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Shenandoah AT WAR

If this Valley is lost, – Gen. is Thomas lost! J. “Stonewall” Jackson

One story... a thousand voices.

Visitors Guide to the ’s Civil War Story Shenandoah Valley Battlefields National Historic District Shenandoah Valley Battlefields National Historic District

Explore the National Historic District Other Areas By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the on higher area by area... including Harpers Ferry, ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was Martinsburg, and thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and Winchester Charles Town Harpers Ferry including areas of Frederick and Clarke counties Page 40 for hours successfully repulsed Page 20 Third Winchester Winchester Battlefield Park including Middletown, Strasburg, and Front Royal By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Page 24 Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole

line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took New Market including Luray and areas of Page County a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no Page 28 other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed

By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher Rockingham ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into including Harrisonburg and Luray National Historic confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours McDowell areas of Page County District Headquarters New Market Strayer House Page 32 including areas successfully repulsed of Highland and Augusta counties Harrisonburg Page 36 Elkton By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to Monterey rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the

whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the

...or follow the Valley’s Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully Staunton Augusta Civil War campaigns. repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion Waynesboro including Staunton and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we and Waynesboro Jackson’s 1862 Valley Campaign Page 40 Page 6 took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By Rockbridge Lee’s 1863 Campaign including Lexington Page 10 degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... Page 42 1864 Campaigns: Sigel, Early, and Sheridan There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into Lexington Page 12 confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours

2 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourseTable but to rallyof Contentsthe Brigade on higher

ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed The Valley’s By Civil degrees War History the whole line was

thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on6 higherJackson’ ground...s 1862 Valley There Campaign we took a stand and Harpers Ferry 10 Lee’s 1863 for hours successfully repulsed 12 The 1864 Lynchburg Campaign

Third Winchester Welcome to the 14 Early’s 1864 Campaign Winchester Battlefield Park 16 Sheridan’s 1864 Shenandoah Campaign Shenandoah ByValley degrees Battlefields the whole line National was thrown Historic into confusionDistrict! and I had no other recourse but tolly ra the

BrigadeFierce on higher battles ground...were fought There across muchwe took of the a nation stand during and thefor Civil hours War. successfully The repulsedAreas of the Valley By degrees the whole Shenandoah Valley saw some of the most significant action: ’s 20 Winchester, including areas of line was1862 thrown Valley into Campaign, confusion Lee’s driveand towardI had Gettysburg,no other recourseand Sheridan’s but 1864 to rally the Brigade Frederick on higher and Clarke ground... counties There we took a stand Shenandoahand for hours Campaign successfully all played key repulsed roles in the course ofBy the degrees war. the whole line was24 thrownSignal Knob, into includingconfusion Middletown, and I had no Today visitors are able to view the Valley’s historic towns and landscapes much as Strasburg, and Front Royal other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed they were seen by soldiers and civilians during the war. 28 New Market, including Luray and areas of Page County By degreesThis the guide whole was createdline wasto help thrown visitors into explore confusion that history. and The I hadguide no is dividedother recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher 32 Rockingham, including Harrisonburg ground...into There two main we sections.took a Thestand first introducesand for hours you to successfully the Valley’s Civil repulsed War history. By degrees the whole line was thrown into and areas of Page County Luray The second tells you about the wealth of sites in the National Historic District National Historic District Headquarters confusionwhere and you I canhad learn no other about – recourseand experience but –to that rally history the today. Brigade Finally, on there higher is a ground...36 McDowell, There weincluding took ara easstand of and for hours New Market Strayer House list of resources available across the Valley to help you plan your visit. Highland and Augusta counties successfully repulsed Thank you for your interest in the Shenandoah Valley’s Civil War story. 40 Staunton, Waynesboro, and Augusta County Harrisonburg Visit Us at the Strayer House! 42 Lexington and Rockbridge County Elkton By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourseut b to Monterey The historic Strayer House (c. 1808), located at 9386 S. Congress St. in New 44 Other Areas–, rally theMarket, Brigade serves ason thehigher headquarters ground... for the There National we Historictook a District.stand Theand buildingfor hours successfully including repulsed Harpers Ferr y, Martinsburg, By degrees the also features: and Charles Town whole line• was A Civil thrown War Orientation into confusion Center –and I had no other recourse but to rally the Other Information Brigade on higherinterpretive ground... displays, There artifacts, weyouth took a stand and for hours successfully ...or follow the Valley’s 45 Planning Your Visit: Staunton activities, printed materials, interactive Civil War campaigns. repulsed tools, and more By degrees the whole Eventsline was and Activities;thrown into confusion Waynesboro • “If This Valley is Lost,” a 12-minute Lodging, Dining, and Other Activities; and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we film on Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Tourism Offices Jackson’s 1862 Valley Campaign Campaign 45 Virginia Civil War Trails Page 6 took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed • Visitor Information and Souvenirs 46 About the National Historic District • Jackson’s Corner Cafe and Coffee House By Lee’s 1863 Gettysburg Campaign 46 Acknowledgments and Credits • Passport Stamp Station Page 10 degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but47 to Supporting rally the the NationalBrigade Historic on higher District ground... Directions: From , take exit 264 and drive east to the second traffic 1864 Campaigns: Sigel, Early, and Sheridan There welight; took you’ll a seestand the Strayer and for House hours across successfully the intersection repulsed to the right. Parking By degrees the whole line was thrown into Lexington Page 12 confusionis behind and I the had house no orother along recoursethe street. butOpen to 9am-5pm, rally theMon-Sat. Brigade For moreon higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours information call 540-740-4545.

www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 3 The Homefront By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was he enchanting Shenandoah Valley has always been a bit different from and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the thrown into confusion and I had no other recourseTthe restbut of to Virginia rally and the it becameBrigade a onvalued higher pawn ground... in this most There uncivil we war. took a stand whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to and for hours successfully repulsed Here the Germans, the Scots-Irish, and the English met and melded. Adding to the cultural melting pot was a significant population of African-Americans, rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours most of whom were held in bondage, and large numbers of German-speaking successfully repulsed By degrees the whole linepacifists—Brethren was thrown into and confusion Mennonite. and I had no other recourse but tolly ra the By the mid-19th century, this rich Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsedThey commenced By degrees carrying the whole blending of cultures and geography By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took had created one of the wheat capitals the dead from the field... Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole a stand and for hours successfully repulsed of the country. By degrees Indeed, the the Valleywhole line wasO, thrownwhat intoa sickening confusion and sight I had no became vital as the “Breadbasket line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we tookafter a the stand andbattle... for hours Our successfully poor repulsed of the Confederacy” when the soldiers, how they suffered a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion andconflict I had began. no other recourse but toand rally died the that Brigade day! on higher – Eliza Clinedinst Crim other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfullyThe repulsedweathered Blue By degrees the whole line was thrown By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally theRidge Brigade Mountains on higher on the ground... east and rugged There Alleghenies we took aon stand the and for west protect the rich valley plain. This region ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into hours successfully repulsed was strategically significant thanks to its ability to feed and its geographic location in relation to the confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours opposing capitals: Richmond and Washington. Certain successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrownhills into and confusion fields were andcontested I had time no andother time recourse again—ut b to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and taken,for hours lost and successfully retaken by both repulsed sides. The city of By degrees Winchester alone changed hands as many as 70 times. By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... Throughout the war, the lines between the homefront rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into and warfront blurred as battles raged in farmers’ fields, whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade onfilling higher churches ground... and homes There with we wounded.took a stand When and the for hours took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion successfully repulsed curtain closed on this horrific conflict, much of the region lay devastated, its population decimated. The and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully Valley had experiencedBy the degrees full measure the of the horrorswhole line was repulsed thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally ofthe war Brigade and was on forever higher changed. ground... There we took a stand By degrees the whole line was and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no repulsed Eliza Clinedinst Crim, resident of New Market 4 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher I had no sooner gotten recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was into the saddle when the most vicious sounding and fterfor ahours series successfullyof small clashes inrepulsed By degrees the thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand bullet I ever heard swished A1861, Shenandoah Valley residents whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to and for hours successfully repulsed by my ear and I thought it first heard the great thunder of war in had taken a part of it off. rallythe spring the of 1862Brigade when on Gen. higher Thomas ground... There we took a stand and for hours J. “Stonewall” Jackson began one of the – Sgt. William B. Colston, 2nd Virginia successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the most audacious and brilliant campaigns in American history, drawing thousands of Union troops from the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole Federal campaign to take Richmond. By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but tolly ra the line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took The next year, in crafting his campaign—an effort that would Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no end at Gettysburg—Gen. Robert E. Lee used the Shenandoah Valley’s unique line wasgeography thrown andinto position confusion as an and “avenue I had of advance”no other for recourse his invasion but north. to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed The Valley supplied his men but most importantly, Lee used the Blue a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher Ridge to screen his from Federal eyes as it moved north into other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown Pennsylvania. By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for The year 1864 saw the turning point in the Civil War ground...for There the Valley. we Atook series a ofstand summertime and for victories hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into hours successfully repulsed were the last the Confederates would see in confusionthe andShenandoah I had no Valley. other Desperate recourse Federal but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfullyleaders turnedrepulsed to a new commander, By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, and rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees in the fall Sheridan delivered several stinging defeats, dashingBy degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourseut b to the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... Confederate hopes. Federal rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into forces embarked on scorched- whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours earth operations that burned took a standand laid and to waste for hours much successfullyof the repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion successfully repulsed Valley’s agricultural bounty. The and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully By degrees the whole line Confederacywas had lost control repulsedof the Shenandoah Valley. Six thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand months later, the war ended 50 By degrees the whole line was and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I miles away in the small Virginia throwntown into ofconfusion Appomattox. and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully Pvt. John J. Rhodes for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no repulsed 5th Virginia () Fatal Fields www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 5 A Brief History In the spring of 1862, a of 100,000 was approaching Richmond from the southeast, attempting to take the Confederate capital. The plan also called for Gen. Irvin McDowell, with 30,000 men near Fredericksburg, to advance on Richmond from the north. By unleashing a vigorous offensive If this Valley is lost, in the Shenandoah Valley, Confederate Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson kept McDowell in Virginia– Gen. Thomasis lost! J. “Stonewall” Jackson Fredericksburg, wresting the initiative away from the Federal campaign. Despite an initial setback in March at Kernstown, Jackson quickly recovered. In May, after a feint to Harpers Ferry the east, he headed west, up into the mountains of Highland County. Here he turned back Union troops at the village of McDowell (May 8). He then turned north and marched his army more than Winchester 100 miles before defeating Federal forces under Gen. Nathaniel Banks at Front Royal (May 23) and FIRST KERNSTOWN Winchester (May 25). Confederate Gen. Thomas J. Jackson pursued Banks further north, almost to Harpers Ferry. In early June, two separate Union “Stonewall” Jackson armies of 20,000 each moved to unite near Strasburg and crush Jackson in a trap. Jackson raced

Front Royal Washington south, eluding the trap—the two northern armies pursuing him on either side of the Massanutten March 23 - May 8 Mountain, which runs down the spine of the Shenandoah Valley. At the Massanutten’s southern Jackson tip, Jackson’s army fought masterful back-to-back battles at Cross Keys () and Port Republic (), preventing the Federals from combining. After these “twin battles” and defeats, Union forces withdrew from the Valley. Jackson, having accomplished his mission, moved east and joined Harrisonburg Gen. Robert E. Lee in front of Richmond. Elkton McDowell In a swift feat of marching, deception, counter-marching MCDOWELL Fredericksburg and sheer boldness, Jackson had conducted one of the most May 8 audacious and brilliant campaigns in American military Staunton history. With only 18,000 men, marching several hundred miles over the course of a few weeks, Jackson inflicted twice as many casualties as he suffered, seized countless supplies, and tied up elements of three separate Federal armies totaling more than 60,000 men that would otherwise have been used against May 8 - May 25 Harpers Ferry Richmond.

FIRST WINCHESTER Lexington May 25 To learn more about the history...

FRONT ROYAL In addition to the numerous books and articles that have been published May 23 Washington Richmond about Jackson’s Valley campaign, a concise but comprehensive history can be found in the booklet “If this Valley is lost, Virginia is lost!” Stonewall Harpers Ferry McClellan Harpers Ferry May 25 - June 8 Jackson’s Valley Campaign, available in most visitor centers and many Winchester Winchester bookstores in the Valley. A list of retailers is available online at Harrisonburg Frémont www.ShenandoahAtWar.org. Elkton McDowell Strasburg June 8 - 9 Shields Strasburg McDowell Jackson Fredericksburg Front Royal Washington Front Royal Washington Staunton Jackson

Frémont Shields Harrisonburg Jackson’s 1862 Valley Campaign 1862 Valley Jackson’s Elkton McDowell Lexington Harrisonburg McDowell Fredericksburg Elkton McDowell CROSS KEYS Richmond McDowell June 8 PORT REPUBLIC Staunton Jackson June 9 Fredericksburg McClellan Staunton 6 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org

Lexington

Lexington Richmond McClellan

Richmond McClellan In the spring of 1862, a Union army of 100,000 was Timeline of A Brief History Jackson’s approaching Richmond from the southeast, attempting to Valley Campaign take the Confederate capital. The plan also called for Gen. Irvin McDowell, with 30,000 men near Fredericksburg, to advance on Richmond from the north. By unleashing a vigorous offensive Winter 1861-62 in the Shenandoah Valley, Confederate Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson kept McDowell in Jackson in winter headquarters Fredericksburg, wresting the initiative away from the Federal campaign. at Winchester. Despite an initial setback in March at Kernstown, Jackson quickly recovered. In May, after a feint to March 1862 Harpers Ferry Jackson retires south, up the the east, he headed west, up into the mountains of Highland County. Here he turned back Union Valley, as Union forces occupy troops at the village of McDowell (May 8). He then turned north and marched his army more than Winchester. Winchester 100 miles before defeating Federal forces under Gen. Nathaniel Banks at Front Royal (May 23) and 23 March FIRST KERNSTOWN Winchester (May 25). March 23 Jackson is defeated at the First Jackson pursued Banks further north, almost to Harpers Ferry. In early June, two separate Union Battle of Kernstown, near Winchester, and retreats south. armies of 20,000 each moved to unite near Strasburg and crush Jackson in a trap. Jackson raced

Front Royal Washington south, eluding the trap—the two northern armies pursuing him on either side of the Massanutten April – May March 23 - May 8 Mountain, which runs down the spine of the Shenandoah Valley. At the Massanutten’s southern After pausing at modern-day Elkton, Jackson moves his Jackson tip, Jackson’s army fought masterful back-to-back battles at army out of the Valley to Cross Keys (June 8) and Port Republic (June 9), preventing If the enemy can succeed so deceive Federal forces and the Federals from combining. After these “twin battles” and then returns via rail through defeats, Union forces withdrew from the Valley. Jackson, readily in disconcerting Staunton. having accomplished his mission, moved east and joined all our plans by alarming 8 May Harrisonburg McDowell Gen. Robert E. Lee in front of Richmond. us first at one point, then Jackson defeats Federal forces Elkton under Gen. John Frémont at In a swift feat of marching, deception, counter-marching at another, he will paralyze McDowell. MCDOWELL Fredericksburg and sheer boldness, Jackson had conducted one of the most a large force with a very May 8 23 May audacious and brilliant campaigns in American military small one.– Union Gen. Irvin McDowell Jackson defeats a Federal Staunton history. With only 18,000 men, marching several hundred garrison at Front Royal. miles over the course of a few weeks, Jackson inflicted twice 25 May as many casualties as he suffered, seized countless supplies, and tied up elements of three separate Jackson defeats Union Gen. Federal armies totaling more than 60,000 men that would otherwise have been used against Nathaniel Banks at the First Richmond. Battle of Winchester.

Lexington Early June To learn more about the history... Jackson narrowly eludes an attempt by Union Gens. In addition to the numerous books and articles that have been published Frémont and James Shields Richmond about Jackson’s Valley campaign, a concise but comprehensive history to trap him in the lower can be found in the booklet “If this Valley is lost, Virginia is lost!” Stonewall Shenandoah Valley. McClellan Jackson’s Valley Campaign, available in most visitor centers and many 8 June bookstores in the Valley. A list of retailers is available online at Jackson defeats Frémont at www.ShenandoahAtWar.org. Cross Keys. 9 June Jackson defeats Union forces at Port Republic. Mid-June Federal forces withdraw from the Valley and Jackson is free to join Lee in front of Richmond.

www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 7 Jackson’s Valley Campaign: Rockingham, including Harrisonburg and areas of Page County By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusionExperiencing and I had no otherthe recourse Story but Todayto rally the Brigade on higher ground... Pages 32-35 The ability to follow an entire Civil War military campaign... ThereCross Keyswe andtook Port a Republic stand Battlefields, and for Porthours Republic successfully Museum, and The repulsedCoaling By degrees the whole line was thrown into There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into A printed battlefield driving tour for these two battles is available at most Civil War sites in the Harrisonburg is one of the many unique appeals of the Shenandoah Valley Battlefields National Historic District. and Rockingham County area, online at www.ShenandoahAtWar.org, and at the Civil War Orientation Center confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours confusion and I had no other recourse but toIn rallyparticular, the following Brigade Stonewall on higher Jackson’s ground... famous Valley There Campaign we istook a favorite a stand activity and of Civilfor Warhours inside the Harrisonburg visitor center. The driving tour includes a stop at the Frank Kemper House/Port Republic Museum, which offers a walking tour of the village of Port Republic, as well as directions to “The historians and enthusiasts. successfullyCoaling,” the site repulsed of Union during the . successfully repulsed But it’s not easy, for many of the same reasons that it wasn’t easy for the soldiers who marched these The Heritage Museum roads nearly 150 years ago. Jackson’s army marched up and down and back up the Valley, tracing and The Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society operates a museum and heritage center that features a light retracing their own steps and earning the nickname “Foot .” Following the trail of Jackson’s map offering a strategic overview of Jackson’s Valley Campaign as well as other Civil War exhibits. By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the By degrees the whole linetroops was chronologically thrown into can thereforeconfusion be a challengeand I had for even no theother hardiest recourse traveler. but tolly ra the Miller-Kite House To explore the numerous places in the Valley that today tell the story of this famous campaign, many BrigadeIn the spring on higher of 1862, ground...while using the There Miller-Kite we Housetook as a a standheadquarters, and Jacksonfor hours developed successfully the outline for repulsed By degrees the whole Brigade Kernstownon higher Battlefield ground... -- Pritchard ThereFarm we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole what would become his Valley Campaign. The house has been restored by the Elkton Historical Society, which visitors choose to visit these sites geographically, traveling north to south or south to north. The operates it as a museum. information on these pages is arranged to help visitors find these sites that way. However, for true line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took North River Bridge enthusiasts who would prefer to follow Jackson’s path, the timeline on the previous page will help you a standAlong theand banks for of hours the North successfully River on Va 42 in repulsedthe village of Bridgewater Byare twodegrees Virginia the Civil wholeWar Trails line was thrown into confusion and I had no a stand and for hours successfully repulsed understand howBy degreesto revise thethe order whole of theline sites wasin this thrown list. into confusion and I had no signs, one of which tells the story of the movements of Jackson’s troops across the river at this site after the Battle of McDowell. other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed other recourse but to rally the BrigadeWinchester, on higher ground...including areas There ofwe Frederick took a stand and andClarke for counties hours successfully repulsed Pages 20-23 McDowell, including areas of Augusta and Highland Counties By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusionFirst Kernstown and and I First had Winchester no other — Printed recourse Battlefield but Driving to Tourrally the Brigade on higher ground... Pages 36-39 Ramsey’s Draft A free printed battlefield driving tour for these two battles is available at most Civil War sites in the Winchester There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion There we took a stand and for hours successfullyand Frederick repulsed County area, online at www.ShenandoahAtWar.org, By degrees the whole and lineat the Civilwas War thrown Orientation into Center confusion Virginia Civil War Trails signage along US 250 in Augusta County tells the story of the opening phases inside the Winchester-Frederick County visitor center. of the Battle of McDowell. Look for the Virginia Civil War Trails bugle sign and arrow as you travel west on US and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully 250. Kernstown Battlefield -- Rose Hill Stonewall Jackson’s Headquarters This is where Jackson and his wife spent the winter before his campaign. Today it is a historic house museum repulsedFort Johnson repulsed managed by the Winchester-Frederick County Historical Society. Running along the top of Shenandoah Mountain—where US 250 crosses the Augusta/Highland county line— is a series of trenches created by Confederate troops guarding the “back door” to the Valley. Amazing views of Kernstown Battlefield—Pritchard-Grim Farm the surrounding hills and mountains, short walking trails, and interpretive signage at this site in the George The central portion of the First Kernstown battlefield. This site—owned and managed by the Kernstown Washington National Forest. Battlefield Association—includes the original Pritchard House, a visitor center, walking trails, and interpretive By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally By degrees thesignage. whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourseut b to rally Sitlington’s Hill Approaching McDowell from the east along US 250, a Virginia Civil War Trails pull-off and sign marks the the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line the Brigade on higher ground... There we tookKernstown a stand Battlefield—Rose and for hoursHill Farm successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line trailhead of a fairly demanding hike to the top of the hill. The hill offers tremendous views of the village of Site of the final stages of the First Battle of Kernstown. Rose Hill is owned and managed by the Museum of McDowell and the surrounding mountains—views virtually untouched by the modern world. the Shenandoah Valley. Site open on select days and by appointment. A Civil War Trails sign at the entrance was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and was thrown into confusion and I had no otherprovides recourse an excellent but synopsisto rally of the fightingthe Brigade that occurred on higherat this location. ground... There we took a stand for Ahours Virginia successfully Civil War Trails marker repulsed tells the story of the Union artillery By at thisdegrees position theduring whole the Battleline of was thrown into confusion and I had no other and for hours successfully repulsed Signal Knob, By degrees including the Middletown,whole line was Strasburg,thrown into andconfusion Front andRoyal I had no McDowell. Park at the top of drive and take an easy walk to the marker for great view of the battlefield from Federal perspective. Pages 24-27 recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed other recourseStonewall Jackson’sbut toHeadquarters rally Museum the Brigade on Battlehigher of Front ground... Royal Driving There and Walking we tookTours a stand and for hours successfully repulsed Highland County Museum and National Historic District Civil War Orientation Center Printed driving and walking tours of the key sites of the battle are available at the Front Royal Visitor Center. In the village of McDowell an antebellum home has been converted into a museum and National Historic By degrees the whole line thrownwas The driving tour is also available on CD. By degrees the whole line Districtthrownwas orientation center, owned and operated by the Highland Historical Society. into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours into confusion and I had no other recourse butNew to Market,rally the including Brigade onLuray higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours Camp Allegheny Pages 28-31 Just across the western border of Highland County in West Virginia along US 250 is the site of what was both successfullyUnion and Confederate repulsed encampments. Signage and short walking By degreestrails. the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse successfully repulsed StrayerBy degrees House the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse Jackson’s headquarters when he consulted with on June 4, 1862. Today it is a Civil War butLexington to rally andthe BrigadeRockbridge on higher County ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed but to rally the Brigade on higher ground...Orientation There Centerwe took and headquartersa stand andof the for Shenandoah hours Valleysuccessfully Battlefields Nationalrepulsed Historic District. Pages 42-43 Civil War Trails Signage Lexington Located throughout Shenandoah County and Page County are more than a dozen Virginia Civil War Trails Lexington is the site of the Virginia Military Institute, where Jackson taught before the Civil War, and Jackson’s markers telling the story of Jackson’s campaign. A printed driving tour of Page County’s Civil War sites is house, now a historic house museum that interprets Jackson’s life and experience living in Lexington. Jackson available at the Luray-Page County Chamber of Commerce. was laid to rest after the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863 in what is now the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery.

