THE MOON: CLEMENTINE, KAGUYA, and GRAIL GRAVITY SURVEYS REVEAL ITS WAVE WOVEN TECTONICS G.G. Kochemasov, IGEM RAS, 35 Staromonetny, 119017 Moscow, Russia

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THE MOON: CLEMENTINE, KAGUYA, AND GRAIL GRAVITY SURVEYS REVEAL ITS WAVE WOVEN TECTONICS G.G. Kochemasov, IGEM RAS, 35 Staromonetny, 119017 Moscow, Russia. Contact: [email protected]

The NASA’s GRAIL mission will produce an unprecedented detailed gravity map of the lunar subsurface as its measurements (from very low orbits – 55 -23 kilometers) will include some depths of the satellite (down to the core?). However, one might say that this map will repeat the principal gravity pattern acquired earlier (Fig. 1, 3; [1, 8]), which shows the surface densely “peppered” by even-sized “craters” about 100 km in diameter. The wave planetology admits that many of them are of an impact origin but a bulk is due to an intersection of standing waves produced by an elliptical orbit of the body. The lunar community should realize that one of bases of the Moon’s geology – crater size –frequency curve (Fig. 5) is of a complex nature. Impacts surely contribute to this curve but a significant part of it is due to ring structures of non-impact origin. Ring structures can be produced by an interference of standing inertia-gravity waves of four directions (ortho- and diagonal) warping any rotating celestial body moving in an elliptical orbit [2-5]. Many ring structures observed on solid and gaseous planetary spheres are of such profound nature. They form regular grids of shoulder-to-shoulder even ring structures (Fig. 1, 2) (The best example from the past – Triton’s cantaloup surface, from the present- outgassing crater chains at the Hartley comet core). Their sizes depend on orbiting frequencies: the higher frequency- the smaller “rings”, and vice versa. Satellites having two orbiting frequencies in the Solar system are particularly “peppered” with rings as a low frequency modulates a high one producing along with the main ring populations the side populations [5]. The Moon reveals such populations: frequency peaks at 80-140 (an average 100 km), and more than 600 km in diameter (main rings), 10-30 and 300-400 km in diameter (side rings) [5]. Expressed by the lunar radius they are: πR/60, πR/4, πR/240, πR/15 (Fig. 5) An important examination of the proposed explanation of the mostly 100-km crater size “peppering” the lunar surface is a comparison it with the well-known supergranulation of the solar photosphere (30 to 40 thousands km granule diameter, πR/48-60). Both objects orbit (rotate) with the monthly period, thus their wave granulations have to be comparable (Fig. 3). Another striking comparison is in Fig. 1-2: Moon & Mercury having different orbiting periods (29.5 & 88 days) show proportionally different tectonic granules sizes, ~100 & ~ 500 km (R/60 & R/16). Recent MOONKAM lunar images (GRAIL mission) at the first time show so clearly intersecting planetary scale lineations (imprint of standing waves) producing chains and grids of ring features (Fig. 6-7; a theoretical model-Fig. 4).

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Fig. 1. Gravitation anomaly of the Moon measured by by Kaguya mission. Credit: forum.worldwindcentral.com Fig. 2. Mercury is covered by dark or bright circles of similar sizes evenly distributed through its surface [7]. It seems that the circles are disposed along not random lines (aligned). This regularity is rather caused by a more regular process than random impacts.

3 4 Fig. 3. Comparison of lunar [1] and solar photosphere wave tectonic granulations (πR/48-60) Fig. 4. Graphic representation of crossing waves (+ up, - down) producing chains and grids of round forms (craters) (better seen from some distance).

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Fig. 5. Cumulative frequency distribution of lunar craters [6] with “anomalous” regions (encircled) marking departure from the classical impacts related curve. Fig. 6-7. Images of spacious portions of lunar surface acquired by MOONKAM cameras at the twin satellites of GRAIL mission. Intersecting wave formations are clearly seen. They produce chains and grids of round features (“craters”). Fig. 6 - 20120418_20120419-Ben-Franklin-CO.jpg; Fig. 7 - grail-moonkam-first-student-selected-lunar- image-lg.jpg. Theoretical representation of intersecting waves of four directions is in Fig. 4.

References: [1] Konopliv, A.S. et al. (1998) Clementine: gravity survey of the Moon // Science, v. 281, # 5382, 1476-1480. and Konopliv A. S. et al. (2001) Icarus, v. 150, 1-18; [2] Kochemasov G.G. (1992) Concerted wave supergranulation of the solar system bodies // 16th Russian-American microsymposium on planetology, Abstracts, Moscow, Vernadsky Inst. (GEOKHI), 36- 37; [3] Kochemasov G.G. (1998) Tectonic dichotomy, sectoring and granulation of Earth and other celestial bodies // Proceedings of international symposium on new concepts in global tectonics (’98 TSUKUBA)”, Tsukuba, Japan, Nov. 1998. P.144-147. [4] Kochemasov G.G. (1999) Theorems of wave planetary tectonics // JRA, v.1, #3, 700; [5] Kochemasov G.G. (2001) On one condition of further progress in lunar studies // First Convention of Lunar Explorers, 8th to 10th March, 2001, Palais de la Découverte, Paris, France; Programme and Contributed Abstracts; ESTEC, eds: D. Heather and B. Foing, 58 pp (p.26); [6] Rodionova Zh.F. et al. Morphological catalogue of lunar craters // Moscow State University, 1987. 173 PP; [7] Slade, M.A. et al. (1992) Mercury: the radar experiment from Earth // Science, v.258, 635-640; [8] Yamamoto A., Fujita T., Tateno N., Hareyama M. (2011) Data visualization and Web Map Server (WMS) system for Kaguya (Selene) // 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 2011. 1645.pdf.