directly to bat­ mobile supply units. talion dumps by division transportation. During rapidly developing offensive operations, When companies become extended, the battalion division supply dumps are not deployed, but front­ ammunition supply section is divided among the line troops are supplied by combined army and divi­ companies and company ammunition dumps are sion transport. In mountain operations, division serviced by regimental transportation. service areas are usually divided and separate supply points are established for units in isolated areas. 7. REAR SERVICES OF MOBILE FORMATIONS Each division normally is provided with five rations of food and fodder, two refills of fuel, and Mobile formations have no rear areas of their own. one and one-half units of fire for all subordinate Their supply installations are established within the and attached units (fig. 1). rear areas of the infantry formations they are supporting. 6. REAR SERVICES, RIFLE REGIMENT LEVEL In addition to normal supply points, mobile corps The Commander of a rifle regiment is assisted by a and brigades are provided with service installations deputy for supply, who controls the following supply which include assembly points and mobile work­ unit:!: shops for damaged vehicles, first aid stations, and a Rations and fodder (with ration dumps) . field bakery. Intendance. Technical equipment and supplies. Mobile formations also have special mobile re­ Horse-drawn transport company. supply and evacuation groups. These groups are Finance officer (with State Bank agent) . provided with special supply and evacu,tion equip­ Regimental medical officer. ment, such as recovery tanks and tractors and Regimental veterinary officer. armored ammunition and fuel vehicles.

VII-6 1 Mar 46 TM 30-430

Distance from Section II. SUPPLY combat line 1. GENERAL Organization-Continued. (miles) Division supply poinL ______6 to 9.5. The marked elasticity of the Russian supply system Division medical station ______3.5 to 6. permits it to meet the rapidly changing requirements Field bakery and division vet- One day's march. of mobile warfare. Although armies and divisions erinary hospital. Division artillery supply instal­ In regimental rear do have motor transport, it is impossible to define lations. area near boundary a definite constant range of division or army trans­ of division rear port activity. area. Army and division supply columns may be used There are two echelons of regimental and division separately to transport specific supply items, or they serVIces. The first echelon of regimental services may be combined to expedite the uninterrupted de­ includes ammunition supply and medical installa­ livery from distant depots to front-line units. The tions. The second echelon includes transport for latter is especially true during offensive operations_ rations, fodder, fuel, and other supplies, a veterinary This system has met transportation requirements aid station, and a quartermaster workshop. satisfactorily despite persistent shortages of transport The first echelon of division services is the divi­ equipment. sion supply point (fig. 5). The second echelon Red Army supply is based on the principle of unit includes a field bakery and a veterinary hospital. distribution, of "delivery forward," from the main Usually, the division medical station is located in a regimental rear area along the axis of advance. supply administrations of the Chief of the Rear Serv­ This pattern for the organization of rear areas may ices down to rifle battalions. vary according to the dictates of operational require­ Rifle corps, being primarily tactical units, are not ments, terrain, weather conditions, and available included in the chain of supply. No transportation transportation. is assigned to them for supply purposes. Rear area services of mobile units follow the above 2. REAR AREAS AND INSTALLATIONS pattern down to brigade level. Brigade rear serv­ ices also are divided into two echelons, but there are Headquarters, personnel, and supply inst~llations no organized rear areas for units or battle groups. servicing a unit are located in the rear area of that Supplies from the brigade supply point are delivered unit. The rear area of a regiment extends from 5 to directly to front-line units by armored supply 7 miles in depth; a division rear area from 18 to 22 vehicles. miles. Combined regimental and division rear areas Advance observation and communication posts extend approximately 22 to 28 miles in depth. Army for mobile formations are established from 1,000 rear areas extend in depth from 95 to 125 miles, and to 1,500 yards in rear of the combat units. Special the rear areas of army groups (fronts) extend from combat, supply, and evacuation groups are estab­ 185 to 250 miles in depth (fig. 2). lished from 500 to 800 yards in rear of the advance Armored, mechanized, and cavalry units establish observation posts. their supply lines and installations within the rear The advance echelons of the rear services, with areas of infantry formations (fig. 3) . collection points for damaged combat vehicles, are Service organizations of rifle units and formations established from 2 to 2V2 miles in rear of the re-sup­ usually are established in rear of the combat line ply and evacuation groups (fig. 3). as follows (see fig. 4) : 3. SUPPLY CHANNELS TO BATTLE FRONT Distance from combat line a. Factories to army group. The main ad­ Organization: (miles) Regimental ammumtlOn dumps and artillery 3 to 6. ministrations of individual classes of supplies, the workshops. Chief of Artillery, the Chief of Armored Troops, and Regimental artillery supply dumps______3 to 6. the chiefs of the technical services in the Peoples' Regimental medical stations ______1.5 to 3. Commissariat of Armed Forces estimate their supply Regimental train, second echelon (includ- 5 to 7.5. requirements as determined by demands sent through ing rations and fodder supply unit, trans­ portation company equipment, veterinary channels by lower echelons. Requirements must aid station, and intendance workshop). be approved by the Commissar of Defense. VlI-7 ~ III /' LEGEND

A- AMMUNITION BEARERS

g 2-WHEEL CARTS

~ 4-WHEEL WAGONS Nole on vehicle. u.ed, ______-, TRUCKS Trucks: Down to battalion level weather and terrain permitting CI:::l Troclo", Down 10 ballolion level when truck. foil. Ho"e-drown wagons, From ballolions down 10 ploloon. (normally) """" and regimental ration~ and fodder. xxxx ~ Wherever other transportation fails. =., ~ Returning supply vehicles are used to evacuate personnel and materiel. xxxxx ~ Figure 2. Organization 0/ rear services and supply channels 0/ Red Army regiments, divisions, armies, and army groups (/ronts). Q'\ ,.... ~ ='1 ~

~ ~ ! ~ Q ~ Figure 3. Channels of supply and evacuation for armored and mechanized units. TM 30-430 I Mar 46

Distance from the front (miles) Time (minutes) Installations Personnel On the offensive On the defensive Deployment Reassembly

Company ammunition 0.3_ _ _ 0.3_ 5_ section of dump. supply platoon of rifle Battalion ammunition 1 to 2 _____ Upt03 ___ 15 ___ _ battalion. dump. Battalion quartermaster 2 to 6__ _ Up to 3_ _ _ 10 to 20_ Quartermaster section of dump. supply platoon of rifle battalion. Battalion medical station_ 0.3 to 1.5_ 15_ 5_ Battalion medical unit. 20 __ Regimental ammunition 3 to 3.5_ - 5 to 45_ ------First platoon of regimental dump.1 transport company. Regimental medical aid 1 to 3 ___ 2.5 to 3 ___ 45 ______20 __ Regimental medical unit. station. 45 ______Regimental veterinary 5 to 7.5_ - 5 to 7.5 ___ 20 ______hospital. Advance veterinarv sta- 1.8 to 1.8 to 15 ____ 10 __ Regimental veterinary tion. . 30 ______hospital. Second echelon of a regi­ 4.9 to 4.9 to 60_ Second platoon of regi­ mental supply column.2 mental transportation company. Division supply point 3_ 5 to 6 _____ 7.5 to 9 __ 2.5 to 3 hrs __ Division transport com­ pany. Divisional veterinarv hos- 12 to 15.5_ 12 to 15.5_ 1 hr. 15 40 __ - - pital. • Di visional field bakery."_ 8.3 to 12 __ Up to 18 __ In summer 10 hrs. hrs.5 __ In winter 24 hrs. 3

1 The ammunition supply platoon of the regimental artillery and the ordnance workshop of the rifle regiment operates at the regimentalammuni· tion dump. 2 Includes quartermaster workshop. . 3 Includes ammunition dump, rations, fuel dump, collection point for damaged vehicles, and workshops. t Bread ready for delivery 6 hours after deployment. , Includes cooling of oven. Reassembly of bakery proper requires 1% hours. Figure 4. Time required for the deployment and reassembly of rear area installations.

Production orders then are issued to industrial group Chief of Transportation, but also are respon­ commissariats, which distribute the orders to fac­ sible to the chief of the army base. tories. Agents of individual supply administrations Part of the motor transport pool of the army group of the Peoples' Commissariat of Armed Forces at the is held near the regulating station for emergency use. various factories receive and check the supplies. Station commandants share with railroad personnel They then direct them either to central depots of the responsibility for timely dispatching of trains and Peoples' Commissariat of Armed Forces or to supply avoidance of delays. Commandants also are respon­ depots of military districts and supply bases of the sible for antiaircraft security and unloading by spe­ army groups (fronts). cial labor units detailed for handling cargoes. h. Army group to army hases and field Regulating stations are linked with railroad sec­ depots. Supplies are shipped from army group tions of the army rear area, which are under the (front) to army supply bases and field depots by rail. control of the army Chief of Transportation. Secu­ Chiefs of army transportation of the army groups rity of railroad sections in the army rear area is the are responsible that supplies are forwarded from the responsibility of the railroad commandants ap­ army group base to the army regulating station. pointed by the army Chief of Transportation. Regulating stations are important links in the A number of railheads are established in the rear supply chain. Supplies arriving from rear bases are area of an army. They are located near the bounda­ distributed and forwarded toward the combat front ries of division rear areas. An air force railhead is from the regulating station. Wounded men and cap­ established near the boundary of the army group tured and damaged equipment are evacuated through (front) rear area. Army group and army Chiefs of them to the rear. Army Transportation are responsible for the ship­ Only large railroad stations or groups of railroad ment to air force railheads of supplies sent to regu­ stations are used as regulating stations. The com­ lating stations by oider of the Chief of Air Force mandants of these stations function under the army Supplies. '

VII-I 0 ..... =~ " ~

-3 ~

~ ~ """ ~ """ Ft:gure S. Organization- 0/ divisioll supply point. ~ TM 30-430 1 Mar 46

Should the railroad section's capacity prove in­ Fuel for divisions is supplied by armies. How­ sufficient, army group (front) or army chiefs of ever, all motorized units have small tank-truck col­ army transportation may order the shipment of stip­ umns which draw their fuel at army depots. plies by truck. All other supplies such as clothing, equipment Army supply bases and field depots located near for technical services, post exchange goods, and regulating stations are provided with railroad sid­ medical supplies are not furnished to division sup­ ings. A regulating station and an army supply base ply dumps. They are drawn at army depots by cover approximately 4 square miles. They contain division and tank or mechanized corps transport individual supply depots, large repair shops, field· columns. and veterinary hospitals, and collecting points for This system reduces the volume of supplies han­ damaged motor vehicles. dled by small units and, at the same time, limits The regulating station is controlled by the chief the demand for army transport by restricting re­ of the army base, who functions under the army quirements to essential needs. Attached artillery units use their own transport Chief of the Rear Services and who is responsible for to draw all supplies from special depots located the organization and security of loading and unload­ near division supply points. These supply points ing operations. He provides assembly areas for are serviced in the same manner as division supply waiting columns, determines routes of departure and arrival, and schedules loading and unloading opera­ points. When the requirements of individual units during tions. major operations cannot be satisfied by their own c. Army supply base to front line. Motor transport, combined division and army transport transport battalions and companies move supplies together with that of lower units transport ammuni­ forward from army supply bases. tion directly from army supply bases to firing posi­ Supply and evacuation roads to division supply tions and other supplies directly to regimental supply points are constructed as necessary. These roads points. are divided into sections, each in charge of a mili­ Tank and mechanized corps are equipped with tary commandant. Road sections between army transport columns capable of operating over dis­ supply bases and division supply points are from tances up to 60 miles. 15 to 30 miles long. Should the distance between Supply of mobile units in break-through opera­ front-line units and the railhead exceed 95 miles, tions usually is effected by bulk employment of the army truckheads are established on the boundary army group motor transport reserve. Truckheads between army and divisidn rear areas. are established along the axis of advance in addition Should a railroad be rebuilt in a forward section to the supply points provided for tank and mech­ during an advance, individual divisions are supplied anized corps. The distance between brigade supply by shuttle trains. Trucks are then used to move points and the most advanced truckheads does not the supplies forward from these stations. .Army exceed 20 miles. The distance between truckheads as well as division trucks may be used. does not exceed the length of a daily round trip for Daily shipments of ammunition, food, and fodder supply vehicles-from 40 to 50 miles. Truckheads are presumably forwarded to division supply points maintain dumps for all classes of supplies. by army transport columns. These items constitute Mobile supply reserves at corps command posts approximately 70 percent of the daily supply re­ service mobile units which outdistance their supply quirements. Division transport then carries am­ lines or are cut off from them. These supply reserves munition to regimental ammunition dumps or di­ contain only the most essential battle supplies, prin­ rectly to firing positions. Special artillery transport cipally ammunition and fuel. They are handled columns forward ammunition for artillery and tech­ by a forward supply staff detailed by the Chief of nical units. the Rear Services. Normally, division transport carries food, fodder, During mountain operations, division and at­ and fuel to regimental second echelon supply points. tached army transport is used in the divisional rear However, horse-drawn columns of rifle regiments area. Regimental transport may be reinforced by sometimes draw these items at the division supply pack animals-and porter commands of local civilians points. or enlisted men.