8 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org Rockingham, including Harrisonburg and areas of Page County By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... Pages 32-35 The ability to follow an entire Civil War military campaign... ThereCross Keyswe andtook Port a Republic stand Battlefields, and for Porthours Republic successfully Museum, and The repulsedCoaling By degrees the whole line was thrown into There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into A printed battlefield driving tour for these two battles is available at most Civil War sites in the Harrisonburg is one of the many unique appeals of the Shenandoah Valley Battlefields National Historic District. and Rockingham County area, online at www.ShenandoahAtWar.org, and at the Civil War Orientation Center confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours confusion and I had no other recourse but toIn rallyparticular, the following Brigade Stonewall on higher Jackson’s ground... famous Valley There Campaign we istook a favorite a stand activity and of Civilfor Warhours inside the Harrisonburg visitor center. The driving tour includes a stop at the Frank Kemper House/Port Republic Museum, which offers a walking tour of the village of Port Republic, as well as directions to “The historians and enthusiasts. successfullyCoaling,” the site repulsed of Union artillery during the Battle of Port Republic. successfully repulsed But it’s not easy, for many of the same reasons that it wasn’t easy for the soldiers who marched these The Heritage Museum roads nearly 150 years ago. Jackson’s army marched up and down and back up the Valley, tracing and The Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society operates a museum and heritage center that features a light retracing their own steps and earning the nickname “.” Following the trail of Jackson’s map offering a strategic overview of Jackson’s Valley Campaign as well as other Civil War exhibits. By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but tolly ra the By degrees the whole linetroops was chronologically thrown into can thereforeconfusion be a challengeand I had for even no theother hardiest recourse traveler. but to rally the Miller-Kite House Cross Keys Battlefield To explore the numerous places in the Valley that today tell the story of this famous campaign, many BrigadeIn the spring on higher of 1862, ground...while using the There Miller-Kite we Housetook as a a standheadquarters, and Jacksonfor hours developed successfully the outline for repulsed By degrees the whole Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole what would become his Valley Campaign. The house has been restored by the Elkton Historical Society, which visitors choose to visit these sites geographically, traveling north to south or south to north. The operates it as a museum. information on these pages is arranged to help visitors find these sites that way. However, for true line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took North River Bridge enthusiasts who would prefer to follow Jackson’s path, the timeline on the previous page will help you a standAlong theand banks for of hours the North successfully River on Va 42 in repulsedthe village of Bridgewater Byare twodegrees Virginia the Civil wholeWar Trails line was thrown into confusion and I had no a stand and for hours successfully repulsed understand howBy degreesto revise thethe order whole of theline sites wasin this thrown list. into confusion and I had no signs, one of which tells the story of the movements of Jackson’s troops across the river at this site after the Battle of McDowell. other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed other recourse but to rally the BrigadeWinchester, on higher ground...including areas There ofwe Frederick took a stand and andClarke for counties hours successfully repulsed Pages 20-23 McDowell, including areas of Augusta and Highland Counties By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusionFirst Kernstown and and I First had Winchester no other — Printed recourse Battlefield but Driving to Tourrally the Brigade on higher ground... Pages 36-39 Ramsey’s Draft A free printed battlefield driving tour for these two battles is available at most Civil War sites in the Winchester There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion There we took a stand and for hours successfullyand Frederick repulsed County area, online at www.ShenandoahAtWar.org, By degrees the whole and lineat the Civilwas War thrown Orientation into Center confusion Virginia Civil War Trails signage along US 250 in western Augusta County tells the story of the opening phases inside the Winchester-Frederick County visitor center. of the Battle of McDowell. Look for the Virginia Civil War Trails bugle sign and arrow as you travel west on US and250. I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully and I had no other recourse but to rally theStonewall Brigade Jackson’s on Headquartershigher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully The Heritage Museum This is where Jackson and his wife spent the winter before his campaign. Today it is a historic house museum repulsedFort Johnson repulsed managed by the Winchester-Frederick County Historical Society. Running along the top of Shenandoah Mountain—where US 250 crosses the Augusta/Highland county line— is a series of trenches created by Confederate troops guarding the “back door” to the Valley. Amazing views of Kernstown Battlefield—Pritchard-Grim Farm the surrounding hills and mountains, short walking trails, and interpretive signage at this site in the George The central portion of the First Kernstown battlefield. This site—owned and managed by the Kernstown Washington National Forest. Battlefield Association—includes the original Pritchard House, a visitor center, walking trails, and interpretive By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourseut b to rally By degrees thesignage. whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally Sitlington’s Hill Approaching McDowell from the east along US 250, a Virginia Civil War Trails pull-off and sign marks the the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line the Brigade on higher ground... There we tookKernstown a stand Battlefield—Rose and for hoursHill Farm successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line trailhead of a fairly demanding hike to the top of the hill. The hill offers tremendous views of the village of Site of the final stages of the First Battle of Kernstown. Rose Hill is owned and managed by the Museum of McDowell and the surrounding mountains—views virtually untouched by the modern world. the Shenandoah Valley. Site open on select days and by appointment. A Civil War Trails sign at the entrance was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and was thrown into confusion and I had no otherprovides recourse an excellent but synopsisto rally of the fightingthe Brigade that occurred on higherat this location. ground... There we took a stand Cemetery Hill for Ahours Virginia successfully Civil War Trails marker repulsed tells the story of the Union artillery By at thisdegrees position the during whole the Battleline of was thrown into confusion and I had no other and for hours successfully repulsed Signal Knob, By degrees including the Middletown,whole line was Strasburg,thrown into andconfusion Front andRoyal I had no McDowell. Park at the top of drive and take an easy walk to the marker for great view of the battlefield from Federal perspective. Pages 24-27 recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed other recourse but to rally the Brigade on Battlehigher of Front ground... Royal Driving There and Walking we tookTours a stand and for hours successfully repulsed Highland County Museum and National Historic District Civil War Orientation Center Printed driving and walking tours of the key sites of the battle are available at the Front Royal Visitor Center. In the village of McDowell an antebellum home has been converted into a museum and National Historic By degrees the whole line thrownwas The driving tour is also available on CD. By degrees the whole line Districtthrownwas orientation center, owned and operated by the Highland Historical Society. McDowell Battlefield into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours into confusion and I had no other recourse butNew to Market,rally the including Brigade onLuray higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours Camp Allegheny Pages 28-31 Just across the western border of Highland County in West Virginia along US 250 is the site of what was both successfullyUnion and Confederate repulsed encampments. Signage and short walking By degreestrails. the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse successfully repulsed StrayerBy degrees House the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse Jackson’s headquarters when he consulted with Jedediah Hotchkiss on June 4, 1862. Today it is a Civil War butLexington to rally andthe BrigadeRockbridge on higher County ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed but to rally the Brigade on higher ground...Orientation There Centerwe took and headquartersa stand andof the for Shenandoah hours Valleysuccessfully Battlefields Nationalrepulsed Historic District. Pages 42-43 Civil War Trails Signage Lexington Located throughout Shenandoah County and Page County are more than a dozen Virginia Civil War Trails Lexington is the site of the Virginia Military Institute, where Jackson taught before the Civil War, and Jackson’s markers telling the story of Jackson’s campaign. A printed driving tour of Page County’s Civil War sites is house, now a historic house museum that interprets Jackson’s life and experience living in Lexington. Jackson available at the Luray-Page County Chamber of Commerce. was laid to rest after the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863 in what is now the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery. Fort Johnson

www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 9 A Brief History In the summer of 1863, Gen. Robert E. Lee made the Shenandoah Valley an “avenue of advance” for his invasion of the north. He If I had had Stonewall Jackson with me, so selected the Valley due to its obvious advantages. The Shenandoah Valley’s bountiful farms were a far as a man can see, I should have won the welcome respite for Lee’s long-suffering Army of Northern Virginia, supplying it with food and livestock. But more importantly, Lee used the Blue Ridge to screen his army from Federal eyes, thus avoiding a . – Gen. Robert E. Lee engagement until he and his troops were ready. The Valley was a natural avenue of advance that led perfectly to the in Pennsylvania where Lee hoped to draw the Federal army away from war-weary Virginia. During the advance, Confederate Gen. Richard Ewell defeated a small Federal force at Winchester in mid-June, clearing the way for Lee to move north. Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee Gettysburg After the devastating defeat at Gettysburg, the Confederates crossed the Potomac at Williamsport and – after defeating a final Federal attempt to cut off their withdrawal at the Battle of Manassas Gap (July 23, 1863) – once again found safety and provisions in the Shenandoah Valley as the Army of Northern Virginia regrouped and amassed vital supplies. Lee moves into Pennsylvania Exploring Lee’s Gettysburg Campaign: Shenandoah Valley Sites

Winchester, including areas of Frederick and Clarke counties Harpers Ferry SECOND WINCHESTER Pages 20-23 June 13-15 Second Battle of Winchester Two Civil War Trails signs on US 522 west of Winchester—west of Va 37 at the Virginia Farm Market and at Star Fort Milroy just east of Va 37—describe action around the defensive forts northwest of the city during the battle. Early to mid-June Stephenson’s Depot Ewell A Civil War Trails marker at Stephenson’s Depot north of Winchester tells the story of the final moments of the Second Strasburg Battle of Winchester, when Federal forces retreating along the Valley Turnpike were overwhelmed by Confederate artillery on the hills to the east. Washington Front Royal Signal Knob, including Middletown, Strasburg, and Front Royal Pages 24-27 Lee at Bel Air Diarist Lucy Buck recorded the story of a visit to her home, Bel Air, by Gen. Robert E. Lee as his army moved through Front Royal after the Battle of Gettysburg. A Virginia Civil War Trails marker provides details. Battle of Wapping Heights (Manassas Gap) Civil War Trails marker tells the story of last Federal attempt to cut off Gen. Robert E. Lee’s withdrawal after Gettysburg. Mid-July Harpers Ferry New Market, including areas of Luray and Page County Winchester Pages 28-31 Lee Lee Pass Run and Harrisonburg Confederate units camped in the safety of the Shenandoah following the . Elkton Strasburg ...we have been on the march since yesterday week we were 10 miles Manassas Gap Washington McDowell July 23 Front Royal Fredericksburg below Fredericksburg we crossed the Blue Ridge and the Rappidan Rappahannock and both branches of the Shenandoah north and south and are within 21 miles of the Potomic and I would take any New Market

Lee’s 1863 Gettysburg Campaign Lee’s Staunton Luray amount for the trip the most butiful scenery I ever beheld since I have been in the army... It is supposed that we will go into Pennsylvania... – Lt. William B. Taylor, 11th North Carolina Infantry Harrisonburg June 22, 1863 Elkton 10 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org McDowell Fredericksburg

LexingtonStaunton

Richmond Lexington

Richmond A Brief History In the summer of 1863, Gen. Robert E. Lee made the Shenandoah Valley an “avenue of advance” for his invasion of the north. He Timeline of Lee’s 1863 Gettysburg If I had had Stonewall Jackson with me, so selected the Valley due to its obvious advantages. The Shenandoah Valley’s bountiful farms were a Campaign welcome respite for Lee’s long-suffering Army of Northern Virginia, supplying it with food and livestock. far as a man can see, I should have won the Early May But more importantly, Lee used the Blue Ridge to screen his army from Federal eyes, thus avoiding a Lee defeats Union forces Battle of Gettysburg. general engagement until he and his troops were ready. The Valley was a natural avenue of advance that at Chancellorsville, near led perfectly to the Cumberland Valley in Pennsylvania where Lee hoped to draw the Federal army away Fredericksburg. from war-weary Virginia. During the advance, Confederate Gen. Richard Ewell defeated a small Federal June 3 force at Winchester in mid-June, clearing the way for Lee to move north. Gettysburg Lee’s army begins to move north. After the devastating defeat at Gettysburg, the Confederates crossed the Potomac at Williamsport and June 9 – after defeating a final Federal attempt to cut off their withdrawal at the Battle of Manassas Gap (July Confederate cavalry under 23, 1863) – once again found safety and provisions in the Shenandoah Valley as the Army of Northern Gen. James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stuart defeats Union cavalry Virginia regrouped and amassed vital supplies. at Brandy Station, east of the Lee moves into Blue Ridge. Pennsylvania Exploring Lee’s Gettysburg Campaign: June 13 - 15 To clear the way for Lee’s Shenandoah Valley Sites army to move north through the Shenandoah Valley, Gen. Winchester, including areas of Frederick and Clarke counties Richard S. Ewell defeats Harpers Ferry Pages 20-23 Robert H. Milroy’s Union SECOND WINCHESTER garrison at Winchester. June 13-15 Second Battle of Winchester Two Civil War Trails signs on US 522 west of Winchester—west of Va 37 at the Virginia Farm Market and at Star Fort June 15 Milroy just east of Va 37—describe action around the defensive forts northwest of the city during the battle. Confederates begin crossing Stephenson’s Depot the Potomac into Maryland. Ewell A Civil War Trails marker at Stephenson’s Depot north of Winchester tells the story of the final moments of the Second Late June Strasburg Battle of Winchester, when Federal forces retreating along the Valley Turnpike were overwhelmed by Confederate artillery on the hills to the east. Lee moves into Pennsylvania Washington and Federals cross north into Front Royal Signal Knob, including Middletown, Strasburg, and Front Royal Maryland east of the Blue Ridge. Pages 24-27 June 30 Lee at Bel Air Confederate Gen. Diarist Lucy Buck recorded the story of a visit to her home, Bel Air, by Gen. Robert E. Lee as his army moved through receives permission to take Front Royal after the Battle of Gettysburg. A Virginia Civil War Trails marker provides details. his the next day to Battle of Wapping Heights (Manassas Gap) Gettysburg in search of shoes. Civil War Trails marker tells the story of last Federal attempt to cut off Gen. Robert E. Lee’s withdrawal after Gettysburg. July 1 - 3 New Market, including areas of Luray and Page County On July 1, Heth finds Union Pages 28-31 forces defending Gettysburg and for the next three days, Lee Pass Run and Thornton Gap the Battle of Gettysburg rages Harrisonburg Confederate units camped in the safety of the Shenandoah following the retreat from Gettysburg. through the town and the surrounding fields. Elkton ...we have been on the march since yesterday week we were 10 miles Early to mid-July McDowell Confederates retreat southward, Fredericksburg below Fredericksburg we crossed the Blue Ridge and the Rappidan crossing the Potomac into Rappahannock and both branches of the Shenandoah north and the relative safety of the Shenandoah Valley. south and are within 21 miles of the Potomic and I would take any Staunton amount for the trip the most butiful scenery I ever beheld since I have July 23 Confederates forces withstand been in the army... It is supposed that we will go into Pennsylvania... final attempt to cut off – Lt. William B. Taylor, 11th North Carolina Infantry their retreat at the Battle of June 22, 1863 Manassas Gap.

www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 11

Lexington

Richmond A Brief History The year 1864 saw the turning point in the Civil War for the If Sigel can’t skin himself he can hold a leg Valley. It was a complex year of multiple military operations that ended Confederate control of the Valley and wrought the near total destruction of its agricultural whilst some one else skins. economy. – Gen. Ulysses S. Grant With Ulysses S. Grant’s promotion to general in chief of all Union armies in March 1864, he lost no time in organizing a huge offensive across the entire front of the embattled states. In Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley and the new state of West Virginia, Union forces were ordered to disrupt railroad and transportation networks and destroy Confederate forces and the economic and agricultural resources that supported them. Harpers Ferry In May, a Federal army under Gen. advanced south through West Virginia with orders Winchester to cut railroad links from Virginia to the west. Union Gen. was to move south through the Union Gen. Franz Sigel Sigel Shenandoah Valley and meet Crook in Staunton. This would also prevent any Confederate movement out of the Shenandoah Valley to assault Grant’s flank as it advanced south toward Richmond.

Strasburg Sigel met defeat at New Market () in a battle with Confederate forces under Gen. John C. Early May Breckinridge, reinforced by cadets from the Virginia Military Institute. Sigel was relieved and replaced Front Royal Washington by Gen. Hunter. Spring - Summer 1864 In June, Hunter gained a victory in the rolling landscape at (), east of Staunton. With Harpers Ferry most Confederate resistance checked, Hunter moved south and burned the Virginia Military Institute Winchester in Lexington. Lee sent Gen. from the defenses of Richmond to confront the Federal NEW MARKET Early June May 15 threat. Early defeated Hunter at Lynchburg (June 17-18), on the east side of the Blue Ridge, and Luray Strasburg the Union army retreated into the mountains of West Virginia, leaving the Valley—and its pathway

Front Royal north—inWashington Early’s hands.

