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ELK Pacific Journals – Special Issue ISBN: 978-81-930411-4-7

A REVIEW ON SISAL, AND BASED NATURAL

Amrinder Singh Pannu Sehijpal Singh Vikas Dhawan PhD Research Scholar Professor, Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Mechanical Engineering Department, Mechanical Engineering Department, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, ITS Engineering College, Greater Ludhiana, Punjab, Ludhiana, Punjab, INDIA Noida, UP, INDIA. Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Abstract- Fibers are of two types: natural , which importance due to their bio-degradable nature consists of animal and fibers, and man-made fiber, Temperature, humidity, the composition of the soil and which consists of synthetic fibers and regenerated fibers. the air all effect the height of the plant, strength of its Natural fibers have been used to reinforce materials for over fibers, density, etc. Also the way the are harvested thousands of years in so many forms. In recent years, and processed results in a variation of properties. natural fibers reinforced composites have received much attention because of their lightweight, nonabrasive, combustible, nontoxic, low cost and biodegradable II. CLASSIFICATION properties. Many types of natural fibers have been investigated for use in plastics including , , jute, Natural fibers are classified according to the two factors sisal and banana. A lot of research work has been performed i.e. plant and animal based. Plant based natural fibers all over the world on the use of natural fibers as a include bast, leaf, fruit, grass, straw, wood pulp and reinforcing material for the preparation of various types of animal based is , and feathers. composites. Unlike carbon and glass fibers, natural fibers are abundantly available from renewable resources. In Plants that produce natural fibers are categorized into terms of cost, natural fibers are cheaper than the synthetic primary and secondary depending on the utilization. alternatives. This deals with properties of natural Primary plants are grown for their fibers while secondary fibers based on bast (jute), leaf (sisal), grass (bamboo) at plants are plants where the fibers are extracted from the different conditions. In today’s scenario being bio- waste product. There are 6 major types of fibers namely; degradable, natural fibers have much importance in environmental friendly composites. bast fibers, leaf fibers, fruit fibers, grass fibers, straw fibers and other types (wood and roots etc.). Keywords: Natural fibers; civilization; cellulose; environment; bio-degradable III. COMPOSITION Natural I. INTRODUCTION A. Chemical Composition fibersNatural fibers Natural fibers can be defined as substances produced by Fibers are long strands of molecules interwoven to form a plants and animals that can be spun into filament, thread linear, like structure.They may be natural or made or and in a next step be woven, knitted, matted or by humans. Among the natural fibers are cellulose, the bound. The oldest fibers used by mankind are flax primary structural component of plants and bacterial cell (10000BC) (5000 BC) and silk (2700 BC), but walls; animal fibers such as wool and silk; and even jute and have been cultivated since biochemical fibers. antiquity. Because it was one of the first domesticated plants, flax is recognized as a foundation crop of modern Plant fibers are composed of cellulose, lignin, or similar civilization. compounds; animal fibers are composed of protein. Here is the composition of some natural fibers in percentage. composites include coir, jute, baggage, cotton, bamboo, hemp. Natural fibers come from plants. A. Mechanical Composition These fibers contain lingo cellulose in nature. Natural fibers are eco-friendly; lightweight, strong, renewable, The common factors influencing mechanical properties of cheap and biodegradable. When determining the natural fibers are experimental conditions, lengths and properties of natural fibers, one has to keep in mind that diameters of individual fibers. Here is the table showing one is dealing with natural products with properties that mechanical properties of some common natural fibers are strongly influenced by their growing environment. Natural fiber composites are attractive to industry because of their low density and ecological advantages over conventional composites. These composites are gaining ELK Asia Pacific Journals – Special Issue ISBN: 978-81-930411-4-7

Natural fibers

Bast Leaf Fruit Grass Straw Wood pulp Animal

Flax Sisal Cotton Bamboo Corn Silk

Hamp Banana Coir Indian grass Rice Wool

Kenaf Switch grass Feathers

Jute

Fig 1: Classification of natural fibers [11]

TABLE NO 1: CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL COMPOSITION OF NATURAL FIBERS [11,12]

Tensile Young Failure Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Pectin Moisture Microfibrillar Densiy Fiber Waxes strength modulus strain (Wt%) (Wt%) (Wt%) (Wt%) (Wt%) Angle (Deg) (g/cm²) (MPa) (GPa) (%)