VII-l 2 I Mar 46 TM 30-430

In mountainous terrain, the Red Army strives to mitted to the army supply division by divisional guarantee that all sections of the supply chain are chiefs of artillery supply. of equal capability in order to avoid bottlenecks in A~ army level, there is a division for artillery the movement of supplies. ""hen sections of the supply under the Chief of Artillery. The office of supply chain become over-extended, it recommends the Chief of Artillery Supply includes an inspection the establishment of long round trips to avoid re­ team of two artillery majors who inspect supply loading operations. depots in subordinate echelons. The Chief of 4. ARTILLERY SUPPLY Artillery also controls an artillery supply depot and a repair shop. His responsibilities parallel those of In addition to meeting artillery requirements, the the Chief of Artillery Supply at division level. Administration of Artillery Supply provides weapons The artillery supply division at army level includes and ammunition for all units of the Red Army. The five groups: Administration is also charged with weapons re­ pair and storage of ammunition. There is a Chief Group One (Transportation) receives supplies, of Artillery Supply for each echelon down to and supervises storage, and issues ammunition. including the rifle regiment. Transport is assigned to the transportation Estimated requirements of weapons and ammuni­ group by the army Chief of the Rear Services tion are based on General Staff plans for future (motor transport division) . -...,. operations. Preparations are then m3de to enable Group Two (Ammunition) receives daily re­ army group (front) and army rear services to ports from divisions on ammunition reserves. supply divisions and forward units with the required These reports are indorsed by the Chief of supplies. Artillery Supply, who indicates the amounts The Administration was relieved of the responsi­ required for each division. The ammunition bility for battlefield recovery of weapons in April group provides division supply officers with 1944. This responsibility was transferred to a a receiving certificate, which is submitted to special captured weapons and recovery service. The the transportation group. The transporta­ Administration of Artillery Supply is, however, re­ tion group~ in cooperation with the motor sponsible for the recovery and evacuation of cart­ transport division of the Chief of the Rear ridge cases. Services~ assigns the necessary transport. The Chief of Artillery Supply at rifle regiment The depot then issues the required ammuni­ level is assisted by one clerk, two armorelS, and tion on the basis of the receiving certificate. one to two men in the artillery supply dump. Group Three (Weapons and Equipment) func­ The Chief of Artillery Supply at rifle division tions similarly to the ammunition group. level has one assistant~ one clerk~ and several men Group Four (Repair) is charged with weapons in supply dumps and workshops. His responsibili­ repair. ties include supply of ammunition to division units, Group Five (Prime mover) maintains, stores, replacement of weapons and associated equipment, and delivers prime movers. storage and distribution of artillery supplies, co­ When no special operations are projected, artil­ ordination of ammunition transportation with the lery ammunition depots maintain a supply of two motor transport company, maintenance of daily to three units of fire (fig. 6). A day's consumption records of ammunition expenditure and reserves, averages from .5 to .6 units of fire. and evacuation of cartridge cases and weapons re­ The Administration of Artillery Supply at army quiring repair. group (front) level follows the same basic pattern. When a major operation is projected, the Chief The transportation group of the Administration de­ of Artillery Supply at division level, the Chief of pends upon the army group Chief of Army Trans­ Artillery, and the Chief of Staff prepare an estimate portation for rail transportation. of weapons and ammunition requirements, prepare The prime mover group at army group (front) an ammunition supply plan, and issue an artillery level is believed to be controlled by the Red Army supply order. Supply Administration of Tanks and Mechanized Rifle corps have a control agency headed by a Troops instead of the Administration of Artillery Chief of Artillery Supply. He is assisted by a clerk, Supply. This is the highest organization for the and receives copies of reports and requisitions sub- distribution of combat vehicles.

VII-l 3 TM 30-430 1 Mar 46

The army Chief of Artillery Supply organizes the ~~~~ fire Rounds carried by- I work of artillery supply agencies, issues instructions I , I ' 1 ' I I I ' Rmer- I I D' . for the checking of weapons, prepares the necessary Weapon t Rounds "'eight: g(,llCY 1 \ i~' pcr (short reserve I Btry, Bn i R('lIt"l\Tecz repair and evacuation facilities, and coordinates am­ wcap- I tons) I with Co 1 Bng I Cav: on I wt)ap- I I iCorps munition and damaged weapons evacuation trans­ ; ons' I 1 I ____ ------1---__ 1_'__ ' __ portation with the army Chief of Transportation.

7.62-mm R.. 100 0.038 10 70 15 II 151 50 7.62-mm SAR .. --, 120 .046 90 15 151 60 Although the Chief of Artillery Supply is re­ 7.62-mm SMO __ , __ , :JOO .044 30 210 45 45 100 7.62-mmLMG ____ SOO .27 98 98 490 212 400 sponsible for the delivery of ammunition to the 7.62·mm HvMG __ . 2.500 .1 500 1. 500 500 500 1,250 7.62-mmTkMG .. , 3,000.1 120 1.500 __ I, '14,5()O troops, the agencies of the Chief of the Rear Services 12.7-mmAAMG .. _ 2.000 .37 170~ I.OO() . iI.O()O, 1,000 14.5-mm ATR .. " _ 120 .16 10 50 35: 35 i 60 are responsible for furnishing the necessary 50-mm Mort.. 120.19 10 I 56 2S 1 3li I flO 82-mm Mort __ , __ .. I 120 .51 10 I 40 40' 40 i 60 transport. ~:-:::::: ~f~~L:::: 80 2.2 5, 20 30 30 i 48 _.. The Chief of Artillery Supply is always informed 3i-mm AA G .. -- --, 200 -- --, I 1505 ,I SO' i 110015 85! 100 45-mm AT 0 ___ .... 2(1() 7 . I 50 100 57-mm AT G, .. ____ 200 :69 25 I 5(), 100 SO: 100 of the situation at the battle front, the location of ~t:::::: 8°~______:!g I:~~ ;~! ~~ I ~ I ~~! ~g division supply points, and the expenditure and reo 85-mm A A G __ ..... lliO :l. 39 15 : I 9O! 60 75 85-mm G (Tk) ______1 48 1.1 6 i 48 I ' ---, 48 serves of ammunition in the army. Ammunition i~:::::::?row·'--·, ,,0 2.9981'1 36 , 36; 40 expenditure is rigidly limited to the daily average 122·mm G, ! ,,0 3. fJ6 6; . --'1 40 I 40 i 40 30 planned for the operation. 14 11:,:.:.:.:.:.,,11' 4 30 l~~::::::: MI~ow':1 i~ : ~: ~~ rz2 I ~i 152·mm G .... __ .. __ • 40 I' 3.56 18 I 20 The Soviets have prepared estimates of the am· 203·mm How ... __. f 40 1 5.85 2 i ,I 22: 18 2() 1 munition requirements of an army at the beginning 'Included in total. of an offensive operation (fig. 8). This estimate Figure 6. Units of fire for principal weapons and distribu­ tion of ammunition is considered sufficient to neutralize the entire tactical depth of the enemy's first defensive zone. To neu· Weapons and ammunition depots of the Peoples' tralize the second defensive zone, or to provide for Commissariat of Armed Forces are controlled by a delay in the operation, it is estimated that am­ the Red Army Administration of Artillery Supply munition expenditures will be increased 1 to Ill:? (fig. T). times. a. Army artillery supply during offense. Ammunition issued to troops normally includes The army Chief of Artillery Supply supervises the ammunition for the artillery preparation, ammuni· expenditure of ammunition and is responsible for tion for the following day, and the reserve carried the distribution of supplies available to him. He by units (fig. 9). The remainder of the ammunition requisitions ammunition for projected operations on required for the operation is concentrated at the the basis of instructions and estimates received from army supply base. The Soviets believe that the ac· the Army Chief of Artillery. In his requisition, he cumulation of large ammunition reserves at firing designates the units of fire and number of rounds positions stimulates unnecessary expenditure. required for each type of weapon, the permanent reserve which must be maintained at the end of the Red Army doctrine emphasizes the necessity for operation, amounts required to bring present stocks dose coordination of transportation and ammuni­ up to estimated requirements, and the schedule for tion supply. The responsibility of the rear services delivery from army group (front) to army supply normally is limited to the assigning of transport and installations. general dispositions. The actual shipment of am­ When his requisitions are changed at army group munition is handled by the artillery supply service. headquarters, the army Chief of Artillery revises his Ammunition supply normally requires up to 80 per­ cent of an army's motor transport. plan in ac~ordance with the available ammunition supply. The Chief of Artillery Supply requisitions motor The supply plan of the army Chief of Artillery transport for ammunition delivery on specified days. Supply includes: He designates loading and delivery points and con­ Ammunition requirements of individual units trols transportation through control officers stationed at beginning of operation. at designated coptrol points. Rate of ammunition expenditure for various The rear services are responsible for the timely phases of the operation. arrival of transport at the loading points, supervise Priority of units for ammunition supply. loading and unloading, prepare a march graph, and

VII-14 ;-l REGIMENT DIVISION CORPS ARMY ARMY GROUP PEOPLE S' COMMISSAR· IAT OF III DEFENSE =='1

CHIEF CHIEF OF OF ~ ARTILLERY ARTILLERY

ADMINISTRA· ...... TION OF ARTILLERY r--+' ------ARTILLERY -1 SUPPLY I ---- SUPPLY I GROUP '---;,-~ I. I I I I I I L ______.- ___ 1. ___ T L ___ _ 1 _---l- I I I ...... I I I I I " WEAPONS & I I " EQUIPMENT I I , DIVISION I I \ I \ \ 1 I i \ I I I IGROUP FOR \ I I -I r- MAINTENANCE \ -"1 I I OF WEAPONS 1+ - I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I ARTIlLERY I SUPPLY AD­ I I TRANS­ I I SUPPLY DIVISION OF MINISTRATION I GROUP FOR I~ / PORTATION PRIME OF ARMORED TRANSPORT A­ I PRIME MOVERS .. __ ~ I DIVISION MOVERS AND MTZD i-I TlON GROUP I r-, TROOPS I '------' I I • I ARTILLERY I I I SUPPLY I + "'~~\~ DUMP I MOBILE FIELD I I REPAIR SHOP WORKSHOP ~~ I I (R_ R. C.'I REPAIRPLANT I~I I 1 I I I I I RIFLE I I REGIMENT I I I L ____ -+ I ARTILLERY I Army Supply Column ARTilLERY SUPPLY DEPOT SUPPLY AMMUNITION I..J (ammunition ond weapons) - i--L--rIAM~~~~IONI' DEPOT I Af Division DEPOT Supply Point) ARTILLERY REGIMENT • ~nit. Supply Column

L ____ + ARTILLERY i I WEAPONS L _ I SUPPLY DEPOT ""~"'DEPOT DUMP

Army, Division, Clnd Unit Supply Column (Ammunition only) ~ LEGEND ~ J IWEAPONS & I EQUIPMENT W - --- - REQUISITION ROUTE DEPOT ~ SUPPLY ROUTE ~ ~ Figure 7. Channels of requisition and supply of artillery arm of the Red Army. =~ TM 30-430 1 Mar 46

