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GAO-02-398 Intercity Passenger Rail: Amtrak Needs to Improve Its
United States General Accounting Office Report to the Honorable Ron Wyden GAO U.S. Senate April 2002 INTERCITY PASSENGER RAIL Amtrak Needs to Improve Its Decisionmaking Process for Its Route and Service Proposals GAO-02-398 Contents Letter 1 Results in Brief 2 Background 3 Status of the Growth Strategy 6 Amtrak Overestimated Expected Mail and Express Revenue 7 Amtrak Encountered Substantial Difficulties in Expanding Service Over Freight Railroad Tracks 9 Conclusions 13 Recommendation for Executive Action 13 Agency Comments and Our Evaluation 13 Scope and Methodology 16 Appendix I Financial Performance of Amtrak’s Routes, Fiscal Year 2001 18 Appendix II Amtrak Route Actions, January 1995 Through December 2001 20 Appendix III Planned Route and Service Actions Included in the Network Growth Strategy 22 Appendix IV Amtrak’s Process for Evaluating Route and Service Proposals 23 Amtrak’s Consideration of Operating Revenue and Direct Costs 23 Consideration of Capital Costs and Other Financial Issues 24 Appendix V Market-Based Network Analysis Models Used to Estimate Ridership, Revenues, and Costs 26 Models Used to Estimate Ridership and Revenue 26 Models Used to Estimate Costs 27 Page i GAO-02-398 Amtrak’s Route and Service Decisionmaking Appendix VI Comments from the National Railroad Passenger Corporation 28 GAO’s Evaluation 37 Tables Table 1: Status of Network Growth Strategy Route and Service Actions, as of December 31, 2001 7 Table 2: Operating Profit (Loss), Operating Ratio, and Profit (Loss) per Passenger of Each Amtrak Route, Fiscal Year 2001, Ranked by Profit (Loss) 18 Table 3: Planned Network Growth Strategy Route and Service Actions 22 Figure Figure 1: Amtrak’s Route System, as of December 2001 4 Page ii GAO-02-398 Amtrak’s Route and Service Decisionmaking United States General Accounting Office Washington, DC 20548 April 12, 2002 The Honorable Ron Wyden United States Senate Dear Senator Wyden: The National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) is the nation’s intercity passenger rail operator. -
First Insights Into the Mode of Action of a "Lachrymatory Factor Synthase"
Phytochemistry 72 (2011) 1939–1946 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Phytochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/phytochem First insights into the mode of action of a ‘‘lachrymatory factor synthase’’ – Implications for the mechanism of lachrymator formation in Petiveria alliacea, Allium cepa and Nectaroscordum species ⇑ Quan He a, Roman Kubec b, Abhijit P. Jadhav a, Rabi A. Musah a, a Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA b Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 Cˇeské Budeˇjovice, Czech Republic article info abstract Article history: A study of an enzyme that reacts with the sulfenic acid produced by the alliinase in Petiveria alliacea L. Received 16 December 2010 (Phytolaccaceae) to yield the P. alliacea lachrymator (phenylmethanethial S-oxide) showed the protein Received in revised form 11 July 2011 to be a dehydrogenase. It functions by abstracting hydride from sulfenic acids of appropriate structure Available online 15 August 2011 to form their corresponding sulfines. Successful hydride abstraction is dependent upon the presence of a benzyl group on the sulfur to stabilize the intermediate formed on abstraction of hydride. This dehy- Keywords: drogenase activity contrasts with that of the lachrymatory factor synthase (LFS) found in onion, which Petiveria alliacea catalyzes the rearrangement of 1-propenesulfenic acid to (Z)-propanethial S-oxide, the onion lachryma- Phytolaccaceae tor. Based on the type of reaction it catalyzes, the onion LFS should be classified as an isomerase and Lachrymatory factor synthase Sulfenic acid would be called a ‘‘sulfenic acid isomerase’’, whereas the P. alliacea LFS would be termed a ‘‘sulfenic acid Sulfenic acid dehydrogenase dehydrogenase’’. -
Non-Timber Forest Products
Agrodok 39 Non-timber forest products the value of wild plants Tinde van Andel This publication is sponsored by: ICCO, SNV and Tropenbos International © Agromisa Foundation and CTA, Wageningen, 2006. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photocopy, microfilm or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. First edition: 2006 Author: Tinde van Andel Illustrator: Bertha Valois V. Design: Eva Kok Translation: Ninette de Zylva (editing) Printed by: Digigrafi, Wageningen, the Netherlands ISBN Agromisa: 90-8573-027-9 ISBN CTA: 92-9081-327-X Foreword Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are wild plant and animal pro- ducts harvested from forests, such as wild fruits, vegetables, nuts, edi- ble roots, honey, palm leaves, medicinal plants, poisons and bush meat. Millions of people – especially those living in rural areas in de- veloping countries – collect these products daily, and many regard selling them as a means of earning a living. This Agrodok presents an overview of the major commercial wild plant products from Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific. It explains their significance in traditional health care, social and ritual values, and forest conservation. It is designed to serve as a useful source of basic information for local forest dependent communities, especially those who harvest, process and market these products. We also hope that this Agrodok will help arouse the awareness of the potential of NTFPs among development organisations, local NGOs, government officials at local and regional level, and extension workers assisting local communities. Case studies from Cameroon, Ethiopia, Central and South Africa, the Pacific, Colombia and Suriname have been used to help illustrate the various important aspects of commercial NTFP harvesting. -