Flax 71 19.6 2.2 2.3 10 1.7 5.1 1.45 500-900 50-70 1.5-4.0

Hemp 72 20.1 4.7 0.9 9 0.8 2.6 1.48 350-800 30-60 1.6-4.0

Jute 66 17 12.5 0.2 13 0.5 8 1.3 300-700 20-50 1.2-3.0

Sisal 73 12 12 10 16 2 16 1.5 300-500 10-30 2-5

III. NATURAL FIBER REINFORCEMENT The strength of sisal fiber is evaluated by many researchers. The mechanical properties of sisal fibers A. Sisal fiber obtained from deferent age at three deferent temperatures Sisal fiber is derived from the leaves of the plant. It is were investigated [1]. The tensile strength, modulus and usually obtained by machine decortications in which the toughness values of sisal fiber decrease with increasing leaf is crushed between rollers and then temperature. Chand et al. [2] reported the effects of mechanically scraped. The fiber is then washed and dried testing speed and gauge length on the mechanical by mechanical or natural means. properties of other kinds of natural fibers. When the gauge length is 50 mm and testing speed is 50 mm/min, the tensile strength of sisal fiber is 759 MPa. However, for sun-hemp fiber, the tensile strength is only 283 MPa.

Yang et al. [3] studied the relationship of surface modication and tensile properties of sisal fibers. Their modification methods include: alkali treatment, H2SO4 treatment, conjoint H2SO4 and alkali treatment, benzol/ alcohol dewax treatment, acetylated treatment, thermal treatment, alkali-thermal treatment and thermal-alkali Fig 2: Sisal fibers [13] treatment. Maximum tensile strength is with thermal 3 treatment i.e. 42g/tex, tensile modulus is 1.22x10 g/tex ELK Asia Pacific Journals – Special Issue ISBN: 978-81-930411-4-7 and elongation at break is 3.5%. Maximum elongation of strength is more susceptible to damage than residual 8.3% is with Acetylated treatment. All the results of flexural modulus. treatments are shown in table no 2: from which we can evaluate the better treatment for the required property of A number of studies are available on the impact the sisal fibers. behaviour of unidirectional laminated composites [5]. The improvement in the jute vinlyl ester composite by treating TABLE NO 2: EFFECT OF TREATMENT METHODS ON TENSILE jute fiber with NaOH (5%) solution for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 PROPERTIES OF SISAL FIBERS [3] hours at 30ºC was evaluated.

Tensile Tensile Treatment Elongation at Jute fiber reinforced at 35 weight percentage and treated strength modulus methods break (%) (g/tex) (x103g/tex) for 4 hours showed an improvement in the flexural Untreated 30.7 1.18 2.5 strength by 20%, for the flexural modulus 23%, and 18 % Benzol/alcohol 38.8 0.99 3.7 for the laminar shear strength [6]. Impact of load on Acetic acid+alkali 9.3 0.39 2.6 dispacmenet of the jute reinforced composites with Alkali 31.7 0.53 7.5 treated and untreated fibers is shown in figure 4 from Acetylated 33.2 0.35 8.3 Thermal 42.0 1.22 3.5 where we can establish the correlation between the Alkali-thermal 27.6 0.70 4.7 treatments of jute fibers. Thermal-alkali 25.7 0.71 4.4

B. Jute fiber

Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. Out of some investigations, Khan et.al [4] fabricated the composite by using short jute fiber of length 2 - 3 mm with polypropylene as resin.

Fig 3: Jute fibers [12] Fig 4: Load-displacement curves of jute reinforced composites: (a) vinylester resin; 23 wt% fibers, (b) untreated, (c) 4 h NaOH treated; 35 The composites were prepared considering fiber by wt% fibers, (d) untreated and (e) 4 h NaOH treated. [6] weight 20% and resin by weight 80% using compression molding. The mechanical properties were evaluated such as flexural strength, tensile strength, impact strength, and tensile modulus, elongation at break, flexural modulus and hardness of the composites [4].