Harrisonburg Luray The Lynchburg Campaign: Exploring the Story Today Elkton Hunter New Market, including areas of Luray and Page County Harrisonburg Pages 28-31 McDowell Breckinridge Elkton Fredericksburg Virginia Museum of the Civil War McDowell Fredericksburg Harpers Ferry The story of the Civil War in Virginia and the is told in this 300-acre battlefield park, 19th Staunton Winchester PIEDMONT Staunton June 5 century farmstead, and museum, owned and operated by the Virginia Military Institute. Additional Virginia Civil War Trails signage on US 11 north of New Market describes the end of this battle. Strasburg Jones Front Royal Washington Staunton, Waynesboro, and Augusta County

Charlottesville Pages 40-41

Luray Mid-June Harrisonburg Lexington Elkton Trails signage describes Hunter’s victory at Piedmont, which allowed him to continue south to wreak havoc in

McDowell Staunton and burn buildings at the Virginia Military Institute in Lexington. Fredericksburg Staunton StauntonRichmond Trails signage at the railroad station in Staunton describes Hunter’s destruction of railroad infrastructure in the city Lexington Lynchburg after his victory at Piedmont. Hunter Lexington Lexington and Rockbridge County Early Pages 42-43

Lynchburg Campaign Lynchburg Richmond Richmond Lexington LYNCHBURG June 17-18 The VMI Museum in Lexington interprets the role of the Institute during the Civil War, including its burning by Hunter. Lynchburg

12 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org The year 1864 saw the turning point in the Civil War for the A Brief History Timeline of If Sigel can’t skin himself he can hold a leg Valley. It was a complex year of multiple military operations that the Lynchburg ended Confederate control of the Valley and wrought the near total destruction of its agricultural Campaign whilst some one else skins. economy. Early May With Ulysses S. Grant’s promotion to general in chief of all Union armies in March 1864, he lost Sigel begins to move south no time in organizing a huge offensive across the entire front of the embattled states. In Virginia’s in the Valley to meet Shenandoah Valley and the new state of West Virginia, Union forces were ordered to disrupt railroad Crook in Staunton. and transportation networks and destroy Confederate forces and the economic and agricultural May 15 resources that supported them. Harpers Ferry Breckinridge’s hastily- In May, a Federal army under Gen. George Crook advanced south through West Virginia with orders gathered Confederate army Winchester confronts and defeats Sigel to cut railroad links from Virginia to the west. Union Gen. Franz Sigel was to move south through the at New Market. Sigel Shenandoah Valley and meet Crook in Staunton. This would also prevent any Confederate movement out of the Shenandoah Valley to assault Grant’s flank as it advanced south toward Richmond. Late May Union leaders replace Sigel Strasburg Sigel met defeat at New Market (May 15) in a battle with Confederate forces under Gen. John C. with Hunter, who begins Breckinridge, reinforced by cadets from the Virginia Military Institute. Sigel was relieved and replaced to move south. Front Royal Washington by Gen. . June 5 In June, Hunter gained a victory in the rolling landscape at Piedmont (June 5), east of Staunton. With Hunter defeats Confederates at the Battle Harpers Ferry most Confederate resistance checked, Hunter moved south and burned the Virginia Military Institute Winchester of Piedmont, east of in Lexington. Lee sent Gen. Jubal Early from the defenses of Richmond to confront the Federal Staunton. NEW MARKET May 15 threat. Early defeated Hunter at Lynchburg (June 17-18), on the east side of the Blue Ridge, and Early June Luray Strasburg the Union army retreated into the mountains of West Virginia, leaving the Valley—and its pathway Hunter continues south, Front Royal north—inWashington Early’s hands. looting Staunton and destroying much of the Virginia Military Institute Harrisonburg in Lexington. Luray The Lynchburg Campaign: Exploring the Story Today Elkton June 17-18 Hunter New Market, including areas of Luray and Page County Harrisonburg Pages 28-31 Hunter moves toward McDowell Breckinridge Elkton Lynchburg where he is Fredericksburg Virginia Museum of the Civil War defeated by Early’s arriving McDowell FredericksburgThe story of the Civil War in Virginia and the Battle of New Market is told in this 300-acre battlefield park, 19th forces. Staunton PIEDMONT Staunton June 5 century farmstead, and museum, owned and operated by the Virginia Military Institute. Additional Virginia Civil War Trails signage on US 11 north of New Market describes the end of this battle. Late June Jones Hunter retreats into Staunton, Waynesboro, and Augusta County the mountains of West Virginia. Charlottesville Pages 40-41 Battle of Piedmont Lexington Trails signage describes Hunter’s victory at Piedmont, which allowed him to continue south to wreak havoc in Staunton and burn buildings at the Virginia Military Institute in Lexington. StauntonRichmond Trails signage at the railroad station in Staunton describes Hunter’s destruction of railroad infrastructure in the city Lexington Lynchburg after his victory at Piedmont. Lexington and Rockbridge County Pages 42-43 Richmond Lexington The VMI Museum in Lexington interprets the role of the Institute during the Civil War, including its burning by Hunter. Lynchburg

www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 13 A Brief History In an effort to divert Federal troops from Gen. Ulysses If you can continue to threaten Grant I hope S. Grant’s north of Richmond, Gen. Robert E. Lee sent Gen. Jubal Early north through the Valley with instructions to strike to be able to do something for your relief all the way to Washington DC, if possible. and the success of our cause shortly. I After his victory at Monocacy, Maryland on July 9, Early made limited attacks against Washington’s strong fortifications. shall lose no time. – Gen. Jubal A. Early to Robert E. Lee His assaults near the Federal capital caused the Lincoln June 1864 Administration great consternation. Confederate Gen. Jubal A. Early Frederick Failing to take the capital city, Early withdrew, crossing the Summer 1864 Early Potomac into Virginia near Leesburg and thence to the Valley, followed by Federals under Gen. Horatio G. Wright. The Harpers Ferry Monocacy Confederates confronted their pursuers along the western base of the Blue Ridge, defeating July 9 Winchester them at Cool Spring (July 17-18) on the and then retiring to the relative safety of Fisher’s Hill, south of Strasburg. Wright, believing that Early was departing the Valley to rejoin Lee, began to move some of

June 18 to mid-July Strasburg his units to join Grant at Petersburg, leaving a small force at Winchester under Gen. George Crook. Early attacked Crook just south of Winchester at Kernstown () and then Front Royal Washington his cavalry moved north and burned Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in retaliation for the burning of Lexington. The July battles would be the Confederacy’s last victories in the region and would pave the way for a new, more destructive level of war in the Shenandoah Valley. New Market Luray

Early Exploring Early’s Harrisonburg July 18 - 23 Winchester, including areas of Frederick and Clarke counties Harpers Ferry Pages 20-23 RUTHERFORD’S McDowell Winchester Fredericksburg FARM There are three Civil War Trails markers about the battle along a walking trail on the east side of Staunton Early Wright Shenandoah River. Take Parker Lane north for approximately 1.5 miles to the parking area. (The site COOL SPRING is owned by Shenandoah University, but open to the public.) There is an additional marker about the Strasburg July 17-18 battle just west of the river, on Route 603, just off VA 7.

Front Royal WashingtonBattle of Rutherford’s Farm A Civil War Trails marker tells the story of the surprising Union victory. One of three markers accessed from a parking area off US 11 westbound, approx. 1/3 mile east of Exit 317 on I-81. July 24 Second Battle of Kernstown Harpers Ferry More than 300 acres of the Second Kernstown battlefield Lexington Luray have been protected by the Kernstown Battlefield Winchester Association. This working farm is open to the public on SECOND Crook weekends May through November. KERNSTOWN July 24 Harrisonburg Early Strasburg Elkton Richmond Early’s Maryland Campaign Early’s Lynchburg McDowell Washington Front Royal Fredericksburg Staunton

Salem New Market 14 Luray www.ShenandoahAtWar.org

Harrisonburg

Lexington McDowell

Staunton

Richmond Lynchburg

Salem

Lexington

Richmond Timeline of Early’s A Brief History In an effort to divert Federal troops from Gen. Ulysses Maryland Campaign S. Grant’s Overland Campaign north of Richmond, June 18 - 21 Gen. Robert E. Lee sent Gen. Jubal Early north through the Valley with instructions to strike Following the Battle of all the way to Washington DC, if possible. Lynchburg, Early pursues Hunter as far as Salem and After his victory at Monocacy, Maryland on July 9, Early made then turns north. limited attacks against Washington’s strong fortifications. Major, we haven’t – Gen. Jubal A. Early to Robert E. Lee Late June to Early July His assaults near the Federal capital caused the Lincoln taken Washington, but June 1864 Administration great consternation. Early advances north, down we scared Abe Lincoln the Valley, crossing the Potomac into Maryland. Early Frederick Failing to take the capital city, Early withdrew, crossing the like hell. Potomac into Virginia near Leesburg and thence to the Valley, – Gen. Jubal A. Early July 8 followed by Federals under Gen. Horatio G. Wright. The Early ransoms the town of Harpers Ferry Monocacy Confederates confronted their pursuers along the western base of the Blue Ridge, defeating Frederick, Maryland. July 9 Winchester them at Cool Spring (July 17-18) on the Shenandoah River and then retiring to the relative July 9 safety of Fisher’s Hill, south of Strasburg. Early’s advance on Washington is delayed by Federals along Wright, believing that Early was departing the Valley to rejoin Lee, began to move some of the Monocacy River, south of Frederick. Strasburg his units to join Grant at Petersburg, leaving a small force at Winchester under Gen. George Crook. Early attacked Crook just south of Winchester at Kernstown (July 24) and then July 11-14 Front Royal Washington his cavalry moved north and burned Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in retaliation for the Early makes limited assaults burning of Lexington. The July battles would be the Confederacy’s last major victories in the on the defenses of Washington before withdrawing westward region and would pave the way for a new, more destructive level of war in the Shenandoah along the Potomac, crossing Valley. the river near Leesburg. New Market July 14-17 Luray Confederates move west across Early Exploring Early’s Maryland Campaign Loudoun County and cross the Blue Ridge at Snicker’s Gap Harrisonburg (along modern-day Va 7). Winchester, including areas of Frederick and Clarke counties July 17-18 Harpers Ferry Pages 20-23 RUTHERFORD’S Pursuing Union forces engage McDowell Winchester elements of Early’s army along Fredericksburg FARM Battle of Cool Spring There are three Civil War Trails markers about the battle along a walking trail on the east side of the Shenandoah River at Cool Staunton Early Wright Shenandoah River. Take Parker Lane north for approximately 1.5 miles to the parking area. (The site Spring and retreat. COOL SPRING is owned by Shenandoah University, but open to the public.) There is an additional marker about the July 18 - 23 Strasburg July 17-18 battle just west of the river, on Route 603, just off VA 7. After additional limited WashingtonBattle of Rutherford’s Farm engagements, Confederates Front Royal camp at Fisher’s Hill, south of A Civil War Trails marker tells the story of the surprising Union victory. One of three markers accessed Strasburg and Federals occupy from a parking area off US 11 westbound, approx. 1/3 mile east of Exit 317 on I-81. Winchester. Second Battle of Kernstown July 20 More than 300 acres of the Second Kernstown battlefield Lexington Luray Union cavalry defeats Con- have been protected by the Kernstown Battlefield federates at Rutherford’s Farm. Association. This working farm is open to the public on weekends May through November. July 24 Harrisonburg Early attacks the Federals Elkton at Kernstown, south of Richmond Winchester, driving them north towards Harper’s Ferry. Lynchburg McDowell Fredericksburg July 30 Staunton Confederates burn Pritchard’s Hill at the center of the Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. Salem Second Kernstown battlefield. www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 15

Lexington

Richmond Lynchburg

Salem A Brief History By the late summer of 1864, the Union had Do all the damage to railroads and crops you can. experienced the disaster at Kernstown and the Confederate burning of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant resolved to Carry off stock of all descriptions… so as to crush Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s army and destroy the fertile Shenandoah as a military prevent further planting. If the war is to last granary for Lee’s army. He reorganized several military districts under one commander and chose his aggressive cavalryman, Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, to lead this new army with another year, we want the Shenandoah Valley to the bulk of the Federal cavalry. Sheridan’s instructions were to defeat Early and conduct a remain a barren waste. – Gen. Ulysses S. Grant campaign of total warfare in the Valley. August 1864 Sheridan took command of his new army in early August and marched south. After weeks Harpers Ferryof watching—and occasionally engaging—one another, including smaller actions at Guard Harpers Ferry Hill (August 16) and Berryville (September 3), the situation changed dramatically in mid- Sheridan at Fisher’s Hill Winchester September, when Sheridan delievered a shattering blow at Third Winchester (September THIRD WINCHESTER September 23 - October 5 19). Early retreated and made an unsuccessful stand at Fisher’s Hill (September 22) September 19 Sheridan before withdrawing south, seeking the safety of the Strasburg western slopes of the Blue Ridge. Washington August - September BERRYVILLE Front Royal September 3 The Union army proceeded south and Federal FISHER’S Strasburg Sheridan cavalry embarked on a two-week campaign HILL of destruction to neutralize the Shenandoah September 22 WashingtonNew Market Front Royal Luray Valley’s agricultural base, the “breadbasket of the Confederacy.” In what became known as The Early GUARD HILL August 16 Harrisonburg Burning, thousands of mills, barns, and farm

Elkton buildings were put to the torch, stores of grain and livestock were destroyed or confiscated, and New Market McDowell Luray Harpers Ferry livelihoods were turned to ash. Staunton Early Early’s cavalry pestered the Union raiders from Winchester Staunton and Harrisonburg north until Sheridan Harrisonburg Mid-October routed the Confederates at Tom’s Brook (October Elkton Sheridan’s cavalry 9) and pursued them 10 miles south to Woodstock. TOM’S BROOK Strasburg October 9 Early attempted to turn the tide with a surprise Front Royal Washington McDowell Lexington attack at Cedar Creek on October 19, but a Union Early’s counterattack turned the day into a crushing Staunton cavalry defeat for the rebels. Thereafter, the Confederacy New Market Harpers Ferry Luray lost controlRichmond of the Shenandoah Valley and its Late October Early bounty. The final remnants of Early’s army were Winchester destroyed at Waynesboro on March 2, 1865. Harrisonburg Elkton CEDAR Sheridan CREEKMcDowell Strasburg October 19 Early Staunton To learn more about the history... Lexington Front Royal Washington The Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation has published a companion to its booklet

Sheridan’s 1864 Shenandoah Campaign Sheridan’s “If this Valley is lost, Virginia is lost!” Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign. The second publication, “Give the enemy no rest!” Sheridan’s 1864 Shenandoah Campaign, is available in New Market most visitor centers and many bookstores in the Valley. A list of retailers is available online Luray Richmond at ShenandoahAtWar.org. Lexington 16 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org Harrisonburg Elkton Richmond McDowell

Staunton

Lexington

Richmond Timeline of By the late summer of 1864, the Union had Sheridan’s A Brief History Shenandoah experienced the disaster at Kernstown and the Campaign Confederate burning of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant resolved to crush Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s army and destroy the fertile Shenandoah as a military August 6 granary for Lee’s army. He reorganized several military districts under one commander Sheridan is made commander and chose his aggressive cavalryman, Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, to lead this new army with of the new Army of the the bulk of the Federal cavalry. Sheridan’s instructions were to defeat Early and conduct a Shenandoah. campaign of total warfare in the Valley. August 16 Sheridan took command of his new army in early August and marched south. After weeks The two sides fight the small and inconclusive Battle of Harpers Ferryof watching—and occasionally engaging—one another, including smaller actions at Guard Guard Hill. Harpers Ferry Hill (August 16) and Berryville (September 3), the situation changed dramatically in mid- Winchester September, when Sheridan delievered a shattering blow at Third Winchester (September September 3-4 THIRD WINCHESTER September 23 - October 5 19). Early retreated and made an unsuccessful stand at Fisher’s Hill (September 22) The armies fight another September 19 Sheridan before withdrawing south, seeking the safety of the indecisive battle at Berryville. Strasburg western slopes of the Blue Ridge. September 19 Washington BERRYVILLE Front Royal Sheridan decisively defeats September 3 The Union army proceeded south and Federal Early at the bitterly-fought Third Battle of Winchester. FISHER’S Strasburg Sheridan cavalry embarked on a two-week campaign HILL of destruction to neutralize the Shenandoah The Confederates withdraw September 22 WashingtonNew Market to Fisher’s Hill. Front Royal Luray Valley’s agricultural base, the “breadbasket of the Confederacy.” In what became known as The September 21-22 Early GUARD HILL August 16 Burning, thousands of mills, barns, and farm Early’s army is defeated again Harrisonburg at Fisher’s Hill and retreats Elkton buildings were put to the torch, stores of grain south through the Valley. and livestock were destroyed or confiscated, and New Market McDowell September 23 – October 8 Luray livelihoods were turned to ash. Staunton Sheridan moves south to Early Early’s cavalry pestered the Union raiders from Staunton, then withdraws Staunton and Harrisonburg north until Sheridan northward as Union cavalry systematically destroys or Harrisonburg routed the Confederates at Tom’s Brook (October confiscates barns, mills, crops, Elkton 9) and pursued them 10 miles south to Woodstock. and livestock during “The Burning.” Early attempted to turn the tide with a surprise McDowell October 9 Lexington attack at Cedar Creek on October 19, but a Union The blazing buildings everywhere— Federal cavalry units defeat counterattack turned the day into a crushing the smoke that all that day obscured Staunton their pursuing southern defeat for the rebels. Thereafter, the Confederacy the sun and flying cinders counterparts at the Battle of Tom’s Brook. lost controlRichmond of the Shenandoah Valley and its of shingle and of straw—the bounty. The final remnants of Early’s army were countenances of women, and little October 19 destroyed at Waynesboro on March 2, 1865. At Cedar Creek, Early’s children holding them by the hand, brilliant surprise attack looking on!...What were we coming overwhelms much of the Union army, but the Federals to? What would all this end in? rally and counterattack, – Newton Burkholder routing the Confederates To learn more about the history... Confederate soldier and all but destroying Early’s Lexington command. The Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation has published a companion to its booklet March 2, 1865 “If this Valley is lost, Virginia is lost!” Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign. The second Federal cavalry destroys the publication, “Give the enemy no rest!” Sheridan’s 1864 Shenandoah Campaign, is available in small remnant of Early’s army most visitor centers and many bookstores in the Valley. A list of retailers is available online at Waynesboro. Richmond at ShenandoahAtWar.org.

www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 17 By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusionSheridan’s and I had noShenandoah other recourse but toCampaign: rally the Brigade on higher ground... Exploring the Story Today There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into The story of Sheridan’s campaign resonates in Valley families confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally theeven Brigade today. onIndeed, higher this ground... history is Thereespecially we tookcompelling—not a stand and for hours successfully repulsed successfully repulsed only because of its effect on the eventual outcome of the Civil War—but also because of its impact on the personal lives of the Shenandoah’s citizenry. By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the By degrees the whole line was thrownThere are into many confusion places in the and Valley I thathad todayno othertell the recourse story of this but dramatic tolly ra the campaign, from mill sites to battlefields to museums. As you explore the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand andValley, for hoursyou may successfully even encounter arepulsed resident who might share By degreeswith you thehis or whole her own family’s experience during this dark chapter of the Valley’s history. line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took Winchester, areas of Frederick and Clarke counties a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no a stand and for hours successfully repulsed ByPages degrees 20-23 the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higherThird ground...Winchester Orientation There Center we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed Located across Redbud Road from the Battlefield Park parking area, the orientation By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion andcenter I hadprovides no historicalother andrecourse visitor-related but informationto rally for theThird BrigadeWinchester on higher ground... battlefield sites throughout Winchester, Federick County, and Clark County. Third Winchester Battlefield Park There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsedThird Winchester Battlefield ByPark degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion Miles of interpreted trails guide visitors through the area that saw some of the and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade fierciston higher fighting ground... of the battle –There and the weentire took war – aincluding stand Artilleryand for Knoll, hours First successfully Woods, and the Middle Field. Start at the Redbud Road parking area across from repulsed repulsed the Orientation Center. Open dawn to dusk. Third Winchester — Printed Battlefield Driving Tour A printed battlefield driving tour for this battle is available at most Civil War sites in the Winchester and Frederick County area, online at www.ShenandoahAtWar.org, and at the Civil War Orientation Center inside the Winchester-Frederick County By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally By degrees the whole linevisitor was center. thrown into confusion and I had no other recourseut b to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a standStephenson’s and for Depot hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line This area at the northern end of the battlefield is interpreted by Civil War Trails was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and was thrown into confusion and I had no other recoursesigns but at theto intersectionrally theof Old Brigade Charles Townon higherand Milburn ground... roads. There we took a stand Depiction of Sheridan’s Field Hospital Sheridan’s Field Hospital at Shawnee Springs for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other and for hours successfully repulsed LocatedBy degrees along the the Winchester whole lineGreen Circlewas Linearthrown Park into is the siteconfusion of one of the and I had no largest field hospitals of the Civil War. Signage describes the state-of-the-art system recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground...used to heat There the almost we 500took tents a in stand this sprawling and for facility hours used duringsuccessfully and after repulsed Sheridan’s campaign. By degrees the whole line thrownwas Signal Knob, including Middletown,By degrees Strasburg,the andwhole line thrownwas Front Royal into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rallyPages the 24-27 Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse successfully repulsed By degreesNational the Parkwhole Service line Visitor was Contact thrown Station into confusion and I had no other recourse Orientation center with interpretive exhibits and displays, fiber optic map on battle, but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There weand took driving a tours, stand maps and and forbrochures. hours 7712 successfully Main Street, Middletown. repulsed Cedar Creek Battlefield Foundation Headquarters and Hupp’s Hill Civil War Park The CCBF Headquarters in Middletown interprets the , and Hupp’s Hill Civil War Park in Strasburg interprets Sheridan’s 1864 Valley Campaign. Belle Grove Plantation Both sites are operated by the Cedar Creek Battlefield Foundation.