Investigation of Mechanical Behaviour of Sisal Bamboo and Epoxy Reinforced Natural Composite
International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2021 Vol. 5, Issue 12, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 307-310 Published Online April 2021 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com) INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SISAL BAMBOO AND EPOXY REINFORCED NATURAL COMPOSITE Gobi K Kaleeswaran M Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering P.A. College of Engineering and Technology, P.A. College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, Coimbatore, India. Pollachi, Coimbatore, India. Amaresh D Dhanush R Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering P.A. College of Engineering and Technology, P.A. College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, Coimbatore, India. Pollachi, Coimbatore, India. Abstract - Now-a-days, The natural sisal/bamboos from serve the desirable properties. Further, though composite types renewable natural resources offer the potential to act as a are often distinguishable from one another, no clear reinforcing material for polymer composites alternative to determination can be really made. The demands on matrices are the use of glass, carbon and wood. Among various natural many. They may need to temperature variations, be conductors fibers, sisal or bamboo is most widely used natural fiber due or resistors of electricity, have moisture sensitivity etc. This to its advantages like easy availability, low density, low may offer weight advantages, ease of handling and other merits production cost and satisfactory mechanical properties. For which may also become applicable depending on the purpose a composite material, its mechanical behavior depends on for which matrices are chosen. Solids that accommodate stress many factors such as fiber content, orientation, types, to incorporate other constituents provide strong bonds for the length etc. -
Mechanical Behaviour of Hybrid Composites Prepared Using Sisal-Pineapple-Kenaf Fibre
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-5, January 2020 Mechanical Behaviour of Hybrid Composites Prepared using Sisal-Pineapple-Kenaf Fibre D Tamilvendan, G Mari Prabu, S Sivaraman, A. R. Ravikumar durability, tensile strength, impact strength, rupture strengths, Abstract: Variety of application use fibre reinforced composites stiffness and fatigue characteristics. Due to these numerous because of their intrinsic properties in mechanical strength, superior properties, they are extensively used in the machine renewability and low production cost compared to conventional parts like drive shafts, tanks, pressure vessels , automotive, materials. Natural fibres are environmentally friendly their use will not break the budget when used as an alternative to the combustion engines, thermal management, railway coaches regular materials. Reinforcement used in polymer is either and aircraft structures and power plant structures. man-made or natural. Man-made synthetic, metallic, Composites are made up of chemically distinct multiphase semi-synthetic, polymer fibres have superior specific strength but materials separated by distinct interface that exhibit better their high cost of production limits its application and feasibility to combination of properties compared to the constituent make composites. Recently there is a rise in use of natural fibres materials. Composite material is a combination of robust from various natural resources which are available abundantly. Composites based on natural fibres have their advantages of cost load-carrying material (known as reinforcement) imbedded in making the fibres from different vegetables, wood, animals and with weaker materials (known as matrix) differing in minerals. In this work a thorough and systematic inquiry composition on a macro scale. -
Lopez-Gonzales-Mariela-Andrea.Pdf
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA Presentado por: TESIS PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO FORESTAL Lima - Perú 2018 ACTA DE SUSTENTACIÓN DE TESIS Los Miembros del Jurado que suscriben, reunidos para calificar la sustentación del Trabajo de Tesis, presentado por la ex-alumna de la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Bach. MARIELA ANDREA LÓPEZ GONZALES , intitulado “ CARACTERIZACIÓN HISTOLÓGICA Y EVALUACIÓN DE PROPIEDADES FÍSICO MECÁNICAS DE LA FIBRA DE CASHAVARA (DESMONCUS POLYACANTHOS MARTIUS) PROVENIENTE DE UNA PLANTACIÓN DEL DISTRITO JENARO HERRERA, LORETO- PERÚ ”. Oídas las respuestas a las observaciones formuladas, lo declaramos: ………………………………… con el calificativo de ………………………………… En consecuencia queda en condición de ser considerada APTA y recibir el título de INGENIERO FORESTAL. La Molina, 27 de diciembre de 2016 PhD. Carlos Reynel