The significant reduction in flexural strength is due to the impact induced damage and that the residual flexural

ELK Asia Pacific Journals – Special Issue ISBN: 978-81-930411-4-7

TABLE NO 3: TENSILE AND FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE SHEET AND THE COMPOSITES (20% FIBER BY WEIGHT). [4]

Tensile and flexural properties Tensile properties Flexural properties Material Elongation at Strength (MPa) Modulus (MPa) Strength (MPa) Modulus (MPa) break (%) Polypropylene 21 ± 0.8 640 ± 14 340 ± 30 28 ± 1.2 1040 ± 30 Short Jute Fiber/PP 32 ± 0.3 850 ± 10 12 ± 2 38 ± 0.3 1685 ± 23 Composite Short E-glass 31 ± 0.4 790 ± 15 38 ± 3 36 ± 0.8 1265 ± 20 Fiber/PP Composite

Bijwe [7] in case of fabric/polyethersulfone In the process of embedding bamboo fibers in resin, the composites. The bidirectional jute fiber composite can bamboo strips are moulded and pressed under the certain bear higher load before failure compared to neat or pressure. Kushwaha and Kumar [14] used bamboo strips unfilled epoxy. The tensile strength varies from 43 MPa mat to reinforced epoxy and unsaturated to 110 MPa and tensile modulus from 0.15 GPa to 4.45 materials. The prepared composites were cured in oven at GPa with the fiber varies from 0 to 48 wt%. The flexural 80ºC for 4 and a half hour. As compared the treated to strength and modulus of the composites increases with the increase in the fiber loading after 12 wt. % fiber loading. untreated bamboo fiber composite, the elastic modulus of The maximum flexural strength and modulus of 55.8 MPa treated bamboo fiber composite increased. Yang et al. and 3.02 GPa respectively, is obtained at 48 wt. % of fiber [15] adjusted phenolic resin to bamboo fiber bundles at loading. The flexural strength and modulus of 48 wt. % room temperature. fiber loading are increased by 20 % and 37 % in comparison to the neat epoxy. The jute fiber inclusions The glued specimen were pressed with a cold press enhance the load bearing capacity and ability to withstand machine in a mould under 82 MPa pressure and then bending of the composites [8]. Jute fiber reinforced epoxy cured in an oven. In contrast with raw bamboo fiber and composites were analyzed with effect of fiber orientation. other bamboo based composites, both tensile and The fiber orientations were 0/90°, 15°/-75°, 30°/-60° and compression strength of bamboo fiber composite were 45°/-45°. The higher strength and stiffness were found at increased. 0/90° fiber orientation. Compressive test of jute composite were tested and it found higher strength as Recently, the utilization of bamboo fibers as reinforced compared to bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites polymer composite material has been increased by [9]. The alkali treated jute fiber reinforced epoxy advanced processing technology. Table 4 displays the composites showed improved mechanical properties. The advantages of bamboo fibers over which is one improvement was maximum for the composite prepared of the most common polymer materials. with 4 hrs alkali treated jute fibers [10]. TABLE 4: COMPARISON OF BAMBOO AND GLASS FIBER [16], C. Bamboo fiber [17], [18]

The bamboo fiber is made from the starchy pulp of Properties Bamboo Glass bamboo plants. This fiber is fabricated from Density Low Higher than bamboo fiber natural bamboo and other additives. In fact, bamboo fiber Cost Low Higher than bamboo fiber is a regenerated , which is produced from Disposal Biodegradable Non-biodegradable bamboo pulp, processed from bamboo culms. CO2 Absorption Yes No Recyclability Yes No

Renewability Yes No Energy for extraction Low High D. CONCLUSION

Natural fibers are very good and demanding alternatives to synthetic fibers as they are decomposable and doesn’t produce any harm to the environment with any type of toxic emissions. From the review of jute and sisal fiber it has been concluded that sisal fiber’s mechanical Fig 5: Bamboo fibers [19] properties diminished at higher temperatures and with ELK Asia Pacific Journals – Special Issue ISBN: 978-81-930411-4-7 thermal treatment they give better mechanical properties Epoxy Composites Reinforced with SiC Derived from as compare to the untreated ones. On the other hand the Rice Husk”, 29(18), p. 2869, 2010 jute fiber being the most utilized and cheap fiber, the impact strength is lesser but after getting it treated with NAOH its flexural modulus and strength increased by [9] Patel “Environmental effect of water absorption and around 25%. Fiber orientation also has great impact on flexural strength of red mud filled jute fiber/polymer the strength of the jute fiber especially when orientation is composite”, International journal of Engineering, Science 90°, giving better result in form of strength. and Technology, Vol.4 (4), 49-59, 2012

In case of bamboo fibers treatment of bamboo fibers at [10] Siddiquee “Investigation of an optimum method of little high temperature give better results in elastic Biodegradation process for jute polymer composites”, modulus and also the application of phenolic resin under American Journal of Engineering Research, Vol.3 (1), 80MPa pressure increase the tensile and compression 200-206, 2014 strength of raw bamboo fiber.