Units of fir" I Units of firo Type of ammuuitiou Type of ammunition ope.~:~:~rmanent I Total firing- At division I~n advan.ce requIrements reserve Ito:: position supply ammunl------j----- I pomt tlOn dump 82-mm mortar_ 2.0 0.5 2.5 to 3. 0 ~ - _. ------120-mm mortar .. ______3.5 1.0 4.5 to 5. 0 82-mrn m:':t:-~_~==~~ - ---1-.0- 0.5 -I 0.5 76-mm regimental and divi- 120·mm mortar. ___ .______1. 5 .75 I .5 sion artillery ______. ____ 3.0 1.0 4.0 to 4. 5 76-mm regimental and division 1. 5 to 1. 75 .5 I' . 5 122-mm howitzer and higher artillery. calibers. ______", _____ 4.0 5.0 to 5. 5 122-mm howitzer and gun______2.0 .75\' .75 Rifle ______. ______.75 1. ~51 1.5 to 1. 75 152·rnm howitzer and gun ______. 2.0 .75 .75 Pistol 1.0 .75 1. 75 to 2. 00 Figure 9. Distribution of ammunition at the beginning of Figure 8. Ammunition required by an army at the begin­ an offensive operation. ning of an offensive operation and lubricants is limited to rifle divisions (figs. 10 provide for repair facilities, refueling facilities, and and 11). timely return of vehicles. Fuel and lubricants are delivered to division When necessary, ammunition is delivered by army dumps by army supply agencies. Armored, mechan­ transport direct to division supply Pl?ints or to the ized, and motorized units are provided with their firing positions. These shipments are accompanied own fuel and lubricants vehicles, which draw from by guides from the combat units. army fuel depots. During offensive operations, the Chief of Artillery There is a shortage of railroad tank cars in the Supply usually remains at the first echelon com­ U. S. S. R. Railroad fuel bases seldom are used. mand post. He is accompanied by the transporta­ tion and ammunition groups of his staff. The Normally, fuel delivered to army supply bases is weapons, maintenance, and prime mover groups of stored in barrels or in large, transportable containers. his staff remain with the second echelon. 6. RATIONS AND FODDER SUPPLY 5. FUEL AND LUBRICANTS SUPPLY The utilization of local resources to supply rations Because day-to-day fuel and lubricants requirements and fodder is widely practiced by the Red Army. of air forces and tank and mechanized units fluctuate Supply bases of the Peoples' Commissariat of Armed markedly, the principle of unit distribution of fuel Forces provide army group (front) supply bases

DIVISION CORPS ARMY ARMY GROUP PEOPLES (Tank Corp., COMMISSARIA T Mechanized OF DEFENSE Corps) ~------, ~------~

TECHNICAL FUEL FUel DIVISION ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION SUPPLY SUPPLY SUPPLY FOR FUEL - _ FOR FUEL - .. FOR FUEL SERVICE GROUP -- OFFICER -- SUPPLY SUPPLY SUPPLY , T ____ I I I I I I I I DIVISIONAL NON MOTORIZED - FUEL DEPOT UNIT 1f L (80,,01.) ARMY MAIN FUEL FUEL DEPOT ARMY GROUP _ AND LUBRICANT I L D'yi •• on Tran.port (Lorge Contolners FUEL DEPOT DEPOT OF THE or Bane-Is) I PEOPLES' COMMISSARIAT TANK AND I OF DEFENSE MECHANIZED TROOPS AND (Unit Transport-Tank Trucks) AIR FORCE ARTILLERY UNITS LEGEND ---- REQUISITI6N ROUTE SUPPLY ROUTE Figure 10. Channels of requisition and supply of fuel and lubricants in the Red Army.

VII-I 6 1 Mar 46 TM 30-430

Tank capacity Fuel con- Product Quantity sumption Vehicle (gallons per Gallons Pounds 100 miles) Ounces Biscuits. ____ ... ______.I 17. ,) Motorcycle with side-car ______5.2 33 3.6 Concentrates for the first course , ______2. 62 Motorcycle without side-car ______3.7 24 3.2 Automobile pick-up ______15.8 99 6.4 Concentrates for the second course ______7.0 Automobile GAZ-A ______10.5 66 5.4 Smoked sausage 2 ______3. 5 Automobile GAZ-2A ______11.6 72 9.4 Sugar. ______. ______1.2 Automobile GAZ-3A ______11. 6 72 12.9 Tea ______Automobile ZiS-5 ______15.8 99 15.1 .07 Automobile M-L ______15.8 99 6.4 SaU ______.35 Automobile ZiS-JOL ______22.4 141 11. 6 Tractor STZ-5 ______47.5 329 7.6 Total ______Tractor CHTZ-65 ______74.2 580 7.6 32.24 Tractor Voroshilovett ______145.2 , 965 14.1

1 Instead of thc two conccntrates, 5.25 ounces biscuit and 2.80 ounces NOTE.-Fu~l consumption is based on movement over average dirt lard may be issued. roads during dry summer weather. Consumption will be increased 1.2 2 Instead of smoke sausage, one of the following may bc issued: 2.45 times in mountainous terrain, 1.3 times in winter operations. and 1.4 OUnces hard smoke sausage, 2.45 ounces bacon, 2.45 OUnceS lard, or 5.25 times in operations over sandy terrain. Consumption of lubricants ounces fish. equals one-tenth the consumption of fuel. Figure 13. Break-down of individual emergency ration. Figure 11_ F~l capacity and consumption of Red Army motor vehicles. To economize transportation, grain is obtained only with un perishable staple commodities such as from local collective farms whenever possible. Part flour, canned foods, millet, sugar, etc. of such grain is ground by hastily constructed di­ Meat, vegetables, butter, and hay are obtained vision field mills and the flour furnished to division locally by the agricultural products procurement bakeries. Special military slaughter services are group of the army rations and fodder division. not organized in the field, but cattle procured locally These supplies are sent to divisional food supply are brought direct to regimental kitchens. dumps. When a front becomes stabilized, the group for agriculture of the army ration and fodder division engages in farming activities and sends its products Allowance to the divisions. Product Pounds Ounces Several types of rations are issued in the Red Army (figs. 12, 13, 14, and 15). Channels are pre· Bread: scribed for requisitions and routing of rations and October-March ______15.5 April-September.______1 12 fodder (fig. 16). Wheat flour of second grade ______.7 Post exchange services cooperate with the rations Grits ______4. 9 Macaroni, vermicelli. ______! ______1. 05 and fodder services, but are subordinate to the MeaL ______I ______5.25 Peoples' Commissariat of Trade. Items 5tocked by Fish ______3. 5 Deodorized soy flour ______the most important field exchanges include tooth Fats. ______.52 1. 05 paste, pocket mirrors, needles and thread, paper, Veget able oiL ______.7 Sugar ______and pencils. They also have tearooms and barber Tea ______1. 22 .035 shops. Field exchanges are organized in the rear Salt. ______1. 05 Vegetables (regimental and divi­ areas down to division level. sion trains carry 5.74 ounces of grits instead of vegetables) ______1 12.7 7. WATER SUPPLY Tomato paste ______.21 Bay leaf, pepper, vinegar, mus- The organization of water supply -in the field is tard powder. ______.098 based on plans carefully prepared by engineer units Tobacco ______.7 Totals: Winter: Total With vegetables_ .. ______5 1.2 Salt Without vegetables. _ _ __ _ 3 10.24 Type of horse (oun­ Summer: ces) With vegetables______4 13.7 Without vegetables ___ . _ _ 3 6.74 Additional monthly rations: Soap for toilet needs ... ______._._ Cavalry ______19 11. 5 7.0 Artillery ______8 12 110 115 I O. 5 .\latches (boxes). -. ____ . _____ 1_ ------. 105 13 2 12111 I . 5 25 13. 5 Cigarette paper (booklets) ______245 Supply ______~ 7 110.5 13 2 .5 20 13

Figure 12. Break-down of individual ration. Figure 14. Break-down of individual fodder ration.

VII-I 7 TM 30-430 1 Mar 46

Regimentall Division !Army water Requlfements. I N orma I R e d net:' d l Mini- (gallons) (gallons) 1( n;rm ) ______._ waterpomtl water point I point ~n~~~~ual :______1 ____ --~-I-=~-~~ Capacity per. 24 hours (cubic ----1----- 1------feet)._ ... _...... 140 to 280 210 to 700 350 to 3, 500 Time required for deployment Drinking ______O. 9 O. 7 (hours) .... _...... 1 to 4 4 to 12 6 to 72 Cooking______1. 0 . 4 Labor (men)._ ...... 4to 10 lOto 30 10 to tiO 1 Number of water points in army Dish washing______. 5 . zone. ______'25 to 31, 7 to 10 4 to 8 Washing face and hands__ 1. 4 I . 1 . Laundry and shower __ - _ _ 2. 5 1------i------1 Bn points not included. TotaL ______6. 3 :~I ______8. MOTOR AND ARMORED VEHICLE SUPPLY Animal: IIorse ______12.3 7.41~ Distribution and replacement of motor transport ~ule ______5.4 3.4 2.5 CameL ______14.8 7.4 5.0 and armored vehicles in the Peoples' Commissariat Large livestock ______12. 3 7.4 3.7 of Armed Forces is the responsibility of the Main Smalllivestock _____ .______2.5 1. 3 .738 Dog ______.7 .5 .5 Administration of Motor Transport and the Main :Mechanical (one refill) : Administration of Armored Equipment. The arm­ Machine gun ______.6 ______Radiator: ored equipment administration also handles prime Automobile GAZ ___ _ 3.0 ______movers and personnel carriers (fig. 17). Automobile ZiS-5 ___ _ 6.4 ______TractoL _____ ... ___ . n to 17 ______Transport and combat vehicles are handled at Tank ______22 army group (front) and army levels by the Motor Transport Service, the Armored Equipment Service, Figure J 5. Daily u·uter requirements. and the Artillery Supply Service. The Motor Trans­ port Service handles transport vehicles through the in cooperation with the medical service prior to Administration of Motor Transport' at army group offensive operations. A water supply plan includes (front) level and through the Motor Transport Di­ the survey, a water supply chart, and a work vision at army level. The Armored Equipment Sup­ schedule. ply Service handles combat vehicles and personnel The survey establishes the location of eXlstmg carriers through the Supply Administration for water resources in the proposed zone of operations. armored troops at army group (front) level and The water supply chart organizes the basic decision through the Supply Division for armored troops at for the utilization of existing wells, construction of army level. The Artillery Supply Service handles new wells, deployment of water supply stations, etc. artillery prime movers through the Prime Mover The work schedule designates water points and Division of the Administration of Artillery Supply other installations, specifies troop units al3signed to at army group (front) level and the Artillery Supply water points, shows daily water requirements in Section at army level. cubic meters, daily capacities of water points, re­ quired work, available labor, available transport, Tanks are delivered to their crews at the factories. necessary materials and equipment, schedule of op­ They are shipped by rail to the army railhead, from eration, and a schedule of available water for var­ which the crews drive the tanks to troop units. Few ious phases of the operation. tank depots are known to exist in the U. S. S. R. Special hydro-technical companies or combat en­ There are no tank depots in army group (front) or gineers organize water supply points in the rear army rear areas. Army group vehicle pools contain of army groups and armies. Water supply points only supply vehicles and automotive equipment and for all other units, formations, and rear area es­ tractors for armored and artillery supply units. tablishments are organized by engineer units or 9. CLOTHING SUPPLY by the troops themselves in accordance with plans prepared by the responsible Commander. Clothing and personal equipment are supplied to Daily water requirements are carefully computed troops by the Intendance Service and its agencies (fig. 15). in each echelon (fig. 18). The Red Army soldier The following table contains data on army water receives a much smaller clothing and personal equip­ points: ment issue than does the U. S. soldier (fig. 19).

