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Prostitution, Community, and Civic Regulation in Early Modern Bologna

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Prostitution, Community, and Civic Regulation in Early Modern Bologna Prostitution, Community, and Civic Regulation in Early Modern Bologna by Vanessa Gillian McCarthy A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto © Copyright by Vanessa Gillian McCarthy 2015 Prostitution, Community, and Civic Regulation in Early Modern Bologna Vanessa Gillian McCarthy Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto 2015 Abstract While during the late Middle Ages most major European cities legalized and regulated prostitution, historians have argued that in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries religious reform and shifting ideas about acceptable sexual and gendered behaviour resulted in the criminalization and repression of prostitution. Scholars have also demonstrated that early modern cultural depictions and social attitudes increasingly cast prostitutes and their clients as greedy and immoral, as socially and publically disruptive, and as sinners in need of reform. This dissertation argues, however, that in the northern-Italian city of Bologna secular and religious civic authorities, magistrates, law enforcement, and the general populace approached prostitution primarily as an issue of economics and public order, and secondarily as an issue of morality and public decorum. Due to the city’s economic reliance on university students who sought sex and companionship, since the late Middle Ages civic authorities regulated prostitution as a civic, commercial issue and prostitutes as fee- and fine-paying workers governed by their own civic magistracy, the Ufficio delle Bollette. This approach developed further in the early modern period due to Bologna’s continuing ii economic reliance on students, the demands and needs of workers (both male and female) in its growing, seasonal silk industry, its particular political traditions, and its local social customs. As a result, late sixteenth- and early seventeenth century Bolognese civic authorities neither criminalized prostitution nor attempted to repress it, but instead issued comparatively relaxed, moderately restrictive legislation. Likewise, the Bollette’s officials and functionaries negotiated between legislation, their own desires, and the needs of individual prostitutes when enforcing regulation. Finally, the hundreds of women who registered annually as prostitutes were more-or-less integrated into local communities through residence and through familial, work, and affective relationships and had greater opportunities for agency than broader cultural, religious, and social ideals would lead us to expect. iii Acknowledgments No one thinks, writes, or argues alone and I count myself fortunate to have amassed a great number of intellectual and personal debts while completing this project. I have benefitted enormously from the knowledge, guidance, and support of Nicholas Terpstra, my primary supervisor. His refusal to shy away from pushing me to think more specifically, more broadly, and more deeply has made my work richer and more rigorous. Thank you also to Konrad Eisenbichler and E. Natalie Rothman for their invaluable questions and guidance since the beginning of the writing process. Allyson Poska, who served as my external appraiser, provided insightful questions that will surely enrich the project in the future. Elizabeth S. Cohen, Jacqueline Murray, Barbara Todd, and Jane Abray have been mentors as I developed as a researcher, teacher, and public intellectual, and they too have my gratitude. My research in Bologna was carried out mainly in the Archivio di Stato, which provided not only a treasure trove of material but truly was a pleasurable place to work. I extend my sincere appreciation to the archive’s welcoming and efficient women and men who helped me explore the collection’s riches and get to know the modern city. In particular, I thank Giuseppe d’Uva, Giancarlo Busati, Diana Tura, and Giorgio Marcon. Thank you also to the staff at Bologna’s Biblioteca comunale dell’Archiginassio and Toronto’s Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library. Without funding this project could not have been completed. My research and writing was supported by two Ontario Graduate Scholarships (OGS), a Robson Graduate Fellowship (Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, University of Toronto), a George C. Metcalf Research Grant (Victoria College, University of Toronto), a Pre- Dissertation Research Award (Department of History, University of Toronto), and a School of Graduate Studies Travel Grant (University of Toronto). Support to present my work at international conferences was provided by the Society for the Study of Early Modern Women, Villa I Tatti: The Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies, and the Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies. Throughout the project fellow Bolognisti shared their knowledge, asked challenging questions, and gave guidance, support, and friendship both in Bologna and in North iv America. Special thanks to Lisa Hillier, Elizabeth Bernhardt, Christopher Carlsmith, Lucia DaCome, Sarah Blanshei, and Babette Bohn. In Toronto, constant discussion with John Christopoulos and Colin Rose on the micro and macro aspects of early modern Bolognese and Italian history have been instrumental in the formulation and the revision of my arguments. I owe them much gratitude and innumerable cups of coffee. Susannah Brower and Mark Crane graciously offered their expertise on particularly difficult Latin passages and Valerie Hoagland helped to smooth out my translations of Giulio Cesare Croce’s ballads. Any errors that remain are, of course, my own. Countless other colleagues have enriched my life and work through the sharing of ideas, anxieties, and triumphs: Sarah Amato, Julie Anderson-Cohen, Camille Begin, Susannah Brower, Sam Cohen, Courtney Dahlke, Jennifer DeSilva, Helen Dewar, Alexandra Guerson, David Gugel, Timothy Harrison, Valerie Hoagland, Kate Humble, Nadia Jones-Gailani, Holly Karibo, David Lawrence, Alexandra Logue, Sarah Loose, Victoria Loucks, Amyrose McCue Gill, Alicia McKenzie, John McQuillen, Bradley Miller, Maureen O’Brien, Natalie Oeltjen, Julia Rady- Shaw, Jason Peters, Sarah Rolfe Prodan, Janine Riviere, Kathryn Segesser, Jaime Smith, Candace Sobers, Linda Stone, Steven Stowell, Jared Toney, Tianna Uchacz, and Dana Wessell Lightfoot. Work-life balance can be difficult to achieve, but I did so with the help of Moira Murdoch, Maya Tapper McAnaw, Jess Palkhe, Eddie, Madeline, and Pip. My life-long friend Monica Gore and her children Justin, Afreen, and Eesa have been key in sustaining my zest for life, my balance, and my sanity; I thank you with all of my heart. To my mom and dad and to my families – the Brockingtons, the Peddles, the Mersereaus, the O’Reilly, and the Harveys – your unfailing love and support mean the world to me; know that the feeling is mutual. I dedicate this project to my maternal grandparents, Horace William and Phyllis Jane Brockington. Finally, to my partner Peter Mersereau: the love, companionship, respect, and support that we share has helped me to flourish and has made me unbreakable. Thank you for everything so far and for everything yet to come. v Table of Contents Title Page .................................................................................................................................i Abstract ...................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................iv Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................vi List of Tables .........................................................................................................................vii List of Maps ..........................................................................................................................viii List of Appendices ..................................................................................................................ix Introduction ..............................................................................................................................1 Chapter One: The Regulation of Prostitution from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century .16 Chapter Two: The Regulation of Prostitution in the Sixteenth Century ...............................54 Chapter Three: The Application of Regulation: Bureaucrats and Prostitutes, 1583-1630 ..110 Chapter Four: In the Neighbourhood: Residence and Community .....................................165 Chapter Five: Seven Prostitutes’ Lives ................................................................................212 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................265 Works Cited .........................................................................................................................274 Appendices ..........................................................................................................................290 vi List of Tables Table 1.1: Streets assigned for the residence of prostitutes, courtesans, and procurers in the proclamations issued by Paleotti and Doria, 1567-1568........................................................91 Table 3.1: Number of women who registered as prostitutes between 1 and 31 January, as recorded in the annual
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