Rodríguez Presidente Ing. Martín Araujo Flores Ing. Neptalí Bustamante Guillén Miembro Miembro PhD. Héctor Gonzales Mora Asesor Mg. Sc. Manuel Chavesta Custodio Coasesor ii DEDICATORIA Con mucho cariño dedico este trabajo: A mis padres, Víctor y Gilma, por creer en mí en todo momento, ser mi apoyo incondicional y haberme inculcado desde pequeña valores de perseverancia con amor. A mis hermanas Rocío, Valeria y Claudia por brindarme siempre su respaldo y cariño. A Frangi, mi compañero eterno, el que me motiva día a día a seguir mis metas con su entusiasmo, bondad y su hermosa manera de ver la vida. iii AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero expresar mi más sincero agradecimiento A la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, mi casa de estudios, y financista principal de la presente investigación. Al Instituto de Investigación de la Amazonía Peruana, IIAP, por fomentar estudios sobre “cashavara”. -
Petiveria Alliacea
Fitoterapia 76 (2005) 599–607 www.elsevier.com/locate/fitote Leaf and stem morphoanatomy of Petiveria alliacea M.R. Duarte a,*, J.F. Lopes b a Laborato´rio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farma´cia, Universidade Federal do Parana´, Rua Pref. Lotha´rio Meissner, 3400, CEP 80210-170, Curitiba, Parana´, Brazil b Scholarship student of PIBIC/CNPq, Universidade Federal do Parana´, Rua Pref. Lotha´rio Meissner, 3400, CEP 80210-170, Curitiba, Parana´, Brazil Received 17 January 2005; accepted 16 May 2005 Available online 19 October 2005 Abstract Petiveria alliacea is a perennial herb native to the Amazonian region and used in traditional medicine for different purposes, such as diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory. The morphoanatomical characterization of the leaf and stem was carried out, in order to contribute to the medicinal plant identification. The plant material was fixed, freehand sectioned and stained either with toluidine blue or astra blue and basic fuchsine. Microchemical tests were also applied. The leaf is simple, alternate and elliptic. The blade exhibits paracytic stomata on the abaxial side, non-glandular trichomes and dorsiventral mesophyll. The midrib is biconvex and the petiole is plain-convex, both traversed by collateral vascular bundles adjoined with sclerenchymatic caps. The stem, in incipient secondary growth, presents epidermis, angular collenchyma, starch sheath and collateral vascular organization. Several prisms of calcium oxalate are seen in the leaf and stem. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Petiveria alliacea; Morphoanatomy * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (M.R. Duarte). 0367-326X/$ - see front matter D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. -
Raffia Palm Fibre, Composite, Ortho Unsaturated Polyester, Alkali Treatment
American Journal of Polymer Science 2014, 4(4): 117-121 DOI: 10.5923/j.ajps.20140404.03 The Effect of Alkali Treatment on the Tensile Behaviour and Hardness of Raffia Palm Fibre Reinforced Composites D. C. Anike1,*, T. U. Onuegbu1, I. M. Ogbu2, I. O. Alaekwe1 1Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria 2Department of Chemistry Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo Ebonyi State, Nigeria Abstract The effects of alkali treatment and fibre loads on the properties of raffia palm fibre polyester composite were studied. Some clean raffia palm fibres were treated with 10% NaOH, and ground. The ground treated and untreated fibres were incorporated into the ortho unsaturated polyester resin. The treated and the untreated fibre composites samples were subjected to tensile tests according to ASTM D638 using instron model 3369. The microhardness test was done by forcing a diamond cone indenter into the surface of the hard specimen, to create an indentation. The significant findings of the results showed that alkali treatment improved the microhardness and extension at break at all fibre loads, better than the untreated fibre composites, with the highest values at 20% (14.40 and 3.47mm for microhardness and extension at break respectively). Tensile strength, tensile strain and modulus of elasticity also improved for alkali treated fibre composites, except in 5% and 20% for tensile strength, 15% for tensile strain, and 15% and 20% for modulus of elasticity, compared to the corresponding fibre loads of untreated fibre composites. Keywords Raffia palm fibre, Composite, Ortho unsaturated polyester, Alkali treatment The main drawbacks of such composites are their water 1. -
Installation Guidelines for Livos Wallcovering