VII-IS REGIMENT DIVISION CORPS ARMY ARMY GROUP PEOPLE S' ~ COMMISSARIA T ;::: OF DEFENSE (I) '"I

MAIN ADMIN IS· ~ RATIONS AND DIVISION I Q'I RATIONS AND SUPPLY I IADMINISTRATIONI I TRATION OF OF RATIONS FODDER -----.1 FODDER ----.... OFFICER -----+1 ---- -+ OF RATIONS ----+- RATIONS AND AGENCIES GROUP --, AND FODDER AND FODDER FODDER I I •I I I I I r---~I~B~.~~,~-- _...J / ) I I I I I t t I I I

DIVISIONAL Flour I ; r- FIELD BAKERY / / I I I I t I I

." FIELD I I 1 MILL I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ,------___ .J I t FOOD DEPOTS - REGIMENTAL DIVISIONAL I I ... Regimental Army Transport ARMY ARMY GROUP RATIONS RATIONS DUMP .. lI!!!1II OF THE PEOPLES' Transport FOOD DEPOT FOOD DEPOT ... COMMISSARIAT (For 3 Day.) (Fa, 5 Day.) I I OF DEFENSE Grojn~ I I i I FIELD 1 J Unp.,i,hobl. Stopl. Commoditie, KITCHENS Flour, Conned Food, Cheese, Sugor, I FOOD FROM . IN AREA OF Salt, Alcohol, Coff •• , T.o, etc. L;'~: :~:::l I n(AL lCES t "~::;:.~" I .o"i- LEGEND ~ ROUTE OF REQUISITIONS CaHI. ~ ROUTE OF SUPPLIES ~ Figure 16. Channels of requisition and supply of rations and fodder in the Red Army. \CI ~ ~ DIVISION CORPS ARMY ARMY GROUP PEOPLES' COMMISSARIAT ~ -=~ OF DEFENSE ~ MAIN ADMINIS· MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR ADMINISTRATION TRATION OF ~Q TRANSPORT TRANSPORT ----.' TRANSPORT __ _.1 OF MOTOR ---.. MOTOR -~ GROUP OFFICER .--' DIVISION r'" TRANSPORT -, TRANSPORT t I I -- I I I ...... -- I - I I .... -- I SUPPLY I SUPPLY ADMINIS. ADMINISTRATION , - TRATION FOR OF SUPPLIES OF DIVISION FOR I I ARMQRED ARMORED T, I ARMORED I ------1-.... TROOPS TROOPS I I TROOPS --.­I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I r-----..J I PRIME·MOVER I I PRIME·MovER I I GROUP OF __ I~ DIVISION OF 1 I I I, ARTILLERY ARTILLERY SUPPL I I I 1....­ SUPPLY SECTION ADMINISTRATION I I ARMORED ....-/ TROOPS I :-- I TANK AND I ....-/....-/ I ARMORED 1 VEHICLE I // i FACTORY I I I I- MECHANIZED I TROOPS I I MOTOR MAIN TANK I • TRANSPORT AND ARMORED DEPOT VEHICLE DEPOT I RIFLE I-- REGIMENTS I I I J I MAIN MOTOR L ARTILLERY ARMY ARMY GROUP TRANSPORT UNITS COLUMN COLUMN DEPOT

LEGEND '""' ------ROUTE OF REQUISITIONS ~ ROUTE OF SUPPLY ., Figure 17. Channels of requisition and supply of motor transport and tanks in the Red Army. ~ I Mar 46 Tl\1 30-430

REGIMENT DIVISION CORPS ARMY ARMY GROUP PEOPLI:S COMMISSARIAT OF DEFENSE

MAIN ADMINIS. ADMINISTRATION INTENDANCE INTENDANCE INTENDANCE TRATION OF - .... -+ --+ OF - .... r---.... GROUP OFFICER DIVISION RED ARMY INTENDANCE I INTENDANCE I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t + + + INTENDANCE ARMY CLOTHING ARMY GROUP MAIN SERVICE Shipped occasionally CLOTHING DUMP AT CLOTHING CLOTHING (Sfockroom, .. DEPOT I+- DIVISION when motor trans pori DEPOT DEPOTS Tailor, (Artisans, SUPPLY POINT " available. Shoemaker) Loundry)

LEGEND Hon.e-drawn ----- ROUTE OF REQUISITIONS Transport ROUTE OF SUPPLY Figure /8. Channels 0/ requisition and supply 0/ clothing in the Red Army. Section III. TRANSPORTATION line troops as possible. Movement of troops and supplies are carried out by agencies of the Peoples' 1. RAIL TRANSPORTATION Commissariat of Transportation (see Chapter IV). Red Army doctrine emphasizes the importance of All railroads are militarized in time of war. Em­ delivery of supplies by railroad as close to front- ployees are uniformed and placed under military law, but technical operation by the Peoples' Com· . Quantity issued missariat of Transportation is continued. It 1 I E,tlmated ------The Red Army has no troop units to operate trains, em I serviceability' First I Second except in combat areas where railroads are under ------I---I-ycar__ year_ construction. Rolling stock is kept at the disposal Cap, wmter, pIle ...... 2 yrs...... 1 ...... Cap, sen ice, cotton, wool trimmed. __ 2 yrs______1 __ . ____ _ of the Main Administration of Army Transportation Cap, garrison type ...... 2 yrs...... 1 and its subordinate organizations. Transportation ya~'i:;t~a;~t~.:,I~nadd;,(i~·::::::::::::: ~ ~~~::::::::::I 11:::::::: Shelter, half·hooded cloak ...... 4 yrs ...... ,...... is conducted by civilian railroad officials in accord· Blouse, wooL ______2 yrs ______i 1 Blouse, summer, cotton. ____ . ______6 mos ______.__ 2 2 ance with the plans of the Chief of the Rear Services. Trousers, (!jreeches), woolen ...... 1 yr...... 1 1 Trousers (Breeches), summer, cotton .. 1 yr...... 1 1 Military commandants are placed in charge of Trousers, cottOIl, padded ______2 yrs______1 2 sections of railroad lines and important stations. g~~~~~~~!e~~::::::::::::::::::::::::! ~ ~~~::: :::::: ~ 3 Towels ______: 6 mos______2 2 In military districts, the rear areas of army groups HandkerchieL...... ··i 4 mos...... 3 3 Footwraps, summl'T, cotton flanneL __ 1 4 mos______3 3 (fronts), and armies, railhead commandant super· Coat, short, sheepskin ...... 1 4 yrs...... I Vale1lki (felt boots) ...... 2 yrs...... 1 vise the loading, unloading, and timely dispatch of Insoles ...... 2 yrs...... 1 ...... " Footwraps, winterwooL ______6mcs______21 2 trains. They are responsible to military district, Undershirt, warm, cotton flanneL .... 2 yrs...... 1 ...... ,. Underdrawers, warm, cotton fianneL_ 2 yrs______1 ______army group, and army Chiefs of Army Transpor. Mittens, trigger finger ...... I yr...... I 1 'l'oque ...... 3 yrs...... I tation. Socks, wooL...... 6 mos...... 2 2 Boots ...... 8 mos...... 1 Shoes, scrvice______8 mos ______1 Rail transportation of supplies ends normally in ~u~teis, wrap ...... ~ yr...... ~ the rear areas of armies. Here, army railroad sec· P:;ck. ~~~~~~~:::::::: :::::::::: ::::::: i 2~~~: :: ::::::: 1 tions are established to ensure an uninterrupted Strap, overcoat (for making roll).· .... 1 2 yrs...... 1 Pouch, cartndge ...... ' 10 yrs...... 2 flow of supplies to troops. Army railroad sections Delt, cartridge ...... 2 yrs...... 1 Mess kit ...... 10 yrs ...... I operate from regulating stations in rear of army Oanteen...... 10 yrs...... 1 Oanteen cover ...... 10 yrs...... I group (front) and army zones to the most advanced railhead or unloading station. 1 In January 1945, the issue of a Housewife, including needles, thread' buttons, and hooks, was completed for all troops. Regulating stations are established at important 'Sixty peTcent of all winter clothirig issued in the winter of 1944-45 was new. T he remainder waS renovated re·issue. All summer clothing, rail junctions near the rear boundaries of armies. especially leather boots, is renovated during the winter months. Two or three stations are combined into a regulating Figure 19. Estimated seroiceability and basis of issue of clothing and individual equipment. station where there is no rail junction. Supply and VII-21 TM 30-430 1 Mar 46 hospital trains consigned to an army are received at Railroad cars containing inflammables or ex­ the regulating station. Arrangements are made for plosives are placed in the rear part of the train the unloading of supplies for the army base. between two flatcars. Several cars containing ex­ Commandants of regulating stations are con­ plosives are separated by at least one car of safe trolled by the chief of the Army Base, who also cargo. They are separated from troop cars by at commands the station garrison and is responsible least 6 axles, from the forward locomotive by at for order and security. least 12 axles, and from the rear locomotive by 6 Continuity of rail transportation in the combat axles. zone is secured by railroad troops who are charged Units are divided into two echelons for urgent with hasty repair and reconstruction of damaged or movements. The first echelon contains combat destroyed sections of rail lines. Railroad troops, troops, the second includes supplies and supply however, do not operate the trains, except on lines troops. To accelerate the movement of large num­ under construction in forward areas. Rail lines bers of troops, the Red Army uses "combined trans· occasionally are projected as far forward as division port." Track-laying vehicles and the foot- and horse­ rear areas. drawn elements of infantry formations arc moved a. Troop movements. The lack of railro'ad by rail, while the motorized troops move on roads. nets in the U. S. S. R. and their generally unsatis­ c. Railroad capacity. The average daily ca­ factory condition are limiting factors in the move­ pacity of main U. S. S. R. double-track lines is from ment of troops and supplies by rail. 30 to 40 trains. Single-track lines averagr from U. S. S. R. railroads are of broad gauge. The 15 to 20 trains daily. capacity of a Soviet train, approximately 1,200 To iT'crease the capacity of railroad lines during '1hort tons, is more than twice the capacity of a operations, the Soviets operate lines one way only. comparable train of Western European cars. Soviet Trains maintain visual distance. This mt::hod in­ troop trains average from 12 to 15 miles per hour, creases the capacity of even hastily repaired single. or an average of from 125 to 185 miles per day. track lines to from 40 to 50 trains daily. For general lo;;istical data on the principal Red Army units and formations, see Figure 20. d. Military trains. Standard Russian military h. Organization, troop movements. Troops trains total 120 axles. However, trains on trunk lines may have from 166 to 172 axles. Cars are may be moved either in separate cars or in troop either 2- or 4-axle types, of 20· or 55- to 66-short ton trains. A unit organized for movement and oc­ cupying at least 20 cars is called an "echelon." capacities respectively. In logistical computations. one 4-axle car equals two 2-axle cars (fig. 20). Each echelon is assigned a number by an agency of the Army Transportation Service. All troops must e. Loading. Box cars are used to transport be familiar with their echelon number since several personnel, 36 men to a 2-axle car and 72 men to a echelons may be moved on one train. 4-axle car. These loadings are increased to 50 and The unit commander designates a chief for each 100 men for movements of less than 12 hours. Plank echelon. Each echelon chief is assisted by an as­ beds are installed for night movements, 36 planks sistant chief of echelon, a medical officer, and, in two tiers in 2-axle cars and 70 planks in three when necessary, a veterinary officer. tiers in 4-axle cars. The echelon chief reports to the station comman­ Three trucks or staff cars are loaded on two flat­ dant a day prior to loading to receive a chart of the cars to save space. The middle vehicle spans the echelon and loading instructions. He examines gap between the cars. Five empty GAZ-AA Ilj:!-ton loading facilities and reconnoiters routes to the trucks may be loaded on two flatcars. The front of station and to the assembly area. Units occupying the first truck is elevated and rests on a fixed sup­ assembly areas must comply with local security and port. The following vehicles are driven up ramps, camouflage regulations. The echelon chief also fa­ and the front wheels of each rests in the body of the miliarizes himself with local antiaircraft regulations. preceding truck. Wooden wedges are placed under He then reports the results of his reconnaissance the wheels and the vehicles are wired to each other to the unit commander, prepares a loading plan for and to the bed of the flatcar. his echelon, schedules departure for station, and Capacities of U. s. S. R. railroad equipment are selects loading teams for the echelon. shown in Figures 21 and 22.

VII-22 1 Mar 46 TM 30-430

[ Resup- Basic Supply requirements (short tons) ply load Transportation

[ Number of Limitin~ speed Rail 1 ration, 5 rations, vehicles (m.p. h.) move- 1 unit of 1~ units 1 ment Formation Strength Other Maxi- require- Rations AmmJ supplies fire, 1 r0-1 of fire, 3 mum nitioTI,l Fuel, 1 (5 per- fill, and refills, axle load ment.s. and unit of refill other and Number fodder cent of (short of stand- fire total) supplies others Horse- Motor Cross Road tons) (short (short drawn country ard 12().. tons) I tons) axle tra.ins· '------._------R Dlv ______9,619 43.5 303.6 11.3 17.9 ~I~;; 610 226 2.5 to 3 2.5 to 3 1.5 12.0 R Regt ______2,474 9.8 65.6 1.0 3;8 79.3 157.9 148 21 2.5 to 3 2.5 to 3 1.5 2.5 Tk Corps ______i 11,964 29.9 797.6 197.4 51.3 1 1.076.2! 2,035.0 ------1,756 9 18 10.0 30.0 Tk Brig ______~ 1,306 3.3 131. 9 35.7 -" - - --- 289 9 18 7.0 3.5 Mt. R Brig ______3,238 8.1 81. 6 I 20.1 ~~ I m~' ~U ------333 I 9 30 1.5 5.5 Tk Regt. ______543 72.8 23.8 4.9 !o2.9 197.0 9 20 7.0 1.0 ------103 152--mm SP Arty Regt ___ 476 1.21.41 37.9 25.3 3.2 67. ~ J45.6 ------72 I 6 to 8 18 10.0 1.5 Mec. Corps ______17,457 43.6 908.0 239.2 59.5 1,250.3 2,412.5 ------2,470 I 9 18 10.0 38.5 Moo. Brig ______3,781 9.5 154.4 43.9 10.4 218.2 431. 3 ------_.- 436 9 20 7.0 6.0 Arty Div ______I 9,743 24.4 798.5 134.3 47.8 1,00.5.0 1.808.7 ~ ~ ~ .. - - - -- 1,6Z3 5 15 7.85 25.0 AAA Div_' .. ______2,043 3.9 112.0 19.0 6.7 141.6 256.7 ------306 9 25 4.7 4.5 Medium 0 Brig ______2,128 5.3 153.8 32.8 9.6 ! 201.5 373.4 312 6to 8 15 7.85 5.0 L How Brig______------2,242 5.6 250.0 55.2 15.51 326.3, 597.0 ------420 6 to 8 18 1.62 7.0 L Arty Brig______2,063 5.2 140.5 22.3 8.4 176.4\ 318.6 ------373 9 25 1.23 6.0 Mort Brig ______1,705 4.3 248.1 16.0 13. 4 281. 8 463. 6 319 9 25 1.5 4,0 Rkt Regt. ______------808 2.0 204.0 5.8 J1.5, 223.3 350.1 --- - 114 9 25 1.5 1.5 Cav Corps ______18,210 205.7 712.7 99.6 50.9 I J, 068. 9 2, 516. I 1,316 883 3 to 5 3 to 5 7.0 50.5 CaY Div ______4,645 62.1 128.6 5.0 9. 8, 20.';. 5 544. 3 404 100 3 to 5 I 3 to 5 1.5 12.0 Cay Regt. ______24.8 2.0 42.7 1 122.5 3 to 5 3 5 1.5 3.0 1,144 15.9 I ------115 3 to 1 I 'The standard Soviet military train consists of railroad cars totaling 120 axles. Thcse cars may he either 2- or 4-axle types (of approximately 2()..ton or 5()..ton capacities, respectively). In logistical computations, onc 4-axle car is equal to two 2-axle cars. Figure.20. Logistical data on principal Red Army field formations and units.