18 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org Belle Grove Plantation By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... This antebellum plantation complex owned by the National Trust for Historic Preservation and managed by Belle Grove, Inc. interprets the pre-war story of this historic site as well Thereas its werole astook a headquarters a stand and and focal for point hours of the Battlesuccessfully of Cedar Creek. repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into Cedar Creek Battlefield confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours Other battle sites open to visitors include the 8th Vermont Monument Trail, the 19th Trench Trail, Thoburn’s Redoubt, and more. The NPS’s self-guided tour brochure and CD successfully repulsed successfully repulsed audio tour (available at the Visitor Contact Station) can help you discover these sites. Fisher’s Hill Battlefield Just south of Strasburg along US 11, travelers will encounter the first of several Virginia Civil War Trails signs that describe this “Gibraltar of the Valley” and the Battle of Fisher’s Hill. Following Battlefield ByRoad degreeswest of I-81 the takes whole you to line Ramseur’s was Hill,thrown a one-mile into confusionInterpretive andsignage I alonghad the no walking other trail atrecourse Ramseur’s but tolly ra the By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the walking trail at the site of the flanking movement that turned the tide of this battle. This Hill on the Fisher’s Hill battlefield Brigadesite is ownedon higher by the Shenandoahground... Valley There Battlefields we took Foundation. a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole Tom’s Brook Battlefield line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took Inside the Shenandoah County Park south of the town of Toms Brook, there is a Virginia Civil War Trails sign that describes this battle. a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no Guard Hill Battlefield A Civil War Trails marker on the battle is located off Riverton Road, north of the North other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed Fork of the Shenandoah River. By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... New Market, including Luray and areas of Page County Pages 28-31 There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion Edinburg Mill and Museum andIn I thehad town no of other Edinburg recourse stands one butof the tofew rallymills that thesurvived Brigade The Burning. on higher Trails ground...Edinburg Mill There we took a stand and for hours successfully and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully signage tells its story. repulsedCivil War Trails Signage in Luray and Page County repulsed Located throughout Page County are a number of Virginia Civil War Trails roadside markers telling the story of Sheridan’s campaign–from his effort to cut Early off at Fisher’s Hill to the destruction of The Burning. A printed driving tour of Page County’s Civil War sites is available at the regional visitor center in downtown Luray. By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourseut b to rally By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally Rockingham, including Harrisonburg and areas of Page the CountyBrigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line Pages 32-35 was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand Silver Lake Mill Site of the old Daniel Bowman Mill, destroyed during The Burning. Trails signage here The Heritage Museum in historic Dayton, home of the for hoursdescribes successfully the “Breadbasket ofrepulsed the Confederacy” and the role of mills Byin thedegrees Valley’s the wholeHarrisonburg-Rockingham line was thrown County into Historical confusion Society. and I had no other and for hours successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no agricultural economy. recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed Downtown Dayton Virginia Civil War Trails signs describe the fear and retaliation during the dark days of The Burning. By degrees the whole line thrownwas By degrees the whole line thrownwas Site of the Death of Lt. John Meigs into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours into confusion and I had no other recourse but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours Here the son of the U.S. quartermaster was shot and killed. In retaliation, Sheridan ordered the wholesale destruction of not only the barns and mills of the surrounding area successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse successfully repulsed By degrees the whole line was thrown into confusion and I had no other recourse but also homes. Trails signage interprets this story. but Laceyto rallySpring the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed but to rally the Brigade on higher ground... There we took a stand and for hours successfully repulsed This is the site of one of the final engagements of the war in the Valley—a December 1864 cavalry skirmish between Union Gen. George Custer and Confederate Gen. Thomas Rosser. Breneman-Turner Mill The Breneman-Turner Mill survived The Burning, despite being set on fire once and Site of the Death of Lt. John Meigs catching fire a second time. Trails signage tells the story.

www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 19 SECOND WINCHESTER Winchester THIRD WINCHESTER FIRST WINCHESTER SECOND KERNSTOWN COOL SPRING FIRST KERNSTOWN

CEDAR CREEK & BELLE GROVE CEDAR CREEK NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK Fighting commenced quite early this FISHER’S HILL Strasburg TOM’S BROOKE FRONT ROYAL Front Royal morning and cannonading has been going

NEW MARKET BATTLEFIELD STATE HISTORICAL PARK NEW MARKET Luray on all day to the east of us on the Berryville New Market Road, but a mile or two from town... Harrisonburg Elkton Monterey CROSS KEYS McDowell PORT REPUBLIC MCDOWELL

PIEDMONT Staunton

Waynesboro

inchester is in the northern, or lower, Shenandoah Valley. through the county courthouse, where their graffiti is still visible. The Formed by the Appalachians to the west and the Blue Ridge courthouse is now a museum open to the public, as is the house that Occupied Wto the east, the Valley shelters the Shenandoah River on its served as Stonewall Jackson’s Headquarters the winter before his famous journey down to the Potomac at Harpers Ferry. 1862 Valley Campaign. Throughout the region, historic farms, homes, mills, and cemeteries, along with outstanding museums and interpreted The Valley’s natural corridor formed by the river also spawned the 19th Winchester sites, all help tell the powerful history and moving legacy of the war. century (modern-day US 11), along which both commerce and armies traveled. In contemporary times, Interstate 81 has Visitors can walk the battlefields at Kernstown, Cool Spring, and Second replaced the Pike as the principal transportation route, bringing both and Third Winchester and learn how Jackson, Robert E. Lee, Jubal Early, opportunities and challenges to the interpretation of Civil War history. and shaped the course of the war. Scattered throughout the region are the stories of the war’s effect on the Valley’s civilian To the embattled and hard-pressed South, the Shenandoah Valley was a population—how these families survived the personal and economic land of plenty—filled with grain, dotted with mills and linked by road devastation that war brought, and how they rebuilt their lives in the and rail with a main theatre of war across the Blue Ridge. The Valley years after the guns fell silent. also had abundant strategic options to offer to Confederate generals. Indeed, as Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson said, “If this Valley is You may want to begin your visit at the National Historic District lost, Virginia is lost.” orientation center in the Winchester area ( on the map, next page), which can help guide you to the host of sites where you can experience As a gateway to the Valley, Winchester became a battleground from

including areas of Frederick and Clarke counties the region’s dramatic Civil War story today. the very beginning. Despite its great importance—or because of it— Winchester proved impossible to defend. The number of times the town changed hands during the war—perhaps more than 72 times—is today a matter of local pride. Today, vestiges of the Civil War remain in Winchester and Frederick and Clarke counties. The voices of wounded and captured soldiers echo Winchester

20 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org Fighting commenced quite early this Winchester Area morning and cannonading has been going Battlefields on all day to the east of us on the Berryville First Kernstown Road, but a mile or two from town... March 23, 1862 – Julia Chase, Winchester resident Jackson’s Valley Campaign September 19, 1864 First Winchester May 25, 1862 Jackson’s Valley Campaign Second Winchester June 13-15, 1863 Lee’s Gettysburg Campaign inchester is in the northern, or lower, Shenandoah Valley. through the county courthouse, where their graffiti is still visible. The Cool Spring Formed by the Appalachians to the west and the Blue Ridge courthouse is now a museum open to the public, as is the house that July 17-18, 1864 Wto the east, the Valley shelters the Shenandoah River on its served as Stonewall Jackson’s Headquarters the winter before his famous Early’s Maryland Campaign journey down to the Potomac at Harpers Ferry. 1862 Valley Campaign. Throughout the region, historic farms, homes, Rutherford’s Farm mills, and cemeteries, along with outstanding museums and interpreted The Valley’s natural corridor formed by the river also spawned the 19th July 20, 1864 sites, all help tell the powerful history and moving legacy of the war. Early’s Maryland Campaign century Valley Pike (modern-day US 11), along which both commerce and armies traveled. In contemporary times, Interstate 81 has Visitors can walk the battlefields at Kernstown, Cool Spring, and Second Second Kernstown replaced the Pike as the principal transportation route, bringing both and Third Winchester and learn how Jackson, Robert E. Lee, Jubal Early, July 24, 1864 opportunities and challenges to the interpretation of Civil War history. and Philip Sheridan shaped the course of the war. Scattered throughout Early’s Maryland Campaign the region are the stories of the war’s effect on the Valley’s civilian Berryville To the embattled and hard-pressed South, the Shenandoah Valley was a population—how these families survived the personal and economic September 3, 1864 land of plenty—filled with grain, dotted with mills and linked by road devastation that war brought, and how they rebuilt their lives in the Sheridan’s Shenandoah Campaign and rail with a main theatre of war across the Blue Ridge. The Valley years after the guns fell silent. also had abundant strategic options to offer to Confederate generals. Third Winchester September 19, 1864 Indeed, as Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson said, “If this Valley is You may want to begin your visit at the National Historic District Sheridan’s Shenandoah Campaign lost, Virginia is lost.” orientation center in the Winchester area ( ? on the map, next page), which can help guide you to the host of sites where you can experience As a gateway to the Valley, Winchester became a battleground from the region’s dramatic Civil War story today. the very beginning. Despite its great importance—or because of it— Winchester proved impossible to defend. The number of times the town changed hands during the war—perhaps more than 72 times—is today a matter of local pride. In the courtyard were two pieces of artillery, Today, vestiges of the Civil War remain in Winchester and Frederick twelve pounders, taken from the enemy. In the and Clarke counties. The voices of wounded and captured soldiers echo vestibule lay thirteen dead bodies of soldiers and the courtroom was filled to its capacity with wounded… – , Union staff officer March 1862

www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 21 Old Charl Winchester Area es Town Road Visitor Information 23 19 BATTLE OF 81 RUTHERFORD FARM 11 SECOND & THIRD ? ATTLES OF INCHESTER B d W R n r Exit 317 u b il Civil War Orientation Center & M 8 522 37 24 Third Winchester Winchester-Frederick County 17 11 Orientation Center 18 25 Visitor Center Red bud SECOND BATTLE Rd OF WINCHESTER 1400 S. Pleasant Valley Road Winchester, Virginia 22601 Martinsburg Pike26 THIRD BATTLE OF WINCHESTER 877-871-1326 50 Open daily – 9:00am to 5:00pm 7 Exit 315

37 Detail Map of Downtown FIRST & SECOND 27

Rd Senseny Rd y e BATTLES OF WINCHESTER ll a V 81 t n 6 a as Ple Civil War 11 Orientation Center ) Exit 313 22 de (Rt. 6 eek Gra Cedar Cr 50 17 13 Clarke County Area Amherst St. (US 50) Fairmont Ave. (US 522) N. Braddock St. N. Loudoun St. d R N. Cameron St. (US 11) dle Mid Piccadilly St. 15 National Ave. (Va 7)

Valley Ave BATTLE OF 2 Boscawen St. BERRYVILLE FIRST & SECOND 522 3 1 7 14 Jones RdBATTLES OF KERNSTOWN Berryville 4 16 East Lane 21 9 Pedestrian Mall 20 Cork St. 7 10 22 5 340 81 BATTLE OF COOL SPRING 37 Boyce battlefield area 11 255 Stewart St. 11 Washington St. 340 17 S. Braddock St. 7 S. Loudoun St. Millwood S. Kent St. Exit 310 S. Cameron St. White Post Handley Ave. 12 50

~ Civil War11 Trails Sites Millwood Ave. (US 50) ~ Pet-Friendly Sites $ ~ Admission Fee Valley Ave. (US 11) ~ Group Tour Arrangements Available

1 ~ Old Court House Civil War Museum 4 ~ National Cemetery Museum: 1840 courthouse used as prison and hospital during the Civil War. Cemetery: Final resting place for Union soldiers from the battles Exhibits include original soldiers’ graffiti on the courthouse walls and more of Winchester, New Market, Front Royal, Cool Spring, Harper’s than 3,000 artifacts. Ferry, Martinsburg, and Romney. 20 N. Loudon Street, Winchester • 540-542-1145 $ 401 National Avenue, Winchester • 540-825-0027 www.civilwarmuseum.org • Open Wed-Sat, 10am-5pm; Sun 1-5pm www.cem.va.gov/CEM/cems/nchp/winchester.asp 2 ~ Museum of the Shenandoah Valley Open daily during daylight hours. Museum: Complex that includes a historic house, six acres of spectacular 5 ~ Stonewall Cemetery, Mt. Hebron gardens, and a museum that tells the story of the Shenandoah Valley’s art, Complex history and culture. Museum offers 11 gallery rooms—including a Civil War Cemetery: Historic cemetery with gravestones dating to the 1760s, room—as well as a museum store and a café. including Civil War soldiers, generals, governors, and patriots. 901 Amherst Street, Winchester • 888-556-5799 $ 305 E. Boscawen Street, Winchester • 540-662-4868 www.themsv.org • Open Tues-Sun, 10am-4pm (Museum year-round; www.mthebroncemetery.org/history.html • Open during daylight hours. house and gardens March-November) 6 ~ Abram’s Delight 3 ~ Historic Old Town Winchester Interpretive Signage: Wartime experiences of the Hollingsworth family, 45-block National Register historic district and pedestrian walking mall filled who lived in Abram’s Delight, the oldest dwelling in Winchester. with shops and cafes. 1340 S. Pleasant Valley Rd., Winchester • 540-662-6519 • Apr-Oct, Winchester Area Civil War Sites Area Civil War Winchester www.OldTownWinchesterVA.com • 540-535-3661 $ Mon-Sat 10am-4pm; Sun 12-4pm • www.winchesterhistory.org

22 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 7 ~ Newtown History Center $ 18 ~ Star Fort Visitor Information Museum: Interprets the history of this 250-year-old town: frontier settlement Battlefield Area: Site of one of the last remaining defensive forts ringing the and growth, industry and craftsmen, and Civil War conflicts. city of Winchester. Walking trail with interpretive signage. 5408 Main St, Stephens City • 540-869-1700 • www.newtownhistorycenter.org Fortress Drive and US 522, Winchester Jun-Aug: Tues-Sat 10am - 4pm; Sun 1pm-5pm. Sept-Nov: Wed-Sat, 19 ~ Stephenson’s Depot Civil War Orientation Center & 10am-4pm; Sun 1pm - 5pm (*Open by appointment in winter.) Interpretive Signage: Describing action at Stephenson’s Depot during the Winchester-Frederick County 8 ~ Jordan Springs Second and Third Battles of Winchester. Interpretive Signage: Centered on the nearby spring waters, site of an early US 11 at Old Charles Town and Milburn Roads, north of Winchester Visitor Center 1800s resort that occasionally served as a hospital during the war. 1400 S. Pleasant Valley Road Jordan Springs Road (VA 664), northeast of Winchester Early’s Maryland Campaign Pages 14-15 Winchester, Virginia 22601 9 ~ Clarke County Historical Association Museum Battle of Cool Spring and Second Battle of Kernstown 877-871-1326 Museum: Features ‘Our Land Is Our Legacy,’ a multi-media exhibit telling 300 20 ~ Battle of Cool Spring years of Clarke County history, land use and preservation, and rural culture. Interpretive Signage: Describes the July 18, 1864 Confederate victory when Open daily – 9:00am to 5:00pm 32 East Main Street, Berryville • 540-955-2600 • www.clarkehistory.org Union troops attacked Jubal Early’s rearguard during his withdrawal back to Open Tues-Fri 11am-4pm; Sat by appointment only • Free the Valley after threatening Washington, D.C. Intersection of Castleman’s Road (Va. 603) and Va 7 10 ~ Josephine School Community Museum Museum: Housed in an 1882 school built by former slaves and free colored 21 ~ Holy Cross Abbey people, the museum tells the stories of 270 years of African-American Battlefield Area: Site of the Battle of Cool Spring. contributions to the county. North of Va 7 on the west bank of the Shenandoah River in Clarke 303 Josephine Street, Berryville • 540-955-5512 • www.jschoolmuseum.org County • 540-995-1425 Open every Sunday 1-3 pm and by appointment Abbey visitor center open year-round. Battlefield by appointment. 11 ~ The Burwell-Morgan Mill 22 ~ Battle of Cool Spring - Walking Trail Historic Site: Built in 1785, one of the oldest operating gristmills in the country, Battlefield Area: Walking trail with interpretive markers. Take Parker Lane Amherst St. (US 50) Fairmont Ave. (US 522) N. Braddock St. N. Loudoun St. grinding corn and wheat every Saturday from May through November. north for approximately 1.5 miles to the parking area.

N. Cameron St. (US 11) Piccadilly St. 15 Tannery Lane, Millwood • 540-837-1799 • www.clarkehistory.org National Ave. (Va 7) 23 ~ Battle of Rutherford’s Farm Open May-Nov, Sat 10am-5pm, Fri and Sun 12-5pm. $ Interpretive Signage: Describing the Union victory in the July 20, 1864 battle Boscawen St. 12 ~ Long Branch Historic House and Farm north of Winchester. Pull-off for markers north of US 11. Historic Site: House begun ca. 1810, with interiors finished in the 1840’s in East Lane elaborate Minard Lafever Egyptian-Revival style by Maj. Hugh M. Nelson, CSA. 16 ~ Kernstown Battlefield – Pritchard Farm* Pedestrian Mall Cork St. 400 acres, English gardens. Open May-November, Wednesday-Sunday 1-4 $ 830 Long Branch Lane, Millwood • 540-837-1856 • www.visitlongbranch.com Sheridan’s 1864 Shenandoah Campaign Third Battle of Winchester Pages 16-19 Jackson’s 1862 Valley Campaign Stewart St. 24 ~ Third Winchester Orientation Center

Washington St. S. Braddock St. First Battle of Kernstown and First Battle of Winchester Pages 6-9 Battlefield Orientation: Interpretive panels and exhibits provide historical and S. Loudoun St. S. Kent St. S. Cameron St. 13 ~ Stonewall Jackson Headquarters Museum visistor-related information for Third Winchester battlefield sites throughout Handley Ave. Museum: This home served as Jackson’s headquarters during the winter of Winchester, Frederick County, and Clarke County. • www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 1861-62; museum houses one of the largest collections of Jackson memorabilia. Redbud Road, east of US11. (Across from parking lot.) • 540-740-4545 Millwood Ave. (US 50) 415 N. Braddock St, Winchester • 540-667-5505 • www.winchesterhistory.org 25 ~ Third Winchester Battlefield Park Open Apr-Oct, Mon-Sat 10am-4pm; Sun 12-4pm $ Battlefield Area: Miles of interpretive trails take visitors through areas that Valley Ave. (US 11) 14 ~ Winchester – The Valley Campaigns saw some of the fiercest fighting of the battle – and the entire war – including Interpretive Signage: Overview of Winchester’s strategic importance during Artillery Knoll, First Woods, and the Middle Field. the war, and its role during the 1862 and 1864 campaigns Parking lot on Redbud Rd, east of US11. 540-740-4545. 2 North Cameron St., Winchester www.ShenandoahAtWar.org. Open dawn to dusk. 15 ~ Kernstown Battlefield – Rose Hill Farm 19 ~ Stephenson’s Depot* Battlefield Area: Site of the closing phases of First Kernstown; features one- 26 ~ Civil War Center mile walking tour with interpretive signs telling the battle’s story. $ Battlefield Area: Focal point of one of the war’s largest cavalry charges; 10- 1850 Jones Road, Winchester • 888-556-5799 • www.firstkernstown.org/ acre site includes interpretive signage, earthworks, and historic Stine House. history/rose_hill.html • Site open on select days and by appointment 922 Martinsburg Pike, Winchester • 540-662-2281 • www.fortcollier.com 16 ~ Kernstown Battlefield – Pritchard Farm Site open dawn to dusk for self-guided tours. House open by appointment. Battlefield Area: 250-year-old, 315-acre farm was the center of the First and 27 ~ Sheridan’s Field Hospital at Shawnee Springs Second Battles of Kernstown. Visitor center, exhibits, and walking tours. Interpretive Signage: Site of the largest field hospital of the war; includes 610 Battle Park Drive, Winchester • 540-869-2896 $ earthen remains of the state-of-the-art tent heating system. www.kernstownbattle.org • Open May-Oct, Sat 10am-4pm, Sun 12-4pm. Corner of Opequon Avenue and Hollingsworth Drive, Winchester Lee’s 1863 Gettysburg Campaign www.WinchesterGreenCircle.com Second Battle of Winchester Pages 10-11 *Please see previous listing (same number) for site information. 17 ~ Second Battle of Winchester Self-guided Tours Free printed driving tours of the First Interpretive Signage: Describing action around three defensive forts northwest Battle of Kernstown, First Battle of Winchester, and the Third Battle of of the city. Winchester are available at the visitor center and other Civil War sites. US 522 (parking lot of the Virginia Farm Market), northwest of Winchester Walking tours of the downtown area are also available. www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 23 SECOND WINCHESTER Winchester THIRD WINCHESTER FIRST WINCHESTER SECOND KERNSTOWN COOL SPRING FIRST KERNSTOWN

CEDAR CREEK & BELLE GROVE CEDAR CREEK NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK ...every piece of artillery, every wagon and FISHER’S HILL Strasburg TOM’S BROOKE FRONT ROYAL Front Royal tent and supporting line of troops were in

NEW MARKET BATTLEFIELD STATE HISTORICAL PARK NEW MARKET Luray easy range of our vision. New Market