REFERENCES [11] C. W. Nguong, S. N. B. Lee, and D. Sujan, “A Review on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer [1] Chand N, Hashmi SAR. “Mechanical properties of Composites” World Academy of Science, Engineering sisal fiber at elevated temperatures”, Journal of Materials and Technology International Journal of Chemical, Science; 28:6724-8. 1993 Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Vol:7, No:1, 2013 [2] Chand N, Satyanarayana KG, Rohatgi PK. “Mechanical characteristics of sun hemp fibers”,. Indian [12] U.S.Bongarde , V.D.Shinde, “Review on natural Journal of Textile Research; 11:86-9. 1986 fiber reinforcement polymer composites” International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative [3] Yang GC, Zeng HM, Li JJ, Jian NB, Zhang WB. Technology (IJESIT) Volume 3, Issue 2, 2014 “Relation of modification and tensile properties of sisal [13] Dr. K R Dinesh, Jagadish S P, Dr. A fiber”. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis, Thimmanagouda, Dr. Neeta Hatapaki, “Characterization Sunyatseni;35:53-7. 1996 and Investigation of Tensile and Compression Test on

Sisal Fiber Reinforcement Epoxy Composite Materials [4].Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Juganta K. Roy, Nousin used as Orthopaedic Implant”, International Journal of Akter, Haydar U. Zaman, Tuhidul Islam and Ruhul, A. Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management Khan. “Production and Properties of Short Jute and Short (IJAIEM), Volume 2, Issue 12, 2013 E-Glass Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene-Based

Composites”. J. Compos.Mater.; 2: 40-47. 2012 [14] P. K. Kushwaha and R. Kumar, "Studies on [5].Mishra S, Mohanty A K, Drzal LT, Misra M, Parija S, Performance of Acrylonitrile-Pretreated Bamboo- Nayak S K and Tripathy S S. “Studies on mechanical Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Composites," Journal of performance of biofiber/glass reinforced polyester hybrid Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 29, pp. 1347- composites”. Compos. Sci. Technol.; 63: 1377–1385. 1352, 2010. 2003 [15] Y. L. Yu, X. A. Huang, and W. J. Yu, "High [6].Dipa ray, B K Sarkar, A K Rana and N R Bose performance of bamboo‐based fiber composites from long ,”Effect of alkali treated jute fibers on composite bamboo fiber bundles and phenolic resins," Journal of properties”, Bull Material. Sci., Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 129– Applied Polymer Science, 2014. 135. 2001 [16] N. T. Phong, T. Fujii, B. Chuong, and K. Okubo, [7] Bijwe J., Awtade S., Satapathy B.K., Ghosh A, "Study on How to Effectively Extract Bamboo Fibers “Influence of concentration of aramid fabric on abrasive from Raw Bamboo and Wastewater Treatment," Journal wear performance of polyethersulfone composites”, of Materials Science Research, vol. 1, 2012. Tribology Letters, 17 (2), p. 187,2004 [17] P. K. Kushwaha and R. Kumar, "Studies on [8] Mantry S., Satapathy A., Jha A.K., Singh S.K., Performance of Acrylonitrile-Pretreated Bamboo- Patnaik A., “Processing and Characterization of Jute Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Composites," Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 29, pp. 1347- 1352, 2010. ELK Asia Pacific Journals – Special Issue ISBN: 978-81-930411-4-7

[18] O. L. Trujillo EE, Fuentes C, Van Vuure A and Verpoest I., "Bamboo fiber thermoplastic for transport applications," presented at the International Technical Conferences and Forum, Paris, 2010.

[19] Kannan Rassiah and M.M. H Megat Ahmad, “A Review On Mechanical Properties Of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite”, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(8): 247-253, 2013