Loading and unloading time depend largely upon the supply base of the army to the rear areas of loading facilities and the type of transport. Unload­ divisions. Army supply and evacuation roads are ing generally requires one-third to one·half of the provided for the shipment of supplies from railheads time as loading (fig. 23). or unloading stations to the boundary of division In the absence of permanent loading ramps, the rear areas. Only army transport operates on mili­ Red Army employs various types of portable ramps. tary automobile roads. Army and divisional trans· Portable ramps require from 214 to 4Y2 hours for .port use army supply and evacuation roads. assembly. Hasty ramps are constructed when per­ Depending upon supply requirements, thue may manent or portable ramps are not available. be motor transport battalions, regiments, and brigades attached to army groups (fronts) or armies. 2. ROAD TRANSPORTATION

a. Supplies. The use of road transportation Boxcars Flatcars for the movement of supplies normally begins in Type of load 2-axle 4-axle 2-axle 4-axle army rear areas. Existing highways in the rear ------1·------areas are organized into military automobile roads Horses______8 14 ______Personnel ______36to40 72to80 ______and supply and evacuation roads. Military auto· Field kitchens, in opera.tion (1 for each 2.'iOmen).______1 ______mobile roads are organized in army rear areas from Field kitchens. idle______6 Two-whed carts ..... ______8 ------;------_._- Two-horse wagons. ______6 Passenger motor cars______2 Length Tractors. ______.______2 3 Type Capacity (short tons) (feet) 3 Motor trucks______1.5 2.5 Reconnaissance tanks .. ______.______2 3 Light tanks, T-70, or 76-mm SP 16.5 to 22 ______guns_ .. ______... ______Boxcar,2-axle ______55 ______21 2 3 Boxcar, 4-axle ______43 Medium tanks, T-34, or 85·mm 18.5 ______SPguns._ .. __ . __ ...... 2 Flatcar,2-axle ______28 Heavy tanks, KV-8,1, or 152-mm Flatcar,2-axle ______22 ______29 55 _____ ~ ______Flatcar,4-axle ______43 7:!df~~,~S~::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::: ::::::=::: ------3- ______55 to 66 ______Gondola,4-axle ______43 i~~:mah~~~rz~r~u~~~::::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: ~ :::::::: Tank car ______44 to 55 ______(I) Tank car ______33 ____ ~ ______(2) ~g~:~~ ~~;;;ize;.s:::::::::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: ------~- ~ Tank car ______Over 55 ______(2) ~~d~~i_~~~i:~~~~~s:~i~h: :::::::::: :::::::::r:::::: :

t Most frequently used type. t vss frequently used Iypt'. Figure 22. Average capacities of Russian railroad cars by Figure 21. Capacities of U. S. S. R. railroad cars. types of load. VII-23 TM 30-430 1 Mar 46

Loading from- :'oads (boxes) Average Unit weight of ------box with Number Ramps Platform or Type of ammunition of units Truck ~round I ammuni- Two- tion in box horse ---- (pounds) wagon IH- 3-ton INFANTRY ton ------Rifle battalion without artillery or train ___ 10 min ______15 min. ------Rifle battalion with regimental artillery 35 min ______45 min. Cartridges, rifle, without clips_ 57.2 880 18 52 100 or train. Cartridges, rifle, in clips. _____ 47.3 600 22 60 120 Headquarters of rifle regiment with at- 45 min ______1 hr. Cartridges, revolver ______70.4 2,184 14 40 80 tached units. Cartridges, su bmachine gun ___ 66 2.304 15 42 84 Headquarters of rifle division with at- 45 min ______I hr. Cartridges,12.7-mm ______61.6 170 16 46 90 tached units_ Grenades, hand, RGD ______116_ 6 50 8 22 47 Headquarters of rifle corps witb attached 45 min ______1 br. Igniters for R G D grenades ____ 9.3 104 4 12 24 units. Flarrs, signal and illuminating 88 400· 12 30 63 Shell, mortar, 5O-mm ______40.5 14 25 66 140 CAVALRY Shell, mortar. 82-mm ______110 10 P 24 50 Shell, tnort"r, I07-mrn ______110 4 9 24 50 Cavalry re~iment or separate battalion 30 min ______45 min. Shell, mortar, 12G-mm ______JlO 2 9 24 50 without artillery or train. Rounds, complete, 45-mm _____ 79 10 13 36 72 Rounds, complptp, 76-mm _____ 154 6 6 18 36 ARTILLERY Rounds, complete, 76-mm _____ 206 8 5 13 27 Rounds, complete. 76-rnm ____ 127 5 8 22 45 Battalion of division artillery ______45 min ______I hr_ ProJectiles,122-mm ______154 2 6 18 36 Battalion of corps artillery ______1 hr __ 1% hrs. Rounds, compl('te, 122-mm Battalion of heavy GHQ artillery __ 1 hL. ______2 hrs. howitzer ______193 3 4 12 24 Battalion of GHQ howitzers ______1 hr ______2 hrs_ Charges, propellant, 122-mm Battalion of antiaircraft artillery ______I hr ______2 hrs. howitzer ______121 12 1 3 6 Projectiles, 152-mm howitzer ___ 129.8 1 _._----- 21 43 ARMORED VNITS Rounds, complete, 152-mm howitzer ______205.6 2 --_._--- 12 24 Company of armored cars, all types ______1 hr ______2 hrs. Charges. propellant, 152-mm Tank battalion, all types , ______1 to 1% hrs_ 2 to 3~ hrs. howitzer ______---- 136_ 4 8 ------3 6 Projectiles, 152-mm gun ______165 1 ------17 34 TECHNICAl. PNITS Rounds, complete, 76-mm mountain howitzer_ ------118_8 5 9 24 48 Engineer battalion witb technical equip­ 2 hrs ____ 2% hrs. Rounds, complete, 76-mm ment and train. mountain howitzer ______184.8 8 5 15 30 Ponton battalion with tecbnical equip­ 1% hrs _____ 2 hrs. ment and train. Road construction battalion with tech­ 2hrs 2% hrs. nical equipment and train. Figure 24. Standard ammunition loads per transport unit. Signal regiment with train ______1 hr ______1~ hrs. Chemical battalion with technical equip­ 1 hr ______1% hrs. ment and train. Railroad battalion with technical equip­ 2 hrs ______2~ hrs. ment and trains. Load capacity REAR SERVICES Type of vehicle Artillery park______1).2 hrs ______Gal­ 2% hrs. Men Pounds lons Engineer park______1).2 hrs ______2).2 hrs. Medical installations ______1 hr ______1).2 hrs. Veterinary installations ______1 hr ______14 hrs. Packs: Motor transport hattalion ______1).2 hrs ____ _ 1)1 hrs. Horse ______264 ______Horse-drawn transport battalion ______1% hrs ______2).2 hrs. Mule ______176 ______Tractor battalion ______1% hr'- ____ _ 2).2 hrs. CameL ______484 ______Depots and bases ______: 2 hrs ____ _ 3 hrs. Two-horse wagon______6 ______1,100 ______Two-wheeled cart ______4 ______484 ______Horse-drawn medical wag- 2 lying or 4 sitting ______, Time of loading from the ground includes the time required for the on. construction of loading facilities_ Two-wheeled horse-drawn 2 lying or 3 sitting ______, Loading time depends on type of tanks. medical cart. Motorcycle without side car 1 to 2 ______176 to 330 ______Motorcycle with side Car. 2 to 3 ______330 to 550 ______Figure 23. Maximum permissible time for the loading of Passenger ca1. ______4 to 6 ______770 to 1,000 ______arms and services on trains. Truck,1.5-ton ______10 to 12 ______2,860 ______Truck ZiS-5______16 to 20______5,50()" ______Truck ZiS--,,--______16 to 20______6,600 ______Ambulance______4 lying or 9 sitting ______The strength of motor transport units vary. A Veterinaryambulance ______2 horses , ______Gas-tank truck ZiS--5 ______787.2 motor, transport battalion normally has from 100 Gas-tank truck BZ ZiS-5 ______787.2 Water and oil tank truck to ~40 trucks and two workshop trucks. They fire ZiS-5: Capacity of water tank ______270.6 controlled by the motor transport administrations Capacity of oil com- ______172_ 2 partment. of army groups and the motor transport divisions of Tractor ZiS-3 and STZ-5, ______5,720 ______drawing strength on armies. hook.' Tractor CHTZ, drawing ______1,210 ______The following types of trucks are used by the strength on hook.' Red Army (figs. 24, 25, and 26) : , Prostrate horses-one per vehicle. Capacity , Two 2-ton trailers. Type: (Short ton,) , Two 3- or 4-ton trailers. Light truck, GAZ-AA______1.6 Heavy truck, ZiS-5, ZiS-6 ______2.7 to 3.3 Figure 25. Load capacities of u. S. S. R. transport units. Heavy truck, Studebaker, GMC, and other American models______3.7 during major efforts. The size of the pools varies ARMY GROUPS. Army groups have motor trans· according. to projected operations. During break· port pools at their disposal for concentrated use throughs, they supply troops directly. VII-24 1 Mar 46 TM 30-430

combined into a technical supply company. All Load table motorized units have a special fuel and lubricants Two-borse cart Trucks supply column, partially equipped with tank trucks. Unit ANTITANK AND FIELD ARTILLERY. Antitank and Type of supplies weigbt 1).i-ton 3-ton (pounds) field artillery regiments have substantial supply Num­ Weigbt ber of (pounds) Num- Num­ columns. Frequently, they must draw their supplies units ber of ber of units units at army field depots. Field artillery ammunition ------1------supply columns draw ammunition at division ex­ Biscuits______66.0 14 924 50 100 Flour ______165 6 990 20 40 change points. Division artillery regiments are Grits______165 6 990 20 40 Rice______176 6 1,056 18 37 equipped with 30 ammunition trucks. The supply Baked bread______3.00 308 1,100 945 1,875 MarcaronL______47.52 22 1,045 69 134 Sugar ______180.4 6 columns of all artillery units are capable of carry­ Tea______99 10 990 18 36 Meat ______990 26 36 ing one-half a unit of fire. 990 ------Canned meat______82.50 13 1,078 40 80 Sausage______111.32 9 1,056 30 60 h. Troop movements. There are few hard­ Fish______550 2 1,000 6 ------Potatoes ______1,000 ------surface, two-way roads in the U. S. S. R. One four­ Dried vegetables______89.10 12 1,078 37 74 1,056 25 50 1,012 1,300 2,600 lane highway does run from Gorkii to Minsk, via 8ff.~~~~~::::::::::::::: --~:: 4~ 990 30 60 Moscow and Smolensk. One-way traffic is ordered Baled bay______74.8 14 1,056 43 82 Loose hay ______- ______726 ------Rawhide______44 24 1,056 75 150 on roads when they are used for troop movements. Div,isions normally move over two or more parallel routes. Figure 26. Food supplies carried by each unit of transport. The average numbers of trucks required to move ARMIES. Armies normally have from two to Red Army units are as follows:

three motor transport battalions. Their load ca­ Number of tTuck.~ pacity is from 385 to 550 short tons. Fr.equently, Unit: ZiS-S GAZ-AA Rifle battalion______100 an army will have one motor transport battalion and Artillery battalioll ______180 250 several separate truck companies. Rifle regimenL ______550 700 CORPS. Corps have no motor transport at their Regimental howitzer battery ______120 disposal. For movements of from 60 to 90 miles, rifle RIFLE DIVISION. The rifle division is assigned a divisions are transported at reduced strength. They motor transport company. The company includes are not accompanied by horse-drawn trains. For three transport platoons and an infantry squad. It movements in excess of 120 miles, rifle divisions are has from 60 to 80 trucks, forty-five Iljz-ton (GAZ­ transported at full strength. AA, Dodge, Ford) and fifteen to thirty 2ljz- to 3-ton Distance between vehicles normally is 25 to 50 trucks (Zis-5, GMC, Studebaker). yards; interval between serials, 500 to 600 yards. Rifle divisions requisition local oxen and horse­ Distance between vehicles is reduced to 20 to 30 drawn wagons to supplement assigned motor trans­ yards for blackout driving. When columns are port in emergencies. Artillery horses and tractors under enemy fire, or when roads are dusty, dis­ may also be used for emergency supply purposes. tance between vehicles is increased to 50 to 100 yards. RIFLE REGIMENTS. Rifle regiments normally The prescribed interval between rifle battalions have no motor transport for supply. (Rifle regi­ is from 500 to 600 yards, between rifle regiments ments do have seven tanks, armed wiili 120-mm 1,000 to 1,100 yards, and between tank and mechan­ mortars, which transport their own ammunition.) ized battalions and brigades 1,000 to 1,100 yards. Their transport companies each have 21 horse-drawn The rate of march is dependent upon ilie type of wagons. Twelve are used to transport rations and trucks, condition of roads, weather, and visibility. fodder from division; six transport quartermaster Motor columns average from 12 to 18 miles per supplies (clothing); one is assigned to ilie finance hour on improved roads and may reach 20 to 25 section; and two are used by ilie staff. miles per hour on asphalt highways. Averages of MOTORIZED UNITS. Motorized units employ mo­ from 3 to 9 miles per hour are maintained in black­ tor transport only. The motorized rifle brigade has out driving on dirt roads. approximately 27 supply trucks. Frequently, trans­ Motor columns average 125 to 150 miles per port and repair organizations of motorized units are day over highways or good dirt road; 180 to 250

VII-25 TM 30-430 1 Mar 46 miles per day on asphalt highways. A forced march order. The staff of the motor transport unit also pre· covers 180 to 215 miles per day over average high­ pares plans for fuel sqpply, mainien:mce, and as· ways. With the use -of relief drivers, they can at­ sembly of vehicles. tain 250 to 310 miles per day. On poor dirt roads, Loading and assembly areas are dispersed to columns average 60 to 85 miles per day. avoid the bunching of vehicles. Battalion assembly The following road spaces are estimated for prin. areas and loading zones normally occupy 1 square cipal Russian troop units: mile, regiments up to 10 square miles, and rifle di· visions up to 24 to 30 square miles. Unit: Road &pactJ Rille battalion ______1,100 yards. Loading plans are based on the following daylight Rille regimenL ______5,000 yards. loading time requirements: Rille division ______16.8 miles. Artillery battalion ______2,400 yards. Loading unit: One truck with- Minutes Artillery regimenL______5.1 miles. lIorses______5 to 7 Artillery brigade ______17.4 miles. Guns and lurnber______25 to 30 Tank battalion ______2,100 yards. Ammunition boxes ______20 to 25 Tank brigade______6.6 miles. Carts ______10 to 12 Tank corps______45 to 50 miles. Rille battalion ______40 to 45 Mechanized brigade______12.6 miles. Artillery battalion ______50 to 60 Mechanized corps______65 to 75 miles. Cavalry division______9.6 miles. Regiments normally are divided into battalion Cavalry corps______42 miles. echelons. Echelons are combined into columns c. Organization of road marches. Army which contain supply and maintenance units, to group (front) and army staffs normally organize preserve the tactical independence of each echelon. road movements of troop formations ( divisions, mo· - Traffic control is Garried out by the road service bile corps). They issue ll).ovement orders to the administration through special traffic regulating commanders concerned. The orders include combat units. Regulating units each have charge of a road mission of unit or formation, purpose of movement, section approximately 40 miles long. Regulating assembly area, loading zone, march schedule, un· centers serve as temporary command posts for the loading zone, and security instructions. marching formation. Regulating units alsl) main­ Commanders are provided with all available in· tain mobile traffic control posts. formation on road conditions, loading and unloading Liaison on the march is maintained through the zone~, and speed limits for various road sections. communication net of the traffic regulating units, Whenever possible, all necessary information is pro· liaison officers, messenger cars, and personal con· vided commanders 24 hours prior to movement. tact of commanders during halts or on the march. When roads organized by the army roap administra· Commanders also observe the movement of their tion and the motor transport service are to be used, units from liaison planes. To facilitate identifi­ 10 to 12 hours are allowed for the preparation and cation, two or three vehicles at the head and at organization of the movement. the end of an echelon are marked with identification The unit commander, upon receipt of movement numbers. Special panels marked with echelon num· orders, promulgates policies regarding route recon­ bers are also used. naissance, organization of the march, and loading Unloading operations are scheduled so as to avoid and unloading zones. His staff and the staff of the delay and waiting. Normally not less than 3 hours motor transport unit organize route reconnaissance, is required to unload a regiment. Staffs meet their assembly area, and loading and unloading zones. echelons as they approach the unloading zone and They schedule assembly of units, plan march or­ direct them to dispersed individual unloading points. ganization, schedule loading and unloading, estimate transportation requirements, prepare security meas­ 3. WATER TRANSPORTATION ures, prescribe march regulations, and assign load­ Water transportation is of minor importance in the ing and unloading teams and road and bridge main· Red Army. Where adequate rail or road transporta­ tenance teams. They prepare instructions for tion is not available, waterways are used during the quartermaster, medical, and, if necessary, veterinary navigable seasons. Chiefs of army water sections services. They issue orders to the commanders of are respon,sible to the Chief of Army Transportation reconnaissance units and the preliminary march of an army. The chief of an army water section VII-26 I Mar 46 TM 30-430 controls the commandants of landing places and are included in the army group and army rear forwarding points. serVIces. An army group road administration ha:; at its 4. MAINTENANCE disposal one to two road construction regiments of two to three battalions each, one security and a. Railroad maintenance. The railroad antiaircraft battalion, one traffic control company troops of the Red Army are under the control of the of women armed with submachine guns, and several Commander of Railroad Troops who is responsible labor battalions recruited from among local civjlians. to the Chief of Staff. They are equipped for emer­ gency construction only. Large-scale and special Bridge construction brigades may he detailed to construction is handled by special units of the army groups (fronts) by the Main Administration Peoples' Commissariat of Transportation. of Roads of the Red Army for the construction of large bridges. There were at least 20 railroad brigades under the Commander of Railroad Troops in 1944. Each Army road sections are provided with two to three brigade included three railroad battalions, a bridge­ road construction battalions. They differ from the building battalion, and 200 men to operate trains hattalions of road construction regiments in that a over advance sections under construction. Each traffic control company is attached to each battalion. railroad and bridge-building battalion consists of 3 Labor battalions are recruited locally as needed. companies, 200 men each, and a 40-truck motor Bridge construction battalions, capable of construct­ column. ing bridges up to 110 yards in length, are attached as required. Railroad brigades cooperate with army group In addition to their principal mission of main­ (front) Chiefs of Army Transportation who keep them informed of the clearance of the enemy from taining and operating roads, road section com­ rail lines so that they may proceed with the repair mandants assist in the issue of winter clothing to passing troops (fur caps, mittens), supplementary work ordered by the Commander of Railroad ) Troops. The army group Chief of Army Trans­ food and fuel. They organize disinfection chambers, portation is informed of the progress of work and turkish baths, emergency medical-aid stations, and may request minor construction, such as ramps and technical repair stations at traffic control posts. sidings. Railroad bridge battalions are capable of They also organize en trucking points for occasional evacuation of casualties in returning empty vehicles. constructing bridges up to 220 yard~, in length. h. Road maintenance. The poor condition of U. S. S. R. roads requires constant attention by Section IV. MEDICAL AND the road maintenance service. As mentioned in paragraph 2, roads in the rear areas of armies and VETERINARY SERVICES front-line units are organized into military auto­ mobile roads and supply and evacuation roads. 1. ORGANIZATION AND EVACUATION

Chiefs of military automobile roads are respon­ The Red Army medical service is well organized but sible to the chiefs of road administrations. Vehicles poorly equipped. It is designed to bring medical used for supply and evacuation on military automo­ aid as far forward as possible for early treatment hile roads are under the operational control of the and evacuation of casualties. Chief of the Military Automohile Road. Higher units evacuate casualties from lower units. Army supply and evacuation roads are organized Stretcher teams evacuate casualties from the battle­ according to the orders of the Chief of the Army field to aid stations. Unit commanders are re­ Rear Services. sponsible for evacuation from aid stations. Bat­ Supply roads in rear areas are divided into sec­ talions evacuate casualties from company areas to tions maintained hy army road maintenance or­ battalion medical stations. Regiments evacuate cas­ ganizations, which' are controlled hy road section ualties from battalion to regimental medical aid commandants. During major operations, these are stations. Division transportation is employed for reinforced by special units from the army group evacuation from regimental to division medical (front) rear area. The road construction units stations.

VII-27 ~ XXXX \------~ ~ ~ 3\', TO 6Y, MILES COLLECTING, SPECIALIZED, AND 00 EVACUATION HOSPITAL. ~ XX------T ! ~ ARMY GROUP Q EVACUATION til STATION DIVISION MOBILE ~. ly,TOlMILES • SURGICAL HOSPITAL

(b

~ I 11--"..4---1 ~ ------' ~ ---- LEGEND = STRETCHERS

!iJ 2· WHEEL CARTS

00 .-WHEEL WAGONS + ~I .J AMBULANCE ? AIR AMBULANCE ~ XX---- ~ Note: :~:t~;itl~:~pIY vehicle~ !.uppleml"nl medical flOM- .,~ ~~------xxxx---~------~------~ '" Figure 27. Channels 0/ medical evacuation in the Red Army. ~ 1 Mar 46 TM 30-430

Specialized hospitals are established under the the front line. It maintains a section in the divi­ Red Army medical service in the following cate· sional rear area for the lightly wounded and sick. gories: From division aid stations or attached mobile su;-': gical hospitals, casualties are usually evacuated to Orthopedic surgery. army casualty clearing stations, which are normally Neuro surgery. established near roads or railheads. Plastic surgery. From clearing stations, casualties are evacuated Temporo.maxillary·mandibular surgery. to army mobile surgical hospitals, to field hospitals Thoracic surgery. attached to divisions, or to collecting hospitals in Venereal diseases. the army rear area. Contagious disease cases are Burns. segregated in special hospitals in division or army Psychiatry. rear areas. Casualties whose condition is not criti­ a. Channels of evacuation. (See Figure 27.) cal and who can be returned to action soon and Normally, battalion aid stations are established with· casualties whose condition precludes immediate in 1 mile of the battle front. Two medical officers evacuation are kept in hospitals in division or army are assigned to each active battalion whenever pos· rear areas. Casualties requiring prolonged hos­ sible. One directs evacuation of rifle company casu­ pitalization and those whose condition precludes reo alties and administers first aid. The other operates turn to active service are evacuated to civilian hos· the battalion aid station. pitals in the zone of interior for hospitalization and Rifle company casualties are evacuated by rehabilitation. stretcher bearers. Approximately four stretcher Hospitals for slightly wounded who are expected bearers are attached to each company. Stretchers to return to duty within 10 to 15 days are established on wheels, dog carts and sleds, ski stretchers, and in division and army rear areas. horse or motor ambulances are also used for battle­ Army group evacuation stations, army evacuation field evacuation. In mountain terrain, pack animals stations, and advance field evacuation stations are are used to evacuate casualties located by trained established in army group and army rear areas to dogs. Ambulance planes are used when necessary. treat and evacuate casualties received from army Casualties normally receive medical attention casualty clearing stations or directly from division within 1 hour after being wounded. aid stations. Army group and army evacuation stations normally are established near army regulat. Regimental medical stations are established with­ ing stations. Advance field evacuation stations nor­ in 11f2 to 3 miles from the front lines. A medical mally are located near railheads. company is attached to each rifle regiment. It evac­ uates casualties from battalion aid stations to the An army group or army evacuation station in· regimental aid station. Empty battalion and regi­ cludes a headquarters, collecting and evacuation mental supply vehicles are used to evacuate casualties hospitals, a laundry and disinfecting section, a med· when the medical company's motor transport cannot ical committee, and ambulance units. reach battalion aid stations. Horse-drawn trans­ An advance field evacuation station includes a port for evacuation is requisitioned locally, particu­ headquarters, the army clearance station with a larly in winter. The regimental aid station classifies capacity of 500, and two to three mobile field hos· and tags casualties, checks bandages, gives initial pitals. surgical treatment, and holds temporarily casualties Army group (front) Chiefs of Medical Service who cannot be evacuated safely. Casualties are attach hospital trains to field evacuation stations. tagged with red or blue tags numbered "I" or "II," Many hospital trains are capable of functioning sep· indicating the priority in which they are to receive arately. They are. shifted to areas where large num· medical treatment and are to be evacuated. bers of casualties are anticipated. The division medical battalion establishes a di­ The army Chief of the Medical Service plans army vision medical station from 31f2 to 6 miles from the medical installations, evacuation, treatment of front lines, usually in a regimental rear area. It wounded, and prophylaxis in accordance with in· also evacuates casualties from regimental aid sta­ structions of the army group (front) Chief of the tions to division aid stations or to attached mobile Medical Service. The medical service at army level surgical hospitals, approximately 18 miles' behind includes an epidemic control section to prevent and