Harrisonburg Elkton Monterey CROSS KEYS McDowell PORT REPUBLIC MCDOWELL

PIEDMONT Staunton

Waynesboro

onfederate observers on Signal Knob at the north tip of very close to succeeding in one of the largest battles west of the Blue were in a position to view battles Ridge. The decisive Battle of Cedar Creek effectively ended the major Signal Knob Cand movements in three counties throughout the Civil War. Confederate war effort in the Shenandoah Valley. The Massanutten is a 60-mile-long, north-south range that splits the The Valley’s Shenandoah Valley along its spine from Strasburg to Harrisonburg. Today, the road networks are much the same, and vestiges of these Witness to Front Royal on the east and Strasburg on the west are located at narrows military events have survived sufficiently to allow modern visitors to formed by the mountain and the two forks of the Shenandoah River. retrace these famous campaigns. Tragedy These choke points channeled opposing armies’ movements and Front Royal and the Cedar Creek battlefield each have visitor facilities influenced commanders’ operational decisions throughout the war. that help explain Civil War events, while Belle Grove Plantation can Cedar Creek and Belle Grove tell you about life in the antebellum era. With information provided at National Historical Park The terrain explains why some of the largest and most significant battles of the Valley’s 1862 and 1864 campaigns occurred within sight of Signal these places about walking trails, driving tours, and interpretive signage, Free self-guided tour brochures, Knob. visitors can walk parts of these and other battlefields and explore the interpretive materials, sites that tell this part of the Shenandoah Valley’s Civil War story. and Ranger Programs are available from the National In 1862, Confederate Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson used the Park Service (NPS). Start Massanutten to screen his movement northward, successfully attacking

including Middletown, Strasburg, and Front Royal your visit at the NPS Visitor a small Union garrison that was stationed at Front Royal, disconnected Contact Station (see listing from the larger Federal force at Strasburg. Weakened, the northerners #1 on page 26) at 7712 Main St., lost to Jackson again at Winchester two days later. Middletown; call 540-869-3051 for more information. See listings for Belle Grove Plantation (#4) and Cedar Creek In the fall of 1864, Confederates under Gen. Jubal Early made a futile Battlefield Foundation Headquarters stand at Fisher’s Hill on the west side of Signal Knob after suffering a (#29) for information about visiting stinging defeat at Winchester just days earlier. After watching Union partner-operated historic sites within forces lay waste to the Valley’s bounty, Early’s cavalry attacked the the park. Contact the park at 540-869- Federals at Tom’s Brook but was forced to retreat. Finally, Early used 3051 or website www.nps.gov/cebe for information, schedules and brochures. Signal Knob as a vantage point from which to plan a surprise attack on Union forces encamped around Cedar Creek—an assault that came Signal Knob

24 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org ...every piece of artillery, every wagon and tent and supporting line of troops were in easy range of our vision. —Confederate Gen. John B. Gordon Observing from Signal Knob before the Battle of Cedar Creek October 1864 Signal Knob Area Battlefields Front Royal May 23, 1862 Jackson’s Valley Campaign onfederate observers on Signal Knob at the north tip of very close to succeeding in one of the largest battles west of the Blue Manassas Gap Massanutten Mountain were in a position to view battles Ridge. The decisive Battle of Cedar Creek effectively ended the major July 23, 1863 Lee’s Gettysburg Campaign Cand movements in three counties throughout the Civil War. Confederate war effort in the Shenandoah Valley. The Massanutten is a 60-mile-long, north-south range that splits the Guard Hill Shenandoah Valley along its spine from Strasburg to Harrisonburg. Today, the road networks are much the same, and vestiges of these August 16, 1864 Front Royal on the east and Strasburg on the west are located at narrows military events have survived sufficiently to allow modern visitors to Sheridan’s Shenandoah Campaign formed by the mountain and the two forks of the Shenandoah River. retrace these famous campaigns. Fisher’s Hill These choke points channeled opposing armies’ movements and September 22, 1864 Front Royal and the Cedar Creek battlefield each have visitor facilities influenced commanders’ operational decisions throughout the war. Sheridan’s Shenandoah Campaign that help explain Civil War events, while Belle Grove Plantation can tell you about life in the antebellum era. With information provided at Tom’s Brook The terrain explains why some of the largest and most significant battles October 9, 1864 of the Valley’s 1862 and 1864 campaigns occurred within sight of Signal these places about walking trails, driving tours, and interpretive signage, Sheridan’s Shenandoah Campaign Knob. visitors can walk parts of these and other battlefields and explore the sites that tell this part of the Shenandoah Valley’s Civil War story. Cedar Creek In 1862, Confederate Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson used the October 19, 1864 Sheridan’s Shenandoah Campaign Massanutten to screen his movement northward, successfully attacking a small Union garrison that was stationed at Front Royal, disconnected Self-guided Tours from the larger Federal force at Strasburg. Weakened, the northerners Free printed driving tours of the Battles of Cedar Creek, Fisher’s Hill, and Front Royal are available at the visitor centers in this area and other Civil War sites. lost to Jackson again at Winchester two days later. Walking tours of Front Royal and Strasburg are also available. A podcast tour of the Battle of Cedar Creek is available at nps.gov/cebe and at civilwartraveler.com/ In the fall of 1864, Confederates under Gen. Jubal Early made a futile audio stand at Fisher’s Hill on the west side of Signal Knob after suffering a stinging defeat at Winchester just days earlier. After watching Union forces lay waste to the Valley’s bounty, Early’s cavalry attacked the Federals at Tom’s Brook but was forced to retreat. Finally, Early used Go back quick and tell him that the Yankee Signal Knob as a vantage point from which to plan a surprise attack Force is very small, one of Maryland on Union forces encamped around Cedar Creek—an assault that came infantry...Tell him I know, for I went through the camps and got it out of an officer. —, Resident of Front Royal May 23, 1862

www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 25 50 Winchester

81

Signal Knob Area ? ? Visitor Information Stephens City Civil War Orientation Center & 3 55 22 Winchester-Frederick Co. Visitor Center 11 1400 S Pleasant Valley Rd, Winchester ATTLE OF 877-871-1326 B 81 FREDERICK CO www.visitwinchesterva.com SHENANDOAH CO EDAR REEK C C Middletown Exit 302 Open daily – 9am to 5pm 1 4 FREDERICK CO Exit 298 29 BATTLE OF Exit 296 10 WARREN CO Front Royal Visitor Center 28 FISHER’S HILL 522 340 414 E Main St, Front Royal Cedar Creek & Belle Grove 23 Strasburg National Historical Park 19 800-338-2576 30 25 www.DiscoverFrontRoyal.co, 66 Exit 291 Signal Knob Exit 6 Open daily – 9am to 5pm BATTLE OF 55 21 2 18 TOM’S BROOK BATTLE OF Shenandoah County Tourism Toms Brook 600 N Main St, Ste 101, Woodstock 26 FRONT ROYAL Front Royal 888-367-3965 81 Shenandoah River ? 55 www.shenandoahtravel.org 12 Open Mon-Fri – 8:30am to 5pm 11 522 N o r t h F o r k v e

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k 11 S 340 Creek. Includes fiber optic map. 7712 Main St, S o u t h F o r k Massanutten Mountain Range Middletown. 540-869-3051. www.nps.gov/cebe. Late Mar to early Nov, 9am-4:30pm; Nov-Mar, Detail Map of Strasburg Shenandoah Wed-Sun 10am-4pm, closed Mon-Tue. BATTLE OF National Park 11 2 ~ Signal Knob Hiking Trail 55 MILFORD 24 Hiking trail: Rigorous ten-mile hike within the Hwy National Forest. Trailhead- Rd, south of Va 55. 540-984-4101 Detail Map of www.hikingupward.com/GWNF/SignalKnob Front Royal 3 ~ Newtown History Center v e r o a h R i W. Washington St n a n d S h e k Museum: Interprets the history of this 250-year-old town, now known W. King St S o u t h F o r 522 17 as Stephens City: frontier settlement and growth, wagon industry and 11 9 N. Massanutten St Rd 340 n’s Mill craftsmen, and Civil War conflicts. 5408 Main St, Stephens City ma t w S o B $ y 5 16 a 55 540-869-1700 • www.newtownhistorycenter.org N o i d r t l E. King St h Hol 14th St F o S. r k June-Aug: Tues-Sat 10am - 4pm; Sun 1pm-5pm. Sept-Nov: Wed- - - S h e n a Sat, 10am-4pm; Sun 1pm - 5pm (*Open by appointment in winter.) n d o k a h e

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N. Royal Ave plantation’s ground. battlefield area 6 336 Belle Grove Rd, Middletown, 540-869-2028 • www.bellegrove.org Chester St 7 20 W. Main St Late March to early Nov: Mon-Sat: 10am-4pm; Sun 1pm-5pm; $ national parks 8 C o weekends only in Nov; Dec holiday tours; open by appt. Jan-March ? m E. Main St m e r c e national forest A v 14 e

Ave 5 ~ Strasburg Museum

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R . Museum: Interprets local history, pre-settlement to 20th century. 1891 13 S South St building originally used as a pottery factory and later as a depot.

340 55 440 East King St, Strasburg • 540-465-3175 • csonner.net/museum.htm 522 May 1-Oct 31 10am-4pm Daily $ ~ Civil War Trails Sites 6 ~ Warren Heritage Society ~ Group Tour Museum: Historical home (Ivy Lodge), archives, and exhibits. $ ~ Pet-Friendly Sites Arrangements 101 Chester St, Front Royal • www.warrenheritagesociety.org 540-636-1446 • Open year-round, M-F 10am-4pm; May-October open Signal Knob Area Civil War Sites Signal Knob Area Civil War Available $ ~ Admission Fee Saturdays 9:30am-4pm 26 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 7 ~ Warren Rifles Confederate Museum 21 ~ Battle Wapping Heights (Manassas Gap) Visitor Information Museum: Extensive collection of relics and records of the Civil War. $ Intepretive Signage: Describes the last Federal attempt to cut off Gen. Robert E. 95 Chester St, Front Royal • www.vaudc.org/museum.html • 540-636-6962 Lee’s withdrawal after Gettysburg. Civil War Orientation Center & or 540-635-3463 • Apr 15-Nov 1; (by appointment in winter); Winchester-Frederick Co. Visitor Center Mon-Sat 9am-4pm; Sun 12pm-4pm Sheridan’s 1864 Shenandoah Campaign 1400 S Pleasant Valley Rd, Winchester 8 ~ Front Royal: Crossroads of War Battles of Fisher’s Hill/Overall, Tom’s Brook, and Cedar Creek Pages 16-19 877-871-1326 Interpretive Signage: Wartime history of the “cross-roads town”. In front of Front Royal-Warren County Visitors Center, 414 East Main Street 10 ~ Cedar Creek: Strategic Crossings 1864 www.visitwinchesterva.com Interpretive Signage: Second sign interprets the crossing’s importance in 1864 Open daily – 9am to 5pm and the nearby mill and residence. Jackson’s 1862 Valley Campaign In the median of US 11, fourteenths of a mile north of Quarry Rd, Strasburg Front Royal Visitor Center Pages 6-9 18 ~ Battle of Guard Hill 414 E Main St, Front Royal 9 ~ Stonewall’s Surprise: Bank’s Fort Interpretive Signage: Describes the first battle of Sheridan’s 1864 Campaign, an 800-338-2576 Interpretive Signage: Earthen fortification constructed during Valley Campaign. inconclusive clash north of Front Royal. www.DiscoverFrontRoyal.co, Intersection of West Washington Street and North Holliday Street, Strasburg 22 ~ Newtown Open daily – 9am to 5pm 10 ~ Cedar Creek: Strategic Crossings 1862 Interpretive Signage: Describes 1864 military actions and the dramatic effects of Interpretive Signage (one of two signs at this site): Describes the burning of the war on the town—now known as Stephens City—and its residents. Shenandoah County Tourism the bridge by Jackson’s army during the 1862 campaign. US 11 South of Stephens City 600 N Main St, Ste 101, Woodstock In the median of US 11, four-tenths of a mile north of Quarry Rd, Strasburg 23 ~ Fisher’s Hill Battlefield – Ramseur’s Hill 888-367-3965 6 ~ Belle Boyd Cottage Battlefield Area: Interpreted one-mile walking trail over steep terrain. www.shenandoahtravel.org Historic home: Home of the famous Confederate spy Belle Boyd. $ Va 601 (Battlefield Rd), two miles west of US 11, Fishers Hill Open Mon-Fri – 8:30am to 5pm 101 Chester St, Front Royal • 540-636-1446 • www.warrenheritagesociety.org/ Trail open during daylight hours. belleboyd.php • Open year-round, M-F 10am-4pm; May-Oct, Sat 10am-4pm 24 ~ Battle of Milford 1 ~ NPS Visitor Contact Station 8 ~ Battle of Front Royal Interpretive Signage: Confederate victory prevented Union troops from Museum: Interprets the history of the valley, Interpretive Signage: Overview of the May 23, 1862 battle. encircling Early after Fisher’s Hill. concentrating on the Civil War and Cedar In front of Front Royal-Warren County Visitors Center, 414 East Main Street U.S. 340 and Overall Road, 11 miles SW of Front Royal Creek. Includes fiber optic map. 7712 Main St, 11 ~ Asbury Chapel 16 ~ Execution of Mosby’s Rangers Middletown. 540-869-3051. www.nps.gov/cebe. Interpretive Signage: Stonewall Jackson and the advance to Front Royal. Interpretive Signage: Describes the execution without trial of six of Mosby’s Late Mar to early Nov, 9am-4:30pm; Nov-Mar, Intersection of U.S. 340 and Rocky Lane (Route 607), south of Front Royal Confederate Rangers by Union troops in late September 1864. Wed-Sun 10am-4pm, closed Mon-Tue. Just north of the intersection of North Royal Ave and 15th St, Front Royal 12 ~ Belle Boyd: Jackson Prepares for Battle 2 ~ Signal Knob Hiking Trail Interpretive Signage: Boyd’s meeting with Jackson and Confederate advance. 25 ~ Valley Pike Hiking trail: Rigorous ten-mile hike within the 7145 Browntown Road (Rt. 649) Interpretive Signage: Tells the story of the role of the Turnpike during the war, George Washington National Forest. Trailhead- especially at this “choke point” of the Valley. Fort Valley Rd, south of Va 55. 540-984-4101 13 ~ Prospect Hill Cemetery Intersection of US 11 and Va 601, (Battlefield Rd), Fishers Hill www.hikingupward.com/GWNF/SignalKnob Interpretive Signage: Opening of the Battle of Front Royal and postwar establishment of the Soldiers Circle to honor Confederate dead. 26 ~ Tom’s Brook Battlefield – Shenandoah Co. Park 3 ~ Newtown History Center Soldier’s Circle, Prospect Hill Cemetery, 200 West Prospect St., Front Royal Interpretive Signage: Describes nearby events during the Battle of Tom’s Brook. Museum: Interprets the history of this 250-year-old town, now known Between Maurertown and Toms Brook on US 11, Toms Brook as Stephens City: frontier settlement and growth, wagon industry and 14 ~ Front Royal Street Fighting craftsmen, and Civil War conflicts. 5408 Main St, Stephens City Interpretive Signage: Confederate Maryland troops vs. Union Maryland troops, 27 ~ Woodstock: Execution and The Burning 540-869-1700 • www.newtownhistorycenter.org house to house fighting, and civilian reaction. 1 E. Main St., Front Royal Interpretive Signage: Describes tragic events in the town in fall 1864. June-Aug: Tues-Sat 10am - 4pm; Sun 1pm-5pm. Sept-Nov: Wed- Intersection of W Court St & School St, Woodstock 15 ~ Rose Hill: Combat in the Front Yard Sat, 10am-4pm; Sun 1pm - 5pm (*Open by appointment in winter.) Interpretive Signage: Union resistance temporarily halts Confederate advance 28 ~ Hupp’s Hill Civil War Park 4 ~ Belle Grove Plantation and the story of the Richardson Family in Rose Hill. Museum: Interprets 1864 Shenandoah Valley Campaign (operated by the Cedar Historic house and farm: This 18th century farm and antebellum planta- Intersection of N. Commonwealth Ave. (U.S. 522) & Warren Ave., Front Royal Creek Battlefield Foundation.). 33229 Old Valley Pike, Strasburg $ tion reveal Shenandoah Valley life during the years prior to and during 540-465-5884 • www.ccbf.us • 9am-5pm daily 16 ~ Richardson’s Hill the Civil War. The Battle of Cedar Creek was fought on and around the Interpretive Signage: Final Union attempt to hold Front Royal and 29 ~ Cedar Creek Battlefield Foundation HQ plantation’s ground. Confederate flanking attack. North of N. Royal Ave. and 15th St., Front Royal Battlefield Orientation Center: Interprets the Battle of Cedar Creek (operated by 336 Belle Grove Rd, Middletown, 540-869-2028 • www.bellegrove.org the Cedar Creek Battlefield Foundation) Late March to early Nov: Mon-Sat: 10am-4pm; Sun 1pm-5pm; 17 ~ The Bridges 8437 Valley Pike, Middletown • 540-869-2064 • www.cedarcreekbattlefield.org weekends only in Nov; Dec holiday tours; open by appt. Jan-March Interpretive Signage: Union retreat and attempts to burn the bridges over the Mon-Sat 10am-5pm, Sun 11am-4pm river ahead of Confederate pursuit. North end of N. Royal Ave., Front Royal 5 ~ Strasburg Museum 30 ~ Veterans’ Picnic Grounds Museum: Interprets local history, pre-settlement to 20th century. 1891 18 ~ Guard Hill Interpretive Signage: Describes the reunion picnics that veterans from both sides building originally used as a pottery factory and later as a train depot. Interpretive Signage: Union attempts to hold off Confederate forces north of attended here from the 1880s until the 1930s. 440 East King St, Strasburg • 540-465-3175 • csonner.net/museum.htm the River. South of intersection of Route 637 and U.S. 340/522, Front Royal Intersection of Battlefield Rd (Va 601) and Tripplett Rd (Va 821), Fishers Hill May 1-Oct 31 10am-4pm Daily 19 ~ Fairview: Kenly’s Last Stand 6 ~ Warren Heritage Society Interpretive Signage: Final Union stand and Confederate cavalry charge that Cedar Creek and Belle Grove National Museum: Historical home (Ivy Lodge), archives, and exhibits. overwhelmed the defenders. North of Front Royal, 7085 US 340 101 Chester St, Front Royal • www.warrenheritagesociety.org Historical Park This national park is a “partnership 540-636-1446 • Open year-round, M-F 10am-4pm; May-October open 20 ~ Bel Air park”. NPS ranger programs offered spring through fall. Saturdays 9:30am-4pm Interpretive Signage: Diarist Lucy Buck’s story of a visit to her home by Gen. Robert E. Lee as his army withdrew southward. US 522 in Front Royal 540-869-3051. See page 24 for more information. www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 27 SECOND WINCHESTER Winchester THIRD WINCHESTER FIRST WINCHESTER SECOND KERNSTOWN COOL SPRING FIRST KERNSTOWN

CEDAR CREEK & BELLE GROVE CEDAR CREEK NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK FISHER’S HILL Strasburg TOM’S BROOKE FRONT ROYAL Front Royal Put the boys in, and may God

NEW MARKET BATTLEFIELD STATE HISTORICAL PARK NEW MARKET Luray forgive me for the order. New Market

Harrisonburg Elkton Monterey CROSS KEYS McDowell PORT REPUBLIC MCDOWELL

PIEDMONT Staunton

Waynesboro

he New Market-Luray area was at the crossroads of the Battle of New Market reached its climax in the afternoon amid the muddy Shenandoah Valley’s wartime campaigns. Its network of roadways wheat fields of Jacob Bushong’s farm, as the cadets, surging forward in New Market T– most notably the Valley Turnpike (modern US 11) – allowed the final Confederate charge, not only helped win the battle, but forged a armies to move with remarkable speed. And the legacy that has inspired generations of cadets to the present day. Crossroads provided the only path across the 45-mile long Massanutten Mountain, of Destiny an imposing ridgeline that bisects the Valley north to south, dividing it In the autumn of 1864, the fortunes of war turned. In what came to be into the main Valley on the west and Luray Valley on the east. known as The Burning, Gen. Philip Sheridan’s Union army laid waste to the “Breadbasket of the Confederacy.” Mills, barns, factories, and crops Confederate Gen. Stonewall Jackson took brilliant advantage of this were burned, livestock destroyed and confiscated, and the agricultural landscape throughout his famous Valley Campaign. In May 1862, with bounty of the central Shenandoah Valley was left in ruins. the bulk of the Union army waiting north on the Valley Turnpike, Jackson abruptly turned east and crossed the New Market gap into Today, the geography and beauty of the landscape remain much as they Luray Valley along the New Market-Sperryville Turnpike (modern-day did in the 1860s, and interpretive signage, historic sites, and self-guided US 211). He then used the natural screen of the Massanutten to conceal tours help you follow the story of what happened here during the war. his army as he moved north along the Luray-Front Royal Turnpike You may want to start your journey at the award-winning Virginia Mu- (modern-day US 340) to surprise Union forces at Front Royal and seum of the Civil War, administered by VMI, which interprets the Battle

including Luray and areas of Page County Winchester, temporarily driving them from the Valley and sending the of New Market and the Civil War throughout the Commonwealth, and Union leadership into an uproar. also hosts a Tourist Information Center for the Shenandoah Valley. Or begin your journey at the Civil War Orientation Center at the historic Two years later a Union army under the command of Gen. Franz Sigel Strayer House. On the other side of Massanutten, the Luray Valley collided with the hastily-assembled Confederate force of Gen. John C. Museum interprets the history of the Valley, including the Civil Breckinridge at New Market. In the southern ranks were 257 cadets of War years, while hosts a Civil War Orientation the Virginia Military Institute, soon to experience their baptism of fire. The kiosk for the area.