Cu& sisalcarperrant.com INSTALLATION GUIDELINES FOR LIVOS WALLCOVERING RECOMMENDED ADHESIVE Use Sisal #1-422 Adhesive (available in 3.5 gallon pail and covers 23 sq/yds). • Sisal is a natural fiber that reacts to excess moisture in other types of wallcovering and multi-purpose adhesive by shrinking before the adhesive dries and sets, which is normally during the first 24 hours after the wallcovering has been applied to the wall. • Sisal #1-422 Adhesive contains fire retardant for passage of the NFPA test method, which is used by national commercial fire codes such as the Uniform Building Code. HUMIDITY LEVELS EFFECT THE DRYING TIME OF THE ADHESIVE Airborne moisture causes the adhesive to dry slowly and may cause the sisal wallcovering to shrink at the seams and edges. Avoid this condition by installing sisal wallcovering in climate control buildings or use mechanical fans at the point of installation to provide air movement. Keeping all doorways to the outside of the building closed is also recommended. ADHESIVE APPLICATION 1. For ease of troweling the low water content #1-422 Sisal Adhesive, apply adhesive to primed new walls or previously painted walls. On walls that have been stripped of old wallcovering, priming the old adhesive is not necessary. 2. Use a 3/16th x 5/32nd V-notched trowel. Check previously used trowels since the notch depth can be scraped flat with use. 3. Spread adhesive over the entire surface. Seal the edges with a clear latex seam sealer. Spots left uncovered with adhesive cause air pockets. 4. A good bond with the wallcovering can only occur when the wallcovering is pressed into the adhesive. -
Transportation Planning for the Richmond–Charlotte Railroad Corridor
VOLUME I Executive Summary and Main Report Technical Monograph: Transportation Planning for the Richmond–Charlotte Railroad Corridor Federal Railroad Administration United States Department of Transportation January 2004 Disclaimer: This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation solely in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof, nor does it express any opinion whatsoever on the merit or desirability of the project(s) described herein. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Any trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report. Note: In an effort to better inform the public, this document contains references to a number of Internet web sites. Web site locations change rapidly and, while every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of these references as of the date of publication, the references may prove to be invalid in the future. Should an FRA document prove difficult to find, readers should access the FRA web site (www.fra.dot.gov) and search by the document’s title or subject. 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FRA/RDV-04/02 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date January 2004 Technical Monograph: Transportation Planning for the Richmond–Charlotte Railroad Corridor⎯Volume I 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Authors: 8. Performing Organization Report No. For the engineering contractor: Michael C. Holowaty, Project Manager For the sponsoring agency: Richard U. Cogswell and Neil E. Moyer 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. -
An Analysis of the Abaca Natural Fiber in Reinforcing Concrete Composites As a Construction Material in Developing Countries
University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 1988 An analysis of the abaca natural fiber in einforr cing concrete composites as a construction material in developing countries Rolando V. Magdamo University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©1988 Rolando V. Magdamo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Construction Engineering and Management Commons, and the Materials Science and Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Magdamo, Rolando V., "An analysis of the abaca natural fiber in einforr cing concrete composites as a construction material in developing countries" (1988). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 865. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/865 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. -
RCED-98-151 Intercity Passenger Rail B-279203
United States General Accounting Office GAO Report to Congressional Committees May 1998 INTERCITY PASSENGER RAIL Financial Performance of Amtrak’s Routes GAO/RCED-98-151 United States General Accounting Office GAO Washington, D.C. 20548 Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division B-279203 May 14, 1998 The Honorable Richard C. Shelby Chairman The Honorable Frank R. Lautenberg Ranking Minority Member Subcommittee on Transportation Committee on Appropriations United States Senate The Honorable Frank R. Wolf Chairman The Honorable Martin Olav Sabo Ranking Minority Member Subcommittee on Transportation and Related Agencies Committee on Appropriations House of Representatives Since it began operations in 1971, the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) has never been profitable and has received about $21 billion in federal subsidies for operating and capital expenses. In December 1994, at the direction of the administration, Amtrak established the goal of eliminating its need for federal operating subsidies by 2002. However, despite efforts to control expenses and improve efficiency, Amtrak has only reduced its annual net loss from $834 million in fiscal year 1994 to $762 million in fiscal year 1997, and it projects that its net loss will grow to $845 million this fiscal year.1 Amtrak remains heavily dependent on substantial federal operating and capital subsidies. Given Amtrak’s continued dependence on federal operating subsidies, the Conference Report to the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1998 directed us to examine the financial (1) performance of Amtrak’s current routes, (2) implications for Amtrak of multiyear capital requirements and declining federal operating subsidies, and (3) effect on Amtrak of reforms contained in the Amtrak Reform and Accountability Act of 1997.