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Lopez-Gonzales-Mariela-Andrea.Pdf UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA Presentado por: TESIS PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO FORESTAL Lima - Perú 2018 ACTA DE SUSTENTACIÓN DE TESIS Los Miembros del Jurado que suscriben, reunidos para calificar la sustentación del Trabajo de Tesis, presentado por la ex-alumna de la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Bach. MARIELA ANDREA LÓPEZ GONZALES , intitulado “ CARACTERIZACIÓN HISTOLÓGICA Y EVALUACIÓN DE PROPIEDADES FÍSICO MECÁNICAS DE LA FIBRA DE CASHAVARA (DESMONCUS POLYACANTHOS MARTIUS) PROVENIENTE DE UNA PLANTACIÓN DEL DISTRITO JENARO HERRERA, LORETO- PERÚ ”. Oídas las respuestas a las observaciones formuladas, lo declaramos: ………………………………… con el calificativo de ………………………………… En consecuencia queda en condición de ser considerada APTA y recibir el título de INGENIERO FORESTAL. La Molina, 27 de diciembre de 2016 PhD. Carlos Reynel Rodríguez Presidente Ing. Martín Araujo Flores Ing. Neptalí Bustamante Guillén Miembro Miembro PhD. Héctor Gonzales Mora Asesor Mg. Sc. Manuel Chavesta Custodio Coasesor ii DEDICATORIA Con mucho cariño dedico este trabajo: A mis padres, Víctor y Gilma, por creer en mí en todo momento, ser mi apoyo incondicional y haberme inculcado desde pequeña valores de perseverancia con amor. A mis hermanas Rocío, Valeria y Claudia por brindarme siempre su respaldo y cariño. A Frangi, mi compañero eterno, el que me motiva día a día a seguir mis metas con su entusiasmo, bondad y su hermosa manera de ver la vida. iii AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero expresar mi más sincero agradecimiento A la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, mi casa de estudios, y financista principal de la presente investigación. Al Instituto de Investigación de la Amazonía Peruana, IIAP, por fomentar estudios sobre “cashavara”. y brindarme su apoyo en la logística del trabajo de campo. En especial a la investigadora M.Sc. Ximena Tagle, por su tiempo, paciencia y sobre todo confianza que me permitió empezar con este proyecto. A mis asesores de tesis, PhD. Enrique Gonzales Mora y M.Sc. Manuel Chavesta Custodio, mi agradecimiento eterno, porque desde el primer momento, estuvieron prestos a ayudarme y brindarme su tiempo, su confianza, compartiéndome sus conocimientos, y sobre todo su amistad. Durante todo este tiempo pude ser testigo de su calidad de profesionales y sobretodo de seres humanos. A los profesores M.Sc. Abelardo Calderón e Blga. Ysabel Prado, por compartirme sus conocimientos en cuanto a anatomía de palmeras. A Helia Canayo y Lusmila Flores, artesanas del distrito de Jenaro Herrera, gracias a las que pude conocer el hermoso trabajo que se realiza con fibras naturales en ese distrito. A David Huamán y Marco Panduro, por su valeroso apoyo durante la fase de laboratorio. A todas las personas que de alguna u otra forma me apoyaron ya sea con su amistad o su tiempo durante esta etapa: Anita Altez, Milagros Castañeda, Cecilia Ballón, Badys Chuquizuta, Zarela Cerdán, Yanett Chumbimune, Juanita Del Águila, Jimmy Hidalgo, Catharine Lázaro, Ikeda Lora, Erika Pinto, Erick Suarez y Efraín Suarez. Grandes personas gracias a las que puedo tener hermosos recuerdos de mi etapa como tesista. iv RESUMEN La presente investigación pretende realizar una primera caracterización de las propiedades físico-mecánicas y anatomía de los estípites de Desmoncus polyacanthos “cashavara”. Una palmera cuya principal importancia económica radica en su potencial productivo de fibras, obtenidas de los estípites maduros, y cuya corteza es utilizada para hacer amarres de todo tipo o como material para complementar el tejido de canastos. Estípites maduros de la especie proveniente de una plantación en el distrito de Jenaro Herrera fueron sometidos a pruebas físicas (contenido de humedad y color) y mecánicas (tensión, alargamiento, TEA, torsión y plegado). Los ensayos fueron realizados a la parte periférica de los tallos, zona usada como esterilla para uso como material trenzable por concentrar el mayor porcentaje de fibras. Además, para evaluar el efecto de la humedad y el intemperismo en las propiedades mecánicas de las fibras, se realizaron evaluaciones en condiciones secas y húmedas, así como de muestras sometidas a envejecimiento acelerado respectivamente. La caracterización anatómica microscópica se realizó a estípites enteros en cortes transversales, así como la medición de elementos xilematicos. Se encontró que las propiedades físico-mecánicas del tallo en fibras de la palmera “cashavara” son comparables con otras fibras vegetales que actualmente se vienen comercializando en el mercado local para uso en cestería y mueblería. Se obtuvieron mejores resultados en los ensayos de Tensión, Alargamiento, TEA y plegado en fibras húmedas y sin envejecimiento. Finalmente, en cuanto a la caracterización anatómica, se pudo diferenciar tres zonas en cortes transversales: epidermis, córtex y cilindro central y se encontró que existe una variación cuantitativa de los haces vasculares desde la periferia hasta la zona central; la mayor proporción de fibras se encontró en los extremos. Palabras clave: “cashavara”, anatomía, propiedades físico-mecánicas, humedad, envejecimiento v ÍNDICE GENERAL Página I. Introducción ................................................................................................................................... 1 II. Revisión de Literatura ................................................................................................................ 3 1. Características generales de la especie .......................................................................................... 3 1.1. Clasificación taxonómica............................................................................................................................. 3 1.2. Descripción general ....................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3. Descripción botánica .................................................................................................................................... 4 1.4. Distribución y hábitat ................................................................................................................................... 5 1.5. Importancia económica y usos ................................................................................................................ 6 2. Fibras vegetales ....................................................................................................................................... 7 3. Anatomía del tallo de palmeras ......................................................................................................... 9 3.1. Anatomía de especies del género Desmoncus ................................................................................ 19 3.2. Anatomía de especies del ratán Calamus ......................................................................................... 23 4. Propiedades físico mecánicas en tallo de palmeras .............................................................. 27 4.1. Aspectos generales. .................................................................................................................................... 27 4.2. Estudios previos de Propiedades físico- mecánicas en Desmoncus y otras fibras vegetales. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 33 4.3. Influencia del contenido de humedad e intemperismo en la resistencia ......................... 37 III. Materiales y Métodos ........................................................................................................... 39 1. Zona de estudio ..................................................................................................................................... 39 1.1. Lugar de cosecha ......................................................................................................................................... 39 1.1.1. Ubicación ......................................................................................................................................................................... 39 1.1.2. Ecosistema ...................................................................................................................................................................... 40 1.1.3. Temperatura y precipitación ................................................................................................................................ 41 1.2. Lugar de ensayos ......................................................................................................................................... 41 2. Materiales y equipos ........................................................................................................................... 41 2.1. Primera etapa: Jenaro Herrera.............................................................................................................. 41 2.2. Fase de laboratorio de Pulpa y Papel ................................................................................................. 42 2.3. Fase de laboratorio de Anatomía de la madera ............................................................................ 42 2.4. Fase de procesamiento de datos .......................................................................................................... 43 3. Metodología ...........................................................................................................................................
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