VIJ-29 TM 30-430 1 Mar 46 control epidemics. There are one to two special field hospitals in army group reserve for each army hospitals for contagious diseases in the rear area of engaged in the operation. each army. Special disinfecting companies are re­ Each army also is provided with hospitals for sponsible for sanitary conditions. slightly wounded, therapeutic hospitals, contagious Troop units and medical installations are sup­ disease hospitals, advance field evacuation stations plied by medical field depots. with clearing stations, a collecting hospital, and a number of evacuation hospitals. h. Medical service, offensive operations. The Soviets estimate that 10 beds must be provided Medical services during all phases of the planning for each 100 men engaged in an operation. Fifty and conducting of offensive operations are closely to sixty percent of the beds are in mobile field hos­ planned and supervised. pitals and hospitals for slightly wounded. The PRELIMINARY PLANNING. Prior to a projected op­ remainder are in evacuation hospitals. In addition, eration, the medical service ascertains the number they estimate that 5 to 6 beds for every 100 men en­ of beds which can be made available in the various gaged in the operation will be required in the army types of hospitals established in army group (front) group (front) hospital base, including evacuation and army rear areas. All patients permanently dis­ hospitals, collecting hospitals, and hospitals for the abled and those requiring prolonged treatment are slightly wounded. Should small railroad capacity evacuated to the rear. impede evacuation from the area, the estimate of An adequate reserve of field hospitals is· pro­ required beds is increased accordingly. vided by the army group (front I medical service. Requirements for medical motor transport depend A portion of the available army field hospitals may largely upon the available road nets. The Soviets be placed at the immediate disposal of the army believe that each attacking army should be supported group (front) Chief of the Medical Service and by a motor ambulance company, with an equal re­ moved near the lines of communication to the rear serve at army group (front) headquarters. Horse­ area of the projected operation. Medical vehicles drawn vehicles normally are not used by army group of armies not involved in the main operation may or army medical services. However, it is considered be placed in the transport reserve of the army group advisable to include a horse· drawn reserve at army (front). Special attention is given hospital trains. group medical service headquarters for concentrated Their distribution at railroad stations must be co­ evacuation in the immediate rear of front-line units ordinated with the section of army transportation to during combat. ensure their movement at the beginning of The requirements for hospital trains and rail­ operations. road evacuation depend upon distances between PLAN OF OPERATION. The army group (front) loading and unloading stations and the time required Chief of Medical Service completes his plan when for a round trip. Planes are frequently used at army he receives detailed information on the projected group (front) and army level for the evacuation operation from the Commander or Chief of Staff. of serious casualties, particularly if ground evacua­ He places special emphasis on the estimate of the tion is over long distances. number of mobile field hospitals required, th~ num· The army group (front) Chief of the Medical ber of beds in army group (front) and army hos­ Service prepares the general plan for evacuation, pital bases, available transport of all types, available hospitalization, epidemic control, sanitary measures, medical personnel, and epidemic control measures. and distribution of medical units in accordance with Mobile surgical field hospitals of the army group the plan of operation (fig. 27). (front) reserve are distributed in army rear areas Basic provisions of the medical service operation in accordance with the number of divisions included plan must be approved by the deputy of the army in each army and with casualty estimates. These group (front) Commander for the Rear Services hospitals are controlled by army Chiefs of the Medi­ jointly with the political member of the Military cal Service during the operation. A number of Council in time to complete preparations prior to mobile surgical field hospitals are kept in army the projected operation. group (front) reserve. The number held in reserve CONTROL OF OPERATION_ Successful functioning depends upon their availability, but normally it is of the medical service during offensive operations, felt that there should be at least two mobile surgical the Soviets emphasize, depends largely upon the con-

VII-30 1 Mar 46 TM 30-430

trol exercised by the army group (front) Chief of Timely reinforcement of army hospital bases with­ the Medical Service. He must be informed contin­ evacuation hospitals has proved effective. Conse­ ually of the combat situation and must maintain close quently, the Russians recommend that armies en­ contact with the medical service of the army or gaged in the main effort should be reinforced by an armies engaged as well as with his own hospital base. adequate number of evacuation hospitals and that For this reason, it is considered expedient for the the army group Chief of the Medical Service should army group (front) Chief of the Medical Service retain a number of un deployed evacuation hospitals to remain with the first echelon, although existing at his disposal for use as the attack develops. regulations prescribe that his headquarters are in­ When a deep penetration into enemy territory is cluded in the headquarters of the rear services and accomplished, part of the evacuation hospitals from will remain with the second echelon of the army the army group (front) and army hospitals bases group command. are moved forward to the new army hospital base. The medical operation group (within the first The army group hospital base is then developed echelon), headed by the Chief of the Medical Service from the army hospital base evacuation hospitals or his deputy, is charged with the obtaining of op­ remaining in the old army hospital base area. This erational information. It is also responsible for method guarantees continuous treatment and evacua­ liaison with and direction of the medical service of tion. individual armies. The Soviets point out that successful maneuvering The army group (front) medical headquarters is depends largely upon the capacity of army group responsible for the army group hospital base, rail­ (front) and army hospital bases and an adequate road evacuation, and liaison with higher medical reserve of undeployed hospitals at the beginning of authorities. Special emphasis is placed on close co­ an operation. ordination with railroad and motor transport agencies. 2. VETERINARY SERVICE SERVICE DURING OFFENSIVE ACTION. During the Sick and wounded horses which do not require spe­ operation, the army group medical service head­ cial treatment and are able to follow their units quarters is also responsible for the shifting of medi­ are not evacuated. cal installations to meet changes in operational re­ Regimental veterinary hospitals usually are estab­ quirements and for sanitation in occupied areas. lished near the rear boundary of regimental rear Special emphasis is placed on the development of areas. Divisional veterinary hospitals are estab­ adequate army group and army hvspital bases, and lished near the rear boundaries of division rear areas. the timely evacuation from those hospitals by well­ Because 2 to 4 hours are required for a wounded planned and regulated use of hospital trains and horse to reach a regimental veterinary hospital, nor­ returning empty supply trains. Close and contin­ mally located from 5 to 7 miles from the battle line, uous contact with the army transportation service is the two echelons of the veterinary service have mandatory. proved insufficient. The Russians recommend that The Soviets frequently shift medical installations advance veterinary aid stations be established by to regulate the distribution of casualties to hospital regimental veterinary hospitals. Th6Y are located bases. Thus the hospital bases of armies engaged in on the line of evacuation nearest the main concentra­ secondary operations and those of the army group tion of horses, normally near the regimental am­ which are located on secondary evacuation routes munition dump. To facilitate evacuation, division are utilized to the fullest extent. / veterinary hospitals may detail evacuation sections While installations are being moved, steps are which are located at the boundary of the regimental taken to receive casualties at the old location until rear area. deployment is completed. This is achieved by de­ ployment from the rear. Part of the un deployed From division veterinary hospitals, horses are mobile surgical field hospitals are moved forward evacuated to veterinary evacuation and field hospi­ rapidly to follow advancing units. Evacuation hos­ tals in army rear areas. The next echelon of evacua­ pitals from the army group (front) reserve join tion is the army group (front) veterinary hospital aimy hospital bases. bases.

VII-31 TM 30-430 1 Mar 46

Section V. MAINTENANCE AND compaIlles. Corps (200 to 250 mixed vehicles) are MISCELLANEOUS SERVICES maintained by mobile repair bases. In addition, tank armies and corps groups have mobile plants 1. MAINTENANCE for general and specialized work including electro­ a. General. Maintenance in the Red Army is plating, and motor, transmission, clutch, and elec­ facilitated by standardization of types and models trical reconstruction. which enables individual depots to carry small stocks The present routine of preventive maintenance of parts. Maintenance facilities primarily handle for Red Army armored vehicles approximates U. S. three categories of materiel: automotive and armored practice. Outstanding differences are the compre­ vehicles, weapons and equipment, and clothing. hensiveness of Soviet first echelon inspection and the Modification of the maintenance service during reduced intervals between second and third echelon the war resulted in an echelon system. Prior to services (25, 50, and 100 hours as compared with 1943, all vehicular repair was controlled by the 50 and 100 hours in the U. S.). Overheating and Main Administration of Armored Equipment. winter maintenance are given special attention. When the Main Administration of Motor Transport FIRST ECHELON MAINTENANCE. Tank crews con­ of the Red Army was organized under the Chief of duct first echelon maintenance under supervision of the Rear Services of the Red Army, it also was platoon and company commanders. Maintenance charged with vehicular repair. Because the same includes check of ammunition, fuel, oil, and water workshops handle the repair of trucks, tanks, and and careful examination of vehicles. Check requires tractors, it would appear that all repair of automo· from 2 to 4 hours daily. tive and armored vehicles has been placed formally SECOND ECHELON MAINTENANCE. Second eche­ under the Main Administration of Motor Transport. lon maintenance is performed in the battalion, bri­ It is presumed, however, that the Main Administra· gade, and regiment every 25 and 50 hours of opera­ tion of Armored Equipment retains considerable tion. It includes cleaning of motors .and other as­ control over the repair of its own materiel. semblies, refueling and lubricating, examination of To simplify maintenance, the Red Army has de· all connections and regulating mechanisms, lubri­ Yeloped two basic types of mobile unit repair shops. cating of all friction surfaces, cleaning all filters, Type A is a GAZ-AA truck with a lathe, tools, weld· and completion of a series of maintenance pro­ ing equipment, and spare parts. Type B is a ZiS-6 cedures. In combat under unfavorable climatic and truck with a lathe, tools, replacement parts, crane, terrain conditions, second echelon maintenance is and battery charger. Workshop companies are com­ performed as often as every 10 to 15 hours of posed of varying numbers of these trucks. operation. h. Tank maintenance. Special attention is THIRD ECHELON MAINTENANCE. Third echelon given the maintenance of medium and heavy tanks. maintenance is performed in regiments, brigades, Since 1941, the Red Army has been forced to in­ and corps every 90 to 100 hours of operation. It crease its mobile maintenance and repair echelons includes change of transmission lubricant, valve ad­ six-fold. These echelons were able to handle ap­ ju.stment and a check of the fuel injection system. proximately 50 percent of required services and re­ Prior to extensive operations, thorough main­ pairs at the outbreak of the war. In 1945, they tenance is carried out, including partial removal of handled 92 percent. Previously, the Soviets de­ hull armor and over-all checking and cleaning. All pended primarily upon first echelon repairs, can­ echelons cooperate in this check. Centralization by nibalization, and improvisation in conjunction with battalion is recommended. After a battalion has major repairs at fixed bases. They now employ a been serviced, its vehicles are given a 20-hour test complex system of maintenance and evacuation run. which places great emphasis upon unit replacement The Red Army has made careful provisiuns for and subsequent specialized repair. winter operation of armored vehicles. Heating de­ Tank companies (10 medium or 5 heavy tanks) vices include auxiliary interior water heating. Dual are serviced by unit mechanic teams. Battalions kerosene lamps heat water coils, installed in the (21 to 31 medium tanks) have workshop platoons. crew compartment, which are connected to the cool­ Brigades (63 medium tanks) and regiments (21 ing system. Fixtures pre-heat the air for fuel in­ heavy tanks) are serviced by technical maintenance jectors. All motors are pre-heated before starting.