Custer’s Division retiring from Mount Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley, October 7, 1864 Alfred Waud (1828-1891) New Market

28 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org Put the boys in, and may God

forgive me for the– Confederate order. Gen. John C. Breckinridge committing the VMI cadets to battle at New Market May 15, 1864

New Market Area Battlefield he New Market-Luray area was at the crossroads of the Battle of New Market reached its climax in the afternoon amid the muddy New Market Shenandoah Valley’s wartime campaigns. Its network of roadways wheat fields of Jacob Bushong’s farm, as the cadets, surging forward in May 15, 1864 T– most notably the Valley Turnpike (modern US 11) – allowed the final Confederate charge, not only helped win the battle, but forged a Lynchburg Campaign armies to move with remarkable speed. And the New Market gap legacy that has inspired generations of cadets to the present day. provided the only path across the 45-mile long Massanutten Mountain, an imposing ridgeline that bisects the Valley north to south, dividing it In the autumn of 1864, the fortunes of war turned. In what came to be into the main Valley on the west and Luray Valley on the east. known as The Burning, Gen. Philip Sheridan’s Union army laid waste to the “Breadbasket of the Confederacy.” Mills, barns, factories, and crops Confederate Gen. Stonewall Jackson took brilliant advantage of this were burned, livestock destroyed and confiscated, and the agricultural landscape throughout his famous Valley Campaign. In May 1862, with bounty of the central Shenandoah Valley was left in ruins. the bulk of the Union army waiting north on the Valley Turnpike, Jackson abruptly turned east and crossed the New Market gap into Today, the geography and beauty of the landscape remain much as they Luray Valley along the New Market-Sperryville Turnpike (modern-day did in the 1860s, and interpretive signage, historic sites, and self-guided US 211). He then used the natural screen of the Massanutten to conceal tours help you follow the story of what happened here during the war. his army as he moved north along the Luray-Front Royal Turnpike You may want to start your journey at the award-winning Virginia Mu- (modern-day US 340) to surprise Union forces at Front Royal and seum of the Civil War, administered by VMI, which interprets the Battle Winchester, temporarily driving them from the Valley and sending the of New Market and the Civil War throughout the Commonwealth, and Union leadership into an uproar. also hosts a Tourist Information Center for the Shenandoah Valley. Or begin your journey at the Civil War Orientation Center at the historic Two years later a Union army under the command of Gen. Franz Sigel Strayer House. On the other side of Massanutten, the Luray Valley collided with the hastily-assembled Confederate force of Gen. John C. Museum interprets the history of the Valley, including the Civil Breckinridge at New Market. In the southern ranks were 257 cadets of War years, while Luray Caverns hosts a Civil War Orientation the Virginia Military Institute, soon to experience their baptism of fire. The kiosk for the area. The rising sun greeted us as we reached the tip of the mountain . . . The army in the far off curves of the road looked like a giant snake with a shining back, twisting its sinuous path. – Pvt. Robert Barton, 1st Rockbridge Artillery describing the passage of Jackson’s army through the New Market Gap May 21, 1862

www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 29 New Market Area ? Woodstock ? Exit 283 Visitor Information battlefield area 8 Civil War Orientation Center at national parks 81 Strayer House national forest Exit 279 Edinburg 9386 S. Congress St., New Market 9 540-740-4545 Exit 277 Open Mon-Sat – 9am to 5pm 11 Shenandoah Valley Tourist Information Center Virginia Museum of the Civil War Exit 273 42 8895 George Collins Parkway, New Market 2 Mt Jackson 3 866-515-1864 Open daily – 9am to 5pm

SHENANDOAH CO Luray-Page County Chamber of Exit 269 ROCKINGHAM CO 10 Commerce Civil War BATTLE OF 4 Orientation Kiosk 14 46 E Main St, Luray 888-743-3915 EW ARKET 6 17 7 N M PAGE CO 5 SHENANDOAH CO 15 16 ? www.visitluraypage.com 211 Luray ? Exit 264 12 Open daily – 9am to 5pm 1 11 18 New Market 340 Shenandoah County Tourism 11 600 N Main St, Ste 101, Woodstock 888-367-3965 81 www.shenandoahtravel.org 42 Open Mon-Fri – 8:30am to 5pm 13

~ CivilExit 257 War Trails Sites ~ Group Tour 340 Arrangements ~ Pet-Friendly Sites PAGE CO ROCKINGHAM CO Available $ ~ Admission Fee 1 ~ Strayer House 4 ~ Summers-Koontz Monument Civil War Orientation Center: Historic house (c. 1808) serves as the Interpretive signage: Site of the tragic post-Appomattox executions of headquarters for the National Historic District, and also features a Confederate veterans Capt. George W. Summers and Sgt. I. Newton Civil War Orientation Center, Visitor Information, café, NPS Passport Koontz. Exit 251 11Station, and more. PAGE CO US 11 north of New Market 9386 S. Congress St., New Market • 540-740-4545ROCKINGHAM CO www.ShenandoahAtWar.org • Mon-Sat 9am-5pm 5 ~ Luray Caverns Harrisonburg Civil War Orientation Kiosk: provides information on Civil War sites in 2 ~ Confederate General Hospital the New Market-Luray area. Interpretive signage: Site of a Confederate General Hospital (built in 970 U.S. Hwy 211 West, Luray Sept. 1861) that accommodated up to 500 sick and wounded soldiers. US 11 in Mt. Jackson, across from “Our Soldiers Cemetery”

3 ~ Mt. Jackson Museum Museum: This small town hosted a Confederate hospital complex estab- lished early in the war. A Confederate cemetery and monument honors those who died here. 5901 Main St, Mt Jackson • 540-477-3951 • mountjackson.com White House

New Market Area Civil War Sites New Market Area Civil War Thu-Fri 1pm-4pm; Sat 10am-4pm in Page County

30 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 6 ~ Luray Valley Museum Lee’s 1863 Gettysburg Campaign Pages 10-11 Museum: Complex depicting Valley history from 1750s to 1920s includes Visitor Information Civil War exhibit, historic buildings restored to represent 19th century farm- 14 ~ Pass Run and Thornton Gap ing community, and meeting house with soldiers’ signatures. Interpretive signage: Confederate units camped here following the retreat Civil War Orientation Center at 970 U.S. Hwy 211 West, Luray (Luray Caverns) $ from Gettysburg. Strayer House 540-743-6551 • www.luraycaverns.com US 211 on Va 674 (use westbound lanes of 211), east of Luray 9386 S. Congress St., New Market 7 ~ Chapman-Ruffner House 540-740-4545 Interpretive signage: Peter Ruffner built this house in 1739—signage de- Lynchburg Campaign Open Mon-Sat – 9am to 5pm scribes his descendants who served with Confederate Col. John S. Mosby’s Battle of New Market Pages 12-13 Rangers. US 340 north of Luray southeast of the US 211 intersection 15 ~ Virginia Museum of the Civil War Shenandoah Valley Tourist This 300-acre battlefield park, 19th century Bushong farmstead, and Information Center museum interpret the history of the Civil War in Virginia and the Battle of Virginia Museum of the Civil War Jackson’s 1862 Valley Campaign Pages 6-9 New Market. $ 8895 George Collins Parkway, New Market 8895 George Collins Parkway, New Market 8 ~ Stover-McGinnis House 866-515-1864 • www.vmi.edu/newmarket • Open daily 9am-5pm 866-515-1864 Interpretive signage: Here in March 1862 Stonewall Jackson ordered his Open daily – 9am to 5pm engineer Jedediah Hotchkiss to “make me a map of the Valley…” Hotchkiss 16 ~ “The Bloody Cedars”: would go on to be one of the most prolific and valuable mapmakers of the 54th Pennsylvania Monument Luray-Page County Chamber of war—his maps are still studied by historians today. Interpretive signage: Describes the unit’s costly stand in the grove of cedar US 11 south of Woodstock trees during the Battle of New Market and the 1905 monument that com- Commerce memorates their actions. 46 E Main St, Luray 9 ~ Stony Creek Line US 11 North of New Market 888-743-3915 Interpretive signage: Confederate delaying actions led by in www.visitluraypage.com March-April 1862 during Stonewall Jackson’s withdrawal up the Valley after 4 ~ DuPont at Rude’s Hill the First Battle of Kernstown. Interpretive signage: Describes the effort of Union Capt. Henry DuPont to Open daily – 9am to 5pm 214 South Main St. Edinburg (Edinburg Mill) protect the retreating army of Franz Sigel after the Battle of New Market. US 11 north of New Market Shenandoah County Tourism 10 ~ Jackson at Rude’s Hill 600 N Main St, Ste 101, Woodstock Interpretive signage: Describes how Stonewall Jackson made his headquar- 10 ~ Rude’s Hill: Knoll of Refuge and Attack 888-367-3965 ters here from April 2-17, 1862 during his withdrawal after First Kernstown, Interpretive signage: Describes Confederate delaying action on May 11, and of Turner Ashby’s defense of the Shenandoah River line just north of 1864, as Union troops advanced towards New Market, Confederate shelling www.shenandoahtravel.org here on April 6-7. of Federals after the May 15 battle, and mortal wounding of Confederate Open Mon-Fri – 8:30am to 5pm US 11 north of New Market partisan ranger John H. McNeil on October 3, 1864. US 11 north of New Market 11 ~ Jackson’s Second Corps Established Interpretive signage: Describes Jackson’s November 1862 announcement that his Army of the Valley had become the Second Corps of the Army of North- Sheridan’s 1864 Shenandoah Campaign ern Virginia and would soon be joining Robert E. Lee east of the Blue Ridge. Military Maneuvers and “The Burning” Pages 16-19 US 211 four miles east of New Market at the top of the New Market gap, in the parking lot of the now-closed National Forest Visitor Center. 9 ~ Edinburg Mill and Museum Interpretive signage: This mill, opened in 1850, survived The Burning in late 12 ~ White House Bridge September and early October 1864 ordered by Union Gen. Philip Sheridan. Interpretive signage: During his famous Valley Campaign, Stonewall Jackson 214 South Main St, Edinburg used the Massanutten to shield his army’s movements northward, crossing 540-984-8400 • www.edinburgmill.com through the New Market Gap and then over the Shenandoah River here. Mon-Sat 9:30am-5:30pm; Sun 12pm-5pm US 211 four miles west of Luray 17 ~ Fisher’s Hill and Yager’s Mill 13 ~ Grave’s Chapel Interpretive Signage: As Union Gen. Sheridan pursued Confederates southward Interpretive signage: Stonewall Jackson’s army moved out of the Shenandoah after the Third Battle of Winchester, his cavalry attempted but failed to use the Valley along this road in November 1862, his final departure from the Luray- to get behind the Confederates and cut off their retreat. Valley. He died after the Battle of Chancellorsville the following May. US 340 just north of Luray near the US 211 intersection Business US 340 on Va 611 between the towns of Stanley and Shenandoah 18 ~ Willow Grove Mill Interpretive signage: The mill here was destroyed during The Burning – the systematic destruction of the Valley’s barns, mills, and crops by Sheridan’s Union army in fall 1864. Business US 340 one mile south of Luray

The 19th century Bushong Farm lies at the center of the New Market Battlefield State Historical Park.

www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 31 SECOND WINCHESTER Winchester THIRD WINCHESTER FIRST WINCHESTER SECOND KERNSTOWN COOL SPRING FIRST KERNSTOWN

CEDAR CREEK & BELLE GROVE CEDAR CREEK NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK FISHER’S HILL Strasburg For a few minutes the 31st lay down in the TOM’S BROOKE FRONT ROYAL Front Royal ripening wheat and the sensation caused

NEW MARKET BATTLEFIELD STATE HISTORICAL PARK NEW MARKET Luray New Market by the cutting of minie balls through the

Harrisonburg ripe grain was novel and not altogether Elkton Monterey CROSS KEYS McDowell PORT REPUBLIC MCDOWELL pleasant.

PIEDMONT Staunton

Waynesboro Cross Keys Battlefield

he Rockingham Area, in the heart of the Shenandoah Valley, When Sheridan ordered the destruction of barns, mills, crops, factories, experienced the Civil War in all of its phases. Its position north of warehouses, and furnaces in a thirteen-day campaign to neutralize the Conflict in the Tthe huge Confederate rail and supply center at Staunton made it bounty of the Valley, the central Shenandoah took a devastating blow. an inevitable battleground. Hundreds of structures were burned. Tons of grain and thousands of farm animals were seized or destroyed. Sheridan’s efforts reduced to a Breadbasket Two major highways crossed at the county seat in Harrisonburg. The trickle the flow of crucial supplies to Southern armies. Rockingham Turnpike (modern-day U.S. 33) connected Rockingham Farming, Faith County, one of the most prosperous agricultural counties in the nation, to What became known as The Burning did not distinguish between friend and Industry markets in eastern Virginia across the Blue Ridge. The other, the Valley or foe. Unionists – including a large community of pacifist Mennonites Turnpike (modern-day U.S. 11), provided a north-south corridor for the and Brethren – suffered along with Confederate sympathizers. The movement of Confederate troops to threaten the heart of the North. remarkable renewal of the Shenandoah Valley following the close of hostilities is a tribute to the strength and character of her people. Rockingham County would be the scene of the last two battles of Confederate Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson’s famous 1862 Valley During the war, this area experienced three significant battles, a score Campaign, the operation that would give him a permanent place in the of cavalry actions, and repeated military operations that eventually chronicles of . devastated its civilian agricultural base. It had two renowned Confederate

including Harrisonburg and areas of Page County leaders die within its borders: Gen. Turner Ashby and partisan ranger And in 1864, when Gen. Ulysses S. Grant changed the direction of the chief Capt. John H. McNeill. These people and events, along with the war, the Shenandoah Valley was recognized as one of the keys to Union area’s association with Stonewall Jackson and Philip Sheridan, ensure its victory. But a Federal win at Piedmont, east of Staunton, was one of place in the annals of the war that defined us as a nation. the few northern successes that spring and summer. Finally, with the Union Army of the Potomac entrenched outside Petersburg in the late You may want to begin your visit at the Civil War summer, U.S. victories in the Valley under Gen. Philip H. Sheridan in Orientation Center in downtown Harrisonburg (Site the fall brought renewed commitment by the North to the war effort and #1 on the map on page 34), where you can get a fuller contributed to the reelection of . introduction to the Rockingham Area’s Civil War history – and to the places you can visit to experience that story. The Battle of Cross Keys Rockingham

32 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org For a few minutes the 31st lay down in the ripening wheat and the sensation caused

by the cutting of minie balls through the Rockingham Area ripe grain was novel and not altogether Battlefields – William R. Lyman Cross Keys pleasant. 31st Virginia Infantry June 8, 1862 June 1862 Jackson’s Valley Campaign Cross Keys Battlefield Port Republic June 9, 1862 Jackson’s Valley Campaign he Rockingham Area, in the heart of the Shenandoah Valley, When Sheridan ordered the destruction of barns, mills, crops, factories, Piedmont experienced the Civil War in all of its phases. Its position north of warehouses, and furnaces in a thirteen-day campaign to neutralize the June 5, 1864 Tthe huge Confederate rail and supply center at Staunton made it bounty of the Valley, the central Shenandoah took a devastating blow. Lynchburg Campaign an inevitable battleground. Hundreds of structures were burned. Tons of grain and thousands of farm animals were seized or destroyed. Sheridan’s efforts reduced to a Self-guided Tours A free printed driving Two major highways crossed at the county seat in Harrisonburg. The trickle the flow of crucial supplies to Southern armies. tour of the Battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic is available Rockingham Turnpike (modern-day U.S. 33) connected Rockingham at the Hardesty-Higgins House visitor center. Walking County, one of the most prosperous agricultural counties in the nation, to What became known as The Burning did not distinguish between friend tours of Harrisonburg and Port Republic are also available. markets in eastern Virginia across the Blue Ridge. The other, the Valley or foe. Unionists – including a large community of pacifist Mennonites For information about guided walking tours, contact Harrisonburg Tourism & Visitor Services at 540-432-8935. Turnpike (modern-day U.S. 11), provided a north-south corridor for the and Brethren – suffered along with Confederate sympathizers. The movement of Confederate troops to threaten the heart of the North. remarkable renewal of the Shenandoah Valley following the close of hostilities is a tribute to the strength and character of her people. Rockingham County would be the scene of the last two battles of Now the whole vale is red Confederate Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson’s famous 1862 Valley During the war, this area experienced three significant battles, a score with fire mile on mile, and Campaign, the operation that would give him a permanent place in the of cavalry actions, and repeated military operations that eventually enveloped in smoke high chronicles of military history. devastated its civilian agricultural base. It had two renowned Confederate overhead, twisting and leaders die within its borders: Gen. Turner Ashby and partisan ranger And in 1864, when Gen. Ulysses S. Grant changed the direction of the chief Capt. John H. McNeill. These people and events, along with the writhing, dissolving. Is the war, the Shenandoah Valley was recognized as one of the keys to Union area’s association with Stonewall Jackson and Philip Sheridan, ensure its world being set on fire? victory. But a Federal win at Piedmont, east of Staunton, was one of place in the annals of the war that defined us as a nation. – Newton Burkholder the few northern successes that spring and summer. Finally, with the Confederate soldier Union Army of the Potomac entrenched outside Petersburg in the late You may want to begin your visit at the Civil War October 1864 summer, U.S. victories in the Valley under Gen. Philip H. Sheridan in Orientation Center in downtown Harrisonburg (Site the fall brought renewed commitment by the North to the war effort and #1 on the map on page 34), where you can get a fuller contributed to the reelection of Abraham Lincoln. introduction to the Rockingham Area’s Civil War history – and to the places you can visit to experience that story.

The Burning of the Valley

www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 33 10 Exit 257 ? Rockingham Area 30 Visitor Information 29 14 Civil War Orientation Center and 42 9 81 PAGE CO Harrisonburg Tourism & Visitor Services ROCKINGHAM CO 11 212 S Main St, Harrisonburg 540-432-8935 Exit 251 Shenandoah 15 11 www.harrisonburgtourism.com

33 Harrisonburg Open daily 9am-5pm 8 Civil War Orientation Center 27 Exit 247 340 1 ~ Hardesty-Higgins House Visitor

Garbers Church Rd 7 Exit 245 17 Center 26 12 Dayton 24 16 Valley Turnpike Museum • Civil War Orientation Center 28 Elkton Port Republic Road Museum: Explores the road’s history, including its role 33 33 as an avenue for troops during the Civil War. The center 42 13 Exit 243 also houses the Civil War Orientation Center for the Bridgewater 276 Rockingham Area of the National Historic District. 11 257 212 S Main St, Harrisonburg Exit 240 20 ATTLE OF 540-432-8935 (Group Tours: 540-432-8940) 18 B ROCKINGHAM CO 19 CROSS KEYS www.visitharrisonburg.com • Daily 9am-5pm 81 21 AUGUSTA CO Port Republic Road BATTLE OF 2 ~ Confederate General Hospital PORT REPUBLIC Interpretive Signage: The Harrisonburg Female Academy Cross Keys Rd and its use as a hospital during the war. v 23 i e 22 r 345 S. Main Street, Harrisonburg

Port Republic D

e 3 ~ Virginia Quilt Museum n

340 i Museum: Civil War exhibit focuses on life in the family l y S k of Col. E.T.H. Warren, including family letters, Civil War era quilts, and period artifacts. 301 S Main St, Harrisonburg $ 11 540-433-3818 • www.vaquiltmuseum.org Open Tue-Sat 10am-4pm 25 4 ~ Court Square & Springhouse BATTLE OF Interpretive Signage: The court square during the Port Re Detail Map of publ PIEDMONT ic R battlefield area d Civil War, including its use as a temporary prison ( Battlefields

national parks 14 Rt camp.

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672 Interpretive Signage: The story of the famed Confed- Harrisonburg E Rt.

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TY T S Y IT N U M M O C N R E Z T A R K

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CELLO L L E IC L L O C E AV BERTY T R E IB L erate partisan unit led by John Hanson McNeill, who 1S T S T CROSS KEYS P

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C O U R T 23

ST E S Q T S M A R K E T S T 340 Daily dawn to dusk H IG H S Port Republic 22 E W A T E R S T ATTLE OF Civil War T S T T O 6 B ST H Orientation Center 5 N E W M A N A V E HIG PORT REPUBLIC 7 ~ The Heritage Museum

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T A S H T R E E L N CELLO E V A O L L E IC T N O M Valley Campaign. Home of the Harrisonburg-

L E W IS S T LI ST S Y T R E IB L S C A M P B E L L S T Rockingham Historical Society.

W G R A T A N S T

P A U L S T S M A IN S T ~ Group Tour 382 High St, Dayton • 540-879-2616 • heritagecenter.com Mon-Sat 10am-5pm; Sun. 1-5pm (Apr-Oct) $ P A U L S T Arrangements Available ST

S FEDERAL ST W E Rockingham Area Civil War Sites Rockingham Area Civil War L A Y M A N A V E S T V MASON IE S W ST $ ~ Admission Fee ~ Civil War Trails Sites Map Data Provided by the City of Harrisonburg Department of Community Development ~ Pet-Friendly Sites 34 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 8 ~ Valley Brethren-Mennonite Heritage Center 19 ~ Artillery Ridge Visitor Information Museum: The story of a faith heritage, focusing on the Civil War—the Interpretive signage: Confederate artillery positions during the Battle of Cross Keys pacifist response and the suffering during The Burning. Civil War Orientation Center and Bowtie Drive off of Artillery Road, Cross Keys 1921-A Heritage Center Way, (off Garbers Church Rd), Harrisonburg Harrisonburg Tourism & Visitor Services 540-438-1275 • vbmhc.org • Open Wed-Sat 10am-5pm 20 ~ Goods Mill 212 S Main St, Harrisonburg Interpretive signage: Walker’s flank attack during the Battle of Cross Keys. 9 ~ Long’s Chapel at Zenda Goods Mill Road east of Port Republic Road, Cross Keys 540-432-8935 Historic site: Historic black church that was the centerpiece of Zenda, a www.harrisonburgtourism.com post-war community of newly-freed slaves. 21 ~ Mill Creek Church Open daily 9am-5pm 1340 Fridleys Gap Road, Keezletown (Harrisonburg) Interpretive signage: The pacifist community during the Civil War. 843-412-3590 or 540-383-6709 • Visitors welcome on the grounds. 7600 Port Republic Rd, Port Republic 1 ~ Hardesty-Higgins House Visitor 10 ~ Catherine Furnace Center 22 ~ Port Republic Museum Interpretive Signage: Interpreting Catherine Furnace during the war, Museum: Interprets the history of this early river-port town and the events of Valley Turnpike Museum • Civil War Orientation Center including its role as an “” for Union soldiers. Museum: Explores the road’s history, including its role the last four days of Jackson’s Valley Campaign. Donations requested. as an avenue for troops during the Civil War. The center On Cub Run Rd near Newport Rd (Va 685), Town of Shenandoah 8691 Water St, Port Republic • 540-249-0040 also houses the Civil War Orientation Center for the www.portrepublicmuseum.org • Open Sun 1:30pm-4pm from Apr–Oct Rockingham Area of the National Historic District. 11 ~ Shenandoah Iron Works Interpretive signage: Page Valley Iron Industry during the Civil War. 23 ~ The Coaling 212 S Main St, Harrisonburg West side of US 340 in the town of Shenandoah in Page County Battlefield Area: Short, steep walking trail at the site the Union artillery 540-432-8935 (Group Tours: 540-432-8940) emplacement taken by Confederates during the Battle of Port Republic. www.visitharrisonburg.com • Daily 9am-5pm 12 ~ Elk Run Cemetery US 340 and Rt 708, Port Republic 2 ~ Confederate General Hospital Cemetery: Fifty Confederate soldiers, including two who were killed during Interpretive Signage: The Harrisonburg Female Academy the Civil War, are buried in the cemetery. 24 ~ Jennings House: Confederate Hospital and its use as a hospital during the war. 100 Elk Run Dr, Elkton • 540-713-4062 • www.elktonva.gov Interpretive signage: 1840 home used as a hospital. 345 S. Main Street, Harrisonburg 8:30am-4:30pm daily 173 West Spotswood Ave, Elkton • 540-43-8935 3 ~ Virginia Quilt Museum Jackson’s 1862 Valley Campaign Lynchburg Campaign Battle of Piedmont Pages 12-13 Museum: Civil War exhibit focuses on life in the family of Col. E.T.H. Warren, including family letters, Civil Battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic Pages 6-9 25 ~ Battle of Piedmont War era quilts, and period artifacts. Interpretive signage: Describes the Union victory here on June 5, 1864, that 13 ~ North River Interpretive Site enabled Federals to move south to Staunton and Lexington. 301 S Main St, Harrisonburg Interpretive signage: Bridgewater’s Civil War story and Jackson’s crossing of 540-433-3818 • www.vaquiltmuseum.org the North River between the battles of McDowell and Front Royal 691 Battlefield Rd, Fort Definance Open Tue-Sat 10am-4pm Rt 42 – north bank of the North River, Bridgewater Sheridan’s 1864 Shenandoah Campaign 4 ~ Court Square & Springhouse 14 ~ Red Bridge & Somerville Heights Military Maneuvers and “The Burning” Pages 16-19 Interpretive Signage: The court square during the Interpretive signage: Jackson’s Valley Campaign—Burning of the Red Bridge Civil War, including its use as a temporary prison over the South Fork of the Shenandoah River and action at Somerville Heights. 26 ~ Site of the Death of Lt. John Meigs camp. Interpretive signage: Meigs, eldest son of Montgomery Meigs, the U.S. Army Va 650 east of US 340, north of town of Shenandoah in Page County Court Square, intersection of US 11 and US 33 in quartermaster general, was shot and killed here Oct 3, 1864. downtown Harrisonburg 15 ~ Shields’ Advance & Retreat Va 713 (Meigs Lane) just off Va 42 between Harrisonburg and Dayton Interpretive signage: Burning of nearby bridges prevented Union Gens. James 5 ~ McNeill’s Rangers Shields and John C. Frémont from uniting against Jackson. 27 ~ Silver Lake Mill Interpretive Signage: The story of the famed Confed- Interpretive signage: Mills in the “Breadbasket of the Confederacy” – their erate partisan unit led by John Hanson McNeill, who US 340, south of Town of Shenandoah contribution to local economy, Confederate war effort and final destruction. died here in 1864. 16 ~ Miller-Kite House 2328 Silver Lake Rd, Dayton • 800-327-5532 174 S. Main Street, Harrisonburg Museum: Stonewall Jackson’s headquarters for two weeks in 1862. Museum of Civil War artifacts, mostly Confederate: weapons, documents, uniforms. 28 ~ Downtown Dayton 6 ~ Woodbine Cemetery Interpretive signage: Fear and retaliation in the dark days of The Burning. Cemetery: Historic cemetery include Soldiers’ Section, 310 W. Spotswood Trail, Elkton • 540-578-3046 • Donations accepted where over 250 Confederate soldiers are buried. Open Sun 1pm-5pm from -Labor Day (and by appointment) S Main St, Dayton 21 Reservoir St. off of US 33, Harrisonburg 17 ~ Turner Ashby Monument 29 ~ Breneman-Turner Mill Daily dawn to dusk Historical monument: Site of the mortal wounding of Gen. Turner Ashby on Historic site: Ca. 1800 mill that survived The Burning. The only pre-Civil June 6, 1862 during the Battle of Harrisonburg (includes battle diagram). War grist mill in Rockingham County with its original grist mill equipment. 7 ~ The Heritage Museum Museum: Exhibits feature a light map of Jackson’s Turner Ashby Lane off Port Republic Rd, Harrisonburg • 540-432-8935 Breneman Church Road (off Hwy 42 north), Harrisonburg • 540-438-1275 Valley Campaign. Home of the Harrisonburg- www.vbmhc.org • Grounds and mill exterior open. Interior tours by appointment. Rockingham Historical Society. 18 ~ Union Church Interpretive signage: Orientation kiosk for the battles of Cross Keys and 30 ~ Lacey Spring 382 High St, Dayton • 540-879-2616 • heritagecenter.com Port Republic and interpretive signage focusing on action around the Union Interpretive signage: Interpreting cavalry action between Union Gen. George Mon-Sat 10am-5pm; Sun. 1-5pm (Apr-Oct) Church during the Battle of Cross Keys. Custer and Confederate Gen. Thomas Rosser at Lacey Spring in December 1864 Cross Keys Rd and Battlefield Rd 8621 North Valley Pike, Harrisonburg www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 35 SECOND WINCHESTER Winchester THIRD WINCHESTER FIRST WINCHESTER SECOND KERNSTOWN COOL SPRING FIRST KERNSTOWN

CEDAR CREEK & BELLE GROVE CEDAR CREEK NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK ...two acres...was almost mowed by the FISHER’S HILL Strasburg TOM’S BROOKE FRONT ROYAL Front Royal bullets. There was bushes six inches

NEW MARKET BATTLEFIELD STATE HISTORICAL PARK NEW MARKET Luray in diameter that was cut by bullets New Market until they fell down. – Confederate soldier Harrisonburg 31st Virginia Infantry Elkton Monterey CROSS KEYS May 1862 McDowell PORT REPUBLIC MCDOWELL

PIEDMONT Staunton

Waynesboro

cDowell lies amidst the remote and scenic mountain terrain of Highland County, in a region known locally as “Virginia’s Mountain MLittle Switzerland.” Thanks to its location along the Staunton- to-Parkersburg Turnpike (modern-day US 250), Union and Confederate Highlands armies used Highland as a “back door” to the Shenandoah Valley. Protecting the On the eve of the Civil War, Highland County was divided. While Since its creation in the early 1800s, Highland has been one of the George Washington Hull consistently voted against secession at the least populated counties east of the River. Its extraordinary Valley’s Back Door 1861 Virginia State Convention, he chose to serve in the Confederate landscape has been virtually untouched since the Civil War—indeed, once Virginia seceded, and Highland County voted to join the the McDowell battlefield is considered one of the most pristine in the Confederacy after Jackson’s victory at McDowell. Large numbers of the nation. area’s young men were mustered into the Confederate army and ten Highland men joined the Federal troops. Today, visitors can explore the region’s history at the Highland County George Washington Hull Museum in McDowell, which also hosts a Shenandoah Valley Battlefields represented Highland Like the rest of the nation, the people of Highland County—remote National Historic District Civil War Orientation Center. Serious hikers County in the Virginia as they were—experienced this wrenching conflict in very personal can scale the heights of Sitlington’s Hill, east of the village, and see the Convention of 1861. ways, from the rising tensions before the war’s first shots to the effort to His house now serves battlefield as Confederate soldiers saw it on May 8, 1862. And Virginia as the Highland County recover from its devastation. Civil War Trails markers allow you to follow in the footsteps of the Museum and the Civil War Confederates using the old Staunton-to-Parkersburg Turnpike to the including areas of Highland and Augusta counties Orientation Center for this In May of 1862, the town of McDowell experienced the Civil War first- area of the Shenandoah battlefield. Valley Battlefields hand when armies clashed on the hills and byways in and around the National Historic District. village as Confederate Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson moved to prevent Union forces from entering the Valley from the west. Jackson’s victory at McDowell was one of the opening salvos of his famous Valley Campaign. McDowell

36 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org ...two acres...was almost mowed by the bullets. There was bushes six inches in diameter that was cut by bullets until they fell down. – Confederate soldier 31st Virginia Infantry May 1862

The hills east of cDowell lies amidst the remote and scenic mountain terrain McDowell of Highland County, in a region known locally as “Virginia’s MLittle Switzerland.” Thanks to its location along the Staunton- to-Parkersburg Turnpike (modern-day US 250), Union and Confederate armies used Highland as a “back door” to the Shenandoah Valley. McDowell Area On the eve of the Civil War, Highland County was divided. While Since its creation in the early 1800s, Highland has been one of the Battlefield George Washington Hull consistently voted against secession at the least populated counties east of the . Its extraordinary 1861 Virginia State Convention, he chose to serve in the Confederate McDowell landscape has been virtually untouched since the Civil War—indeed, May 8, 1862 militia once Virginia seceded, and Highland County voted to join the the McDowell battlefield is considered one of the most pristine in the Jackson’s Valley Campaign Confederacy after Jackson’s victory at McDowell. Large numbers of the nation. area’s young men were mustered into the Confederate army and ten Highland men joined the Federal troops. Today, visitors can explore the region’s history at the Highland County Museum in McDowell, which also hosts a Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Like the rest of the nation, the people of Highland County—remote National Historic District Civil War Orientation Center. Serious hikers as they were—experienced this wrenching conflict in very personal can scale the heights of Sitlington’s Hill, east of the village, and see the ways, from the rising tensions before the war’s first shots to the effort to battlefield as Confederate soldiers saw it on May 8, 1862. And Virginia recover from its devastation. Civil War Trails markers allow you to follow in the footsteps of the In May of 1862, the town of McDowell experienced the Civil War first- Confederates using the old Staunton-to-Parkersburg Turnpike to the hand when armies clashed on the hills and byways in and around the battlefield. village as Confederate Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson moved to prevent Union forces from entering the Valley from the west. Jackson’s victory at McDowell was one of the opening salvos of his famous Valley Campaign. It is quite a small village; but has an air of Old Virginia aristocracy and display about it. – Union War Correspondent writing about the village of McDowell

www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 37 Pocohantas County, W.Va. Highland County McDowell Area

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Visitor Information ? Highland County Chamber of Commerce Spruce St, Monterey 540-468-2550 www.highlandcounty.org Open Mon-Fri 10 am-5pm

Visitor Center at The Highland Inn Main Street, Monterey 540-468-2550 www.highlandcounty.org Looking west into Highland County from Fort Johnson Open 7 days 9 am-7pm

~ Civil War Trails Sites ~ Group Tour Arrangements ~ Pet-Friendly Sites Available

McDowell Area Civil War Sites McDowell Area Civil War $ ~ Admission Fee

38 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org Jackson’s 1862 Valley Campaign Battle of McDowell Pages 6-9

1 ~ Highland County Museum and Civil War 7 ~ McDowell Cemetery Orientation Center Interpretive Signage: This cemetery contains a monument and the graves of Museum: Located in one of the oldest buildings in the county, the some of the soldiers who fought in the Battle of McDowell. center interprets the history of Highland County. The center also hosts Located directly across from the Presbyterian Church, McDowell the Shenandoah Valley Battlefields National Historic District Civil War Orientation Center for the McDowell battlefield area. 8 ~ Presbyterian Church 161 Mansion House Rd, McDowell Interpretive Signage: Constructed circa 1858, the McDowell Presbyte- 540-396-4478 rian Church was still a new addition to the community when it housed www.highlandcountyhistory.com wounded and dying Federal soldiers after the Battle of McDowell. Also March 1 – Oct. 31 Thu-Sat 11am-4pm, Sun 1pm-4pm served as a headquarters for both armies at various times before, during and after the battle. Closed Nov. 1 to Feb. 28, except by appointment US 250, McDowell

2 ~ West View 9 ~ Monterey Courthouse Interpretive Signage: In the weeks prior to the Battle of McDowell, Interpretive Signage: Interprets more of the local war story. Confederates encamped here along the Civil War-era alignment of the Staunton-to-Parkersburg Turnpike (modern US 250). US 250, Monterey Va 254 west of Staunton 10 ~ Camp Allegheny Interpretive Signage: Area was occupied first by Confederates and then 3 ~ Ramsey’s Draft Federals in the months and weeks before the Battle of McDowell. (Jackson’s March) US 250 along the Virginia/West Virginia border Interpretive Signage: Location of the first skirmishes between Union and Confederate forces leading up to the Battle of McDowell. US 250 west of Churchville in the Staunton to Parkersburg Turnpike George Washington National Forest Driving Tour (US 250 from Ramsey’s Draft to Camp Allegheny): By the time of the Civil War, the Staunton-to-Parkersburg 4 ~ Fort Johnson Interpretive Signage: Confederate Pike had become such a strategic target that the Mountain trenchworks along the top of Campaign of 1861, which ended at McDowell, was waged Shenandoah Mountain within the largely to determine who would control it. A free printed George Washington National Forest. driving tour is available at the Highland County Museum and US 250 along the Highland/Augusta Civil War Orientation Center, the Highland County Chamber of County line Commerce, and the Visitor Center at The Highland Inn.

5 ~ Sitlington’s Hill Battlefield Area: Rigorous hiking trail with interpretive signage. The worst of the fighting happened on this hill that towers just east of the village. Trailhead includes several interpretive signs and a parking area, located along US 250 east of McDowell.

6 ~ Cemetery Hill Interpretive Signage: During the battle, Federal artillery was placed on this knoll just west of the Presbyterian Church in McDowell. Located south of the Presbyterian Church, McDowell

The view of McDowell from the top of Sitlington’s Hill, the position of Jackson’s troops during the Battle of McDowell. www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 39 SECOND WINCHESTER Winchester THIRD WINCHESTER FIRST WINCHESTER SECOND KERNSTOWN COOL SPRING FIRST KERNSTOWN

CEDAR CREEK & BELLE GROVE CEDAR CREEK NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK FISHER’S HILL Strasburg TOM’S BROOKE FRONT ROYAL Front Royal s part of the “Breadbasket of the Confederacy,” Augusta NEW MARKET BATTLEFIELD STATE HISTORICAL PARK NEW MARKET Luray New Market ACounty and its two cities of Staunton and Waynesboro played

Harrisonburg Elkton a pivotal wartime role, supplying Monterey CROSS KEYS McDowell PORT REPUBLIC food, fodder, and iron for southern MCDOWELL armies and civilians east of the Blue PIEDMONT Staunton

Waynesboro Ridge. While most battles were fought in other areas, the Virginia Central Beverley Street in Railroad, with a depot in Staunton, historic downtown Staunton provided a crucial supply link between the Valley and Richmond.