VII-32 1 Mar 46 TM 30-430

Prior to movement over ice or snow, tracks are perform emergency repairs on the battlefield. Nor­ loosened and idlers and bogies are cleaned to avoid mally division artillery and attached army work­ breaking of shoes. Grousers are used for movement shops are located at division supply points. over broken terrain. Comparatively few technicians are assigned for c. Tank recovery. The maintenance service the repair of infantry weapons. Two sm:::!l arms also recovers damaged armored vehicles. Recovery armorers, two artillery armorers, and four techni­ battalions recover disabled tanks and evacuate them cians assigned to the ammunition depots of division to an assembly point at the army supply base. Ve· supply points perform light repairs. hicles are then sent to the zone of interior for major e. Clothing maintenance. Maintenance of repairs or disposal as scrap. clothing is handled by laundries and workshops of Recovery battalions normally are equipped with the intendance service. A shoemaker and a tailor 40 trucks and 100 tractors. Companies frum recov­ under the regimental Chief of Intendance perform ery battalions are attached to armies. Concentrated necessary repairs. Divisions have a laundry and employment of recovery units, controlled from larger workshops. Armies are provided with two special observation posts, results in rapId evacuation laundries and workshops capable of large-scale re­ of disabled tanks. Premiums are paid for recovered pair. The intendance administration of an army tanks by the transport administration. Crews a~ group (front) and the main intendance administra­ punished for abandonine; disabled tanks. tion of the Red Army send clothing and boots to d. Weapons maintenance. The Chief of factories in the zone of interior for repair. Artillery Supply is responsible for weapons main­ tenance and repair. Artillery weapons are repaired 2. CAPTURED WEAPONS in army group, army, regimental, and battery work­ A special organization for the collection, repair, and shops, which may work together or independently. transportation of captured weapons exists inde­ An echelon system, similar to the automotive echelon pendently of the rear services. It is also responsible repair system, exists. for the recovery of Soviet weapons. Its agencies Army groups (fronts) have repair shops on rail­ operate at all levels of command. road cars at their disposal for medium repairs on Special commands for captured weapons are at­ infantry and artillery weapons. Weapons requiring tached to regiments by divisional groups for cap­ major repairs are collected and forwarded by the tured enemy weapons. The collection and trans­ Main Administration of Artillery to repair plants portation of captured weapons are the responsibility in the zone of interior . Weapons damaged beyond of companies for captured weapons at army level. repair are sent to foundries for scrap. Battalions and brigades for captured weapons and In armies, a mobile repair shop functions under evacuation companies and trains are attached to the weapons repair group of the artillery supply army groups (fronts) and armies. section. This shop consists of several light trucks, Transportation for captured weapons and dam­ from 20 to 30 armorers, and 2 to 3 opticians. aged Soviet materiel is provided by army group and army Chiefs of Army Transportation, who place Army repair shop functions include: returning empty rolling stock at the disposal of Replacement of major parts and assemblies. captured weapons units. Cannibalization of damaged weapons. Re-riveting of fixed joints on a larger scale than 3. PRISONER-OF-WAR EVACUATION can be done by regimental repair shops. Basic orders for the evacuation of prisoners of war Lathe adjustments and manufacture of parts. were issued in January 1943. Prisoners are for­ Electric welding. warded rapidly from lower units to army rear areas. In peacetime, regimental repair shops which have Little time is allowed for interrogation in battalions, the necessary equipment may perform similar regiments, and divisions. serVIces. Prisoners normally are marched to army assembly Division artillery is provided with a divisional stations. Occasionally empty trucks are used to field workshop. It includes one truck with several transport them. Prisoners are turned over to the armorers. Division workshops perform light repair NKVD in army rear areas. The NKVD handles and, when necessary, partial medium repair of further evacuation with the cooperation of the Chief weapons and equipment. Mobile repair shops may of Army Transportation.

VII-33 TM 30-430 I Mar 46

4. POSTAL SERVICE headquarters. The special instructions are issued All Red Army mail was handled by the Peoples' to commandants of railroad supply stations, road Commissariat of Signal Communications until 1942, maintenance divisions, motor transport units, motor when it was subordinated to the main administra­ transport divisions maintenance group, individual tion of the Chief of Signal Communications (Peo­ supply and medical organizations, and to local civil ples' Commissariat of Defense). authorities. The army postal service is also dependent upon Execution of the administrative order is super­ the Formations Division of the General Staff for vised by the Chief of the Rear Services who receives assignment of APO numbers and postal security copies of orders, requisitions, and reports of sub­ measures. ordinate staffs and organizations. Field post offices at army group (front), army, Special attention is given to the rear services of and division levels are assigned trucks to transport tank, mechanized, and cavalry corps. Their rear mail from railroad stations to units. services are coordinated with those of the formations in whose zones the mobile forces are operating. Section VI. ADMINISTRATIVE Consideration is given to their specialized supply PROCEDURE requirements, and advance plans are made to guar­ antee the continuous flow of supplies to mobile for­ 1. BASIC STAFF PROCEDURE mations after the break-through is accompliEhed. The basic documents through which administration of the rear services is carried out are ~he admin­ 2. ADMINISTRATIVE ESTIMATES AND SUPPLY PLAN istrative estimate, the administrative order, and the periodic reports. The administrative estimates of the Chief of the Upon receipt of preliminary instructions concern­ Rear Services normally are submitted to formation ing a projected operation from the Chief of Staff or unit commanders prior to the drafting of the of the next higher headquarters, the Chief of the Commander's administrative decision. Rear Services prepares an administrative estimate They include requirements and availability of of all supplies required for the operation. Simul· basic supplies, schedule of issue for allotted materiel, taneously, the Chief of Staff prepares an operations possibility of utilizing local resources, delivery plan. Both make oral reports to the Commander. schedule for supplies and available transport, dis­ When a final decision is reached by the Com­ position of rear subdivisions, extension of rear area mander (or the Military Council of an army), the and daily assignment of supply bases, items to be Commander and the Chief of Staff issue oral instruc­ evacuated, and security cf the rear area. tions to the Chief of the Rear Services and to the The Chiefs of the Rear Services and Technical chiefs of artillery, armored troops, and technical Deputy Commanders of tank and mechanized for­ services. Occasionally the instructions are issued mations prepare their plans for the organization of only to the Chief of the Rear Services, who forwards the rear services. Their plans are based on the them to the other services. tactical and rear service decisions of the formation The Chief of the Rear Services and the chiefs of Commander. Preliminary work is carried out si­ artillery, armored troops, and the technical services multaneously with the preparation of the combat issue preliminary instructions to their subordinate plan. organizations and installations. On the basis of available information, the Chief Material for the administrative order and special of the Rear Services issues preliminary instructions instructions is prepared by the Chief of the Rear to his subordinate chiefs, notes data of the admin· Services. The material is based partly on data istrative order of higher headquarters on situation furnished by the chiefs of the individual services. map, makes map reconnaissance for probable sup­ The Commander, his Chief of Staff, and the Chief ply roads, determines tasks of rear services for each of the Rear Services sign the administrative order phase of operation, drafts a proposed decision for and special instructions. Army administrative or­ the commander on employment of rear Rervices, pre­ ders are issued to rifle, tank, mechanized, and cavalry pares a report for the Commander and a draft of the corps, the chiefs of artillery, armored troops, and administrative order, organizes necessary coordi­ technical services, adjacent armies, and army group nations with the chief of the rear services of adja-

VII-34 1 Mar 46 TM 30-430 cent units. If necessary, he submits requisitions to Refueling and evacuation of tanks for each higher headquarters for additional supplies. phase. The supply plan, which provides basic information Medical evacuation. for the administrative order, consists of a number Organization of security for rear services and of documents including a map of the rear area, a lines of communication. report to the Commander from the Chief of the Rear Readiness deadlines. Services, a supply schedule, and a chart of planned 4. ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS displacement of rear area installations. The administrative order, based upon the Command­ The supply plan includes the following: er's decisions and the supply plan of Chief of the Supply requirements for each phale. Rear Services, is issued simultaneously with the Supplies to be carried by units. combat order. It is drafted for the Commander by Reserves to be accumulated for operation at the Chief of the Rear Services and is checked by supply base. the Commander and his Chief of Staff. The ad­ Supply routes. ministrative order is signed by the Commander, Organization of transportation for each phase. the Chief of Staff, and the Chief of the Rear Services. Displacement of rear services. The army administrative order includes: Security measure for communication routes and Location and operation schedules for supply rear area installations. points and evacuation terminals. Signal communication with the rear. Disposition of rear area installations. Axis of communication for the Chief of the Supply and evacuation routes. Rear Services and the chiefs of services. Boundary lines of rear areas. 3. COMMAND DECISION Division administrative orders also include: Boundary lines of regimental rear areas. The Commander's decision for the employment of Location of reinforcements. the rear services is based upon his estimate of the Daily rates of expenditure for ammunition, tactical situation,' his Chief of Staff's tactical esti· fuel, rations, and fodder by unit. mate, the administrative estimate, and information Organization and schedule of supply. and recommendations of his Chief of the Rear Servo ices. (When tank or mechanized formations are Regimental administrative orders also include: attached, the army Commander also receives in­ Distribution schedule for hot food. formation and an estimate from a deputy for those Disposition of evacuation points. formations. ) Evacuation schedules for personnel, horses, and He considers enemy capabilities and possible lines materiel. of action, effect of enemy fire or attack on rear area Utilization of local resources. installations, probable materiel and personnel losses, Displacement plans for second echelon of head­ ammunition and fuel requirements, availability and quarters. condition of transport and equipment, supply and Schedule of periodic reports. evacuation road nets, security measures for lines of Fragmentary orders or individual instructions communication and the rear echelon, medical evacu­ may be issued instead of the full administrative ation, priority of supply and maintenance, etc. order. The location of regimental ammunition The Commander's decisions regarding the rear dumps and division supply points are included in services include: regimental combat orders. Organization of supply and evacuation roads. An administrative order for mechanized forma­ Rates of expenditure of fuel and ammunition tions engaged in break-through operations covers for each phase. only the first phase of the operation, normally the Supply requirements of break-through units. first day. During the action, the Chief of the Rear Displacement of rear echelon units. Services issues separate instructions based on the Supplies to be accumulated in units and supply general plan for organization of rear services as points prior to operation. approved by the Commander of the mechanized Priority of supply and maintenance. formation.

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The administrative order for a break-through operation, but also during the actual break-through operation includes: operation. Liaison with army group (front) or army rear services and control of rear echelons be­ Location of supply installations_ hind infantry units can be maintained by the chief of Amount of supplies to be issued. one of the services, preferably the tank corps Chief Supply issue schedule. of Intendance. All other personnel of the rear and Supply and evacuation routes. technical services move through the breach with Organization of transportation. the corps. Supplies to be carried by units. Radio and armored cars are used to maintain Displacement of rear services. liaison between tank or mechanized corps' first and Rate of expenditure of ammunition and fuel. second echelons during the first phase of break­ Resupply points and schedules. through operations. Air liaison has been found Priority of repair and evacuation of materiel. most satisfactory during later phases. Flexibility Repair deadlines. of rear service operation during break-through op­ Organization of medical evacuation. erations is stressed. Organization of collection of captured weapons and materiel. 5. PERIODIC REPORTS Combat disposition of second echelon of com­ Contents of periodic reports for a formation are de­ mand. termined by the higher headquarters. Schedule and content of periodic reports. Periodic reports normaIl y include: The administrative order as drafted by the Chief Location of supply points and evacuation term· of the Rear Services of tank or mechanized corps is inals (for divisions only) . submitted to the Corps Commander in the presence Supply and evacuation routes. of the Chief of Staff and the Commander's technical Disposition and condition of transport. deputy. Disposition and condition of rear area units. The Soviets recom!'!lend that preliminary instruc­ Expenditure of ammunition and fuel. tions be issued to the Cllief of the Rear Services of Materiel losses. subordinate units and the commanders of various Personnel and horse strength reports. rear service installations in addition to the admin· Supply of ammunition, fuel, rations, and istrative order. fodder. Efficient operation of the rear services during com­ Utilization of local resources. bat is dependent upon close control. It is empha­ Medical and veterinary situation. sized that a tank corps Chief of the Rear Services Security of the rear (for divisions only) . should remain with the corps' first echelon of com­ General conclusions regarding supply and mand not only during the period of organizational maintenance (for divisions only) .

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