During much of the war this area remained a haven for sick and Strategic wounded soldiers; following Gettysburg, the streets of Staunton filled with casualties. At least four times during the war, lines between battlefield and homefront blurred. In 1862, during Stonewall Jackson’s Strongpoint Valley Campaign, Jackson used the railroad to outmaneuver Union armies. That spring, western Augusta County became the staging area Preserving a Lifeline for the Battle of McDowell in Highland County. to Richmond Staunton, Waynesboro, and Augusta County

Staunton Detail 340 ? Visitor Information 262 250 Staunton Downtown Staunton Visitor Center Weyers 262 Civil War 35 South New Street Orientation Kiosk 254 2 3 540-332-3971 1 Grottoes 10 250 Verona Open daily 9:30am-5:30pm (November-March) 262 252 7 340 9:00am-6:00pm (April-October) 252 4 262 250 BATTLE OF Staunton/Augusta Travel Information Center 64 PIEDMONT 1290 Richmond Rd, Staunton 99 250 540-332-3972 262 New Hope Open daily 9:00am-5:00pm 8 www.visitstaunton.com 254 Staunton

Rockfish Gap Tourist Information Center 262 130 Afton Circle, Afton 4

540-943-5187 Jolivue Fishersville Open daily: 9:00am-5:00pm 64 www.visitwaynesboro.net 250 340 Waynesboro 5 6 ~ Civil War Trails Sites 64 64 ~ Pet-Friendly Sites 340 Stuarts Draft battlefield area national parks $ ~ Admission Fee national forest

Staunton, Waynesboro, Augusta County Staunton, Waynesboro, ~ Group Tour Arrangements Available

40 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org In June 1864, a Union victory at Piedmont opened the door 6 ~ Waynesboro Heritage Museum Museum: The permanent exhibit galleries relate the city’s history using to the occupation of Staunton. From there, Union Gen. David wall panels and artifacts from the Waynesboro Heritage Foundation s part of the “Breadbasket of Hunter marched south to exact revenge on Lexington. While Collection. The fascinating story begins with the settlement of Waynesboro the Confederacy,” Augusta passing through southern Augusta County, he destroyed and encompasses the city’s rich history. County and its two cities of mills, barns, and ironworks. A few months later, northern 420 W. Main St, Waynesboro, 540-943-3WHF A www.waynesboroheritagefoundation.com Staunton and Waynesboro played Augusta felt the heavy hand of war during The Burning Open Tues-Sat 9am-5pm a pivotal wartime role, supplying under Union Gen. Philip H. Sheridan. 7 ~ food, fodder, and iron for southern Park/Cave: Known as Weyers Cave during the Civil War, caverns armies and civilians east of the Blue The March 2, 1865, cavalry clash in Waynesboro closed the include over 230 signatures by Confederate and Union soldiers who were encamped along the South River during the war. Ridge. While most battles were fought Valley fighting. Here Gen. Sheridan’s forces destroyed the remnants of the Confederate forces under Gen. Jubal Early. 5 Grand Caverns Drive, Grottoes, Virginia 24441 in other areas, the Virginia Central Beverley Street in 1-888-430-CAVE www.grandcaverns.com Railroad, with a depot in Staunton, historic downtown Staunton April-Oct: 9am-5 pm daily; Nov-March: 10am-4pm daily provided a crucial supply link between the Valley and Richmond. 1 ~ R.R. Smith Center for History & Art Housed in a converted 1890s railroad hotel, center includes an interpretive kiosk featuring touchscreen-activated vignettes about the wartime Jackson’s 1862 Valley Campaign During much of the war this area remained a haven for sick and experiences of local residents, as well as a Civil War Orientation display for Battle of McDowell the area. Also includes history and art galleries, museum store, and history Pages 6-9 wounded soldiers; following Gettysburg, the streets of Staunton filled and genealogy research library. with casualties. At least four times during the war, lines between Open Tues, Thurs, Fri 9am-noon. Call or email (augustachs@ntelos) for 8 ~ West View battlefield and homefront blurred. In 1862, during Stonewall Jackson’s research appointment. Interpretive Signage: Confederate Gen. Edward “Alleghany” Johnson Valley Campaign, Jackson used the railroad to outmaneuver Union 20 S. New St., Staunton • 540-248-4151 • www.augustacountyhs.org began his move west from his camps here on May 6, 1862, with Stonewall Jackson close behind. The Confederates would defeat Union Gen. Robert armies. That spring, western Augusta County became the staging area 2 ~ Presidential Library and Milroy’s troops two days later at McDowell. for the Battle of McDowell in Highland County. Museum 7 miles west of Staunton on Va 254 Museum and Birthplace: President Wilson was born in 1856 in the elegant Presbyterian Manse, now restored to depict the family’s life on the cusp of Staunton, Waynesboro, and Augusta County the Civil War. The museum highlights his career and presidency. Guided tours daily. A National Historic Landmark. Lynchburg Campaign Pages 12-13 340 20 N. Coalter St., Staunton • 540-885-0897 • www.woodrowwilson.org Mar-Oct: Mon-Sat 9am-5pm, Sun 12-5pm; Nov-Feb: Mon-Sat 10am-4pm, 9 ~ Battle of Piedmont Weyers Sun 12-4pm Cave Interpretive signage: Describes the Union victory here on June 5, 1864, that enabled Federals to move south to Staunton and Lexington. Grottoes 3 ~ Jedediah Hotchkiss Interpretive Signage: Describes the wartime exploits and postwar career Va 608 north of New Hope, northeast of Staunton Verona 7 of Stonewall Jackson’s master mapmaker, who lived here in Staunton after 340 the war. 10 ~ Railroad Station BATTLE OF Entrance to the Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind, Interpretive Signage: Union Gen. David Hunter’s troops entered town PIEDMONT 514 East Beverley St., Staunton 99 after the June 1864 Battle of Piedmont and burned warehouses and 250 infrastructure related to the important Virginia Central Railroad that 262 New Hope 4 ~ Barger Farm/Frontier Culture Museum shipped Valley supplies to Richmond. The station on this site also was 8 Interpretive Signage (outside the museum): A typical Valley antebellum destroyed. farmstead has been relocated to this site. 254 Staunton 36 Middlebrook Ave, Staunton I-81 Route 250 exit at Staunton 262 4 5 ~ Plumb House Museum Jolivue Fishersville Museum: The home of the Plumb family, this house was witness to the 64 Battle of Waynesboro on March 2, 1865. Exhibits tell the story of the 250 340 battle and feature documents and artifacts relative to the battle as well as Waynesboro the daily lives of the Plumb family. 5 6 64 64 1021 W Main St, Waynesboro 540-943-3WHF • www.waynesboroheritagefoundation.com 340 Stuarts Draft Open Thurs-Sat 10am-4pm

View of Piedmont Battlefield

www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 41 Harpers Ferry

SECOND WINCHESTER Winchester THIRD WINCHESTER FIRST WINCHESTER SECOND KERNSTOWN COOL SPRING FIRST KERNSTOWN

CEDAR CREEK & BELLE GROVE CEDAR CREEK NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK FISHER’S HILL Strasburg TOM’S BROOKE FRONT ROYAL Front Royal

NEW MARKET BATTLEFIELD STATE HISTORICAL PARK NEW MARKET Luray New Market

Harrisonburg Elkton Monterey CROSS KEYS McDowell PORT REPUBLIC MCDOWELL

PIEDMONT Staunton 1 ~ Virginia Military Institute Museum Waynesboro Museum: Stonewall Jackson taught at VMI before the war and the Institute was burned by Union Gen. David Hunter in 1864. The museum interprets this history as part of the larger VMI story, and features a number of Jackson-related artifacts illustrating the history and traditions

Lexington of the Institute. Jackson Memorial Hall, Virginia Military Institute. 540-464-7334. Open daily 9 am-5 pm. • www.vmi.edu/museum.

2 ~ Stonewall Jackson House Stonewall Jackson Historic site: This 1801 house was the only home ever owned by Cemetery Confederate General Stonewall Jackson. He lived in the home with his second wife Mary Anna for two years before the war. Restored, it now ome to Stonewall Jackson before the Civil War and to contains many of Jackson’s possessions and period pieces. Robert E. Lee after, Lexington (founded in 1778) retains Open daily for guided tours. 8 East Washington Street, Lexington. 540-464-7704. Open Mon-Sat 9 am-5 pm; Sun 1-5 pm. Lexington Hmuch of its 19th century charm. Located near the www.stonewalljackson.org southern end of the Shenandoah Valley, the small town produced VMI, Jackson many soldiers who would fight and die during the Civil War. 3 ~ Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery Cemetery: Jackson lies among hundreds of his fellow Confederates, and Lee Jackson taught at the Virginia Military Institute, “West Point of two Virginia governors, and Revolutionary War soldiers in this historic cemetery. The statue of Jackson above his grave was dedicated in 1891. the South,” for ten years prior to the war. In April of 1861 he South Main Street, Lexington. Open dawn to dusk. led the VMI Cadets to Richmond to begin training. He would not return to Lexington until his burial in 1863. 4 ~ Lee Chapel (Washington and Lee University) In May 1864 the VMI Cadet Corps marched from Lexington Historic site: Built during Robert E. Lee’s presidency at Washington College, the Chapel is now the final resting place of Lee and his family. to New Market to assist in the defeat of the Union army at the The museum highlights Lee’s entire career and houses the office he used Battle of New Market. One month later, Union General David during his presidency, still preserved as he left it. ? Visitor Information Hunter led the now infamous Hunter’s Raid through Lexington, 100 North Jefferson Street, Lexington. 540-458-8768. Open Mon-Sat 9am-5pm; Sun 1-5 pm; shortened hours November- Lexington Visitor Center burning and shelling VMI and ransacking nearby Washington March. • www.leechapel.wlu.edu 106 E Washington St, Lexington College. 877-453-9822 Open daily 9am to 5pm After the war, Robert E. Lee served as President of Washington www.lexingtonvirginia.com College. After his death in 1870, the college was renamed Washington and Lee University in his honor. ~ Civil War Trails Sites Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson are both buried in ~ Pet-Friendly Sites Lexington, Lee in the Chapel that bears his name, and Jackson in $ ~ Admission Fee

Lexington and Rockbridge County Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery. ~ Group Tour Arrangements Available 42 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org Lynchburg Campaign The burning of the Institute made Pages 12-13

a grand picture, a vast column of 5 ~ Jordan’s Point Park on the Maury River black smoke rolled above the flames Interpretive signage: Union General David Hunter placed his artillery just north of Jordan’s Point when his troops attacked Lexington. The Union and covered half the horizon. soldiers burned the Virginia Military Institute and the home of Virginia – Union Col. David Strother Governor . witnessing the burning of VMI The Park is located just off of US 11 on the Maury River, north of June 12, 1864 Lexington.

1 ~ Virginia Military Institute Museum 6 ~ Hunter’s Raid Museum: Stonewall Jackson taught at VMI before the war and the Interpretive signage: Union Gen. David Hunter’s army shelled Lexington Institute was burned by Union Gen. David Hunter in 1864. The museum from the across the Maury River, then swept aside Confederate resistance interprets this history as part of the larger VMI story, and features a and occupied the town. Union troops plundered homes, destroyed number of Jackson-related artifacts illustrating the history and traditions property, and burned the Virginia Military Institute, among other of the Institute. buildings, before departing for Lynchburg. Jackson Memorial Hall, Virginia Military Institute. 106 E Washington St, Lexington 540-464-7334. Open daily 9 am-5 pm. • www.vmi.edu/museum. 7 ~ The Natural Bridge of Virginia 2 ~ Stonewall Jackson House Interpretive Signage: Some of Hunter’s troops detoured to see this famous attraction on their march from Lexington to Lynchburg. Confederates did Historic site: This 1801 house was the only home ever owned by the same while moving north after the Battle of Lynchburg. Confederate General Stonewall Jackson. He lived in the home with his second wife Mary Anna for two years before the war. Restored, it now Located at the intersection of US 11 and Rt. 130 fourteen miles south of contains many of Jackson’s possessions and period pieces. Lexington. Natural Bridge. 540-291-2121. • www.naturalbridgeva.com Open daily for guided tours. 8 East Washington Street, Lexington. 540-464-7704. Open Mon-Sat 9 am-5 pm; Sun 1-5 pm. www.stonewalljackson.org

Lexington Area 631 3 ~ Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery Cemetery: Jackson lies among hundreds of his fellow Confederates, 631 e n two Virginia governors, and Revolutionary War soldiers in this historic a 5 L

e

cemetery. The statue of Jackson above his grave was dedicated in 1891. n

o t

South Main Street, Lexington. Open dawn to dusk. S 60 1 4 ~ Lee Chapel (Washington and Lee 11 University) N. Main St. University Place N. Main St. Historic site: Built during Robert E. Lee’s presidency at Washington 4 11 11 College, the Chapel is now the final resting place of Lee and his family. W. Washington St. The museum highlights Lee’s entire career and houses the office he used during his presidency, still preserved as he left it. 60 100 North Jefferson Street, Lexington. 540-458-8768. N. Jefferson2 St. Open Mon-Sat 9am-5pm; Sun 1-5 pm; shortened hours November- 6 March. • www.leechapel.wlu.edu E. Washington St.

S. Main St. S. Jefferson St. 60

S. Randolph St.

3 11

S. Main St.

60 11 7

les 11 Lee Chapel 14 mi www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 43 Harpers Ferry

SECOND WINCHESTER Winchester THIRD WINCHESTER FIRST WINCHESTER SECOND KERNSTOWN COOL SPRING FIRST KERNSTOWN

CEDAR CREEK & BELLE GROVE CEDAR CREEK NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK FISHER’S HILL Strasburg TOM’S BROOKE FRONT ROYAL Front Royal

NEW MARKET BATTLEFIELD STATE HISTORICAL PARK NEW MARKET Luray New Market

Harrisonburg Elkton Monterey CROSS KEYS McDowell PORT REPUBLIC MCDOWELL

PIEDMONT Staunton

Waynesboro ’s “Fort” at Harpers Ferry Lexington Harpers Ferry

Harpers Ferry National Historical Park Battlefield Area: This park interprets the broad history of Harpers Ferry as a river town, as the site of John Brown’s 1859 raid, and as a battlefield area during the course of the Civil War. www.nps.gov/hafe Martinsburg Belle Boyd House Historic site: Childhood home of Confederate spy Belle Boyd—as a young woman in Front Royal, Boyd provided Stonewall Jackson with information about Union forces in the town just before the Battle of Front Royal. www.bchs.org

Martinsburg Roundhouse Historic site: The current roundhouse dates from 1866 (the original Harpers Ferry, Martinsburg, and Charles Town Harpers Ferry, Martinsburg was destroyed during the war) but retains some of its Civil War-era Roundhouse features. www.martinsburgroundhouse.com Charles Town Jefferson County Courthouse Historic site: This courthouse, which is still in use today, is where John Brown was tried for treason in 1859. Washington St, Charles Town

Jefferson County Museum Museum: Interprets the story of John Brown, including his trial and hanging. Washington St, Charles Town

Jefferson County

Other Areas Courthouse

44 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org Planning Your Visit

Where to stay? What to eat? Events What else to do? From full-scale battle reenactments to enlightening living The Shenandoah Valley offers a wide variety of experiences history displays to intriguing lectures and tours, and even kids for all ages and interests. camps that help our children understand our past—there are activities and events throughout the Shenandoah Valley that History & Heritage – The Civil War is only one chapter in appeal to a wide range of interests. the region’s remarkable history. From colonial times to the 20th century, explore history at sites throughout the Valley. Battle Reenactments Natural wonders – Scenic vistas, waterways, caverns – Including the annual reenactments of the Battles of New and national, regional, and local parks that offer countless Market (each May) and Cedar Creek (each October). opportunities for outdoor activities. Arts and culture – The Valley offers world-class theatres, John Brown’s music festivals, and arts and crafts venues. “Fort” at Harpers Ferry Dining and shopping – The region’s charming, historic towns offer a variety of shopping and dining experiences. Lodging – Whether you like to sleep under the stars or prefer premier accommodations, a wide range of lodgings are available throughout the Valley. The tourism offices below can help you plan your adventure. For More Information… Tours Shenandoah Valley Travel Association Guided walking and driving tours that follow the path of 800-VISIT-SV • www.visitshenandoah.org battles and historic events. Winchester-Frederick County Convention & Visitors Bureau Kids Camps 877-871-1326 • www.visitwinchesterva.com Camps give your child the chance to explore what life was like Shenandoah County Tourism for soldiers and civilians during the Civil War. 888-367-3965 • www.shenandoahtravel.org Front Royal-Warren County Visitors Center Conferences and Lectures 800-338-2576 • www.DiscoverFrontRoyal.com Museums, historical societies, universities, and others present programs focusing on the region’s Civil War and broader his- Luray-Page County Chamber of Commerce & Visitor Center tory. 888-743-3915 • www.visitluraypage.com Harrisonburg Tourism & Visitor Services Events Calendar Online 540-432-8935 • www.harrisonburgtourism.com Historic sites throughout the region add new activities to the calendar each week. Visit the online events calendar for more Staunton Convention & Visitors Bureau information about these and other activities taking place soon. 800-3427982 • www.visitstaunton.com www.ShenandoahAtWar.org Waynesboro Tourism 540-942-6512 • www.visitwaynesboro.net E-Newsletter Highland County Chamber of Commerce Receive our monthly e-newsletter about events and programs 540-468-2550 • www.highlandcounty.org in the Valley by emailing [email protected]. Lexington-Rockbridge Tourism 877-453-9822 • www.lexingtonvirginia.com

Virginia Civil War Trails The Civil War Trails program has installed more than 1,000 interpretive markers at Civil War sites in Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia. As you travel throughout the region, the logo at left will help you find these markers in its historic towns and along its byways. Driving tours following major campaigns have been created, and a series of regional brochures is available. You can pick up printed Trails information at visitor centers throughout the states with Trails signs. You can also visit www.CivilWarTrails.org for a complete listing of Trails sites, or download pdf versions of the Trails maps from CivilWarTraveler.com/maps.

www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 45 What is the Shenandoah Valley Battlefields National Historic District?

If you’ve made it this far along in this guide, you know that modern visitors are able to view the Shenandoah Valley’s landscape much as it was seen by soldiers and civilians during the region’s important Civil War campaigns, mostly thanks to the agricultural economy that has thrived in the Valley since before the Civil War. But this historic landscape is increasingly threatened. In 1996 the created the Shenandoah Valley Battlefields National Historic District to protect this National Heritage Areas national resource and to ensure that future generations would The Shenandoah Valley Battlefields National be able to explore the Valley’s Civil War story and more fully Historic District is a congressionally-designated understand its impact on the American experience. National Heritage Area. As approved by the U.S. Secretary of the Interior, the National Heritage Areas are parts of our country’s Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation serves as the landscape that have been recognized by the United non-profit manager of the National Historic District and is States Congress for their unique contributions to responsible for implementing the District’s legislated mission the American experience. A heritage area may be to work with partners to preserve the Shenandoah Valley’s developed around a common theme or an industry Civil War battlefields, coordinate the interpretation of the that influenced the culture and history of that region’s Civil War story, and promote the Valley as a visitor region and our country. More information about destination. The Battlefields Foundation and its partners have National Heritage Areas is available online at collectively protected thousands of battlefield acres and are www.nps.gov/history/heritageareas. collaborating to share this history with visitors from across the country and around the world. Thank you for visiting the Shenandoah Valley Battlefields National Historic District!

Acknowledgments Harrisonburg Tourism & Visitor Services, Staunton Convention & Visitors Bureau, Waynesboro Tourism, Highland County Chamber of This guide was developed through a partnership between the Commerce, and Lexington-Rockbridge Tourism. Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Photo Credits: Front cover: (LOC), SVBF, CivilWarTraveler.com, SVBF, Nancy Hess, National Park Service (NPS); In addition, historic sites, museums, battlefield organizations, tourism Page 3: New Market Battlefield State Historical Park (NMBSHP); page 4: offices, and local, state, and federal agencies have provided funding, Virginia Military Institute (VMI) Archives; page 5: LOC; page 7: LOC; page 8: SVBF, Ron Blunt, National Trust for Historic Preservation (NTHP); technical assistance, and valuable input to make this guide as page 9: Nancy Hess, Heritage Museum, SVBF, NPS; page 10: LOC; page comprehensive and accurate as possible. Nonetheless, future printed 12: LOC; page 14: LOC; page 15: SVBF; page 17: LOC; page 18: SVBF, editions of this publication will benefit from corrections, ideas, and SVBF; page 19: SVBF, Edinburg Mill, Heritage Museum, SVBF; page 20: new information offered by partners and others. In the meantime, Case Western Reserve (CWR); page 21: CWR, SVBF; page 24: SVBF; page updated digital editions will be available on the National Historic 25: LOC; page 28: VMI Archives; LOC; page 29: SVBF; page 30: Bronwyn Pettit; page 31: New Market Battlefield State Historical Park (NMBSHP), District website (www.ShenandoahAtWar.org). LOC; page 32: Nancy Hess, LOC; page 33: CWR; page 36: Highland Funding for the production of this guide was provided by Congress Historical Society (HHS); page 37: NPS, HHS, SVBF; page 38: NPS; page 39: SVBF, NPS; page 40: Staunton Convention & Visitors Bureau; page through its annual federal appropriation to the Shenandoah Valley 41: SVBF; page 42: Lexington & Rockbridge Area Tourism (LRA); page Battlefields National Historic District. 43: LRA; page 44: NPS, CivilWarTraveler.com; page 45: Vicki Bellerose; page 46: SVBF, CivilWarTraveler.com, SVBF, Nancy Hess, NPS; page 47: Additional generous support was provided by the Virginia Tourism Andrew Thayer, SFBF; Back cover: LOC. Corporation’s Marketing Leverage Grants Program. Local financial support for this guide has been provided by the Winchester-Frederick County Convention & Visitors Bureau, Shenandoah County Tourism, Front Royal-Warren County Visitors Center, Luray-Page County Chamber of Commerce & Visitor Center,

46 www.ShenandoahAtWar.org Supporting Preservation— What You Can Do

You can help preserve the irreplaceable battlefields and historic sites of the Shenandoah Valley as a legacy for future generations Come visit the Shenandoah Valley and experience its unique Civil War heritage. Explore the Save a battlefield. region’s dramatic history through orientation centers, trails, Create a legacy. historical sites, and other attractions. Immerse yourself in the stories, relive the history, and develop a deeper We need your help to preserve and understanding of the war’s impact on the Shenandoah interpret the Civil War history of Valley and the nation. the Shenandoah Valley. Become a partner in this important work. The District’s Please accept my gift of: federal funding does much to preserve and promote q q q the Valley’s rich Civil War story. But private support is $1,000 $250 $35 a vital part of the formula. With the help of committed q $500 q $100 q Other $______partners and friends, these magnificent landscapes and unique sites can continue to tell their stories. Name:______Contribute to the Foundation’s work and the efforts of its partners–when you visit their sites, inquire about Street:______how you can donate to their organizations or volunteer. City:______State:____

Zip: ______Phone:______

Email:______

q Enclosed is my check to the Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation. The Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation is a non- q Please charge $______to: profit organization. To make a tax-deductible donation to our work, please complete the form at right and return it q Visa q MasterCard q American Express q Discover. along with your donation to the address below. Account Number:______PO Box 897 • 9386 S. Congress St. New Market, Virginia 22844 Expiration Date: ______CCV Code ______540-740-4545 • 888-689-4545 Signature:______The Shenandoah Valley Battlefield Foundation is a nonprofit organization q Please send me periodic updates about Civil War-related events in the Shenandoah Valley via email. SVBF’s financial statement is available from the Virginia State Office of Consumer Affairs in the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Privacy note: The Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation does not share donor information with any other Services upon request. organization. If you would prefer not to receive updates about work and activities, please let us know. Donate online at ShenandoahAtWar.org © 2015 Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation www.ShenandoahAtWar.org 47 Shenandoah Shenandoah

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